An Insight into Insurance Rebuilding Costs

by John R Carey BSc MRICS ACILA

31st May 2016

CONTENTS
1

Introduction

Basic principles
What is the Value at Risk?
The Sum Insured
Average
Reinstatement Average
Local Authorities Clause

11
11

Measurement
External v Internal Floor Area?

11
12

14
14
16
16
17
18
18

Additional Floors
Basements
Garages
Flats
Historic Buildings
Inflation
VAT

18
19
19
19
19
20
20

Professional Fees
Local Authority Charges
Commercial Leases
External Works
Other Cost Considerations
Inflation Adjustments

27
28
29
29
29
30

21
21
22
23
26
26
27

Some common types of commercial and public sector risks

Agricultural Buildings
Factories and Warehouses
Retail and Shops
Offices
Hotels

6
8
9
10
10

Commercial and public sector risks

Defining What Is At Risk
Enquiries and Procedure
Verifying a Building Sum Insured
Using the BCIS Building Cost Data
Mean or Median Average Rates?
VAT
Demolition

Day One Average

Reinstatement v Indemnity
Floating Insurances
First Loss Policies
Foundations Clause

Household risks
Definition of Buildings
BCIS Rebuild Online
Using BCIS Rebuild Online
Adjusting BCIS Rebuild Online
Stone Dwellings
Timber Framed Houses
Thatched Roofs

4
4
4
5
6

Some practical considerations

Basic Method of Calculation
Floor Areas

Suggested references

32
33
35
36
36

Public Houses
Retirement and Care Homes
Churches and Historic Buildings
Schools and Colleges
Hospitals

37
37
38
38
39
40

1. Introduction
In the course of dealing with most building claims it is almost inevitable that some comment will be
required as to the adequacy of the sum insured. This will normally involve the calculation of the
Rebuilding Cost or Value at Risk. In many cases this will be a summary exercise however in
others the circumstances may demand a more analytical approach.
For the majority of policies the sum insured will represent the absolute limit payable and the basis
on which the premium is calculated. Commercial policies will typically contain the average
condition which will be applicable in those instances where underinsurance is determined.
With experience the loss adjuster will become able to judge the level of accuracy necessary in any
given situation. Whilst in most cases a rule of thumb method will be applied it is a paradox that a
claim of relatively low value may require evaluation of a property of significantly greater overall
value. There are some important pitfalls to consider.
It is important to be aware that there is no definitive answer to any particular building cost other
than by obtaining a tender for the reconstruction of the insured property concerned at the
prevailing market rates. As this will not be an option in most cases other methods of calculation
will need to be considered.
In this text I have endeavoured to cover some of the basic principles however I have purposely
avoided inclusion of any definitive cost information which would quickly become out-dated and for
which reference should be made to various periodic publications and current cost data available to
the loss adjuster.
Finally, I am indebted to Andrew Cavan and Michael Weatherhead for reading the text and making
some useful suggestions. In addition, I would like to thank Joe Martin of BCIS for kindly reviewing
this paper and BCIS for permitting the use of the illustrations from BCIS Online.

John R Carey

2. Some basic principles

What is the Value At Risk?
In the context of buildings insurance, the value at risk is the rebuilding cost of all of the property
insured including demolition and professional fees, either at the time of the loss or, in some cases,
at the time of reinstatement.
The definition of the buildings is usually included within the policy and, in the case of commercial
insurance, the policy schedule should indicate the property or properties to be insured.
The Sum Insured
The sum insured will normally reflect the absolute limit payable under the policy item and onus is
placed upon the policyholder to select the appropriate sum insured and of course he may defer to
an appropriate professional for this purpose.
Critically for insurers, the sum insured is the measure upon which underwriters base their
premiums for different classes of business. The purpose in checking the adequacy of the sum
insured is, therefore, to ascertain that an appropriate premium has been collected.
If the figure is found to be inadequate insufficient premium has been collected and this will often
result in the application of the average condition contained within most commercial and some
domestic policies.
In severe cases, the ultimate sanction of the insurer may be to decline if the underinsurance is
found to be a deliberate misrepresentation.
On some commercial policies the declared value will be the relevant figure for the purposes of
assessing underinsurance. I will expand further on this later.
Average
This is the normal consequence of under insurance in most commercial and a very few domestic
policies. The policy condition requires that where underinsurance is determined the claim will be
reduced on a pro rata basis i.e. in the ratio that the sum insured bears to the value at risk. In the
absence of any other provision in the policy the value at risk is determined at the time of the loss.

A typical average clause reads as follows:If at the time damage occurs the sum insured is less than the value of the property the
Companys liability for any loss shall be limited to that proportion of the amount otherwise
payable which the sum insured bears to the whole
There are various forms of this wording all having the same consequence and the above quoted
example is much less wordy than some of the latter-day examples. It is perhaps worth noting that it
is the value at the time of the loss which is material in the absence of any term to the contrary.
Reinstatement Average
This is the most common current form of the average clause. The reinstatement conditions within
the policy effectively provide for reinstatement without deduction for depreciation [wear and tear].
For the purposes of average it is the value as at the time of reinstatement which is material as
opposed to the value at the time of the loss.
It is usual to find that the policy condition provides some margin for underinsurance often in the
form of the 85% average clause although this can arise in differing forms. In such instances
provided that the sum insured reflects no less than 85% of the value at risk average will not apply.
Thus the policyholder is given 15% inflationary margin.
Another variant on the above might be to allow the Insured leeway of up to 115% of the sum
insured which alters the calculation slightly in favour of the insurer.
A typical reinstatement average clause reads as follows:If at the time of reinstatement the sum representing 85% of the cost which would have been
incurred in reinstating the whole of the property covered by any item the liability of the Insurers
will not exceed that proportion of the amount of the damage which the sum insured shall bear to
the sum representing the total cost of reinstating the whole of such property at that time
Perhaps a little verbose but, hopefully, readers will gain the general import.

The practical problem arises where the adequacy of the sum insured is borderline or just below the
85% threshold. Having already provided what is effectively a margin to allow for inflation and price
fluctuations it is doubtful that many insurers would be persuaded to offer any further leeway.
It is also worth noting that some property owners policies occasionally provide the option to waive
the average condition on the proviso that a professional valuation has been obtained within a
stipulated period.
Local Authorities Clause
I will not provide a detailed narrative here save to say that most policies contain provision for the
cost of compliance with local authority or statutory requirements and this should normally be within
the policyholders contemplation when considering a sum insured. As the sum insured will reflect
the absolute limit the figure will need to allow for the cost of any necessary compliance.
There is an inherent difficulty faced by the policyholder in anticipating what changes in statutory
requirements may lie ahead until such time as reinstatement actually takes place. Where
applicable, most policy wordings will apply average to the additional costs incurred in respect of
compliance in the same ratio as the remainder of the loss.
However, there are a number of wordings which provide that the theoretical additional cost of
compliance should not be factored into the value at risk although average would apply to any such
additional costs in the same ratio. In contrast, value at the time of reinstatement could be implied
to mean the value including any necessary additional costs of compliance. Reference to the actual
wording in each case would be advisable.
In any event, the sum insured will normally be an absolute limit.
Day One Average
Many commercial policies are written on a Day One basis. Often misunderstood, the purpose is
essentially to cater for unknown inflationary factors over the period of the policy cover and the
reinstatement period. It is possible that some large buildings may take two or three years to
reinstate following a fire [or other peril] and potential inflation during the interim period could be
substantial.

The policy requires that the Insured submits a declared value being the value at inception of the
policy period [hence Day One] and an inflationary headroom is added, typically varying between
15 - 40%, to establish the sum insured. The sum insured is of no relevance to assessing adequacy
but merely an absolute inflationary limit.
A typical Day One average clause is as follows:If at the time of damage the declared value of the building is less than the cost of reinstatement
at the start of the period of insurance, liability for any damage will be proportionately reduced
and will be limited to the proportion that the declared value bears to the cost of reinstatement
In contrast with reinstatement average the critical value for average purposes is the value of the
property as at Day One [or date of inception] and the average ratio is calculated as at this time.
The sum insured whilst being an absolute limit payable operates only as inflationary headroom.
This creates a common misunderstanding on the part of some policyholders and professionals that
the sum insured is the relevant figure for the purposes of average which can frequently lead to
underinsurance.
Therefore, it is necessary to establish the value of the property as at Day One which may involve
calculation of a current day reinstatement value and adjusting backwards for inflation using an
appropriate index to which I will refer later.
In addition to inflationary changes, alteration in the VAT rate can be material in some
circumstances. In such cases the VAT rate pertaining at Day One will be material for the
purposes of the average calculation but VAT at the prevailing current rate will apply to the claim.
The Declared Value should generally include for all reinstatement costs as at the time of inception
[save for any ongoing inflationary costs] and also including:-

professional fees

debris removal

compliance with statutory requirements [looking forward]

As I have already mentioned, the latter point may place the policyholder in some difficulty as it may
be problematic to anticipate the costs of statutory compliance until such time as reinstatement
takes place. Nevertheless some provision must be made.
An interesting scenario can arise in a period of deflation where the Day One reinstatement value is
more than current day. Tender prices are renowned for fluctuation and are more sensitive to
supply and demand than retail costs generally. This scenario was not probably within the
contemplation of the insurer in drafting the wording and it is unlikely that the policyholder should
suffer as a result.
Reinstatement v Indemnity
Inherently, any calculation of a current rebuilding cost will initially be on a reinstatement basis.
Where the policy or, indeed the claim, is not on a reinstatement basis then the value at risk will
need to be depreciated or discounted in a similar manner to the claim. Occasionally, underinsurance will cause the policy to revert to indemnity.
The practical effect of depreciating both claim and value at risk by the same % rate will make no
difference to the claim outcome provided that average applies to both scenarios. This may seem a
little iniquitous as it seems to obviate the penalty imposed by underinsurance.
A more equitable approach would be to depreciate the costs on an elemental basis assuming that
such an analysis is feasible. Considering a typical building loss following a serious fire it would be
normal for the damaged elements potentially including the roof and internal fit out (including
finishes, joinery, decoration and services) to depreciate at a faster rate than the residual structure
including the walls and foundations.
Using this approach the indemnity settlement after average will be slightly less than the
reinstatement settlement after average which would seem to be more equitable.
In the case of a detailed analysis being carried out this would involve a prediction of the lifespan of
each element having regard to the age of the property. Therefore a roof which is 25 years into a 50
year lifespan would be depreciated to 50% of its new value and so on.

In practice some items could potentially last for the lifespan of the building provided well
maintained including foundations, brickwork, structural steel, plasterwork, internal joinery [floors,
stairs etc]. In contrast, others such as roofing external joinery decorations and services
installations will have a more finite lifespan and will require replacement within the lifespan of the
building. Life spans will vary between domestic and commercial properties.
Whilst very subjective and dependant of levels of maintenance I would suggest some very
approximate life-spans for common building elements which often arise as follows:Element

Suggested Approximate Life-spans

Blue slate roof

75 years

Concrete tiled roof

50 years

Built up felt roof and decking

15-20 years

Corrugated fibre reinforced cement sheet

30 years

Profiled metal sheet cladding

30 years

Windows/ external doors

30 years

Floor coverings

20 years

Suspended ceiling or demountable partitions

20 years

Decorations

10 years

Plumbing and heating installations

40 years

Electrical installations

50 years

In the event that the above approach is impracticable and it is necessary to apply a broad brush %
depreciation, for instance where a rebuilding cost rate has been used for the value at risk, then it
might be appropriate to discriminate between the level of depreciation applied to the claim items
and that for the value at risk. In most cases this will be a higher depreciation on the claim items
usually containing internal finishes and a slightly lower depreciation on the value at risk for the
whole, which of course includes foundations and external walls.
Floating Insurances
This is the term used where insurance is taken out on a range of properties often at different
locations with a total sum insured. Even if a specific value is listed against an individual property

this will be of limited relevance as it is the value of the whole that counts. Therefore, in these
instances it may be unrealistic to check the overall sum insured but insurers will sometimes require
a comment on the value nevertheless.
Attention should be given to the basis of the valuations for instance to see that professional fees
and VAT have been included if appropriate.
In rare instances, where there may be serious concerns, insurers may ask adjusters to carry out a
physical checking exercise of the whole portfolio.
First Loss Policies
This type of cover might be used where the policyholder has property on a range of sites and the
potential of a total loss i.e. across all of the property is considered to be unlikely. The total value at
risk is included as a declared value whilst the sum insured is much less with the agreement of the
Insurer. The policyholder will receive a significant saving in premium as a consequence. In practice
such policies are rare these days but nevertheless worth noting.
A typical average clause might be
If the declared value of the property covered hereby be less than the actual value at the time of
destruction of or damage to such property the amount payable under this item shall be
proportionately reduced
For average purposes the value at risk is assessed as the full replacement cost of all of the
property checked against the declared value.
Foundations Clause
Rarely seen these days the intention of the foundations clause is to remove foundations from the
policy cover and thereby save premium. This is on the mistaken belief that foundations are never
damaged. As I have alluded this is perhaps of academic interest only.

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3. Some practical considerations

Basic method of calculation
It is usually accepted that there is an approximate correlation between the floor area of any given
property and its rebuilding value although this is not exactly a straight-line relationship. Due to
economies of scale, the larger the property the rebuilding cost rate should reduce.
Thus the floor area is the principal means of checking the adequacy of a sum insured. A rate can
then be applied or conversely the floor area can be divided into the sum insured to see what rate it
produces and whether this falls within acceptable parameters. I will expand on this later
Floor Areas
As I have mentioned, in the majority of cases the floor area of the property will be used to calculate
or check the adequacy of the sum insured. At the time of inspection of the risk property the
adjuster will take the overall dimensions and make a sketch of the building concerned.
The normally accepted convention is the metric system. Whilst the imperial system is still used by
certain die-hard professionals (e.g. particularly estate agents), this has become out-dated and duodecimals are much harder to use in practical terms.
For the purposes of converting imperial to metric, the following approximate conversions apply:1m = 10.76ft
1m = 3.28ft
Measurement
A 20 metre or 30 metre long cloth tape is probably the most useful equipment for taking the
external measurements of buildings. The tape can be conveniently hooked on to the corner of the
building in question. Laser measuring devices such as the Leica Disto are a modern innovation
and can be used to good effect for internal measurements. However, these are less use for
external measurements in daylight due to the difficulties in seeing the laser dot.
Photographs should always be taken for desk study later.

11

It is useful to enquire whether drawings are available showing the site layout. It is easier and less
time consuming to scale from a drawing rather than physically measure on site! Also an insurance
survey plan might be utilised although often these are not to scale and should be treated with
caution. Sometimes plans can be located at the local authority building control or planning
department.
Drawings can be measured using an architect's scale rule. The normal metric scales used on
drawings are 1:500, 1:200, 1:100, 1:50 and 1:20. For example, a scale of 1:100 means that 1cm
on the drawing is equivalent to 1m actual size. It is useful to note that the imperial scale of 8 feet
to the inch is roughly equivalent to the metric scale of 1:100 [in fact 1:96] if older drawings are
made available.
An enquiry can be made as to whether an insurance or a valuation survey have been carried out
as these might contain useful insight. Beware that there is occasionally confusion between a
market valuation and an insurance valuation. Sometimes the insurance rebuilding cost will be
included within the market valuation report.
Another useful recent source of information particularly where there are multiple buildings or
difficulties in access to the site is Google Earth. A similar but more refined service is offered by
Ordnance Survey on a subscription basis. Careful note will still need to be taken as to the number
of storeys as this will not be discerned from the aerial view.
Gross External v Gross Internal Floor Area
It is important to recognise the difference between the two methods of calculating floor areas.
Gross external floor area [GEFA] involves utilising the external dimensions of a building. On the
other hand the gross internal floor area [GIFA] utilises the dimensions between the internal face of
the external walls again without deductions for internal features. This is the method normally
favoured by estate agents and developers most likely as it approximates better to the lettable floor
area.
In larger commercial properties the difference between GEFA and GIFA will probably be of little
consequence, say 3-5%, but in smaller properties and particularly dwellings the difference between
the two calculations can be substantial due to the thickness of, and therefore the proportion of the
footprint area occupied by the external walls. By way of illustration the difference (and therefore the

12

potential error) between the two methods of floor area calculation in a small cottage having thick
stone walls could be as high as 15-20% and so caution should be exercised.

13

4. Household risks
Definition of Buildings
In most domestic policies we are assisted with a definition of what constitutes buildings. Whilst
these might vary slightly from one policy to another the following definition is fairly typical:The private dwelling and its domestic outbuildings, swimming pools, hard courts, terraces,
patios, drives, and footpaths, walls, fences, gates and hedges, tanks, drains, pipes or cables all
forming part of the premises as stated in the schedule
The intention is to cover the entire cost of reconstruction of all of the property including debris
removal and any necessary professional and statutory fees. VAT should be included as
appropriate.
The BCIS Rebuild Online Service
As I have mentioned it is generally accepted that there is correlation between the floor area and
the value of a property and therefore that a m2 rate can be applied for most types of property.
Fortunately, we are assisted to a large extent by the Rebuild Online service produced by the
Building Cost Information Service (a division of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors) in
conjunction with the Association of British Insurers.
There is a considerable amount of data available for house-building and BCIS have built up cost
models for different types of property.
The costs are updated regularly and the online service provides a calculator which produces a
detailed report on the build up of the reinstatement cost assessment. The calculator provides costs
adjusted for geographical location, size, age and quality of the property. Also, alternative rates are
provided for external and internal measurements.
There are adjustments for a variety of common variables such as:

14

Number of bathrooms etc

Floor to ceiling height

Cellars and conservatories

Specification

Chimneys

Heating systems

Gardens and grounds

Garages

For practical purposes it is often easier to utilise the external measurements of a building.
It is sometimes argued by policyholders and professionals that the rebuilding costs included in the
guide are on the high side. If indeed this is the case it is important to appreciate that the guide is
used as a yardstick throughout the insurance industry most premiums being calculated on the
same basis. It is therefore preferable to stick broadly to the guide subject to the qualifications I will
make in the following text.

Online House Rebuilding Costs example reproduced by courtesy of BCIS

15

Using BCIS Rebuild Online

The task of selecting the most appropriate rate which fits the dwelling in question should be
straightforward in the majority of instances. However, sometimes a judgement call will need to be
made between various categories. In the simplest of cases the calculation will take the form of the
following:Gross External Floor Area

Appropriate rate

Rebuilding Cost

(including all floors)

The guide gives options for the following:

Region

Type - detached, semi-detached, terrace, bungalow, and semi-detached bungalow

Age - post 1980, 1946-1979, 1920-1945, 1840-1919 and 1720-1839

Size - small, medium and large (Note the average floor area provided to illustrate each)

Quality - basic, good and excellent

However, I would strongly advise the reader to study the specification and parameters contained
within the guide as very often adjustments will be warranted for additional features contained within
the property and, perhaps, inflation.
Careful reading of the guide will reveal that the BCIS rebuilding rates include for demolition,
construction costs and professional fees but exclude some other costs.
Adjusting BCIS Rebuild Online Rates
With the above in mind it will be noted that additional allowance will possibly be required for any of
the following:

attic floor or additional storey - usually at a discounted rate and dependant on the degree of
fit out or whether fully incorporated within the roof space

cellar or basement - usually at a lower rate and dependant on degree of fit out

conservatory these will need to be added possibly using an approximate rate or lump sum
from a specialist

16

garages integral garages can be priced at the same rate as the house for practical
purposes whilst the guide will include rates for semi detached or detached structures. Lump
sums can be added for prefabricated structures

outbuildings - use an approximate lump sum for smaller building or a rebuilding rate for
larger building

garden and boundary walls- often these can add a significant cost and will need to be added

paths, driveways and patios will need to included as extra items

drainage - normal drains within the immediate vicinity of the building are included but cess
pits and abnormally long private drain runs will be extra to the rebuilding costs included in
the guide

swimming pools will need to be added where these arise usually by reference to a specialist
pool supplier. Clearly these will represent significant additional costs

abnormal construction e.g. thatch, masonry, timber frame etc

abnormal features e.g. additional bathrooms. expensive kitchen, particularly ornate finishes
etc

The above list is not necessarily exclusive and there may be other factors to take into
consideration. I will expand on a few of the most important additional considerations below.
Stone dwellings
The costs included in the guide are largely based on brick built properties and the cost of
construction in stone (common in many parts of the country) will therefore present a considerable
extra cost. Likewise, natural slate roof coverings will significantly add to the rebuilding cost.
However, such features often go hand in hand with the categories for older properties. It could be
argued that these higher rates inherently include for more traditional types of construction.
However for modern construction an adjustment will certainly be required where such features
exist. In these cases I would suggest that, as a rule of thumb, it may be appropriate to include an
additional allowance of anywhere between 20% and 50% on the rate depending on the quality of
construction.

17

Timber Framed Houses

Generally, modern timber framed houses are difficult to distinguish by outward appearance from
the traditional equivalent. A possible indication might be dry-lined external walls which are hollow
when tapped internally although beware that dry-lining fixed with dot and dab is increasingly also
used in traditional construction as a quicker alternative to wet plastering.
Such properties are constructed in the first instance as a series of prefabricated timber frames
connected together on site. This is then normally (but not always) enclosed in brickwork. All
internal partitions are in timber studwork and all internal wall linings are plasterboard.
It is suggested that there are cost savings to be made with timber framed construction although
this is largely achieved by prefabrication and efficient procurement. However for a one-off
replacement these types of buildings can become more costly. Whilst the additional cost is open to
some debate I would suggest an additional loading in the order of 5% as opposed to traditional
construction a view which seems to be supported in the BCIS guidance note [March 2016].
Thatched Roofs
Thatched roofs are unlikely to trouble the majority of loss adjusters only being prevalent in certain
parts of the country. However this form of roof construction will incur a significant additional cost
dependant of the type of thatch used. A guidance note published by the BCIS [March 2016]
suggests that the additional cost could be as much as 150-180/m2 roof area as opposed to a
concrete tiled roof.
Additional floors
Clearly, there are economies to be gained from adding additional floors, making use of the same
roof and foundations. Most of the house building rates will be calculated on the basis of typical 2
storey dwellings [unless otherwise stated] and it is only right that any additional floors should be
included at a lower or discounted rate.
Reference to the BCIS guidance note [March 2016] suggests that for a full additional storey the
normal rate could be discounted to 70%. However, where the additional storey is created entirely
within the roof-space [such as a dormer conversion] then the rate should be further discounted and
perhaps 50% of the guide rate.

18

Basements
Some of the same principles apply as with additional storeys in that the foundations and roof have
already been provided for in the main rate. I would therefore suggest a discounted rate for
basement occupied as living accommodation and perhaps the 70% would apply.
If the basement is merely a void or not fitted out the additional costs are really only the excavation,
external walls and waterproofing and perhaps 40% of the rebuilding rate would be more
appropriate.
Garages
Integral garages are generally calculated at the same rate as the house. However for all other
semi-detached or detached garages a lump sum might be included. For prefabricated structures
recourse can be made to specialist suppliers. These will often exclude the concrete base which will
need to be added.
Flats
Flats come in two forms. Firstly large older properties are often converted into flats. For this
purpose the rebuilding cost for a large house might be considered by adding on the abnormal
costs such as additional kitchens, bathrooms, fire protection etc. Alternatively, BCIS provides
tables of rates for flat conversions.
However, perhaps the most common form would be purpose-built blocks of flats. These fall into
social housing where rebuilding costs are unlikely to be an issue and the private sector where the
construction might be to a higher standard. Such developments have been popular with property
investors and the buy-to-let sector. Again, there are specific tables of rates included in the BCIS
house rebuilding costs. Recourse might also be made to the BCIS commercial building costs
where average rates are included based upon actual schemes. Bear in mind that the latter will not
include demolition and professional fees.
Historic Buildings
BCIS qualify that their data is not appropriate for historic or more complex buildings which require
a more detailed approach and potentially reference to a quantity surveyor. Such buildings will often

19

encounter problems with listed building and conservation officer requirements, the consequences
of which can be extremely costly. The RICS Conservation Panel recommends that consideration
may need to be given to the following items:

timber framework on pre 1950 buildings

additional thickness of walls

unusual wall construction such as cob, knapped flint, local stone or wattle and daub

internal finishes including timber panelling and decorative ceilings

the additional cost of conservation of debris in the event of demolition

Additionally, I would suggest that the cost of lath and plaster, moulded cornices and skirtings will
be factors to consider.
Inflation
As the BCIS Rebuild Online is updated on a continual basis adjustment for inflation will rarely need
to be considered.
VAT
The construction of new housing together with some associated works is zero rated despite the
fact that VAT will inevitably be incurred on repairs. However, VAT will arise on demolition and
professional fees.
The BCIS rates will include for VAT as appropriate [on professional fees] and it is not necessary to
make any additional allowance for VAT on dwellings where total reconstruction is theoretically
involved.

20

5. Commercial & public sector risks

Defining What Is At Risk
As a reminder, the sum insured should reflect the theoretical rebuilding of all the property at risk
and shown on the schedule including demolition and professional fees.
It is sometimes argued that elements of the structure such as foundations could never be damaged
and so why include them in the value at risk? Clearly the sum insured should reflect all of the
property at the risk address even if the risk of damage is negligible as the premium has been
calculated on this basis.
Enquiries and Procedure
The calculation of a commercial or public sector rebuilding cost is complicated by the fact that
there is a greater variety of policy wordings and potential considerations and none the least,
different types of buildings. The starting point is usually the policy schedule which shows the
actual buildings to be covered by the policy. I will list some of the possible considerations as
follows:

Schedule of buildings to be covered by policy - these could be on one site or even different
addresses. If the schedule splits the various buildings or locations into separate sums
insured then the rebuilding cost exercise is made all the more easier.

Buildings definition contained within the policy.

Does the policy cover foundations? Foundations can be excluded by the foundations
clause although this is very rare these days.

Does the policy have debris removal cover? More than likely included but could be insured
as a separate item on the policy with a separate limit.

Does the policy cover professional fees? More than likely included but could be insured as a
separate item on the policy.

21

Is the policy written on a reinstatement or indemnity basis? Although indemnity wordings

are increasingly rare, in such instances the rebuilding cost will be depreciated for the
purposes of the claim. In the case of the more usual reinstatement wording this will revert to
indemnity in the event of the Insureds failure to comply with the conditions.

Is the policy written on a Day One basis? These days Day One wordings are very
common. In this event the value at risk will be calculated as at the time of reinstatement
and indexed back to Day One usually the inception date. The cost of statutory
compliance will need to be included.

The above list is not necessarily exhaustive.

It goes without saying that it will be necessary to take measurements and basic constructional
details of the building or buildings in question (e.g. brick walls, steel frame, slate roof, profiled
metal cladding, etc.). An architects or an insurance plan will sometimes be available in
commercial situations and so it is always worth asking. Photographs can be useful for later
reference in the office.
Also, the question should be asked of the Insured as to how the sums insured have been
calculated. It is possible that a professional valuation has been obtained which will be of some
assistance particularly in the case of a floating sum insured covering several sites. For example
this will quickly reveal whether VAT has been included the relevance of which I will mention later.
The internet provides a valuable resource and Google Earth can be utilised to gain an appreciation
of the configuration of buildings on the site.
Possible Approaches to Verifying a Building Sum Insured
As I have already suggested there are various levels of calculation and it would be usual to start
with a rule of thumb method working upwards depending on the potential for under-insurance.

Enquiry as to the basis of selection of the sum/s insured. Has a professional valuation been
carried out by the policyholder and if so can the information be validated? Beware that such
a valuation will often exclude VAT which may need to be added. Also adjustment may need
to be made for inflation.

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Rule of thumb - calculate the gross floor area [internal or external] for the building or
buildings and divide the resultant area into the sum insured. Does the resultant per square
metre rate fall well within the anticipated parameters?

Multiply the floor area by appropriate market acceptable rebuilding rates reflecting the type
of building. Consult publications such as BCIS, builders price books and other industry
information as appropriate. Beware that allowances will need to be added for demolition
and professional fees [see later]. Does the resultant figure exceed the sum insured?

In the case of comparatively recent construction, say, up to 10 years old, can the actual
construction costs be produced by the policyholder? If so, it might be possible to add an
inflationary factor. Beware that allowances will need to be included for demolition and
professional fees [see later].

In the case of significant destruction, can the claim costs be extrapolated to reflect the cost
of rebuilding the whole? This may be a useful approach in the cases where substantial
damage has occurred to the property concerned. For example where the roof and internal
finishes/services are replaced as part of the claim the value of the walls and substructure
could be added on to give the approximate total rebuilding cost.

As a final recourse it may be necessary to utilise approximate quantities - This would be a

more detailed exercise usually undertaken on an elemental basis and I would suggest best
left to a quantity surveying colleague. Occasionally such a procedure will prove to be
necessary in a particularly contentious situation.

The above list is not necessarily definitive.

Using the BCIS Building Cost Data
By far the most usual approach would be to check the value at risk by reference to the average
rates contained within the Building Cost Information Service [BCIS] data. Indeed, this is the main

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resource available to the loss adjuster for verifying rebuilding costs although other data is available
such as often contained within builders price books.
The BCIS information is collated from a vast number of actual projects submitted by quantity
surveyors throughout the country. Certain types of building are more prevalent including public
sector [e.g. schools etc] however it is the case that some types of commercial developments tend
to feature to a lesser extent for reasons of commercial confidentiality. It is possible that design and
build contractors and certain classes of property owner such as hoteliers may not wish to share
such information with their potential competitors.
The costs are published in hard copy but, far more preferable, is the online version which provides
greater flexibility and the ability to automatically adjust rates to any given location or date.

Online Average Building Rates example reproduced by courtesy of BCIS

Furthermore, access is provided to the cost data of a considerable number of individual projects as
well as indices for building and tender costs on which I will comment later.

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The BCIS average rates universally use gross internal floor area, this being the area taken
between the internal face of the walls. If external measurements are utilised then a simple
approximate adjustment can often be incorporated to reflect this. The rate used for a gross
external floor area will be slightly lower than the rate based on gross internal. For practical
purposes the adjustment may range from, say, negligible on a very large building to 5% for
example.
All BCIS average rates are automatically adjusted to the selected date. However, as the data is
collated from projects which have been carried out over the last few years there may be changes
in construction practice and, notably, building regulations will be more onerous the more recent the
property. Due to this important factor the online version of the BCIS allows for the selection of the
cut off date from which average costs will be produced e.g. the last 10 or 15 years.
For example, more contemporary data will contain buildings built to comply with energy
conservation and disabled access requirements whilst older data may exclude these features.
Additionally, features in older construction such as stone walls and slated roofs are unlikely to be
reflected in any of the costs and adjustments would need to be made.
When using the BCIS average rates as a basis of validation consideration will need to be given to
the following additional components which are not included:

Demolition including grub up substructure and external works

External works including: Hardstandings

Gates fences and boundary walls
Outbuildings
Drainage
Utilities

Professional fees

Local authority planning and building regulation fees

VAT [where applicable]

Clearly, this is in contrast to the house-building rates discussed earlier.

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Mean or Median Average Rates?

It will be noted that average rates are expressed in terms of mean or median and it is worth
explaining the difference between the two methods of calculation.
Mean is the arithmetical average of the data being considered. In other words this is the sum of
the figures divided by the number of figures. This is probably the more usual understanding of
average in a statistical context.
Median is the mid-point of the data. There are the same number of figures below or above. The
median is not therefore influenced by outlying data the same way as the mean and is therefore
generally thought to be a 'better' measure of the typical cost.
However a view will need to be taken in each instance as to the appropriate basis.
VAT
It is important that the VAT status of the insured is established as this can have a significant
bearing on the value at risk (and indeed the claim).
It can be assumed that most new commercial construction will be subject to VAT at the current rate
of 20% [October 2013]. However, most commercial organisations are able to recover VAT and so
this would never form part of the claim or value at risk for that matter.
Problems arise in respect of those policyholders who are not able to recover VAT and therefore
this must be included in the sum insured and value at risk. Typical examples of such policyholders
include for example:

landlords & property investment companies [often where VAT is not charged on the rent]

churches

some colleges and universities

In addition, there are many small firms that will potentially fall below the current VAT threshold.
Clearly, failure of the policyholder to include VAT in the rebuilding cost where appropriate is likely
to quickly result in under-insurance. This can be further exacerbated with changes in the VAT rate.

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As I have already mentioned new house-building and flats can be zero rated for the purposes of
rebuilding costs. I mention this again here as occasionally apartment blocks and developments can
appear on a commercial policy.
Demolition
Demolition should include for the clearance of all of the property on the site including grubbing up
foundations, floor slabs, hardstandings and drains. The substructure removal costs are often
overlooked when demolition prices are quoted usually down to slab level only.
Demolition costs have risen sharply in recent years due to increases in Landfill Tax which is set to
increase still further over forthcoming years. Often in a fire situation it will be impossible to
separate the debris much of which will go to landfill as contaminated waste incurring landfill tax.
However, in normal demolition circumstances the contractor will be able to separate and process
the debris for recycling so as to avoid going to landfill.
The contractor will seek to realise whatever salvage value might be available to him. With the
worldwide shortage of raw materials the value of steel scrap has seen an increasing trend.
Clearly any asbestos present will escalate such costs and this should be taken into account.
Allied to demolition the removal of a building may require propping or shoring to adjacent
structures for which a cost should be taken into account in the event of a terraced property.
A considered view will need to be taken as to the demolition costs to be included taking into
account the above factors. This can typically represent 5-15% of the rebuilding value.
Professional fees
Professional fees will need to be added as appropriate. Cognisance might be taken of whether the
policyholder incurs fees as regards the claim. However any argument that the property could be
reinstated without professional involvement should normally be resisted as a planning application
will be required at the very least.
Even where the policyholder has utilised a design and build contractor professional fees will have
been included somewhere.

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Typically, such professional involvement could include:

Project manager

Architect

Quantity Surveyor

Structural Engineer

M&E Services Engineer

CDM Principal Designer

Party wall surveyor

Charges will vary depending on the complexity of the project but allowances can typically range
between 8-15%. Often 10% is used as a rule of thumb. Whilst the level of fees decreases on larger
projects the number of professionals increases the more complex the project. Thus the overall
percentage could remain about the same the main influencing factor being complexity of the work.
Further guidance on the appropriate level of professional fees can often be gleaned from reference
to builders price books such as Spons, Laxtons or BCIS.
On some larger contracts solicitors may even be involved to draw up contracts. Depending on the
circumstances these fees might form a necessary part of the reinstatement and may be
contemplated. Occasionally specific provision is made within the policy for legal fees.
Local Authority Charges
As we are considering the theoretical reconstruction of the entire property the value at risk must
necessarily allow for local authority charges including planning and building control fees.
Planning fees are calculated on the basis of floor area of the development and can be ascertained
from most local authority websites.
Building control charges can vary depending on the services required and there is an option for
seeking building regulation approval from a private building control inspector. Again charges can
be ascertained from reference to the relevant local authority.

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Commercial Leases
Many commercial properties are the subject of leases. Whilst leases are probably more relevant in
a claim context it is worth noting that the landlord or tenants respective responsibilities can have a
bearing on the scope of the property to be insured and, therefore, the value at risk. Generally
speaking the landlord will insure the building and charge the premium on to the tenant as part of
the service charge.
Lease arrangements are particularly common in retail, small factory and office situations where the
landlord may be responsible for a building shell only. On the other hand the tenant will be
responsible for his own, sometimes costly, fitting out works and services installations. The value of
these fitting out works can quickly approach the cost of the building itself in certain instances.
The lease may require the landlord to insure tenants improvements. If so the improvements will
have to be carried out under licence and, in some instances, the value notified to the landlord for
the purposes of inclusion in the sum insured.
In some cases the improvements may revert to the landlord anyway on termination of the lease.
External Works
Many commercial buildings and, in particular, factories, warehouses and large out of town retail
premises are likely to have extensive external works including hard-standings, paved areas,
retaining walls and lighting which may potentially form part of the value at risk. These will need to
be added.
In the absence of plans, Google Earth [and other similar online facilities] is a useful tool available
to the loss adjuster and a quick estimate of hard-standings and boundary fences can be made.
Other Cost Considerations
Geographic location is an important factor and construction costs in, say, London will be greater
than the North East. Also ease of access to the site will be a relevant factor. A city centre site will
be more costly than one outside town. An element of judgement will be required by the individual
concerned to take account of any such factors.

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The size of a building is also an influencing factor. The larger the floor area the relative cost of the
external walls decreases. There are also other economies of scale. Therefore a smaller building
will cost slightly more per m2 than a larger building of similar construction.
Inflation Adjustments
The Insured must make adequate provision for inflation within the sum insured selected unless this
is on a day one basis.
Occasionally, the loss adjuster may need to apply inflation to historic cost data or even back-track
for the purposes of verifying a Day One value. Such information is readily available in the BCIS
and other industry publications.
The BCIS data contains a number of different indices and it is important to select the correct one.
As we are principally considering the out-turn cost here the relevant index is the All-in Tender
Price Index [or All in TPI] as opposed to the Building Cost Index which relates to contractors
input cost rather than out-turn cost. Most of the data is presented on a quarter by quarter basis.
Use of the index data is relatively straightforward. Assuming that it is necessary to update a
building cost of 30,000 from January 2014 [1Q14 = 1st Qtr 2014 = 247] to say June 2015 [2Q15 =
2nd Qtr 2015 = 273], simply look up the index for each and apply the ratio to the original building
cost e.g.
Index 2Q15
Index 1Q14

30,000

June 2015 Building Cost

30,000

33,158

273
247

As I have mentioned earlier in the text an interesting situation can occur in a period of deflation
when tender costs actually decrease. This may be contrary to the perception that retail costs are
generally increasing. In fact the cost of building materials may well be increasing but in periods of
low construction activity contractors are forced to lower their margins in order to win work and the
actual tender costs will fall.

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In contrast, tender costs can increase above the rate of inflation as contractors increase their
margins in times of increased activity.

Online Tender Price Index example reproduced by courtesy of BCIS

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6. Some common types of commercial & public sector risks

Agricultural Buildings
Agricultural buildings fall into two main categories these being modern prefabricated units from
specialist suppliers and older traditional buildings with a wide variance in cost between the two.
Modern agricultural buildings tend to come from specialist suppliers and can be manufactured at
comparatively low cost using an element of prefabrication. These are usually simple off the peg
designs and do not require the same level of building regulation compliance as an industrial
equivalent. For instance the roofs and walls may be single sheet without insulation and the
buildings will typically have a low level of services.
However, as a note of caution some of these proprietary buildings whilst cheap at the time of
delivery can be costly to repair or replace in the exact same form. By way of example proprietary
pre-cast concrete framed buildings were widely used and economic in their time but more costly to
replace in the current day. Indeed the tendency would be towards using the more common steel
portals frame.
Older buildings, although simple in construction, may have expensive features such as stone walls,
large section timber trusses and slate roofs which will present significant costs in the event of
rebuilding. Often the policyholder will place a modern value on these and under insurance can
arise in the event that an obsolete buildings cover has not been selected.
In the event of a significant loss it is most likely that the policyholder would simply replace any
damaged structure with a currently available low cost building but the premise for the value at risk
should be replacement in a like manner unless the cover is on the basis of an obsolete buildings
wording.
BCIS average rates are provided for:-

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Livestock buildings

Stables

Storage buildings

Nurseries

In addition to the BCIS information there are various agricultural publications available plus
reference can be made to specialist manufacturers of farm buildings and greenhouses.
On occasions the sum insured will include the domestic residence. Recourse will be made to the
BCIS house rebuilding costs always bearing in mind that these rates already include for fees and
demolition costs.
Factories and Warehouses
This includes the larger number of industrial properties with a wide variety of types. On many
occasions these will be the subject of leases and it will be necessary to consider the extent of the
landlords interest. The BCIS average rates cater for various types of building although on the
basis of more recent methods of construction.
Modern factory and warehouse units typically incorporate a steel portal frame; galvanised purlins;
2m high brick / block dado cavity walls and double skin profiled metal roofs with insulation. Older
versions may have corrugated asbestos sheet roofs. Internally, provision will normally be made for
office accommodation and W/Cs etc. There are many variations on the theme.
Quite often steel portal framed buildings can be erected quickly by design and build contractors
almost off the peg. As the designs are often standard the cost of professional fees is usually kept
to a minimum. However, the rebuilding cost should normally make full allowance for professional
fees as it may not be feasible to utilise the same resource. The cost of debris removal must also be
added to any design and build cost.
Such buildings usually contain offices/ welfare facilities and a mezzanine floor. Where these
occupy a substantial proportion of the overall floor area I normally take the view that the
appropriate BCIS rate for office construction should be applied. However where the offices are
within the main structure a preferable option would be to apply an extra over rate for the office fit
out element. However, BCIS do offer rates for combined factory and offices.
The main cost factors are:-

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size of the building due to economies of scale i.e. rate will reduce with size

type of construction

height of building

additional storeys usually in older construction

the level of office fit out

services provision such as electrical installation, heating, sprinkler installation, etc.

Warehousing will tend to have higher headroom but substantially less services installations and fit
out. As these tend to be larger buildings anyway the applicable rates tend to be less than for
factories.
Note may be taken of the extent of services in a particular building such as heating and sprinkler
installations and adjustment made accordingly.
In contrast, older factory type buildings will often have brick or stone walls going all the way up to
eaves height; lightweight steel or timber trusses; steel angle or timber purlins; possibly cast iron
columns and corrugated asbestos or slate roof coverings. Generally speaking, such buildings will
be single storey with some office and welfare accommodation.
A common variant of the single storey manufacturing facility is the North Light roofed building
where the roof formation has a longer slated pitch followed by a steeper and shorter glazed pitch
giving a saw tooth profile, so designed to maximise natural light often in textile manufacturing
buildings.
Multi-storey manufacturing facilities were common up to the early 1900s particularly in the
Northern textile industries. Such buildings usually have thick stone or brick walls, intermediate
floors of timber (often overlaid with hardwood) supported by very large section timber beams or
steelwork in turn supported by cast iron columns. Roofs will often be slated on timber
trusses/purlins or lightweight steel angle trusses/purlins.
Naturally, these traditional specification features will increase the price significantly above those
quoted in the BCIS which are, essentially, for new construction. Multi storey mill buildings would
undoubtedly be constructed as single storey facilities in present day. The BCIS average rates will
therefore reflect single storey construction for the most part.
However, in contrast, older buildings are possibly likely to have less complex services installations.

34

Whilst offering the above note of caution the BCIS average rates nevertheless remain the principal
means of valuing the rebuilding costs of industrial buildings. Average rates are provided for
buildings of different sizes and a variety of different types of factory or warehouse.
Retail and Shops
Retail and shop units incorporate a number of different types of property and will very often be the
subject of leases whilst some will be owner-occupied. Leasehold units tend to be let as shells and
it is important to consider the responsibilities under the lease and the policy cover.
In some cases the cost of the tenant fit out can be substantial if not as much as the building itself.
However such fit out will not normally form part of the rebuilding cost dependant, of course, on the
terms of the lease and policy cover for tenants improvements.
I will mention some of the main types likely to be encountered and for which BCIS average rates
can be obtained:

Large out-of-town retail warehouse developments often owned by institutional landlords

are increasingly common these being let as shells for the tenant to fit out. Such buildings
are relatively simple steel portal framed construction not too dissimilar from warehouses
but with increased architectural detail.

Supermarkets these come in a mixture of landlord owned and owner-occupied with a

variety of styles with varying standards of fit out ranging from budget to high-end. The
BCIS data offers suitable building costs.

Shopping centres often owned by institutional landlords with the individual retail units
let as shells. These are of more costly construction possibly with full height brick
/blockwork walls, upper floors, extensive public areas and malls and generally increased
architectural detailing.

Small /medium shops often with living accommodation or storage/ offices above. The
shop unit will often be let as a shell with no fit out. Recourse may also be required to the
BCIS data for flats bearing in mind that such rates will already include fees and debris
removal. Cognisance will need to be taken of access to the location as many such units
will be in town centres with associated access problems which will add to the cost.

35

Department stores - often located in town centres and of multi-storey construction.

These are usually to a high specification. Town centre locations will naturally attract
significantly higher costs due to access considerations.

Market buildings these are often very simple buildings usually being civic owned.
Therefore, such buildings are most unlikely to be the subject of an underinsurance
issue.

Offices
Many offices will be occupied on a leasehold basis and, again, reference will need to be made to
the lease and policy cover for tenants improvements. The BCIS average rates cater for a variety of
buildings including different storeys and including air conditioning or otherwise.
Large offices are often owned by institutional investors and let as open plan units. Sometimes
these will have raised access floors, suspended ceilings, carpet tiles, under floor bus-bar systems
and other basic services already installed. The prospective tenant may be left to install their own
demountable partitions. Often the lease will require that any tenant improvement works will have to
be carried out under licence if these are to form part of the landlord insurance cover.
The tendency is for many recent buildings to be constructed in out of town office parks. However,
where office blocks are located in town centres this will attract considerable additional costs for
access issues.
Needless to say, any office located in a town centre will usually have some architectural detailing.
Hotels
This encompasses a variety of buildings from modern to older traditional buildings. Whilst the BCIS
average figures include for hotels it is possibly the case that many hotel developers will not wish to
disclose their costs.
As hotels tend to be graded using the star system this can usually be taken as a good indication of
the quality of the internal finish.

36

At the lower end of the spectrum many travel lodge type hotels are constructed of prefabricated
units often already incorporating electrical installations and plumbing. These are brought to site
and enclosed in brickwork together usually with a pitched roof system. Final connections of
services are then made.
Save for the prefabricated units mentioned above many hotels will be constructed using more
traditional construction. For older buildings the cost of architectural features and traditional
construction methods may need to be factored in.
Bed and breakfast or residential hotels are often similar to large dwelling houses and recourse can
be made to the house rebuilding costs always remembering that these already include for
demolition and professional fees. Also additional allowances will be required for bathrooms.
Public Houses
Public houses arise quite often in a loss adjusting context however direct comparison with the
BCIS average rates can be problematic as there are few new build public houses. Quoted
examples often arise as part of retail developments.
Many pubs were traditionally owned by large breweries and have been sold off to pub companies
or private ownership. Typically these include a public area on the ground floor with landlord
accommodation at 1st floor level.
It may be appropriate to consider the more traditional public house as a large dwelling and utilise
the house rebuilding costs. In this event it should be borne in mind that the house rebuilding costs
already include fees and demolition. Additional allowance may need to be considered for pub fit
out and any architectural features.
Retirement and Care Homes
There is an increased number of retirement and care homes in the private sector. Many of these
buildings are new build due to the necessities of compliance with current legislation and the fact
that it is generally harder to convert older buildings and meet current requirements.
BCIS include average rates for retirement and other types of care homes. In modern form such
buildings are very similar to hotels possibly without some of the refinements.

37

Occasionally, retirement homes will be adapted from older large dwelling-houses and, in this
event, recourse may be made to the house rebuilding cost guide with appropriate adjustments for
additional features.
In addition, sheltered accommodation complexes are common many of these being self contained
flats. In the private sector these are often sold on the basis of long leases. BCIS average rates for
flats can be found in both the residential and commercial data.
Churches and Historic Buildings
Traditionally, churches were not subject to the normal commercial average conditions and so the
calculation of the rebuilding cost in these cases was less relevant. However, with the variety of
insurances and schemes available adjusters are increasingly asked to comment on the adequacy
of the sums insured on ecclesiastical buildings. Not unsurprisingly this is one of the most
challenging areas and specialist assistance may be required. Also redundant church buildings are
frequently put to other uses such as retail, offices or leisure.
As regards all historic buildings this presents loss adjusters with a difficulty as there is no
comparative cost data. The only advice I can offer is to enquire as to how the sum insured has
been calculated from which it might be determined whether appropriate allowances have been
included. Needless to say, the rebuild rate will be substantially more than any conventional
building.
As a final resort where the sum insured is at issue this may require an approximate estimate by a
quantity surveyor.
Schools and Colleges
Many schools and colleges now effect their own insurance whereas at one time this would have
been entirely under the local authority cover. Fortunately BCIS have a considerable amount of data
at their disposal.
Schools range from traditional construction in a relative few cases, system buildings [common in
the 1960s and 1970s] through to modern framed structures with curtain walling.

38

The size of schools has generally increased relative to the number of pupils in recent years.
However, this factor in itself will not have had a significant effect on the average rebuilding cost
rates. On the other hand, changes in construction and increased services/ fit out often to meet
legislative requirements have added considerably to construction costs. Therefore it is true to say
that average rates have generally increased in addition to any inflationary trends.
Secondary schools and colleges will cost significantly more per m2 than primary schools usually
due to the increased services installations.
The VAT position varies between schools and colleges. Most schools are VAT exempt whilst many
colleges and universities may only be able to recover in part.
In addition it is worth mentioning that BCIS provide average rates for student halls of residence.
Hospitals
These normally fall within the province of the NHS but there are now many hospitals in the private
sector with superior accommodation and facilities often having much in common with hotels. The
BCIS average rates provide some guidance here.

39

Suggested References

Property Insurance Law and Claims Chartered Institute of Loss Adjusters

Introduction to Standard Fire Policies Walmsley

BCIS Rebuild Online subscription service - Calculates reinstatement cost assessments for
houses and flats instantly includes all necessary specification, date and location adjustments in
one calculation. Prints out tables adjusted to your specific date and property location. Available
via RICS, 12 Great George Street , Parliament Square, London SW1 3AD Tel 024 7686 8502

BCIS Online subscription services includes the average rebuilding rates for commercial /
public sector buildings and rebuilding costs for residential properties Available via RICS, 12
Great George Street , Parliament Square, London SW1 3AD Tel 024 7686 8502

BCIS Quarterly Review of Building Prices includes a summary of average rates as at the
published date. Available from RICS as above.

BCIS Comprehensive Building Price Book. Available from RICS as above.

Any other builders price book such as Spons or Laxtons.

This publication has been made available by the Chartered Institute of Loss Adjusters (CILA) solely for the use
and convenience of the reader. The content, views and representations made in this publication are the sole
product and responsibility of the writer/s who has produced it. By making this publication available the CILA does
not offer any endorsement or recommendation of the views and opinions expressed therein. For a full explanation
of the terms and conditions upon which the CILA provides this publication please see our full disclaimer which
available on the Institute website.

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