B I 1A Fundamentals of Reservoir Phase Behavior PDF

Basics of Reservoir Engineering Module I
I.1.A - Fundamentals of Reservoir Phase Behavior
Copyright 2008, NExT, All rights reserved
Understanding Phase Behavior

Naturally occurring hydrocarbon
mixtures found in petroleum
reservoirs are mixtures of organic
compounds and few nonhydrocarbons that may exist in
gaseous or liquid states.
Differences in the phase behavior
of these mixtures over a wide
ranges of pressures and
temperature ultimately determine
the production characteristics of
hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Why study Phase Behavior?

As oil and gas are produced from the reservoir, they are
subjected to a series of pressure, temperature, and compositional
changes.
Such changes affect the volumetric and transport behavior of
these reservoir fluids and, consequently, the produced oil and gas
volumes.
All reservoir performance equations (e.g., Darcys law, material
balances) require the knowledge of fluid properties. It is
impossible to correctly evaluate well productivity and reservoir
performance if fluid properties are not known.
pc
Pressure
Solid
Meltingpoint lin
e
Phase Behavior - Pure Substance
C
Liquid
ro
p
a
ne
i
l
re
u
s
res
Gas
Temperature
Tc
pc
Pressure
Solid
Meltingpoint lin
e
Critical Point
C
Liquid
ro
p
a
ne
i
l
re
u
s
res
Triple Point
Temperature
Gas
Tc

1200
Pressure, psia
1100
16
0
F
1000
13
0
F
900
110
F
100
F
95F
800
C
700
90F=Tc
85F
80F
600
70F
Two-phase region
500
60F
400
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Specific volume, cu ft/lb

0.25
Pressure, psia
400
Bubblepoint
Phase Behavior - Mixtures
Critical point
4
45
0 o 54
oF
F
425
oF
400
oF
300
200
De w
350 oF
poin
t
300 oF
0.1
0.2
0.3
Volume, cu ft/lb
0.4
PURE SUBSTANCE
MIXTURE

There is no real transition!
Pressure,
p
T < Tc
LIQUI
D
BP Curve
L + V coexistence
T > Tc
GAS
CP
The less alike the

molecules,
the farther apart BP
and DP Curves!
DP Curve
Temp, T
Phase Diagrams of Mixtures

of Ethane and n-Heptane
Composition
1400
Pressure, psia
1200
1000
800
600
Pure1
C2
6
7
8
9
10
200
Wt % ethane
100.00
90.22
70.22
50.25
29.91
9.78
6.14
3.27
1.25
n-Heptane
400
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Pure nC7
100
200
300
400
Temperature, F
500
Phase Diagram of a Reservoir Fluid

1400
1300
1200
1100
500
400
300
qu
Li
5
10 20 0
600
700
800
id
900
10
0%
Pressure, psia
1000
Critical
point
200
100
0
-200
-150
-100
-50
Temperature, F
50
The Five Reservoir Fluids

The Five
Reservoir Fluids
Dewpoint line
Critical
1 point
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dewpoint line
60
80 9
0
7
60 0
50
20
790
% Liquid
40
% Liquid
30
80
50
10
30
le
bb
Bu
t
in
po
90
B
ub
bl
ep
oi
nt
lin
e
The Five Reservoir

Fluids
Black Oil
e
lin
Volatile oil
Pressure
Critical
point
40
Pressure, psia
Pressure path
in reservoir
10
20
Separator
Separator
t line
poin
Dew
Temperature, F
Black Oil
Temperature
Volatile Oil
Pressure path
in reservoir
Retrograde gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
Pressure path
in reservoir
5
0
Temperature
Retrograde Gas
Dew
poi
nt
% Liquid
2
Separator
Temperature
Wet Gas
50
25
1
Separator
Dry gas
2
25
Bu
bb
l
lin epo
30 e int
30
1
Pressure
De
w
% Liquid
Critical
point
15
line
lin
e
po
int
Pressure
De
w
Wet gas
% Liquid
20
4
300
tl
in
e
Critical
point
Bu
bb
le
po
in
Pressure
po
in
tl
in
e
Separator
Temperature
Dry Gas
Phase Diagram of a Typical Black Oil
90 0 % Liquid
8
70 0
6
Separator
Temperature, F
20
10
30
leb
b
Bu
t
in
o
p
e
in
Dewpoint line
40
Black Oil
Pressure path
in reservoir Critical
point
50
Pressure, psia
An Oil Reservoir: Tr < Tc ( Bubblepoint Oil )
Phase Diagram of a Typical Volatile Oil

An Oil Reservoir: Tr < Tc ( Bubblepoint Oil )
Pressure path 1
in reservoir
2
% Liquid
20
Bu
bb
l
30
ep
oi
nt
40
lin
50
80 9
0
70
60
Volatile oil
Pressure
Dewpoint line
Critical
point
3
Separator
Temperature, F
10
n
int li
o
p
Dew
Phase Diagram of a Typical Retrograde Gas

A Gas Reservoir: Tr > Tc (dewpoint system)
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Retrograde gas
w
po
in
tl
De
% Liquid
20
30
ep
oi
nt
lin
e
40
Critical point
Bu
bb
l
Pressure
in
e
15
10
Separator
Temperature
5
0
Phase Diagram of Typical Wet Gas

A Gas Reservoir: Tr > Tc
Wet gas
De
wp
oin
t
Pressure
lin
e
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
% Liquid
2
25
30
Bu
b
bl
lin epo
e int
Critical
point
Separator
Temperature
Phase Diagram of Typical Dry Gas

A Gas Reservoir: Tr > Tc
e
t l in
oi n
Dry gas
Dew
p
Pressure
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
% Liquid
25
50
Separator
Temperature
Field Identification of Reservoir Fluids

The Concept of GOR
Separator
scf
Gas
res bbl
res bbl
Oil
scf
Stock
tank
GOR =
scf
STB
STB
Components of Naturally Occurring Petroleum Fluids

Component
Hydrogen sulfide
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Methane
Ethane
Propane
i-Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Hexanes
Heptanes plus
Composition,
mole percent
4.91
11.01
0.51
57.70
7.22
4.45
0.96
1.95
0.78
0.71
1.45
8.35
100.00
Properties of heptanes plus

Specific Gravity
0.807
Molecular Weight
142 lb/lb mole
Initial Producing GOR Correlates With C7+
Initial producing
gas/liquid ratio, scf/STB
100000
80000
60000
40000
Dewpoint gas
Bubblepoint oil
20000
0
0
10
20
30
40
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %

50
Initial Producing GLR Correlates With C7+

Dew point gases
Initial producing
gas/oil ratio, scf/STB
100000
10000
1000
100
0.1
10
100


Bubblepoint oils
Initial producing
gas/liquid ratio, scf/STB
10000
1000
100
10
0
20
40
60
80
100

Initial producing
50000
Wet
gas
Dry
gas
Retrograde
gas
Volatile
oil
Black
oil
Dewpoint gas
Bubblepoint oil
0
0
30
Field Identification
Initial
Producing
Gas/Liquid
Ratio, scf/STB
Initial StockTank Liquid
Gravity, API
Color of StockTank Liquid
Black
Oil
<1750
Volatile
Oil
1750 to
3200
Retrograde
Gas
> 3200
Wet
Gas
> 15,000*
Dry
Gas
100,000*
< 45
> 40
> 40
Up to 70
No
Liquid
Dark
Colored
Lightly
Colored
Water
White
No
Liquid
*For Engineering Purposes
Laboratory Analysis
Phase
Change in
Reservoir
Heptanes
Plus, Mole
Percent
Oil
Formation
Volume
Factor at
Bubblepoint
Black
Volatile
Retrograde
Oil
Oil
Gas
Bubblepoint Bubblepoint Dewpoint
> 20%
20 to 12.5
< 12.5
Wet
Gas
No
Phase
Change
< 4*
< 2.0
> 2.0
*For Engineering Purposes

Dry
Gas
No
Phase
Change
< 0.8*
-
Primary Production Trends
Time
GOR
GOR
Time
Time
Time
Dry
Gas
Time
No
liquid
Time
API
API
Time
Wet
Gas
API
Time
API
GOR
API
Time
Retrograde
Gas
GOR
Volatile
Oil
GOR
Black
Oil
No
liquid
Time
Exercise 1
Determine reservoir fluid type from field data
One of the wells in the Merit field, completed in December 1967
in the North Rodessa formation, originally produced 54API
stock-tank liquid at a gas/oil ratio of about 23,000 scf/STB.
During July 1969, the well produced 1987 STB of 58API liquid
and 78,946 Mscf of gas. By May 1972, the well was producing
liquid at a rate of about 30 STB/d of 59API liquid and gas at
about 2,000 Mscf/d.
What type of reservoir fluid is this well producing?
Plot of Exercise 1 Data
90000
80000
59
58
70000
57
60000
56
55
Producing
60
50000
40000
54
30000
53
20000
10000
52
51
50
72
12
24
36
48
60
Months since start of 1967

Stock-tank
liquid gravity, API
100000
Exercise 2
A field in north Louisiana discovered in 1953 and developed by 1956 had an
initial producing gas/oil ratio of 2,000 scf/STB. The stock-tank liquid was
medium orange and had a gravity of 51.2API. Classify this reservoir fluid.
Laboratory analysis of a sample from this reservoir gave the following
composition:
Component
Composition,
mole fraction
CO2
0.0218
N2
0.0167
C1
0.6051
0.0752
C2
0.0474
C3
C4s
0.0412
0.0297
C5
C6s
0.0138
0.1491
C7
1.0000
Properties of heptanes plus
Specific Gravity
0.799
Molecular Weight
181 lb/lb mole
Exercise 3
The reported production from the discovery well of the Nancy
(Norphlet) field is given below. How would you classify this reservoir
fluid? Why?
Date
9/86
10/86
11/86
12/86
1/87
2/87
3/87
4/87
5/87
6/87
7/87
8/87
Stock-Tank
Liquid Gravity
API
29
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
Oil,
STB
4,276
16,108
15,232
15,585
15,226
14,147
15,720
15,885
15,434
12,862
14,879
15,192
Gas,
Mscf
1,165
5,270
4,800
4,960
4,650
4,335
4,707
4,904
4,979
4,339
4,814
4,270
Producing
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
Months since start of production

12

Three-Month Running Average
Producing
500
400
300
200
100
0
10

12
Exercise 4
The Crown Zellerbach No. 1 was the discovery well in the Hooker
(Rodessa) field. The reported production during the first year of production
is given below. How would you classify this reservoir fluid? Why?
Monthly Production
Date
Apr 1984
May 1984
Jun 1984
Jul 1984
Aug 1984
Sep 1984
Oct 1984
Nov 1984
Dec 1984
Jan 1985
Feb 1985
Mar 1985
Stock-Tank
Liquid Gravity
API
55
55
55
55
54
55
56
56
56
56
56
Oil, STB
Water, STB
112
1,810
2,519
3,230
3,722
2,780
3,137
2,291
2,108
1,799
1,422
1,861
12,090
180
240
279
248
270
210
217
203
196
186
Gas, Mscf
3,362
54,809
64,104
94,419
119,151
100,235
113,359
80,083
71,412
60,279
57,626
60,330

Three-Month Running Average
Producing
37000
28000
0
13

Exercise 5
Here we present the GOR plot based on three month

running average data for Exercise 4.
Annual Production
Stock-Tank
Date
Liquid Gravity
API
1982
46
1983
50
1984
47
1985
48
1986
50
*1987
51
*through August 1987
Oil, STB
4,646
2,606
1,350
1,430
1,662
1,110
Water, STB
1,484
1,177
1,215
932
1,122
665
Gas, Mscf
462,265
342,075
241,048
221,020
267,106
178,951
200000
Stock-tank
liquid gravity, API
Producing
55
50000
1981
40
Year
1988
1981
Year
1988
Exercise 6
The following liquid yield production data is available for a given
reservoir. Can you identify the fluid?
200
Yeild, STB/MMscf
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0
24
48
72
Months since start of 1966
96
120
Basics of Reservoir Engineering

Natural Gas Properties
Phase Behavior
Relationship between conditions (Pressure,
Temperature, Volume) and phases (liquid, gas, solid)
Ideal Gas Equation Of State

The simplest PVT model: the ideal gas.
pV = n R T
m
pV =
RT
M
RT
pv =
M
Assumptions of the ideal model:

Volume occupied by molecules
is insignificant compared to
volume of gas
No attractive or repulsive forces
between molecules
Real Gas Equation of State

pV = z n RT
m
pV = z
RT
M
z RT
pv=
M
z is called compressibility factor:
V real
z =
V ideal
Also called gas deviation factor,
supercompressibility, or z-factor.
V ideal
V real
n R T
=
p
z n R T
=
= z V ideal
p
Compressibility factor, z
Typical Shape of z-Factor
z approaches 1.0
1.0
m
Te
tu
a
r
e
p
re
Actual V less than ideal V

0
Pressure, p
st
n
co
t
n
a
Actual V greater
than ideal V
z-Factors For Methane

Methane
1.1
404
342 320
262 240
212
0.9
170
5000
140
104
44
p VM
Z=
RT
-84 -70 -54 -40 -22 -4
4000
32
0.7
-4
0.5
104
140
170
212
240
262
320
342
404
3000
-54
-70
32
44
-22
-40
1.6
2000
1.4
1.2
-84
0.3
1.0
0.1
1000
6000
Pressure, psia
8000
10000
p VM
Z=
RT
z-Factors and Corresponding States

By defining reduced conditions Tr = T/Tc; Pr= P/Pc, z-factor isotherms
for different substances tend to collapse to a universal z-factor curve:
1.0
C5H12
C3H8
Tr = 1.3
0.8
CH4
C5H12
C
H
H8
2
C3
C 5H 1
0.6
Tr = 1.2
Tr = 0.9
Tr = 1.0
C3H8
CH4
C6H14
C 6H 14
Compressibility factor, z =
pV
RT
Tr = 1.5
C5H12
C3H8
Tr = 1.1
CH4
C5H12
0.4
C3H8
CH4
CH4
C3H8
C5H12
0.2
0.6
1.2
1.8
Reduced pressure, pr
2.4
3.0
z-Factors for Naturally Occurring Gas Mixtures

Pseudoreduced pressure, ppr
0
0.9
5
1.0
1
1.
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.25
1.2
1.5
1.6
1 .7 1 .8
1.9
2 . 0 2 .2
1.15
1.1
2.8
2.6 2.4
2 .2 2 . 0
1 . 9 1 .8
1 .7
2.4
2.6
3.0
1.05
3.0
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.05
10
11
12
13
14
Pseudoreduced pressure, ppr

8
1.1
1.0
Pseudoreduced Temperature
3.0
2.8
2.6 2.4
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.45
1.4
1.35
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.25
1.1
1.0
1.6
15
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
Molecular Weight Calculation
The apparent molecular weight of a natural gas is

calculated as the weighted average of the molecular
weight of all its components:
Ma = yj M j
Physical Constants
Physical constants of single components are tabulated!
Compound
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Isobutane
n-Butane
Isopentane
n-Pentane
Neopentane
n-Hexane
2-Methylpentane
3-Methylepntane
Neophexane
2,3-Dimethylbutane
Hydrogen sulfide
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
Argon
Oxygen
Formula
CH4
C2 H6
C3H8
C4H10
C4H10
C5H12
C5H12
C5H12
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14
H2S
CO2
N2
A
O2
Molar Mass,
molecular weight
16.043
30.070
44.097
58.123
58.123
72.150
72.150
72.150
86.177
86.177
86.177
86.177
86.177
34.08
44.010
28.0134
39.944
31.999
Critical Constants
Pressure,
Temperature,
psia
F
666.4
-116.67
706.5
89.92
616.0
206.06
527.9
274.46
500.6
305.62
490.4
369.10
488.6
385.8
464.0
321.13
436.9
453.6
436.6
435.83
453.1
448.4
446.8
420.13
453.5
440.29
1300.
212.45
1071.
87.91
493.1
-232.51
704.2
-188.53
731.4
-181.43
Exercise 7
Calculate Apparent Molecular Weight of Gas Mixture
Dry air is a gas mixture consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and small
amounts of other gases. Compute the apparent molecular weight
of air given its approximate composition.
Component
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Carbon dioxide
Composition,
mole fraction
0.7809
0.2095
0.0093
0.0003
1.0000
Specific Gravity Of Gas

Gas specific gravities are calculated as the ratio of gas density
to the density of air, both measured at the same temperature
and pressure, usually 60F and atmospheric pressure
g
g =
air
, which becomes:
p M
M g
g
R T
=
=
=
p M air
air
29
R T
Exercise 8
Calculate Specific Gravity of Gas Mixture
Component
hydrogen sulfide
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
methane
ethane
propane
iso-butane
n-butane
iso-pentane
n-pentane
hexanes
heptanes plus
Properties of Heptanes Plus
Density, gm/cc @ 60F
Molecular weight
Composition, mole
percent
0.00
0.00
0.00
96.13
1.50
0.88
0.15
0.16
0.08
0.06
0.10
0.94
100.00
0.798
164
Gas Density
0.15
pM
g =
z RT
g, psi/ft
Calculated as a function of Z:
Units - lb/cu ft
0
0
or
g lb / cu ft
psi
=
144 sq in / sq ft
ft
p, psia
10000
Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)
Units -
rcf/scf (res cu ft/scf)
scf
res bbl/scf
res bbl/Mscf
Separator
Definition - volume of gas at reservoir conditions required to

produce one standard volume of gas at the surface
Symbol - Bg
scf
Stock
tank
STB
Gas
res bbl
res bbl gas

Bg =
Mscf
Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)
VR
Equation: Bg =
Vsc
psc z T res cu ft
Bg =
Tsc p
scf
Bg, res bbl/Mscf
40
0
0
or
p, psia
psc z T res bbl

bbl
1000
Bg =

M 5.615 cu ft Tsc p Mscf
10000
Gas Viscosity
Definition - The resistance to flow exerted by a fluid, i.e., large
values = low flow rate. Units - centipoise or centistoke
g, cp
0.05
0
0
p, psia
10000
Gas Viscosity
Gas Viscosity Correlation Equation (Lee-Gonzalez)
g = A (10 4 ) EXP (B gC )
where
A
B
C
=
=
=
f(Ma, T)
f(Ma, T)
f(Ma, T)
Thus
g = f(g, Ma, T) or g = f(z, Ma, T)
Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Gas

(Gas Compressibility)
V
p T
Ideal Gas
1
cg =
p
Real Gas
1 1z
c g =
p z p T
cg x 106
Definition
1
cg =
V
7000
0
0
10000
Gas Properties - Summary

g =
P Ma
,
z RT
Bg =
p sc z T
T sc p
= 29 g
g = f (M a , g , T
c g = f ( g , z ,
)
p, T )
i.e., need z and Ma

i.e., need Tpc, ppc
i.e., need g
Thus the only gas property required to enter all gas property
correlations is either gas composition or gas specific gravity.
Basics of Reservoir Engineering

Oil Properties
Specific Gravity of Oil

Specific gravity of a crude oil is defined as the ratio of the density of
the oil and the density of water at specified pressure and temperature
conditions:
o
o =
w
Both densities measured at the same temperature and

pressure, usually 60F and atmospheric pressure
Sometimes called o (60/60)
API Gravity of Oil

Besides specific gravity, it is customary in the petroleum industry
to use another gravity scale known as API (American Petroleum
Institute), which has been defined as:
o
API =
141.5
131.5
This definition gives hydrometers a linear scale for measurement.

Based on API of crude oils, a gross classification of crude oils as
light (high API), medium, heavy and extra heavy (low API) is used
Phase Diagram - Typical Black Oil
Critical
point
Black Oil
% Liquid
70 0
6
Separator
Temperature, F
20
10
90 0
8
30
t
in
o
lep
b
b
e
in
40
Bu
Dewpoint line
50
Pressure, psia
Pressure path
in reservoir
Reservoir Pressure > Oil Bubblepoint Pressure
Separator
scf
scf
Stock
tank
STB
Bo =
res bbl
Oil
p > pb
res bbl oil

STB
Oil Formation Volume Factor (Bo)

Definition - volume of reservoir oil at reservoir conditions
required to produce one standard volume of stock tank oil
scf
Separator
Units - res bbl/STB

Symbol - Bo
scf
Stock
tank
STB
res bbl
Bo =res bbl oil

STB
Oil
p > pb
Oil Formation Volume Factor
Three things happen to reservoir oil as it is produced to

surface
1.
Loses mass - gas comes out of solution on trip to

surface
2.
Contracts - temperature decrease from reservoir

temperature to 60F
3.
Expands - pressure decreases from reservoir

pressure to atmospheric pressure
Typical Shape Oil Formation Volume Factor
Bo
1
0
pb
p
6000
Solution Gas/Oil Ratio (Rs)

Another important property of oils is the amount of gas in
solution (Rs) available at every pressure level:
Definition - volume of gas which comes out of the oil as it
moves from reservoir temperature and pressure to standard
temperature and pressure
Units - cubic feet of total surface gas at standard conditions per
barrel of stock-tank oil at standard conditions, scf/STB
Reservoir Pressure > Oil Bubblepoint Pressure
Rsb =
Separator
scf
scf
STB
scf
Stock
tank
STB
Bo =
res bbl
Oil
p > pb
res bbl oil

STB
Typical Shape Solution Gas/Oil Ratio
Rs, scf/STB
2000
0
0
pb
p, psig
6000
Reservoir Pressure < Oil Bubblepoint Pressure

scf
Rsb =
scf
Separator
res bbl gas

Bg =
Mscf
scf
STB
scf
Stock
tank
STB
Bo =
Gas
res bbl
res bbl
Oil
p < pb
res bbl oil

STB
Typical Shape - Oil Formation Volume Factor
Bo, res bbl/STB
pb
0
p, psig
6000
Typical Shape - Solution Gas/Oil Ratio
Rs, scf/STB
2000
0
0
pb
p, psig
6000
Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Oil

p > pb
Definition, co = 1 V or co = 1 Bo
V p T
Bo p T
Oil
Oil
Hg
Hg
Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Oil

p < pb
1
co =
Bo
Bo
p T
Gas
Oil
Bg Rs
+
Bo p T
Oil
Hg
Hg
Typical Shape - Oil Compressibility
co, psi-1 x 106
500
pb
0
p, psig
6000
Oil Density
Units - lb/cu ft or
lb / cu ft
psi
=
144 sq in / sq ft
ft
o, lb/cu ft
47
39
pb
0
p, psig
6000
Oil Viscosity
Definition - the resistance to flow exerted by a fluid, i.e., large
values = low flow rates. Units: centipoise.
o, cp
1.1
0.3
pb
p, psig
6000
Oil producing
rate, MSTB/d
Reservoir
pressure, psia
Production/Pressure History of Typical Black Oil

9000
6000
3000
100
75
50
25
Producing
gas/oil ratio
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1978
1979
1980
Time
1981
Field Data For Correlations

Field Data Needed:
Plot producing gas/oil ratio v. cumulative oil production
Plot measured average reservoir pressures v. cumulative oil
production
Get: Rsb is initial producing gas/oil ratio
pb is pressure at which pressure curve flattens
- just before producing GOR starts to increase
Pressure, psia
Producing gas/oil ratio, scf/STB
Production/Pressure History of Typical Black Oil
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Cumulative oil production, MMSTB

70
Field Data For Correlations
If producing gas/oil ratios are calculated using sales gas (the

usual situation), an estimate of the quantity of stock tank vent
gas must be added to get Rsb, i.e., Rsb = RSP + RST
Correlation
RST = f ( API , gSP , pSP , TSP )

o
Field Data for Correlations
Accurate value of pb will improve accuracy of results of all

correlations - otherwise use correlation for pb
Rsb required in all correlations - derive from production
data
API of stock tank oil required in all correlations - get from
oil sales data
gSP of separator gas required in most correlations - get
from gas sales data
Exercise 9
Determination of Black Oil Properties
The attached production graphs show stock tank oil sales and
separator gas sales for Niceoil field. The stock tank oil produced at
Niceoil field is 39.9 API and the sales gas has specific gravity of
0.787. Reservoir temperature is 246F. Separator conditions are
150 psig and 75 F.
Determine and list all variables needed for estimating properties of
the black oil.
Pressure/Production History for Niceoil Field

AVAILABLE PRODUCTION DATA
1000
Producing gas/oil ratio

(3 mo running scf/STB average)
Average reservoir pressure, psia
4250
3750
3250
2750
2250
1750
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
12
10
Exercise 9 Solution
1000
Producing gas/oil ratio

(3 mo running scf/STB average)
Average reservoir pressure, psia
4250
3750
3250
2750
Pb=2400 psia
2250
1750
900
800
700
Rsp= 570 scf/STB
600
500
400
300
12
10
Exercise 9 Solution
Rsb
TR
STO
g
pb
=
=
=
=
=
707 scf/STB
246F
39.9API
0.787
2,400 psia
Exercise 10
Estimation of black oil fluid properties.
Estimate values of oil properties for Niceoil field.

Required properties are oil formation volume factor,
solution gas/oil ratio, oil density, oil viscosity, and oil
compressibility. Create a table starting at 5,000 psia
with increments of 500 psi above the bubblepoint
pressure and increments of 200 psi below the
bubblepoint pressure to a final pressure of 100 psia.
Exercise 11 Solution
1000
Solution gas/oil ratio, scf/STB
900
800
700
600
data
500
correlation
400
300
200
100
0
0
1000
2000
3000
Pressure, psia
4000
5000
(continued)
Oil formation volume factor, resbbl/STB
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.35
1.30
data
correlation
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Pressure, psia
3500
4000
4500
5000
(continued)
0.35
Oil density, psi/ft
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.31
data
correlation
0.3
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.26
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Pressure, psia
3500
4000
4500
5000
(continued)
0.8
Oil viscosity, cp
0.7
0.6
data
correlation
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1000
2000
3000
Pressure, psia
4000
5000
References and Further Reading

McCain, W., The Properties of Petroleum Fluids,
Pennwell, 1990.
Whitson, C. and Brule, M., Phase Behavior, SPE
Monograph Volume 20, Henry Doherty Series, 2000.
Danesh, A., PVT and Phase Behaviour of Petroleum
Reservoir Fluids, Developments in Petroleum Science v.
47, Elsevier, 1998.

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Basics of Reservoir Engineering Module I

I.1.A - Fundamentals of Reservoir Phase Behavior

Copyright 2008, NExT, All rights reserved

Understanding Phase Behavior

Why study Phase Behavior?

Phase Behavior - Pure Substance

Phase Behavior - Pure Substance

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Phase Behavior - Pure Substance

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Phase Behavior - Pure Substance

Specific volume, cu ft/lb

Phase Behavior - Mixtures

Phase Behavior - Mixtures

Phase Behavior - Mixtures

The less alike the

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Phase Diagrams of Mixtures

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Phase Diagram of a Reservoir Fluid

The Five Reservoir Fluids

The Five Reservoir

Phase Diagram of a Typical Black Oil

An Oil Reservoir: Tr < Tc ( Bubblepoint Oil )

Phase Diagram of a Typical Volatile Oil

Phase Diagram of a Typical Retrograde Gas

Phase Diagram of Typical Wet Gas

Phase Diagram of Typical Dry Gas

Field Identification of Reservoir Fluids

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Components of Naturally Occurring Petroleum Fluids

Properties of heptanes plus

Initial Producing GOR Correlates With C7+

Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %

Initial Producing GLR Correlates With C7+

Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %

Initial Producing GLR Correlates With C7+

Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %

Initial Producing GLR Correlates With C7+

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*For Engineering Purposes

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*For Engineering Purposes

Primary Production Trends

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Plot of Exercise 1 Data

Months since start of 1967

Plot of Exercise 3 Data

Months since start of production

Plot of Exercise 3 Data

Months since start of production

Plot of Exercise 4 Data

Months since start of production

Here we present the GOR plot based on three month

Plot of Exercise 5 Data

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Months since start of 1966

Basics of Reservoir Engineering