SEMINAR 1: Share-based Payment Transactions (FRS102)

Includes transactions when an entity: 1. has obligation to pay on behalf of another entity, or 2.
conversely receives gds/svcs when another entity has obligation to pay. Non-employee: Use
gds/svc fair values if can be measured reliably -Identifiable goods/svc< FV of equity instruments,
treat difference as unidentifiable gds/svc Employee Svc: Use FV of instruments bscus not possible
to determine FV of service
1
Estimated no. of options
FV of options at grant
vested
date
!!(!"#$%&'!!"#$%&)
-> May change at
-> Kept constant
->may change, accelerate
reporting date (for non-> Factored in
(1)Options lapse: no JE
market conditions)
possibility that market
DR Share-based payment reserve CR
-> On the vesting date, it price target being met
Share Premium Expired Shares Options
will be actual # that will
*exception: can change (2)Options exercised
vest
becus of exercise price
DR Share-based payment reserve DR
-> Does not change (for
Cash (Exercise price x No. of options
market conditions)
exercised) CR Share Capital
Modifications to Plan (T&C)s, Cancellations & Settlements, Cash-Settled SB
Modifications to Plan (T&C): Recognise any increases in total fair values of share-based
payments (at modification date) / do not recognise decreases of total fair values of share based
payments (original amount is expensed). - Replace cancelled equity is treated as a modification.
Re-measure on settlement date. Any incremental FV = FV of replacement equity Net FV of
cancelled equity. Net FV of cancelled equity = FV of cancelled equity - payment
Cancellations & Settlements: Both treated as acceleration of vesting, i.e. recognise remainder
services immediately. Cash-settled SB payment transactions -> Remeasure FV of liab at each
reporting/settlement date, re-measurement differences recognised in P/L
Option Value
Expected early exercise: risk aversion,
options non-transferrable, have to exercise
vested options when they cease employment,
length of vesting period, ave length of time
options remained outstanding in the past,
underlying share price, employee seniority
within firm, expected volatility of share prices.
Factors That Affect Fair Value Of Options
Expected volatility factors: implied volatility from traded share options or convertible bonds,
historical volatility of share price over recent period, length of time shares have been traded,
tendency of volatility to revert to mean, regular & consistent intervals for price observations. Newly
listed: compute historical volatility for longest period trading activity is avail, consider historical
volatility of similar entities following comparable period in their lives. Unlisted: If int mkt of shares
available, use their volatility, use historical v of similar listed entities, consider expected v of net
asset/earnings if valuation on shares is based on it. Factors to estimate expected dividends:
historical div payments, plans for changes in div payments, comparable peer group. Risk-free
interest rate: zero coupon govt issues & Capital structure: consider dilutive effects on share
price and estimated FV of options at grant date
Types of Share-Based Transactions & Journal Entries
Issue of ESOP subject to vesting conditions
DR Staff/Compensation Epense
Staff/Compensation/Renumeration expense
CR Share-based Payment Reserve
Restricted Stock Plans transfer of shares to
@GD -> DR Unearned Compensation
employees, subject to an agreem that shares
CR Share Capital Ordinary
cannot be sold, trsf or pledged until vesting occurs
@YEARLY -> DR Compensation Exp
Less dilution, better align incentives, nv worthless
CR Unearned Compensation
If forfeited, DR Share Capital Ordinary
CR Comp Exp CR Unearned Comp
Employee Share Purchase Plans (ESPP)DR Cash (qty of shares x discounted price)
employees to buy shares at discounted prices,
DR Compensation Expense (mkt exercise
amount of discount recorded as compensation exp
price)x qty of shares
CR Share Capital Ordinary (qty x mkt $)
Shares Appreciation Rights (SAR)- can be in
DR Compensation Exp
cash-settled or equity-based. Upon exercise of the
CR Liability under Share-Appreciation Plan
right, employee receive in cash the difference
between current stock price and exercise price
When executives rec cash
(intrinsic value). Remeasure FV of liab at each
DR Liability under Share-Appreciation Plan
reporting date/settlement date
CR Cash
SEMINAR 2: Employee Benefits (FRS 19)
Employee benefits provided under (1) formal plans (2) legislative requirements (3) informal
practices creating constructive obligation where employer has no realistic alternative but to pay
employee benefits. Includes: (1) S/T benefits (2) post-employment benefits (3) other L/T benefits
eg. long service leave (4) Termination benefits [Vesting = cash payout for unutilised, Non-vesting
= no cash payout]
Defined Benefit Plan: benefit determined by plan, employer contribution varies, risk borne by
employer Actuarial assumptions: demographics - mortality rates, employee turnover, prop of
plan members w/ dependents eligible for benefits, claim rates under medical plans, financial
discount rates, benefit levels, future medical costs incl claim handling costs
Defined Benefit Plan
Determine deficit/surplus using actuarial technique and discount the benefit to determine PV of
DBO and current svc cost
Adjust net DB liab/asset for asset ceiling (PV of surplus; either get refunds or contribute less in the
future)
Determine P/L recognition: current svc cost, past svc cost and gain/loss on settlement and net
interest to net defined benefit liab/asset
Determine re-measurements of net defined benefit liab/asset recognized in OCI: (1) actuarial
gains/losses (2) return on plan assets, excluding amounts in net int on net defined liab/asset (3)
any change in effect of asset ceiling
Statement of Financial Position (on B/S): Recognise net defined liab/asset and Net defined
benefit at lower of surplus in define benefit plan, and asset ceiling (PV of refunds from/reductions
in contributions to the plan)
Pension Components & Journal Entries
Components of Pension Expense
OCI
Service Costs (+ve)
Volatility in pension expense can
Interest on the Liab outstanding during the period (+ve)
Arise from
Actual Return on Plan Assets (+ve/-ve) increase in
1. Changes in the FV of plan assets
pension funds from int, dividends, realized and unrealized
Unexpected gain/loss
actual changes in FV of plan assets [Actual return = (PA
2. Changes in actuarial
End Bal PA Beg Bal) (Contributions Benefits paid)]
assumptions that affect the amount
Past Service Costs (+ve) but can be ve if it reduces
of DBO
benefits
Actuarial Gain/Loss (+ve/-ve)
Expected return = expected rate x plan
assets // Unexpected gain/loss =
actual expected
Termination benefits: recognise liab
and exp at earlier of two dates: when
entity can no longer withdraw offer of
benefits, and when entity recognises
costs for restructuring (FRS37)
DR Expense CR Provision for
termination benefits
Disclosures: Characteristics of DBP &
risks; identifies & explains amt arising
from DBP; describes how BP may
affect amt, timing & uncertainty of
entitys future CFs
SEMINAR 3: Deferred Taxation
Income tax expense (IFRS) whereas Income
tax payable (tax authority)
Difference -> in DTL during the year DTL:
the increase in taxes payable in future years as
a result of taxable temporary differences
existing at the end of the current year \\ DTA:
the increase in taxes refundable (or saved) in
future years as a result of deductible temporary
differences existing at the end of the current
year.
Working Presentation

*Non-deductible amount (I/S) > deductible

amount (Tax) leads to DTA
*Non-deductible amount (I/S) < deductible
amount (Tax) leads to DTL
Pension expense > Cash contribution -> DTA
Pension expense < Cash contribution -> DTL
Share-based compensation expense = amount
deductible/DTA. When employee exercise
options, (mkt-ex price)x qty exercised
Reverse DTA if lapsed

**Income tax expense is

a plug aka derived
figure**
Income tax payable
(liab) = tax rate x
taxable income
Cumulative Temp
Difference x Tax rate to
derive DTL/DTA
Permanent Differences & DTA Non-Recognition
Enter into pretax fin income but never into
taxable income or vice versa; affect only the
period in which they occur -> eg. Tax exempt
income/divs & any related expense NOT
deductible, eg. Interest from Govt bond, eg.
Fines

Carrying value of debt -> taken from table (same as

above)
Equity component (same as original)
Total [Retire if redemption price < this total]
Issuance of MRPS:
MRPS -> FL (fixed payment of div and nominal
amt w fixed maturity)
(-ve PMT based on redemption amount, 5% of
$43.8m) PV Proceeds $45m, FV ve redemption
amount
MRCPS -> FL + Equity (fixed payment of div and
nominal amount w fixed maturity)
(Uses effective i/r from above, same JE as
convertible bonds)
Measurement of Financial Assets under FRS 39

Revenues (or gains)

! Estimated expenses and

losses (tax deductible
when paid)

! Unrealized gain from

recording investments at
fair value (taxable when
DTL
asset is sold)

! Unrealized loss from

recording investments at
fair value or inventory at
Lowe of cost or NRV (tax
deductible when asset is
sold)

Items
! Rent or subscriptions
reported on collected in advance
the tax return
BEFORE the
! Other revenue collected
income
in advance
statement

! Accelerated depreciation
on tax return (straight-line
on income statement)
! Prepaid expenses (tax
deductible when paid)

Change in Tax Rates both DTA and DTL have

to be adjusted with the new tax rate. Income
tax expense number absorbs the full effect of
the change.
Tax base asset < Carrying amt asset -> DTL
Tax base laib < Carrying amt liab -> DTA

Accounting for Net Operating Losses

Loss carryback:
-Back 2 years and forward 20 years
-Losses must be applied to earliest year first
Loss carryfoward:
-May elect to forgo loss carryback
-Carry forward losses 20 years
NOL Journal Entries (where tax deductible expenses > taxable revenues)
Sum of refunds (see above) DR Income tax refund receivable (Asset) CR Benefit due to loss
carryback (P/L) When you have the loss benefit brought fwd DR Deferred tax asset CR Benefit
due to loss carryforward When you know you cant utilize. DR Benefit due to loss carryforward
CR Allowance for DTA (Contra-asset a/c)
SEMINAR 4: Fair Value Measurement (FRS 113)
Fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific. Pricing the asset or liab at the
measurement date, consider (a) the condition/ location of the asset; (b) restrictions on the sale or
use of the asset. Price excludes transaction costs but includes transportation cost especially for
an asset or liab of which location is a characteristic of it. Choose principal market (entity-specific)
OVER different market even if price is more favorable. Principal market considered from the
perspective of the entity; Entity need not necessarily be able to sell the asset or liability in order to
price it, BUT must be able to access the market.
Non-financial Asset, Liability & Equity
FV measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participants ability to
generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use. The highest and best
use takes into account the use of the asset that is physically possible (location & size of the
property), legally permissible (zoning regulation pertaining to the property) and financially feasible
(possibility in generating investment return on that asset). Applies when co has not intent to use it
actively; acquired for defensive purposes. FV measurement for liab & own equity:
(a) using the quoted price in an active market for the identical item held by another party as an
asset, if that price is available, (b) using other observable inputs, such as the quoted price in a
market that is not active for the identical item held by another party as an asset, (c) if the
observable prices in (a) and (b) are not available, using another valuation technique
Valuation Technique
The fair value of a liability reflects the effect of non-performance risk. Non-performance risk
includes, but may not be limited to, an entitys own credit risk
Markets with observable inputs: exchange markets, dealer markets, brokered markets
The FV within the range that is most representative in the circumst is used.
1) Fair Value Hierarchy: 1,2,3
2) Valuation method: market approach (uses prices in market transactions involving identical or
similar assets/liabs, use market multiples from comparables), income approach (converts future
cash flows to single current discounted amount using PV techniques, option pricing models or
multi-period excess earnings method to measure FV of intangible assets) or cost approach (amts
req to replace service capacity of asset aka current replacement cost)
3) Illiquidity/liquidity: Depends on level & volume of activity, credit risk
Level 3 assets (least liquid): valued based on data unobservable from the mkt. Valuation model
may incorporate market factors such as foreign exchange rates, i/r, volatilities, credit risks and
prepayment risks. E.g. syndicated & commercial mortgage loans, CDOs, OTC derivatives,
mortgaged back securities Level 2 input incl quoted prices for similar assets or liabs in either
active or inactive markets, inputs that are observable for asset/liabs such as interest rates, implied
volatilities and credit spreads and market corroborated inputs. E.g. FX swaps, interest rate swaps,
convertible bonds Level 1 assets (most liquid): when market prices are observable in active
markets for identical assets/liabs, the FV will be based on the transacted prices and classified as
Level 1, must be principal/most advantageous mkt and the ability to transact at that price in that
mkt. E.g. actively traded liquid quoted bonds, liquid quoted equities, FX spot
Contributory charges (required returns) on assets to support and generate revenues on the xx
asset are calculated.
XX approach | Unit of account =| Highest/best use = | No principal market = |Most advantageous
market = |Level 3 inputs (revenue forecast), Level 2 input (royalty rate)
Accounting for Private Equity, Illiquid Securities, CVA, VA
Use of NPV method to calculate market value, imply credit spreads from observed trades in
market and swap curve, use credit spreads from similar organizations with same credit ratings or
debt structure Private equity: derive from net tangible assets of company based on audited
financial statements CVA counterparty credit risk in derivative / DVA: entitys own credit/default
risk in a financial instrument
Paradox: Credit risk up, FV of liab drops, recognize gain. DR Bonds Payable CR Gain
SEMINAR 5-6: Accounting for Financial Instruments (FRS 32, 39, 9)
Financial Instrument: any contract that gives rise to financial asset of an entity and a financial lib
or equity instrument of another entity
Non-Fin Instruments
Financial Instruments
Operating lease, phyiscal assets
Fin Asset
Fin Lib
(inventories, PPE), leased assets,
Cash, Trades a/c, Notes, Loans and Bonds Recs &
intangible assets (patents,
payables, perpetual bonds, debentures, capital notes,
trademarks), prepaid expenses,
financial guarantee, insurance contracts, finance lease
deferred revenue, warranty
Equity Instruments
obligations, constructive obligations, Non-puttable ordinary shares
assets & liabs that are not
Derivative fin instruments
contractual, contracts to buy/sell
Financial options (call/put options), futures, forwards,
non-financial items, commodity
interest rate swaps, ccy swaps, commodity-linked contracts
contracts
settled thru cash
Preference shares redeemable at option of holder FL; redeemable at option of issuer Equity;
Mandatorily redeemable FL; Non-redeemable/irredeemable, if div payments are at discretion of
issuer Equity, if div payments are mandatory FL; Convertible Preference Shares Equity +
Equity (right to convert fixed qty of shares)
Bond Amortization Table [PVIF for Coupon, PVF Principal] Careful of semi-annual!
DR Interest expense CR Unamortized discount
Value of equity = Total proceeds PV of
DR Interest expense CR Cash
bonds (debt component)
Unamortized discount = Principal PV
of bond // If issued at par, value of equity
options = unamortized discount

DR Cash CR Unamortised Premium CR

Nominal Amount Payable
DR Interest Expense DR Unamortised
Premium CR Cash

AFS Debt (FVOCI):

-FX gains/loss to P/L
-Impairment losses reversible
(provided the reversal is directly
related to an event occurring
subsequent to the recognition of the
impariment loss)

Expenses (or losses)

! Installment sales of
property (installment
method for taxes)

DR Capital reserves CR Cash (residual)

AFS Equity (FVOCI):

-FX gains/loss to OCI
-Impairment losses not reversible to
P/L but to OCI

DTA (Non-recognition): Co should reduce a

DTA if it is probable that it will not realize some
portion/all of the DTA DR Income tax expense
CR DTA
Examples of DTA, DTL & Change in Tax Rate Presentation
Items
reported on
the tax return
AFTER the
income
statement

(decognise the bal of unamortised discount)

Tainting, Interest-Free Staff Loans

Must demostrate intention and
Staff Loan
ability to hold for HTM investments; DR Loan Receivable DR Deferred Staff Benefit (prepaid
if sold during current FY or during
expense)
the past 2 FY, more than an
CR Cash CR Unamortized discount
insignificant amount of HTM ->
Accrual recognition of interest income
barred from classifying any new fin
DR Interest receivable DR Unamortized discount CR
assets as HTM for next 2 years +
Interest Income
remaining HTM reclassified as AFS. Amortisation of Deferred Staff Benefit
No tainting if purchase of callable
DR Staff expense (P/L) CR Deferred Staff Benefit (B/S)
bond (taint for puttable bond),
Recognition of cash payment & interest income
deterioration in credit rating &
DR Cash DR Unamortized discount CR Interest Income
unanticipated circumstances
CR Interest Receivable
Impairment Losses
Incurred loss model (only when there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of loss
event No impairment loss to be recognized for reversible market conditions
Amortized cost (HTM, Loans & Receivables): PV of future CFs discounted at original effective i/r <
carrying amount
Unquoted equity: PV of future CFs discounted current market rate of return < carrying amount
AFS (debt or equity): FV < carrying amount
Classification Flowchart (FRS 39)

IAS 39 Amortised cost -HTM debt and equity securities -Loans & receivables, FVTPL - Trading
debt and equity securities- Elected for FVO, FVOCI- Available for sale (AFS) debt and equity
securities
Bifurcation rule Are economic characteristics and risks of embedded derivatives closely related
to host instrument? Yes, similar-> Do not bifurcate. No->Bifurcate, cus risks are NOT closely rated
like bond is i/r risk but equity option is equity risk and option risk.
Equity-linked product -> bifurcate, dual ccy deposits with fx & ir risk-> bifurcate
Classification for FRS 9
FV changes of FL due to own
credit risk -> OCI
FV changes of FL due to interest
rate risk -> P/L

IFRS 9 Amortised cost - Debt instruments that meet business model, contractual cash flow tests,
FVTPL - Debt instruments not meeting biz model, - Debt instruments that contains embedded
derivative - Debt instruments elected for FVO -Equity instruments held for trading
-Equity instruments not held for trading and not designated at FVTOCI, FVOCI- Equity instruments
not held for trading and designated at FVOCI
- Debt instruments that meet contractual CF test & biz model objective is both to collect
contractual CFs and to realize CFs thru sale
Under a fair value option, an asset or liability that would otherwise be reported at amortized cost or
FVOCI can use FVPL instead. IFRS 9 also incorporated a FVOCI option for certain equity
instruments that are not held for trading. Under this option, the instrument is reported at FVOCI
similar to FVOCI for debt. However, this version of FVOCI does not permit "recycling." Whereas
when debt instruments using FVOCI are sold, the gain or loss on sale is "recycled" from other
comprehensive income to profit and loss, for FVOCI equities the gain or loss is never reported in
profit and loss, but rather remains in OCI
Business model objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows or not. Sale of FA
before maturity may still be consistent with hold-to-collect biz model if its infrequent sales, sales of
insignificant amts, sale of investment close to maturity. Floating rate to fixed rate via IRS does not
change biz model. 3 elements: principle, time value of money, credit risk
Contractual cash flow tests: solely payments of principal and interest. Interest is consideration
for time value and credit risk associated with the pincipal outstanding. If variable interest terms,
change in IR must correspond to changes in market IR. Re-set of IR must be consistent with the
change in market interest rates for the remaining tenure. Contractual term that changes timing and
amounts of payment can represent solely payments of principal and interest if: -(1) it is a
prepayment/extension provision that meets special conditions relating to contingent events and
settlement terms (2) It is a variable interest rate that is consideration of time value of money &
credit risk on principal amt. Prepayment/put/extension = solely payments of p & I if term is to
offer protection from credit deterioration, changes in control of issuer and changes in relevant tax
laws. AND prepayment amt rep unpaid amt of P&I on principal.
Leverage DOES NOT rep solely payments of P&I. Test of cash flows done in the ccy in which the
FA is denominated. Convertible bond does not meet CCF test -> FVTPL
Reclassification 6 Scenarios
(1) From AC to FVTPL, difference in FV on RD and carrying amt is recognized as P/L.
(2) FVTPL to AC, FV on RD is new carrying amt, do not reverse FV.
(3) From AC to FVOCI, difference in FV on RD and carrying amt is recognized in OCI.
(4) From FVOCI into AC, cum gain/loss in OCI adjusted against FV at RD, effective I/R not adjted.
(5) From FVTPL to FVOCI, FV at RD is the new carrying amt.
(6) From FVOCI into FVTPL, FV at RD becomes new carrying amt. Cumulative gains/loss
previously in OCI is reclassified from equity to P/L as reclassification adjustment on RD.
Original-FVTPL: dont reverse them, Original-FVOCI: hv to reverse OCI bal/deferred gain or loss

I/S Presentation
Formula to compute income
tax expense:
***Tax payable + in DTL
in DTA = Income tax
expense***

Computation of Deferred Tax

Redemption of Bond
Difference btw fair value and carrying value of debt
component:
Fair value of debt at xx -> recalculated w new yield
& shortened time period
Carrying value of debt at xx -> from the table
Difference = Bond redemption expense

Retained earnings: Unadj bal

Interest for xx saved
Amortized bond discount (xxx)
DR Bonds Payable DR Redemption
Expense
CR Cash CR Unamortized discount

Expected Credit Losses

Phase 2 Expected Credit Loss
Financial instruments with low credit risk at reporting date
or have not deteriorated significantly in credit quality
Financial instruments with low credit risk at reporting date
or have not deteriorated significantly in credit quality
Financial instruments that have deteriorated significantly in

Expected credit loss

12 month expected
credit losses

Interest revenue
Calculated on asset gross carrying
amount

Lifetime expected

Calculated on asset gross carrying

credit quality since initial recognition

but do not have objective evidence of loss event
Financial instruments with objective evidence of loss event

credit losses

amount

Lifetime expected
credit losses

Calculated on asset net carrying

amount

Simplified approach for trade receivables, lease receivables

Credit Impaired at initial recognition
Change in credit risk is the change in prob. of default over
the initial prob. of default

Lifetime expected credit losses

Lifetime expected credit losses
Interest revenue calculated on credit adjusted effective
interest rate on amortised cost

SEMINAR 7: Translation Of Foreign Ccy Trns & Bal By A Stand-Alone Entity (FRS 21)
Functional Ccy: ccy of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (demand &
supply factors) Use judgement to determine FC that represents the economic effects of the
underlying transactions, events and conditions
Primary Indicators: ccy which mainly influences sales prices for gds/svcs, country whose
competitive forces and regulations mainly determine the sales price of its gds/svcs, ccy mainly
influences labour, matl, and other costs of providing gds/svcs Additional Indicators: ccy of
financing activities (debt and equity issues), ccy in which receipts from operating activites are
usually retained (operational CFs in the ccy of bank a/c) FC of Subsidiary likely to be Parents
ccy if: 1. Operations of S is an extension of P (not autonomous), inter-co transactions with high
proportion of Ss operations, high impact of Ss CFs on P, dependent on P in debt repayments
Stand-alone entity: Translation from Foreign Ccy to Functional Ccy
@ Initial recognition: Foreign ccy transaction x Spot @ B/S date: (1) Foreign ccy monetary item
rate @ mid-point: (1) Settlement of monetary item
x Closing rate (2) Non-monetary items @
at Spot Rate (2) Extinguishment of non-monetary
Hist. cost x Hist. rate on initial recog
items (eg: Depreciation, COS) at historical/original
date(no FX)
spot rate
(3) Non-monetary item @ Fair Value x Rate
[Non-monetary items that are measured at fair
at date FV was determined
value in a foreign ccy are translated using the
exchange rates at the date when the FV was
determined]
DR Fixed Asset @ HR
DR Payable @ HR
DR Depreciation @ HR
CR Payable @ HR
CR Bank @ SR
CR. Acc. Depreciation @ HR
DR/CR Exchange Gain/loss
Monetary Items
Units of ccy held and assets and liab to be recd or paid or determinable no. of units of ccy/ right to
receive or obligation to deliver a fixed or determinable no. of units of ccy
Unamortized premium/discount are monetary items following the nature of debt
Monetary Items
Non-Monetary Items
Variable rate interest loan, marketable
Marketable equity securities, goodwill,
debt securities,
intangible assets, inventories, provisions that
Debt/loan/bonds, Cash, A/R, A/P,
are to be settled by the delivery of a nonpensions and employee benefits to be
monetary asset, inventory, PPE, prepaid
paid in cash, provisions that are to be
expenses, non-refundable deposits, Equity
settled in cash, cash dividends that are
securities*, deferred revenue, deferred
recognised as liability
charges, common or preference stock
FX changes = E sum of A to D -> to P/L

*Fair Values of non-monetary items in

foreign currencies
Exchange gain or loss taken to either OCI
or NI in line with profit recognition aka No
need to split btw FX and FV changes (price
change)
Eg: revaluation of fixed assets
(building), investment properties, FV of
equity instruments, AFS equity
Revalued non-monetary asset = FV x FX
rate on date of FV
Foreign Ccy depreciates
Foreign Ccy appreciates
Exposed asset
Exchange Loss
Exchange Gain
Exposed liability
Exchange Gain
Exchange Loss
Change in Function Ccy when economic environment changes
-Apply new FC prospectively, translates all items (A/L/E) into the new FC using the exchange
rate at the date of change -The resulting translated amounts for non-monetary items (eg: Fixed
Asset) are treated at their historical cost.
FX Templates

taken to P&L. Perfect hedge: amt and timing match, -ve correlation of -1
Cash flow hedge changes in IV deferred in equity, the deferred gains/losses in equity are
transferred out to the cost of the asset when the asset is recognized, changes in TV (a trxn cost)
expensed off. No firm commitment a/c, only deferred gain/loss account (OCI balance)
Effective hedge only if In-The-Money. OTM time value amount goes to P/L
Cash flow and P&L effect of hedging is the same amount
Interest Rate Swaps
FVTPL unless its hedging instrument. Involves exchanging variable (fixed) int rate payments for
fixed (variable) int rate obligations. Principle amt not exchanged.
Convert from floating rate debt to fixed rate debt-> Cash Flow Hedge
Convert from floating rate investment (hedge variable cash inflows) into fixed rate
investment -> Cash Flow Hedge
Fixed rate debt exposed to changes in FV -> Fair Value Hedge (I/R up, FV of debt falls)
in debt value = in swap value
Swaps fair value determined
using discounted cash flow.
Cash flow hedge is hedge of
variable interest rates
changes in FV of swap taken
to equity; !OCI=!swap value
Fair value hedge applies to
fixed rate debt- fixed rate
debt carried at fair value !FV
of debt=Swap value
DR Interest exp CR Accrued Int
DR Interest exp CR Cash
DR FV adj (OCI) CR IRS Liab
DR IRS Liab/asset CR FV adj
Criteria for Hedge Accounting
@ inception, there has to be formal designation and documentation of hedging r/s, risk mgt
objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. Hedge effectiveness tests under ifrs 9 are (i)
economic r/s btw hedge item and hedging instrument (ii) credit risk does not dominate the value
changes from (i) (iii) hedge ratio of hedging r/s is the same as that resulting from qty of hedged
item that entity hedges and quantity of hedging instrument the entity uses to hedge that qty of
hedge item
IFRS 9 requires that change in time value component of hedged item be recognized in OCI.
Cumulative change in fair value as a separate component of equity is accounted for as follows:
(a) if hedge item results in recognition of non-financial asset or liab -> change in FV is removed
from equity and added to the initial cost of asset or liab (b) For other hedging r/s, the amount is
reclassified from equity to P/L as a reclassification adjustment in the same period during which the
hedged expected future cash flows affect P/L (c) any portion that is not expected to be recovered
is reclassified into P/L as reclassification adj

Forward Contract Journal Entries

(FR as contracted Spot rate on settlement date) x Notional amount
The settlement amount should be equal to the balance in the forward contract
IMPORTANT THINGS TO NOTE: Reclassification of deferred loss in equity into inventory upon
delivery, reverse deferred gain to sales, transfer firm commitment to sales.
Use spot rate when computing firm commitment, ask if less or more needed to be paid in SGD
SEMINAR 9: Earnings Per Share (FRS 33)
Basic EPS: (Net income Pref Dividends) / Weighted Ave No. of Common Shares Outstanding.
Pref dividends are substracted on cumulative pref shares, whether declared or not. Treasury share
= buy back shares. Contingently issuable shares = contingent on certain condition. Dilutive means
the ability to influence the EPS in a downward direction. Contingently issuable shares.
Contingently issuable ordinary shares are treated as outstanding and included in the calculation of
both basic and diluted EPS if the conditions have been met. If the conditions have not been met,
the number of contingently issuable shares included in the diluted EPS calculation is based on the
number of shares that would be issuable if the end of the period were the end of the contingency
period. Restatement is not permitted if the conditions are not met when the contingency period
expires.
Diluted EPS < Basic EPS [Must be a smaller +ve if its profit, or larger negative than Basic EPS]
Shares dividend & stock split to be applied retroactively. Co need to restate the shares outstandg
Dates
Shares
Restatement
Fraction of the
Weighted Shares
outstanding
outstanding
Year
(AxBxC)
Stock options: Treasury stock method => Incremental shares = New shares Treasury Shares
(amount recd is used to buy back shares) Options & warrants dilutive if the issue of shares is
less than the average market price. Employee share options are treated as outstanding on the
grant date = contingently issuable shares.
Convertible securities (convertible bond & convertible pref shares): if-converted method.
Assumed conversion of convertible bonds or preferred stock has two effects on dilutive EPS: increase the denominator by the no. of common shares issuable upon conversion, -increases the
numerator by decreasing after-tax interest expense on convertible bonds, and dividends on
convertible preferred stock. Calculate Numerical value impact on diluted earnings per share.
Lowest numerical impact = most dilutive. First convertible security to be included in DEPS
after options and warrants.
Diluted EPS (All-in) Step 1: Compute the basic EPS. Step 2: Include dilutive stock options, warrants and
contingency issuable shares and compute a tentative diluted EPS (DEPS). Step 3: Develop a ranking of the impact of each
convertible preferred stock and convertible bond on DEPS. Step 4: Incl each dilutive convertible security in DEPS in a
sequential order based on the ranking and compute a new tentative DEPS. Step 5: Select the lowest computed DEPS as
the diluted EPS. Continue the proccess as long as each recalculated earnings per share is smaller than the previous
amount. When entity issue contract that may be settled in ordinary shares or cash at the entitys

SEMINAR 8: Hedge Accounting

Derivatives based on i/r, fx, equities, credit and commodities. D hedge I/R risk, credit risk, market
price risk, fx risk, counterparty credit risk. IAS39 Embedded D to be separately recognized from
the host instrument, elected for FVO, no need to do bifurcation
Futures standardized size, traded on exchange, margin calls, reduce counterparty risk, marked
to market, can close position/ Forwards tailored made, counterparty risk, lower transaction costs
Fwd rate converges to the spot rate at the date of maturity. FV of fwd contract at maturity: diff
btw the SR at maturity date and the contracted fwd rate x notional amt of the contract
Premium (or discount) on the fwd contract is the interest or time value.
Time value -> difference btw forward & spot rate at a point in time. Changes in TV are due to these
factors: cost of holding, risk free rate and period to maturity.

Derivatives classified under FVTPL and changes in FV to P/L Exception: designated as a hedge
of an identified risk and designated as an effective hedge, follows hedge acctg rules
FV hedge only takes into account FV changes.. therefore some asset dont have to use historical
rate, just historical cost x relevant rate. A hedge of the exposure to changes in FV of a recognised
asset or liab or an unrecognised firm commitment, or an identified portion of such an asset, liab, or
firm commitment that is attributable to a particular risk and could affect P/L
Firm commitment, fin assets classified as FVOCI, inventory -> Fair value hedge, uses Current SR
Previous SR x notional amt
!fair value of a Forward Purchase Contract = {Current fwd rate Previous fwd rate} x Notional
amt !time Value of a fwd purchase contract or change in premium = [{Current FR- Current SR}
{Previous FR-Previous SR}] x notional amt. !intrinsic value of fwd purchase contract = {Current
SR- Previous SR} x notional amt
If FV hedge, changes in FV of hedging instrument taken to P/L. If Cash Flow hedge, changes in
FV of hedging instrument that is an effective hedge taken to equity (OCI) and ineffective portion

option, entity shall presume that the contract will be settle in ordinary shares and the potential
shares shall be included in DEPS if dilutive.
Remember the duration/period outstanding! Convertible preference shares outstanding
300,000 x 2 x 1.05. Convertible preference shares converted 400,000 x 2 x 1.05
Look at income from continuing operations under BEPS & DEPS, used B at the control number,
from $2.40 to $2 yes dilutive
SEMINAR 10: Introduction to Joint Arrangements & Equity Accounting
FRS 111- A joint arrangement is an arrangement of which two or more parties have joint control.
An arrangement can be a joint arrangement even though not all of its parties have joint control of
the arrangement. Joint operations and joint ventures can coexist when the parties undertake
different activities that form part of the same framework agreement. Need to specify which combi
of the parties is required to agree unanimously to decisions abt the relevant activities of the
arrangement. The contractual agreement must specify that decisions abt relevant activities of the
arrangement require both A and B agreeing. More than one combi possible - unanimous consent
criterion not met. Framework agreement can specify for diff joint arrangements to deal with
specific activities n therefore can have both joint op and JV.
Characteristics of Joint Control: - contractually agreed sharing of control, unanimous consent
on decisions about relevant activities (that significantly affect returns, prodn, mktg, r&d,
investm/financing). Main principle of FRS 111: Consider rights & obligations, type of joint
arrangements & acctg treatment. Rights to assets & obligations for liab = joint operations
measure A, L, R and E in relation to share (Proportional Consolidation) Right to net assets = joint
venture Equity method. Information for decision: (1) Legal form: is a separate legal entity
formed? (2) Contractual terms (rights & obligations) (3) Other facts and circumstances
(purpose & design of the joint arrangement)
When the contractual arrangement specifies that the parties have rights to the assets, and
obligations for the liabilities, relating to the arrangement, they are parties to a joint operation and
do not need to consider other facts and circumstances for the purposes of classifying the joint
arrangement. Only when the contract does not specify, then we consider other facts n
circumstances = primarily designed for the provision of output to the parties = parties have rights
to substantially all the economic benefits of the assets of the arrangement. When parties are
substantially the only source of cash flows contributing to the continuity of the ops, indicates that
the parties have obligations for the liab.
Joint Operator recognizes: (1) its assets, incl its share of any assets held jointly (2) its liab, incl
its share of any liab incurred jointly (3) its revenue from the sale of its share of the output arising
from the JO, (4) its share of the revenue from the sale of the output by the JO and its expenses
incl its share of any expenses incurred jointly -> Proportional consolidation
For unrealized profit on upstream and downstream sale, use one-line adjustment approach,
adjust thru the investment a/c and the share of profit (w footnote disclosures to explain). Gains and
losses only to the extent of unrelated investors int in the associate or JV. Upstream tsfr -> investor
buys from associate Downstream trsf -> investor sells to associate
Investment in Z = Share of Zs shareholders equity (net book value) on acquisition date +
Share of (FV-BV) difference in identifiable assets of Z on acq date + Implicit goodwill
Equity Accounting Journal Entries
EA1: Recognize share of post-acquistion RE of
RE of A as at 1 Jan xx
DR Investment in A CR Opening RE
RE of A as at date of acquisition
EA2: Adjustment for past year unrealized profit in fixed
(Transfer price- NBV) x 0.8 x share
asset transfer
DR Opening RE CR Investment in A
EA3: Adjustment for past years after-tax depreciation on
[(Transfer price-NBV)/No. of revised

unrealized profit on FA transfer

DR Investment in A CR Opening RE
EA4: Adjustment for past after-tax depreciation on
undervalued fixed assets
DR Opening RE CR Investment in A
EA5: Adjustment for unrealized profit in beginning inventory
(sales of A to P)
DR Opening RE CR Investment in A
EA6: Reclassify dividend income as a reduction of
investment
DR Dividend Income CR Investment in A
EA: Recognize change in OCI (cumulative)
DR Investment in A CR OCI
EA: Adjustment of undervalued inventory being disposed
DR Opening RE CR Investment in A
EA: Recognise impairment of intangible assets in past year
DR Opening RE CR Investment in A
EA: Recognise difference in AR writedown
DR Investment in A CR Opening RE
EA: Reverse interest income capitalized as FA
DR Opening RE CR Investment in A
EA: Adjust past excess depreciation (1july to 31dec10) due
to interest income capitalized as fixed asset
DR Investment in A CR Opening RE
EA: Adjustment of past years unrealized profit in xx (eg:
construction profit, in building material transfer)
DR Opening RE CR Investment in A
EA: Recognise share of current year profit after tax of A
DR Investment in A DR Share of Tax in A
CR Share of Profit of X
Profit before tax of A
Less depreciation of undervalued fixed asset
Add impairment expense (current year)
Add current depreciation of fixed asset transfer
Add current year depreciation (interest income)
Add revaluation gain
Less resold inventory less inventory written off
Add realized profits (recognized amortized amt)
Adjusted profit before tax of A
Share of adjusted profit before tax
Analytical Check of Investment in A
Book Value of Shareholders Equity of A
Less adj for unrealized profit in fixed asset
Less unamortized interest cost capitalized

useful life] x Years till beginning of

this FY x 0.8 x share
[(Excess of FV over BV)/No. of
useful life] x 0.8. x share
Profit on transfer x % unsold to 3P x
0.8 x share
Dividends declared x share

(Excess of FV over BV of inventory)

x % sold in the past years x 0.8 x
share
(Impairment amount) x 0.8 x share
From FV to Recoverable amount
(Excess of As writedown over
Groups) x 0.8 x share
(Interest income that acc till date of
completion) x 0.8 x share
[(Interest income that acc till date of
completion)/No. of useful life] x
Years till beginning of this FY x 0.8.
share
Profit or TP-BV x 0.8 x share

Tax expense
+ tax on impairment expense
+ tax on excess depreciation
+ tax on excess depreciation
+ tax on revaluation gain
- inventory resold & written off
+ tax on realized profits
Adjusted tax of A
Share of adjusted tax of A

=(Profit/useful life)xRemaining life

x 0.8
=(Capitalized amount/useful life) x
remaining life x 0.8

Less adj for unrealized profit in Building ()

Adjusted book value of As identifiable net assets
Ps share of As INA @ x%
Adj for Ps share of amortized FV of intangible asset
= FV (at end of FY) x 0.8 x share
Implicit goodwill in investment in A:
Investment in Z
Calculated or given
Book value of net assets at acquisition
Given
Intangible asset
Excess or difference x 0.8
AR writedown
Excess or difference x 0.8
Undervalued inventory
Excess or difference x 0.8
FV of net assets of Z at investment
less Share of FV of net assets of Z at acquisition
Goodwill in Z implicit in the investment (investment share of ina)
Total = Goodwill + the first part
Investment in A, at cost
Total EA adjustments to cost should
EA 1, EA2
reconcile with above
Investment in A at 31 Dec xx
Misc Notes