7

oHq;a me;=rem;a

fuu mdvu yeoEfuka Tng

me;=rem;aj, uQ,sl myiql iy l%shdld;ajh
jevm;l ixrpl ykd .ekSu
jevm;lg o;a; we;=<;a lsu yd ixialrKh lsu
ir, .Kkh ls i|yd fufyhjk iy w.hhka weiqka iQ;% f.dv
ke.Su
iQ;% ,sug fldaI ,smsk iy Y%s; Nd;h
jevm;la yevi lsu
idfmalaI iy ksrfmalaI fldaI ,smsk Nd;h
m%ia;dr ksudKh
ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels jkq we;'

7'1

oHq;a me;=rem;a

mqoa.,hkag tfkod lghq;=j, fuka u jD;a;Shuh wjYH;d wkqj o O
jQ .Kkh ls lsug is f' fuu .Kkh ls i|yd O l%ufo ksid iska
Nd; flf' .Kkh l< hq;= .egf iajNdjh wkqj ir, .Kkh ls ukiska
yd w;e`.s,s Nd;fhka o ixlsK .Kkh ls ,s; j fyda .Kl hka;% u.ska o
is flf' fuu ldhh b;d u ksjer j myiqfjka is lsu ioyd oHq;a me;=re
m;a fhdod .kakd wdldrh .ek wOHhkh lruq'

l%uj;a j" ,s; j .Kka iEu ioyd fldgqrE,a fmd;a Nd; lsu wfma
idm%odhsl l%uhhs' fuu fmdf;a iEu msgqjla u ;sria fma<s yd isria ;Srej,ska
iuka; h' fuu uQ,sl wdlD;sh mok lr .kska fma<s yd ;Sre Yd, m%udKhlska
iuka; oHq;a me;=re m;a ksudKh lr we;'
fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

199


oHq;a me;=rem;a (Electronic Spreadsheets) Nd;fhka my; oelafjk
ldhhka ldhlaIuj;a ksjerj;a b;d myiqfjka is lr .; yels h'
ir, fuka u ixlSK .Kkh ls
m%ia;dr u.ska o;a; ksrEmKh
o;a; wkqms<sfj<lska oelau
wjYH o;a; muKla fjkalr .ekSu
o;a;j, j,x.=;dj mlaId lsu
uqrmo fhdod o;a;j, wdrlaIdj ie,iSu
miq Nd;h i|yd iq/lSu

7'1'1 oHq;a me;=rem;a uDldx.

O uDldx. ksIamdok iud. u.sska ksmojd we;s oHq;a me;=rem;a
uDldx. lsysmhla j.=j 7'1 u.ska oelaf'


j.=j 7'1 - O me;=rem;a uDldx. yd tAjdfha ksIamdok iud.

uDldx.h
Excel
Numbers
Libreoffice Calc
Openoffice Clac

ksIamdok iud.u
Microsoft Corporation
Apple Inc
The Document Foundation
Apache Foundation

7'1'2 me;=rem;a uDldx. l%shd;aul lsu

me;=rem;a uDldx. w;ka Microsoft Office Excel 2010 iy LibreOffice
Calc hk uDldx. ms<sn| j muKla fuu tallfha idlPd flf' uDldx.h
wdrN lrk wdldrh fufyhq moaO;sh wkqj fjkia h yelsh'

Microsoft Office ksIamdok n,m;% iys; j , .; hq;= jk w;r
LibreOffice ksIamdok ksoyia n,m;% iys; j Nd; l< yels f'

Microsoft Office Excel 2010 i`oyd'''

Start ProgramsMicrosoftOffice
Microsoft Office Excel 2010

200 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

LibreOffice Clac i`oyd'''

Start Programs Libre Office
Libre Office Clac

7'1'3 Microsoft Excel 2010ys w;=re uqyqK; yd tys ixrpl

1' blauka
m%fY fuj,

2'ud;Dld ;Srej
Title Bar
;S
r
ej
Quick
Access
Tool
Bar

7' m;s 8' iQ;% ;Srej

6' Y%s; wdkh Tabs
Formula Bar
12' il%h
S fldaIh Insert Function
Active Cell
10' kdu fldgqj
Name Box
10' kdu fldgqj
Name Box
13' fma<s YSIl
Row Headings

3' nkh
Ribbon

5' md,k fnd;a;

Control buttons
4' Woj
Help

9' ;Sre YSIl

Column Headings
11' isria wkqp,k ;Srej
Vertical Scroll Bar
15' ;ssria wkqp,k ;Srej
Horizontal Scroll Bar

17' ;;a;aj ;Srej

14' jevm;a
16' m;s
18' oel= fnd;a;
Status Bar
m;s
fmr<SSf
View Buttons
Sheet Tab
fnd;a;


rEmh 7'1 - Microsoft 2010ys w;=re uqyqK;
Worksheet
Navigation
j.=j 7'2 - Microsoft Excel 2010ys ixrpl

ixrplh
1' blauka m%fY fuj, ;Srej
2' ud;Dld ;Srej
3' nkh
4' Woj
5' md,k fnd;a;
6' Y%s; wdodkh
7' m;s
8' iQ;% ;Srej

19' iQuh md,kh

Zoom Control

ia;r
Save, Print Preview, Undo, New jeks ks;r
u wjYH jk Odk ,nd fohs'
fh uDldx.fha kduh oYkh lrhs'
Home, Insert, Page Layout jeks m;s
hgf;a fuj, ,nd fohs'
Wojq ,nd .ekSug Wmld f'
jevfmd;a ljqj Yd, lsu" l=vd lsu yd
jeiSu is lrhs'
iQ;% f.dvke.Su i|yd ixjdo ljqj ,nd
fohs'
nkh udre lsu is lrhs'
iQ;% oYkh lsu iy fldaIhl wka;.;h
oYkh lsu is lrhs'
fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

201

9' ;Sre YSIl

10' kdu fldgqj
11' isria wkqp,k ;Srej
12' il%sh fldaIh
13' fma<s YSIl
14' jevm;a m;s
15' ;sria wkqp,k ;Srej
16' m;s wkqp,k fnd;a;
17' ;;a;aj ;Srej
18' oel= fnd;a;
19' iQuh md,kh

;Sre wlaIrh oYkh lrhs'

l%shdld fldaIfhys ,smskh oYkh lrhs'
jevm; isria j wkqp,k Wmld f'
o;a; wdodkh jk fldaIh oYkh lrhs'
fma<s wxlh oYkh lrhs'
jevm; ksfhdackh lrhs'
jevm; wkqp,k fmr<Sug Wmld f'
jevm;a udre lsug Wmld fjhs'
jevm; yd ine ;;a;ajhka oYkh lrhs'
jevm;a oYkh jk wdldr olajhs'
jevm; Yd, lr fyda l=vd lr fyda n,d
.ekSug fhdod .efka'

7'1'4 LibreOffice Calc 4'1 ys w;=reuqyqK; yd tys ixrpl

1' ud;Dld ;Srej 2' fukq ;Srej
Title Bar
Menu Bar
5' kdu
fldgqj
Name
Box

3' iu; fuj, ;Srej

Standard Tool Bar

4' md,k fnd;a;

Control Buttons

8' yevi fuj, ;Srej

6' Y%s; wdkh
Formating Tool bar
10'
;S
r
e
YS

Il
9' il%h
S fldaIh
Insert
Column
Heading
7' iQ;% ;Srej
Active Cell
Function
Formula Bar
11' isria wkqp,k ;Srej
Vertical Scroll Bar
12' fma<s YSIl
Row Heading
14' jevm;a m;s
Sheet Tab

15' m;s fmr<Sf fnd;a;

Worksheet Navigation

202 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

13' ;ssria wkqp,k ;Srej

Horizontal Scroll Bar

16' ;;aj ;Srej

Status Bar

17' iQuh md,kh

Zoom Control

j.=j 7'3 - LibreOffice Calc 4'1 ys ixrpl

ixrplh
1' ud;Dld ;Srej
2' fukq ;Srej
3' iu; fuj, ;Srej
4' md,k fnd;a;
5' kdu fldgqj
6' Y%s; wdodkh
7' iQ;% ;Srej
8' yevi fuj, ;Srej
9' il%sh fldaIh
10' ;Sre YSIl
11' isria fmr<k ;Srej
12' fma<s YSIl
13' ;sria fmr<k ;Srej
14' jevm;a m;s
15' m;s fmr<Sf fnd;a;
16' ;;a;aj ;Srej
17' iQuh

ia;rh
fh uDldx.fha kduh oYkh
lrhs'
Odk f;dard .ekSug myiql i,ihs'
iu; fuj, f;dard .ekSug
myiql i,ihs'
jevfmd;a ljqj Yd, lsu"l=vd
lsu" jid oeu is lrhs'
il%sh fldaIfhys ,smskh oYkh lrhs'
iQ;% f.dv ke.Su i|yd ixjdo ljqj
,nd fohs'
iq;% oYkh lsu iy fldaIhl
wka;.;h oYkh lsu'
jevm; yevi lsug Wmldr f'
o;a; wdodkh jk fldaIh oYkh
lrhs'
;Sre wlaIrh oYkh lrhs'
jevm; isria j fmr<Sug Wmldr f'
fma<s wlaIrh oYkh lrhs'
jevm; ;sria j fmr<Sug Wmldr f'
jevm; ksfhdackh lrhs'
jevm;a fmr<Sug Wmldr fjhs'
jevm; yd ine ;;a;aj oYkh
lrhs'
jevm; Yd, lr fyda l=vd lr fyda
n,d .ekSug fhdod .efka'

7'1'5 jevm; (Worksheet)

oaudk ;,hl isria ;Sre (Columns) yd ;sria fma<s ^Rows& jYfhka msys
fldaI iuQyhlska jevm; (Worksheet) ksudKh we;' th jevm;a m;s (Sheet
Tab) u.ska olajkq ,nhs'

fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

203

7'1'6 jevm;l ;Sre k lsu

jevm;l we;s ;Sre k lr we;af;a my; oelafjk m bx.%Sis lemsg,a
wlaIr fyda wlaIr ixfhdack fyda u.sks' rEmh 7-3 n,kak'
A,B,C,D,'''''''''''''''''''''''Z olajd o
AA,AB,AC.AD,AE,.................AZ olajd o
BA,BB,BC,BD,BF.................BZ olajd o

wd jYfhks'

7'1'7 jevm;l fma<s k lsu

jevm;l we;s fma<s k lr we;af;a 1" 2" 3" 4" 5"''''''''wd jYfhka wxl u.sks'
rEmh 7-3 n,kak'

fma<s
Rows

;Sre
Column

rEmh 7'3 - jevm;l fma<sj, yd ;Srej, msysu'

idudkHfhka jevm;l fma<s m%udKh iy ;Sre m%udKh 2ys n,hla jk
w.hlska mj;S'
me;=re m;a uDldx.h

fma<s m%udKh

Microsoft Excel 2003 65536

^216&

;Sre m%udKh
256 ^28&

Microsoft Excel 2007$2010

1048576 ^220&

16384 ^214&

LibreOffice Calc 4'1

1048576 ^220&

1024 ^210&

204 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

7'1'8 il%sh fldaIh

jevfmf;ys o;a; wdodkhg m%:ufhka tu fldaIh f;dard .; hq;= h' tfia
f;dard .;a fldaIhla il%sh fldaIh (Active Cell) f,i yekafjhs' my; oelafjk
wjia:df B3 fldaIh il%sh j mj;shs' il%sh fldaIh iEu g u ;o fndavrhlska
oYkh f' rEmh 7'4 n,kak'

rEmh 7'4 - jevm;l il%sh fldaIh

7'2

jevm; ;=< ieieu

jevm;lg o;a; we;=<;a lsf m%:ufhka o;a; we;=<;a l< hq;= fldaIh
il%sh l< hq;= h'

my; oelafjk h;=r$h;=re ixfhdack l%shd;aul lsfuka jevm; ;=< msys
kE u fldaIhla fj; .uka lr th il%sh l< yels h'
h;=r$h;=re ixfhdackh m%;sM,h
Arrow keys
wod< Ydjg^jug" ol=Kg" by<g" my<g& tla fldaIhla
.uka lrhs'
Ctrl + Arrow Keys wod< Ydjg o;a; we;=<;a mrdifhys wka; fj; .uka
lrhs'
Home

il%sh fldaIh msys fma<sh Tiafia A ;Srej fj; .uka lrhs'

Ctrl + Home

A1 fldaIh fj; .uka lrhs'

Ctrl + End

o;a; we;=<;a mrdifhys ol=Kq mi my< fldaIh fj; .uka
lrhs'
Page Up

jevmf;ys tla ;srhla by<g .uka lrhs'

Page Down

jevmf;ys tla ;srhla my<g .uka lrhs'

fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

205

7'2'1 fldaI ,smskh

m<uq j ;Sref wlaIrh;a fojkq j fma<sfha wxlh;a fhdod fldaIh k
flf' th fldaI ,smskh (Cell Address) f,i yekaf' il%sh fldaIfha ,smskh
kdu fldgqj u; iaf' ^rEmh 7'1 iy 7'2 n,kak'&
Wod( D ;Sref 3 jk fma<sfha msys fldaIh D3 f,i k flf' rEmh 7'5 n,kak'
kdu fldgqj Name Box

l%shdldrlu

il%h
s fldaIh Active Cell

rEmh 7'5 - jevm;l il%sh fldaIh

KD74 hk fldaI ,smskh msys fma<sh '''''''''' jk w;r ;Srej ''''''''''' f'

7'2'2 fldaI mrdih

jevmf;ys wkqhd; fldaI iuQyhla fldaI mrdih (Cell Range) f,i
yekaf' my; oelafjk jevm;a i,lkak'

fuu fldaI mrdihg B2, B3, B4,
B5 hk fldaI 4 we;=<;a f' mrdih B2 ka
wdrN lr B5ka wjika lr we;'

fuu fldaI mrdih B2:B5 uska
ksrEmKh f'

;Srejla Tiafia we;s fldaI mrdihl
;S
r
ef
wlaIrh ksh; j mj;shs'
rEmh 7'6 - jevm;l ;Srejla Tiafia we;s
fldaI mrdihla

fuu fldaI mrdihg A3, B3,
C3 hk fldaI 3 we;=<;a f' rEmh 7'7
n,kak'

fuu fldaI mrdih A3:C3
u.ska ksrEmKh f'

fma<shla Tiafia we;s fldaI
mrdihl fma<s wxlh ksh; j mj;S'
206 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

rEmh 7'7 - jevm;l fma<shla Tiafia we;s

fldaI mrdihla


fuu fldaI mrdihg B2, B3, B4,
C2, C3, C4 hk fldaI 6 we;=<;a f'
^rEmh 7'7 n,kak'&

rEmh 7'8 - jevm;l fma<s yd ;Sre Tiafia we;s

fldaI mrdihla

fuu fldaI mrdih B2:C4 u.ska ksrEmKh f' ^rEmh 7'8 n,kak'&
fma<s iy ;Sre Tiafia we;s fldaI mrdihl fma<s wxl;a" ;Sre wlaIr;a fjkia f'
igyk( jevm;l fldaI mrdi lSmhla oelau i|yd md,k h;=r (Control Key)
fhdod .kska i,l=Kq lrkq ,ef' h;=re mqjref md,k h;=r Ctrl uska olajd
we;'
l%shdldrlu
rEmh 7'9 u.sska oelafjk jevm; weiqka my; wid we;s m%Yakj,g
ms<s;=re i|yka lrkak'

R1
R3

R2
rEmh 7'9 - jevm;l we;s fldaI mrdihla

^1&
^2&
^3&
^4&
^5&
^6&
^7&
^8&

R 1 u.sska oelafjk mrdifhys wdrNl fldaIfhys ,smskh l=ula o@

R 1 u.sska oelafjk mrdifhys wjidk fldaIfhys ,smskh l=ula o@
R 1 u.sska oelafjk mrdih i|yka lrkak'
R 2 u.sska oelafjk mrdih i|yka lrkak'
fma<shla Tiafia msys mrdih l=ula o@
;Srejla Tiafia msys mrdih l=ula o@
R 3 u.sska oelafjk mrdih i|yka lrkak'
R 3 u.sska oelafjk mrdihg wh;a fldaI .Kk i|yka lrkak'

fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

207

7'2'3 o;a; we;=<;a lsu

me;=rem;g o;a; we;=<;a lsug fmr wod< fldaIh il%sh l< hq;= h' bka
miq o;a; we;=<;a l< hq;= h' fldaIhl wka;.;h jkafka f,an,a (Label)" w.hka
(Value) fyda iQ;% (Formula) hk tajdhska tlls'

1'f,an,

h;=re,shkh lrk ,o wlaIr (Letters)" ixLHd (Numbers)" fYaI ixfla;
(Special Symbols) u.ska fyda tajd ixfhdackfhka fyda ,nd .kakd mdG (Text)
f,an, f,i yekaf' idudkHfhka f,an, fldaIhl j tfl,a, f (Left Align)'
my; rEmh 7'10 u.sska jevm;l f,an, j tfl,a, j mj;sk wdldrh oelaf'
igyk ( fuys rl:k wxl we;=<;a lsf my; oelafjk wdldrfhka u
fldaIj, oYkh fkd f' ^rl:k wxlfha uq,ska u we;s 0 oYkh fkdf&'
f,an, wdldrfhka mj;ajd .ekSug rl:k wxl we;=<;a l< hq;= fldaI mrdih
mdG(Text) f,i yevi l< hq;= h' fldaI yevi lrk wdldrh miq j idlPd
flf'
:

rEmh 7'10 - jevm;l f,an, j tfl,a, u'

2' w.hka

ixLHd;aul jkdlula iys; o;a; w.hka f,i i,lkq ,nhs' idudkHfhka
w.hka fldaIhl ol=Kq tfl,a, f (Right Align)' w.hka f,i mj;sk o;a;
wdldr lSmhla rEmh 7'11 u.ska oelaf'

rEmh 7'11 - jevm;l w.hka ol=Kq tfl,a, u

208 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

igyk ( Nd. ixLHdjla we;=<;a lsf mQK ixLHdj ghsma lr ;ks wjldYhlg
(Single Space) miq j Nd. fldgi ghsma lrkak'

3' iQ;%

.Kkh lsu Wfoid iudk ^}& ,l=ka wdrN lr w.hhka" fldaI ,smsk iy
Y%s; fhdod .kska ,shkq ,nk m%ldYk iQ;% f,i yekafjhs' jevmf;a fldaIhlg
iQ;%hla we;=<;a l< g tu.sska .Kkh jQ w.h fldaIh ;=< iajk w;r iQ;%h iQ;%
;Sref iaf'
WodyrK 1 - A1 iy B1 fldaIj, wka;.;j, tl;=j C1 fldaIh ;=<g ,nd
.ekSu' ^rEmh 7'12 n,kak&

iQ;% ;Srej
C1 fldaIhg we;=<;a l< iQ;%h
iQ;%fhka .Kkh jQ w.h

rEmh 7'12 - iQ;% oYkh jk whqre

7'3 iQ;% ,su i|yd Nd; lrkq ,nk .;uh fufyhjk

fufyhjkh
w:h
tl;= lsu
- wvq lsu
*
.=K lsu
/ fnu
^ n,h

igyk ( fufyhjk l%shd;aul jk wkqms<sfj< jryka fhdod fjkia l< yels h'
tg jryka iys; fldgi m%:ufhka iq f'

fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

209

fufyhjk
m%uqL;d wkqms<sfj< (Operator Precedence)

m%:u ^ &

fojk
^

f;jk
*"$

isjk
"by, isg my,g wvq f'

7'3'1 w.hka iy fufyhjk Nd;fhka ir, .Kkh ls islsu

w.hka iy fufyhjk fhdod ,shk ,o ir, iQ;% lsysmhla j.=j 7'4 u.sska oelaf'



j.=j 7'4 - ir, iQ;% ,su

fufyhjkh
tl;= lsu ^ &
wvq lsu ^ - &
.=K lsu ^ * &
fnu ^ $ &
n,h ^^&

iQ;%h

m%;sM,h

= 24
= 5-2
= 4*5
= 12$6
= 2^4

6
3
20
2
16

iQ;%hla ;=< fufyhjk lsysmhla mej;sh yels h' tjeks iQ;% wkqms<sfj<sska
iq lrk wdldrh oek .ksuq' f i|yd 7'5 iy 7'6 j.= n,kak'

j.=j 7'5 - ir, iQ;%j, jryka Nd;h

iQ;%h
= 24*3
= ^24&*3
= 4*3^2
= (4*3)^2

WodyrKh
iq lrk mshjr

ms<s;=r

iq lrk wdldrh
= 212
= 6*3
= 4*9
= 12^2

m%;sM,h
= 14
= 18
= 36
= 144

j.=j 7'6 - iQ;% iq lrk mshjr

= 52*3^2$6-3
= 52*3^2$6-3
= 52*9$6-3
= 518$6-3
= 53 - 3
= 8-3
=5

210 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

= 52*3^2$^6-3&
= 52*3^2$^6-3&
= 52*3^2$3
= 52*9$3
= 518$3
= 56
= 11

= 8$2*3-2^35
= 8$2*3-2^35
= 8/2*3-85
= 4*3-85
= 12-85
= 45
=9

igyk ( jryka Nd; fkdjk g iu ugf mj;sk .=K lsu ^ * & yd fnu
^ $ & hk fufyhjk o " tl;= lsu ^ & yd wvq lsu ^ - & hk fufyhjk o
iQ;%fha j mi isg ol=Kq mig msysgd we;s wkqms<sfj< wkqj iq lrkq ,nhs'
l%shdldrlu

my; oelafjk iQ;% iq lsfuka ,efnk w.hhka fidhkak'

^1& = 6-4$2 ^6& = 45*2^3 ^11& = 5$21^3*4

^2& = 5*43 ^7& = 8$4*2
^12& = 3-4*3$2

^3& = 34*5 ^8& = -4$22
^13& = 6$3*2^1-3
^4& = 2^53 ^9& = 12^2*3 ^14& = 3*^24&$91
^5& = 35^2 ^10& = 3*4$2
^15& = 2^3$^5-1^3&*5

7'3'2 fldaI ,smsk yd fufyhjk Nd;fhka iQ;% f.dv ke.Su

fldaI ,smsk iy fufyhjk Nd;fhka iQ;% ,sfuka w;ajk m%Odk;u
jdish jkafka iQ;%hg wod< fldaIj, wka;.;h fjkia jk g tu iQ;%h uska
.Kkh lrkq ,nk w.hka iajhxl%Sh j u hdj;ald,Sk uhs'
WodyrK 1
RcqfldaKdi%hl m;sh yd j.M,h fiu i|yd tys . yd m<, ms<sfj<sska
A2 iy B2 fldaIj,g we;=<;a lruq' m;sh fiug C2, C3, C4 fldaIj, iy
j.M,h fiug D2 fldaIfha wod< iQ;% olajd we;' 7'13 rEmh n,kak'

rEmh 7'13 - iDcqfldaKdi%hl m;sh yd j.M,h

l%shdldrlu
7'13 rEmfha oelafjk jevm; Tn Nd; lrk me;=rem;a uDldx.h
weiqka ksudKh lrf.k A2 iy B2 hk fldaIj, w.hka fjkia
lrka C iy D ;Srej, i|yka iQ;%j,ska ,efnk m%;sM, kslaIKh
lrkak'

fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

211

b;d jeo.;a ( D2 fldaIhg wod< iQ;%h D2=A2*B2 f,i ,sfuka th f,an,hla

njg m;afuka .Kkh ula is fkdf'^rEmh 7'14 n,kak'& tu ksid iQ;% ,sf
= ,l=Kg j miska lsisjla igyka fkdl< hq;= h' ^rEmh 7-15 n,kak'&

rEmh 7'14 - iQ;%hla jeros f,i ksrEmKh

rEmh 7'15 - iQ;%hla ksjeros f,i ksrEmKh

WodyrK 2
fmd;l , iy mekai,l , we;s g rEmh 7'16 u.sska oelafjk jevmf;ys
i|yka iQ;% n,kak'

rEmh 7'16 - , .Kkh

l%shdldrlu
7'16 rEmfha oelafjk jevm; Tn Nd; lrk me;=rem;a uDldx.h
weiqka ksudKh lrf.k B1 iy B2 hk fldaIj, w.hka fjkia
lrka B3, B4, B5, B6 hk fldaIj, i|yka iQ;%j,ska ,efnk m%;sM,
kslaIKh lrkak'
WodyrK 3
>klhl me;a;l . we;s g j.M,h iy mudj .Kkh lsu' ^rEmh 7'17
n,kak'&

rEmh 7'17 - >klhl j. M,h yd mudj fiu'

212 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

l%shdldrlu
7'17 rEmfha oelafjk jevm; Tn Nd; lrk me;=rem;a uDldx.h
weiqka ksudKh lrf.k B1 fldaIfha w.hka fjkia lrka
B2,B3,B4 hk fldaIj, i|yka iQ;%j,ska ,efnk m%;sM, kslaIKh
lrkak'
igyk ( fldaI ,smsk Nd;fhka ,shk ,o iQ;%j,ska ,efnk m%;sM,h" iEu g
u tu iQ;% ,sug fhdod .;a fldaI ,smskj, w.hka fjkia l< g iajhxl%Sh j
hdj;ald,Sk f'
l%shdldrlu
my; oelafjk jevm; ^rEmh 7'18 n,kak& iy iQ;% we;=<;a j.=j
wOHhkh lrka j.=j 7'7 ys i|yka iQ;%j, fufyhjk fh we;s
m%uqL;d wkqms<sfj< i,ld n,ka iqlr ,efnk wjidk w.h m%;sM,
;Sref igyka lrkak'
iQ;%h
m%;sM,h

rEmh 7'18 - o;a; we;=<;a jevm;

iQ;%h

=A1+B1
=C1+C2+C3
=B2+C3+B3
=A2*C1
=C2/A2*D1
=B3^A2+D1

12
17
7
12
6
10

j.=j 7.7

m%;sM,h

=A1*B1-D2
=D1-C2/A2
=B3^C3-A3
=A1*C1/C3
=D2*C4*E1
=A3/B3+A2*D1
=A1+(B2*C2)-B3+C2/B2
=B2-B3+B1*(D1+D2^B1)
=A2^B3-C2+A3*(B3+C1)
=A3/C3*(D2*D1)
=D3/C3/B3*A3+B2
=(D3/(A1+B2))^C2
fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

213

7'4

.Kkh lsu i`oyd Y%s; Nd;h

o;a; m%udKh je jk g fldaI ,smsk muKla Nd;fhka iQ;% ,su
;rula wmyiq iy ixlSK lghq;a;ls' tjeks wjia:dj, iQ;% ,su i|yd Y%s;
Nd; lruq' me;=rem;a uDldx.j, O lafIa;% hgf;a .Kkh ls is lsug
Y%s; Yd, m%udKhla we;' ta w;ka nyq, j fhfok uQ,sl Y%s; lsysmhla ykd
.ksuq' ^j.=j 7'8 n,kak'&
j.=j 7.8

ldrl ;sh (Syntax)

Y%s;fha ku
SUM

=SUM (Number 1,Number2......)

Nd;h
fldaI mrdihl msys w.hkaf.a
tl;=j fiu'

AVERAGE

=AVERAGE (Number1,Number2.......)

fldaI mrdihl msys w.hkaf.a

idudkH w.h fiu'

MAX

=MAX (Number1,Number2.......)

fldaI mrdihl msys w.hkaf.a

Yd,u w.h fiu'

MIN

=MIN (Number1,Number2......)

fldaI mrdihl msys w.hkaf.a

l=vdu w.h fiu'

COUNT

=COUNT (Number1,Number2.......)

fldaI mrdihl msys w.hka

we;=<;a fldaI .Kk fiu'

WodyrKhla f,i jevm;l A1 fldaIfha isg A10 fldaIh olajd tl;=j ,nd
.ekSug fldaI ,smsk muKla Nd;fhka 1 u.ska oelafjk iQ;%h iy Y%s;
Nd;fhka ,shk ,o 2 u.ska oelafjk iQ;%h i,luq' fuu iQ;% foflka u tl
u m%;sM,hla ,nd fohs' fuu iQ;% fol ii|d n,k g fldaI mrdih je jk
g 2 u.ska oelafjk iQ;%h Nd;h ir, yd myiq nj Tng jegfykjd we;'

214 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

=A1+A2+A3+A4+A5+A6+A7+A8+A9+A10
1
=SUM(A1:A10) 2
=A1+A2+A3+A4+A5+A6+A7+A8+A9+A10

=SUM( A1: A10)

Y%s;h ;=< mrdih wdrN jk fldaI ,smskh;a mrdih wjika jk fldaI
,smskh;a igyka lrkq ,nhs'
rEmh 7'19 u.ska oelafjk jevm; weiqka Y%s; Nd;fhka iQ;% f.dvk.uq'

rEmh 7'19 - jevm;

Y%s; Nd; l< yels O wdldr ykd .ksuq'

SUM Y%s;h' ^j.=j 7'9 n,kak'&
j.=j 7.9

iQ;%h
= SUM (A1,B1,C1)

ia;rh
A1,B1 iy C1 hk
fldaIj, w.hkaf.a tl;=j'

= SUM (A1:C1)

A1 isg C1 olajd fldaI mrdih ;=<

msys w.hkaf.a tl;=j'
A1 isg C1 olajd fldaI mrdih ;=<
iy B2 fldaIfhys we;s w.hkaf.a
tl;=j'
B1 isg C2 olajd fldaI mrdih ;=<
msys w.hkaf.a tl;=j'
A1 isg A3 olajd iy C1 isg
C3 olajd fldaI mrdi ;=< we;s
w.hkaf.a tl;=j'

= SUM (A1:C1,B2)

= SUM (B1:C2)
= SUM
(A1:A3,C1:C3)

m%;sM,h
12

12
15

20
35

fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

215

AVERAGE Y%s;h ^j.=j 7.10&

j.=j 7.10

iQ;%h
ia;rh
= AVERAGE (A1,B1,C1) A1,B1 iy C2 hk fldaIj,
w.hkaf.a idudkHh'
= AVERAGE (A1:C1)
A1 isg C1 olajd fldaI
mrdih ;=< msys w.hkaf.a
idudkHh'
= AVERAGE (A1:C1,B2) A1 isg C1 olajd fldaI
mrdih ;=< iy B2 fldaIfhys
we;s w.hkaf.a idudkHh'
= AVERAGE (B1:C2)
B1 isg C2 olajd fldaI mrdih
;=< msys w.hkaf.a tl;=j'
= AVERAGE(A1:A3,C1:C3) A1 isg A3 olajd iy C1 isg
C3 olajd fldaI mrdi ;=<
we;s w.hkaf.a idudkHh'

m%;sM,h
4'00
4'00

3'75

5'00
5.83

igyk ( idudkH w.h i|yd O oYu ia:dk iys; ms<s;=re m%;sM, ,ef' tu
m%;sM, we;=<;a fldaI mrdih wjYH oYuia:dk m%udKhlg yevi (Format) l<
hq;= h'

MAX Y%s;h ^j.=j 7'11&

j.=j 7.11

iQ;%h
= MAX (A1,B2,C1)
= MAX (A2:C2,B3)

= MAX(A1:C1)

= MAX (A1,B1:C2)

ia;rh
A1"B2 iy C1 hk fldaIj, w.hka
w;ka Yd, u w.h h'
A2 isg C2 olajd fldaI mrdih
;=< iy B3 fldaIfhys we;s w.hka
w;ka Yd, u w.h h'
A1 isg C1 olajd fldaI mrdih
;=< msys w.hka w;ka Yd, u
w.h h'
A1iy B1 isg C2 olajd fldaI
mrdih ;=< msys w.hka w;ka
Yd, u w.h h'

216 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

m%;sM,h
4
9

MIN Y%s;h ^j.=j 7'12 n,kak&

j.=j 7.12

iQ;%h
= MIN (A1,B2,C1)
= MIN (A2:C2,B3)

= MIN (A1:C1)
= MIN (A1,B1:C2)

ia;rh
A1"B2 iy C1 hk fldaIj, w.hka
w;ka l=vd u w.h h'
A2 isg C2 olajd fldaI mrdih
;=< iy B3 fldaIfhys we;s w.hka
w;ka l=vd u w.h h'
A1 isg C1 olajd fldaI mrdih ;=<
msys w.hka w;ka l=vd u w.h h'
A1 iy B1 isg C2 olajd fldaI
mrdih ;=< msys w.hka w;ka l=vd
u w.h h'

m%;sM,h
3
3

2
2

COUNT Y%s;h ^j.=j 7'13 n,kak&'

j.=j 7.13

iQ;%h
= COUNT (A1,B1)

ia;rh
A1, B1 iy C1 hk fldaIj,
we;s w.hka .Kk'
= COUNT (A1:C1)
A1 isg C1 olajd fldaI mrdih
;=< msys w.hka .Kk'
= COUNT (A1:A4)
A1 isg A4 olajd fldaI mrdih
;=< msys w.hka .Kk'
= COUNT (A1:C1,B2) A1 isg C1 olajd fldaI mrdih
;=< iy B2 fldaIfhys we;s
w.hka .Kk'
= COUNT (B1:C3)
= COUNT (A1:A3,C1:C3)

B1 isg C3 olajd fldaI mrdih

;=< msys w.hka .Kk'
A1 isg A3 olajd iy C1 isg
C3 olajd fldaI mrdi ;=< we;s
w.hka .Kk'

m%;sM,h
2
3
3
4

6
6

fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

217

l%shdldrlu
mdi,l f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh yodrk isiqka yh fofkl=
10 mka;sfha ,nd .;a ,l=Kq rEmh 7'20ys olajd we;'

rEmh 7'20 - mdi,l isiqka 10 jif ICT i`oyd ,nd .;a ,l=Kq
Y%s; muKla fhdod .kska my; m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
^1& fla'Ndkq fidaur;ak ,nd .;a ,l=Kqj, tl;=j fiug F2 fldaIhg we;=<;a
l< hq;= iQ;%h i|yka lrkak'
^2& jika; chrd ,nd.;a ,l=Kqj, idudkH w.h fiug F3 fldaIhg we;=<;a
l< hq;= iQ;%h i|yka lrkak'
^3& jdrh 1 i|yd ,nd we;s je u ,l=Kq ixLHdj fiug B8 fldaIhg we;=<;a l<
hq;= iQ;%h i|yka lrkak'
^4& jdrh 2 i|yd fmkS is isiqka ixLHdj fiug C8 fldaIhg we;=<;a l< hq;=
iQ;%h i|yka lrkak'
^5& jdrh 3 i|yd ,nd we;s wvq u ,l=Kq ixLHdj fiug D8 fldaIhg we;=<;a l<
hq;= iQ;%h i|yka lrkak'

218 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

7'5

jevm; yevi lsu

jevm;l wka;.;fhys we;s f,an, iy w.hka yevi (Formatting)
lsug yevi fuj, ;Srej fyda fldaI yevi ixjdo ljqj Nd; l< yels h'

7'5'1

1

Microsoft Excel 2010 ys yevi lsf fuj, iys;

nkh
3 4 5 6

8 9

10

11 12 13

14 15

rEmh 7'21 - Microsoft Excel 2010 yevi fuj, ;Srej

j.=j 7.14

wxlh
fuj,u
1 Font
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

ia;rh
jevmf;ys O j.fha wlaIr fhdod
.ekSu'
Font Size
jevmf;ys O m%udKfha wlaIr fhdod
.ekSu'
Vertical Top Alignment
fldaIh ;=< isria j by<ska msysgqu'
Vertical Middle Alignment fldaIh ;=< isria j ueka msysgqu'
Vertical Bottom Alignment fldaIh ;=< isria j my<ska msysgqu'
Orientation
fldaI wka;.;h wdk; j msysgqu'
Number Format
w.hka iys; fldaI yevi lsu'
Bold
fldaI wka;.;h ;o meye .ekau'
Italic
fldaI wka;.;h we, j msysgqu'
Underline
fldaI wka;.;hg hka brla weu'
Left Alignment
fldaIh ;=< ;sria j j tfl,a, lsu'
Center Alignment
fldaIh ;=< ;sria j ueo tfl,a, lsu'
Right Alignment
fldaIh ;=< ;sria j ol=Kq tfl,a, lsu'
Increase decimal places
w.hkaf.a oYu ia:dk m%udKh je lsu'
Decreased decimal places w.hkaf.a oYu ia:dk m%udKh wvq lsu'

fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

219

7'5'2 LibreOffice Calc j, yevi lsf fuj, ;Srej

1

4 5

9 10

7 8

rEmh 7'22 - LibreOffice Calc 4.1 yevi fuj, ;Srej

fuj,u
wxlh
1

Font

Font Size

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Bold
Italic
Underline
Left Alignment
Center Alignment
Right Alignment
Increase decimal places
Decreased decimal
places

220 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

j.=j 7.15

ia;rh
jevmf;ys O j.fha Font fhdod
.ekSu'
jevmf;ys O m%udKfha Font fhdod
.ekSu'
fldaI wka;.;h ;o meye .ekau'
fldaI wka;.;h we, j msysgqu'
fldaI wka;.;hg hka brla weu'
fldaIh ;=< j tfl,a, lsu'
fldaIh ;=< ueo tfl,a, lsu'
fldaIh ;=< ol=Kq tfl,a, lsu'
w.hkaf.a oYu ia:dk m%udKh je lsu'
w.hkaf.a oYu ia:dk m%udKh wvq lsu'

7'5'3 w.hhka yevi lsug ixjdo ljq Nd; lsu

fldaIhla fyda fldaI mrdi fyda yevi lsug fuj, ;Sref msys
fuj,j, ia;rd;aul Nd; fldaI yevi ixjdo ljq(Format Cells Dialog
Box) ;=<ska n,d .; yels h'
Microsoft Office Excel 2010 i`oyd...
Home Tab Number Group

rEmh 7'23 - fldaI ixjdo yevi ljq

LibreOffice Clac i`oyd...

FormatCells

rEmh 7'24 - fldaI ixjdo yevi ljq

7'5'4 fldaI mrdihla oYuia:dk lsysmhlg yevi lsu

w.hka fnok g oYu ia:dk O m%udKj,ska ,ef' tjeks wjia:dj,
ksYa; oYu ia:dk m%udKhlg yevi l< hq;= f' rEmh 7'25 n,kak'

rEmh 7'25 - oYu ia:dk follg yevi lsu'

fldaI wjYH oYu ia:dk m%udKhlg yevi lsu i|yd my; oelafjk
mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'

fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

221

Microsoft Office Excel 2010 i`oyd...

1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu'
2' w.hka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu'
3' Number Tab f;dard .ekSu'
4' Number f;dard .eksu'
5' wjYH oYu ia:dk m%udKh ilia lsu'
6' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu'

LibreOffice Calc i`oyd...

1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu'
2' w.hka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu'
3' Number Tab f;dard .ekSu'
4' Number f;dard .eksu'
5' wjYH oYu ia:dk m%udKh ilia lsu'
6' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu'

7'5'5 fldaI mrdihla f,an, f,i oelah yels wdldrhg yevi

lsu

rl:k wxlhl b,lal oyhla wvx.= h hq;= h' tfy;a me;=re m;aj,
fldaIhla ;=< uq,ska wdodkh lrkq ,nk kaj ^0& fmkajkafka ke;' thg
fya;=j th w.hla f,i igyka lr .ekSuhs' tneka rl:k wxl wdodkh lsug
m%:ufhka we;=<;a lrkq ,nk fldaI mrdih mdG ^Text& f,i yevi l< hq;= h'
^rEmh 7'26 iy rEmh 7'10 ys D ;Srej n,kak'&

rEmh 7'26 - fldaI mrdihla mdG (text) wdldrhg

yevi lsu

fldaI mrdihla mdG (Text) wdldrhg yevi lsu i|yd my; oelafjk
mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'
Microsoft Office Excel 2010 i`oyd...
1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
2' w.hka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu
3' Number Tab f;dard .ekSu
4' Text f;dard .ekSu
5' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu
6' ixLHd wdkh lsu

222 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

LibreOffice Calc i`oyd...

1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
2' w.hka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu
3' Number Tab f;dard .ekSu
4' Text f;dard .ekSu
5' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu
6' ixLHd wdkh lsu

7'5'6 fldaI mrdihla m%;sY; oelah yels wdldrhg yevi lsu

tla w.hla ;j;a w.hlska fn g ,efnk ixLHdj m%;sY;hla (Percentage)
f,i laug yevi l< hq;= h' mdi,a fmd;a wf, if,ys m<uq jdrh ;=< ,o
udisl wdhu m%;sY;hla f,i .Kkh lr we;s whqre 7'27 rEmfhka laf'

rEmh 7'27 - fldaI mrdihla m%;sY; (Percentage) wdldrhg yevi lsu

fldaI mrdihla m%;sY; wdldrhg yevi lsu i|yd my; oelafjk mshjr
wkq.ukh lrkak'
Microsoft Office Excel 2010 i`oyd...
1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
2' w.hhka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu
3' Number Tab f;dard .ekSu
4' Percentage f;dard .eksu
5' wjYH oYu ia:dk m%udKh ilia lsu
6' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu

LibreOffice Calc i`oyd...

1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
2' w.hhka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu
3' Number Tab f;dard .ekSu
4' Percentage f;dard .eksu
5' wjYH oYu ia:dk m%udKh ilia lsu
6' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu

7'5'7 fldaI mrdihla oHd;aul ixLHd oelah yels wdldrhg

yevi lsu

me;=rem;aj, b;d l=vd ixLHd fuka u b;d Yd, ixLHd o .Kkh lsug
yelshdj we;' tjeks w.hka lshjd f;are .ekSu yd m%ldY lsu wmg ;rula rg
wmyiq ldhhls' tfy;aa oHd;aul (Scientific) wxlkfhka oelajQ miq iEu w.hla u
talSh l%uhlg m;au ksid lshjd f;are .ekSu yd m%ldY lsu myiq lrhs' rEmh
7'28 n,kak'

rEmh 7'28 - oHd;aul wxlkh

fldaI mrdihla oHd;aul wxlkhg yevi lsu i|yd my; oelafjk
mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'
fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

223

Microsoft Office Excel 2010

i`oyd...
1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
2' w.hka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu
3' Number Tab f;dard .ekSu
4' Scientific f;dard .eksu
5'wjYH oYu ia:dk m%udKh ilia lsu
6' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu

LibreOffice Calc i`oyd...

1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
2' w.hka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu
3' Number Tab f;dard .ekSu
4' Scientific f;dard .eksu
5' wjYH oYu ia:dk m%udKh ilia lsu
6' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu

7'5'8 fldaI mrdihla k oelah yels wdldrhg yevi lsu

m.Klhl kh (Date) 5$12$2014 u.ska olajkqfha 2014 uehs ui 12 fjks
khhs' fuh weuldkq l%uh f' ^mm/dd/yyyy&' ^mm-udih" dd - kh" yyyy jIh& me;=rem;aj, kh wdldr lsysmhlska oelah yels h' rEmh 7'29 n,kak'

rEmh 7'29 - kh lafjk O yevi

fldaI mrdihla kh oelaug yevi lsu i|yd my; oelafjk mshjr

wkq.ukh lrkak'

Microsoft Office Excel 2010 i`oyd...

1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
2' w.hka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu
3' Number Tab f;dard .ekSu
4' Date f;dard .eksu
5' kh lah hq;= wdldrh f;au
6' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu

224 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

LibreOffice Calc i`oyd...

1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
2' w.hka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu
3' Number Tab f;dard .ekSu
4' Date f;dard .eksu
5' kh lah hq;= wdldrh f;au
6' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu

7'5'9 fldaI mrdihla f,dj oelah yels wdldrhg yevi lsu

m.Klhl f,dj (Time) 10:35:53 AM f,i igyka lrhs' fuh hh:mm:ss
AM$PM f,i fmdf olajhs' rEmh 7'30 n,kak' fuys hh hkq meh .Kk" mm
hkq kd .Kk iy ss hkq ;;amr .Kk f'

rEmh 7'30 - fj,dj lafjk O yevi

fldaI mrdihla f,dj oelaug yevi lsu i|yd my; oelafjk mshjr
wkq.ukh lrkak'
Microsoft Office Excel 2010 i`oyd...
1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
2' w.hka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu
3' Number Tab f;dard .ekSu
4' Time f;dard .eksu
5' f,dj lah hq;= wdldrh f;au
6' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu

LibreOffice Calc i`oyd...

1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
2' w.hka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu
3' Number Tab f;dard .ekSu
4' Time f;dard .eksu
5' f,dj lah hq;= wdldrh f;au
6' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu

7'5'10 fldaI mrdihla uqo,a f,i oelah yels wdldrhg yevi

lsu

uq,H jkdlula iys; w.hj, ^Currency& uqo,a i|yd Nd; flfrk
ixfla; ^$- fvd," Rs - remsh,a& w.hg bfhka oelah hq;= h'

fldaI mrdihla uq,H w.hka oelaug yevi lsu i|yd my; oelafjk
mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'
Microsoft Office Excel 2010 i`oyd...
1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
2' w.hka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu
3' Number Tab f;dard .ekSu
4' Currency f;dard .ekSu
5' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu

LibreOffice Calc i`oyd...

1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
2' w.hka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu
3' Number Tab f;dard .ekSu
4' Currency f;dard .ekSu
5' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu

fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

225

7'5'11 fldaI mrdihla tfl,a, jk f,i yevi lsu

fldaIj, f,an, fyda w.hka tfl,a,^Alignment& lsu ju"ueo iy ol=K
jYfhka is flf'

j tfl,a,
(Left Alignment)

ueo tfl,a,
(Center Alignment)

ol=K tfl,a,
(Right Alignment)

fldaI mrdihla f,dj oelaug yevi lsu i|yd my; oelafjk mshjr
wkq.ukh lrkak'

fldaI mrdihla tfl,a, lr oelaug" yevi lsu i|yd my; oelafjk
mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'
Microsoft Office Excel 2010 i`oyd...
1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
2' w.hka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu
3' Alignment Tab f;dard .ekSu
4' ju" ueo" ol=K hk tajdhska tlla
f;dard .ekSu
5' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu

LibreOffice Calc 2010 i`oyd...

1' fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
2' w.hka yevi ixjdo fldgqj ,nd
.ekSu
3' Alignment Tab f;dard .ekSu
4' ju" ueo" ol=K hk tajdhska tlla
f;dard .ekSu
5' OK Odkh l%shd;aul lsu

l%shdldrlu
yevi fuj, Nd; lrka iy iQ;% ,shd rEmh 7'31 u.ska olajd
we;s jevm; ksudKh lrkak'

rEmh 7'31 - O yevi iys; jevm;la

226 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

A ;Srej iy 2 fma<sh ueo tfl,a, lrkak'

2 fma<sh ;omeye (Bold) lrkak'
1 fma<sfha ud;Dldj hka brla wkak' wl=rej, m%udKh 16 lrkak'
A3,A4,A5 fldaI we, (Italic) lrkak'
B6 fldaIhg ckjd ui tl;=j ,nd .ekSug iQ;%hl sum Y%s;h fhdod ,shkak'
B7 fldaIhg ckjd ui idudkHh ,nd .ekSug iQ;%hla average() Y%s;h fhdod
,shkak'
^7& by; B6 iy B7 fldaIj, we;s iQ;% msgm;a lr b;s udij, tl;=j iy
idudkHh fidhkak'
^8& E3 fldaIhg l,d wxYfha tl;=j ,nd .ekSug sum Y%s;h fhdod ,shkak'
^9& F3 fldaIhg l,d wxYfha idudkHh ,nd .ekSug average() Y%s;h fhdod ,shkak'
^10& by; E3 iy F3 fldaIj, we;s iQ;% msgm;a lr b;s wxYj, tl;=j iy idudkHh
fidhkak'
^1&
^2&
^3&
^4&
^5&
^6&

7'6

idfmalaI iy ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduqj

7'6'1 iQ;%hla msgm;a lsu

mdif,a jdr Nd.hl isiqka ,nd .kakd ,l=Kq ,ehsia;=jla mka;sNdr
.=re;=ud fyda .=re;=h iska ilia lrkq ,ef' tla tla isiqjdf.a ,l=Kqj, tl;=j"
idudkH w.h wdh fjka fjka jYfhka .Kkh lsu idm%odhsl l%uhhs' tfy;a
oHq;a me;=rem;a fhdod f.k fujeks ,l=Kq ,ehsia;= ieliSu ldhlaIu yd
M,odhS l%uhls' thg fya;=j ,shk ,o iQ;%h msgm;a lsfuka fiiq .Kkh ls
b;d myiqfjka ,nd .ekSug yels uhs' tneka jevm;l fma<shla Tiafia fyda
;Srejla Tiafia iQ;%hla msgm;a lrk wdldrh uid n,uq'

7'6'2 fldaIhl msrjq ye~,h

jevmf;ys kE u fldaIhl ol=Kq mi my< fl<jf msys l=vd fldgqj
msrjq ye~,h (Fill handle) f,i k flf' rEmh 7'32 n,kak'

msrjq ye~,h
rEmh 7'32

- msrjq ye~,h

fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

227

7'6'3 iQ;% msgm;a lsu i|yd msrjq ye`v,h Nd; lsu

msrjq ye~,h Nd;fhka iQ;%hla msgm;a lsug my; oelafjk mshjr
wkq.ukh lrkak'
^1&' iQ;%h wvx.= fldaIh f;dard .ekSu
^2&' fldaIfha ol=Kq mi my< fl<jr msys msrjq ye~,h f;dard .ekSu
^3&' msrjq ye~,h wjYH fldaIh fj; weof.k hdu

7'6'4 iQ;% msgm;a lsu i|yd Copy iy Paste Odk Nd; lsu

Copy-Paste Odk Nd;fhka iQ;%hla msgm;a lsug my; oelafjk mshjr
wkq.ukh lrkak'
^1&' iQ;%h wvx.= fldaIh f;dard .ekSu
^2&' Copy Odkh ,nd u ^Ctrl + C&
^3&' msgm;a lsug wjYH fldaI mrdih f;dard .ekSu
^4&' Paste Odkh ,nd u ^Ctrl + V&

7'6'5 idfmalaI iy ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduqj

fldaI ,smskhla ;Sre wlaIrhlska iy fma<s wxlhlska iuka; f' iQ;%hl
tjeks fldaI ,smskhla idfmalaI fldaI fhduqjla f,i yekaf' fvd, ixfla;h
^$& fma<s wxlh bfha fhfuka fma<s ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduqjla o" ;Sre wlaIrh
bfha fhfuka ;Sre ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduqjla o" fma<s wxlh iy ;Sre wlaIrh
hk fol u bfha fhfuka fma<s iy ;Sre ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduqjla o ksudKh
f'
WodyrK
H2 - idfmalaI fldaI fhduqj ^Relative cell reference&
H$2 - fma<s ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduqj ^Row absolute cell reference&
$H2 - ;Sre ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduqj ^Column absolute cell reference&
$H$2 - fma<s iy ;Sre ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduqj ^Row and column absolute cell

reference&

7'6'6 idfmalaI fldaI ,smsk

iQ;%h fma<shla Tiafia msgm;a jk g tys wvx.= fldaI ,smskj, fma<s wxlh
wkqhd; j fjkia f k iy ;Srejla Tiafia msgm;a jk g tys wvx.= fldaI
,smskj, ;Sre wlaIrh wkqhd; j fjkia f k tjeks fldaI ,smsk idfmalaI
fldaI fhduqjla ^Relative cell reference& f,i yekaf'

228 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

WodyrK
C1 fldaIfha ,shd we;s }A1+B1 hk iQ;%h C ;Srej Tiafia my<g;a 1 jk fma<sh
Tiafia yryg;a msgm;a l< g my; rEmh 7'33ys oelafjk m fldaI ,smsk
idfmalaI j fjkia f' ta wkqj A1 iy B1 hk fldaI ,smsk" idfmalaI fldaI fhduq
f,i i,lkq ,nhs'
;Sre wlaIr fjkia f'

fma<s wxlh fjkia

f'

rEmh 7'33 - idfmalaI fldaI fhduq iys; jevm;la

7'6'7 fma<s ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduqj

iQ;%hla fma<shla Tiafia msgm;a jk g iQ;%fha wvx.= fldaI ,smskj, fma<s
wxlh fjkia fkdf k tjeks fldaI ,smsk" fma<s ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduq ^Row
absolute cell reference& f,i yekaf'
WodyrK
C1 fldaIfha ,shd we;s }A$1+B$1 hk iQ;%h C ;Srej Tiafia my<g;a 1 jk fma<sh
Tiafia yryg;a msgm;a l< g my; rEmh 7'34 ys oelafjk m fldaI ,smsk ;Srej
Tiafia my<g fjkia fkdf' tfy;a fldaI ,smskj, ;Sre wlaIrh fma<sh Tiafia
idfmalaI j fjkia f' ta wkqj A$1 iy B$1 hk fldaI ,smsk" fma<s ksrfmalaI
fldaI fhduq f,i ykajkq ,nhs'
;Sre wlaIr fjkia f'

fma<s wxlh fjkia

fkdf'
rEmh 7'34 - fma<s ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduq iys; jevm;la'

fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

229

WodyrK 2
mekai,l , okakd g mekai,a lsysmhl , fiu i|yd rEmh 7'35 u.ska
oelafjk jevm; n,kak'

rEmh 7'35 - idfmalaI iy ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduq

by; jevmf;ys C ;Srej Tiafia mekai,a m%udKhg idfmalaI j jkdlu
.Kkh lsug C2 fldaIfha ,sh hq;= iQ;%h jkafka =A2*B2 f' fuh C ;Srej
Tiafia my<g msgm;a lsfuka wfkl=;a mekai,a m%udKj, jkdlu ,nd .ekSug
fkdyels h'

iQ;%h msgm;a f A2 hkak A3,A4,A5 wd jYfhka idfmalaI j fjkia
h hq;= h' tfy;a iEu g u B2 fldaIh iQ;%h ;=< fkdfjkia j mej;sh hq;=
h' ta wkqj C2 fldaIfha ,sh hq;= iQ;%h jkafka =A2*B$2 f'

7'6'8 ;Sre ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduqj

iQ;%hla ;Srejla Tiafia msgm;a jk g iQ;%fha wvx.= fldaI ,smskj, ;Sre
wlaIr fjkia fkdf k tjeks fldaI ,smsk ;Sre ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduqj
^Column absolute cell reference& f,i yekaf'
WodyrK 1
C1 fldaIfha ,shd we;s =$A1+$B1 hk iQ;%h C ;Srej Tiafia my<g;a 1 jk fma<sh
Tiafia yryg;a msgm;a l< g my; rEmh 7'36 ys oelafjk m fldaI ,smsk
;Srej Tiafia my<g fjkia f' tfy;a fldaI ,smskj, ;Sre wlaIrh fma<sh Tiafia
fjkia fkdf' ta wkqj $A1 iy $B1 hk fldaI ,smsk" ;Sre ksrfmalaI fma<s
idfmalaI fldaI fhduq f,i ykajkq ,nhs'
;Sre wlaIr fjkia fkdf'

fma<s wxlh fjkia

f'
rEmh 7'36 - ;Sre ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduq iys; jevm;la'

230 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

WodyrK 2
my; oelafjk rEmh 7'37 jevmf;ys 3 jk fma<sh Tiafia tla tla jrh wjidkfha
,nd we;s uq ,l=Kq ixLHdj fiug wjYH iQ;%h =SUM($B2:B2& f'

rEmh 7'37 - ;Sre ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduq

iys; Y%s; we;=<;a jevm;la'

th 3 jk fma<sh Tiafia msgm;a l< g my; rEmh 7'38 m iaf'

rEmh 7'38 - ;Sre ksrfmalaI idfmalaI fldaI fhduq

iys; iQ;% we;=<;a jevm;la'

7'6'9 fma<s iy ;Sre ksrfmalaI fldaI ,smsk

iQ;%hla fma<shla Tiafia msgm;a jk g iQ;%fha wvx.= fldaI ,smskj, fma<s
wxlh fjkia fkdf k iy ;Srejla Tiafia msgm;a jk g iQ;%fha wvx.= fldaI
,smskj, ;Sre wlaIr fjkia fkdf k tjeks fldaI ,smsk fma<s iy ;Sre ksrfmalaI
fldaI fhduq ^Row and column absolute cell reference& f,i yekaf'

fldaI ,smskhl fma<s wxlh iy ;Sre wlaIrh hk fol u bfha $ ixfla;h
fhfuka $B$2 wdldrfha fma<s iy ;Sre ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduq iQ;%j, fhdod
.; yel'
WodyrK 1
C1 fldaIfha ,shd we;s =$A$1+$B$1 iQ;%h A ;Srej Tiafia my<g;a " 1 jk fma<sh
Tiafia yryg;a msgm;a l< g my; oelafjk rEmh 7'39 m fldaI ,smsk fjkia
fkd f'
;Sre wlaIrh fjkia fkdf'

fma<s wxlh fjkia

fkdf'

rEmh 7'39 - ;Sre iy fma<s ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduq

iys; iQ;% we;=<;a jevm;la'
fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

231


ta wkqj fma<s iy ;Sre ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduq iys; iQ;%hla fma<shla fyda
;Srejla Tiafia msgm;a lsf iQ;%h ;=< fldaI fhduqj fjkia fkd f'
WodyrK 2
my; oelafjk rEmh 7'40 jevmf;ys D4 isg I4 olajd fmd;a ixLHdjg wod< ,;a"
C5 isg C10 olajd is ixLHdjg wod< ,;a fidhd .ekSug wjYH f' C1
fldaIhg fmd;l , we;=<;a l< .i wod< , m%udK oYkh jk m iQ;%
,shuq' iQ;%h ;=< C1 fldaI ,smskh ksrfmalaI j mej;sh hq;= h' thg fya;=j
jkafka iQ;%h 4 jk fma<sh Tiafia iy C ;Srej Tiafia msgm;a jk g iQ;%h ;=<
C1fkdfjkia j ;sh hq;= neks' tneka wod< iQ;% ;=< $C$1 f,i fhdouq'

rEmh 7'40 - ;Sre iy fma<s ksrfmalaI fldaI fhduq'

l%shdldrlu
1' my; oelafjk iQ;%" fma<sh Tiafia iy ;Srej Tiafia msgm;a l< g
wkqhd; fldaIj, oYkh jk wdldrh ,shkak'

232 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

2' idfmalaI iy ksrfmalaI fldaI ,smsk w;r we;s fjki ,shd olajkak'

7'7

me;=rem;a Nd;fhka m%ia;dr ksudKh

ixLHd;aul j o;a; ksrEmKh jk wjia:dj, th ieiu" Yaf,aIKh
lsu" f;are .ekSu yd bm;a lsu ;rula rg wmyiq ldhhls' tneka yd
m%ia;dr u.ska o;a; ksrEmKh lsu b;d id:l l%uhls' f i|yd me;=rem;a
uDldx. fhdod .kakd wdldrh uid n,uq'
m%ia;dr j. ykd .ksuq'

j.=j 7.15 - m%ia;dr j.

m%ia;dr j.h
;Sre m%ia;dr (Column
Chart)
o~q m%ia;dr (Bar Chart)

fLd m%ia;dr (Line

Chart)
jg m%ia;dr (Pie Chart)

XY m%ia;dr (XY Scatter

Chart)

uQ,sl msie,eiau

Nd;h
o;a;
whs;u
fYa%
iuQyhla tl jr ieiu'
ldKav jYfhka ieiu'
o;a;
whs;u
fYa%
iuQyhla tl jr ieiu'
ldKav jYfhka ieiu'
o;a;
whs;u
fY%a
iuQyhla tl jr ieiu'
ldKav jYfhka ieiu'
o;a; whs;u fY%ahla
m%;sY;
w.h
u.ska
ieiu'
hq., jYfhka mj;sk
w.h ieiu'
fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

233

l%shdldrlu
j.=j 7'15 lafjk tla tla m%ia;dr j. jvd;a u iqiq jk wjia:d i|yd
WyrK fol ne.ska ,shkak'

;Sre m%ia;dr iy jg m%ia;dr ksudKh i|yd my; oelafjk jevm; fhdod .ksuq'

rEmh 7'41 - m%ia;dr ,l=Kq iys; jevm;

m%ia;drh ksudKh i|yd my; oelafjk mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'

Microsoft Office Excel 2010 i`oyd...

LibreOffice Calc i`oyd...

1' o;a; mrdih f;dard .ekSu(A1:F3)

2' Insert Chart
3' m%ia;dr j.h f;dard .ekSu
4' iqiq m%ia;drh f;dard .ekSu

1' o;a; mrdih f;dard .ekSu(A1:F3)

2' Insert Chart
3' m%ia;dr j.h f;dard .ekSu
4' iqiq m%ia;drh f;dard .ekSu
5' Finish Odkh ,nd u

m%ia;drhg ud;Dldjla ,nd u i|yd my; oelafjk mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'

Microsoft Office Excel 2010 i`oyd...

LibreOffice Calc i`oyd...

m%ia;dr f;dard .ekSu

Layout Chart Title Above chart
ud;Dldjla ghsma lsu

m%ia;dr f;dard .ekSu

Insert Title
ud;Dldjla ghsma lsrSu
OK Odkh ,nd u

234 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

m%ia;drfha wlaI k lsu i|yd my; oelafjk mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'

Microsoft Office Excel 2010 i`oyd...

LibreOffice Calc i`oyd...

1' m%ia;dr f;dard .ekSu

2' Layout Axis Title
3' Axis Type (Vertical or Horizontal)
wlaIr k lsu

1' m%ia;dr f;dard .ekSu

2' Insert Title
3' wlaI k lsrSu
4' OK Odkh ,nd u

isiqka ,nd .;a uq ,l=Kq jg m%ia;drhl olajuq'

Microsoft Office Excel 2010 i`oyd...

1' o;a; mrdih f,i A1:A7 iy
G1:G7 mrdi ,l=Kq lrkak'
2' Insert Chart Pie chart

LibreOffice Calc i`oyd...

1' o;a; mrdih f,i A1:A7 iy
G1:G7 mrdi ,l=Kq lrkak'

2' Insert Chart Pie chart

fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

235

WodyrK Y= X2 - 5X - 3 j.c Y%s;fha m%ia;drh weu

mshjr
mshjr

mshjr
mshjr
mshjr

1 ( jevmf;ys olajd we;s m X i|yd -2 isg 7 olajd w.h we;=<;a lrkak'

2 ( B2 fldaIhg my; oelafjk iQ;%h we;=<;a lrkak'
=B1^2-5*B1-3
3 ( B2 fldaIfhys we;=<;a l< iQ;%h K2 fldaIh olajd msgm;a lrkak'
4 ( o;a; mrdih f,i A1:K2 mrdih i,l=Kq lrkak'
5 ( Insert Chart XY Scatter

236 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

wNHdih

my; oelafjk jevm; weiqka ms<s;=re imhkak'

^1& 2"6"10"14 we;=<;a fldaI mrdih k lrkak'

^2& 9"10"11"12 we;=<;a fldaI mrdih k lrkak'
^3& 6"7"8"10"11"12 we;=<;a fldaI mrdih k lrkak'
^4& A1 isg A4 olajd we;s w.hj, tl;=j A5 fldaIhg ,nd .ekSug wjYH iQ;%h
fldaI ,smsk muKla Nd;fhka ,shkak'
^5& A3 isg D3 olajd we;s w.hj, tl;=j E3 fldaIhg ,nd .ekSug wjYH iQ;%h
Y%s;hla Nd;fhka ,shkak'
^6& E3 ys iQ;%h E4 fldaIhg msgm;a lrk wdldrh i|yka lrkak'
^7& E5 fldaIhg A1 isg D4 olajd idudkH w.h ,nd .ekSug wjYH iQ;%h Y%s;hla
Nd;fhka ,shkak'
l%shdldrlu
me;=rem;a uDldx.hla Nd; lrka my; oelafjk jevm; ksudKh
lrkak' fkdme isiqka ab u.ska olajd we;'

fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs

237

;ks Y%s;hla Nd; lrka wod< iQ;% f.dvk.kak'

^1& iuka l=udr ,nd .;a ,l=Kqj, tl;=j fiug wjYH iQ;%h G2 fldaIhg
we;=<;a lrkak'
^2& iuka l=udr ,nd .;a ,l=Kqj, idudkHh fiug wjYH iQ;%h H2 fldaIhg
we;=<;a lrkak'
^3& .;h Ihh i|yd isiqka ,nd we;s je u ,l=Kq ixLHdj fiug wjYH
iQ;%h B9 fldaIhg we;=<;a lrkak'
^4& tla tla Ihh i|yd isiqka ,nd we;s wvq u ,l=Kq ixLHdj fiug wjYH
iQ;%h B10 fldaIhg we;=<;a lrkak'
^5& tla tla Ihh i|yd fmkS is isiqka .Kk fiug wjYH iQ;%h B11
fldaIhg we;=<;a lrkak'
^6& tla tla Ihh i|yd ,nd we;s idudkH ,l=Kq fiug wjYH iQ;%h B12
fldaIhg we;=<;a lrkak'
idrdxYh
oaudk ;,hl isria ;Sre (Columns) yd ;sria fma<s (Rows) jYfhka msys
fldaI iuQyhlska jevm; (Worksheet) ksudKh we;'
jevm;l we;s ;Sre k lr we;af;a bx.%sis lemsg,a wlaIr fyda wlaIr ixfhdack
fyda u.sks'
jevm;l we;s fma<s k lr we;af;a wxl u.sks'
m<uq j ;Sref wlaIrh;a fojkq j fma<sfha wxlh;a fhd fldaI k lrkq
,ef' th fldAI ,smskh (Cell Adress) f,i yekaf'
fldaIhl wka;.;h f,an,a (Label)" w.hka (Value) fyda iQ;% (Fomulae)
j,ska tlls'
iQ;%hla iudk (=) ,l=ka wdrN lrkq ,ef'
fufyhjk (Operator) i|yd m%uqL;d wkqms<sfj<la mj;S'
iQ;% ,su i|yd fldaI ,smsk" fufyhjk iy Y%s; (Function) Nd; flf'
f,an, iy w.hka yevi (Formatting) lsug yevi fuj, Nd; flf'
iQ;%hla myiqfjka msgm;a lsug msrjq ye~,h (Fill handle) Nd; flf'
idfmalaI fldaI fhduqjla (Relative cell reference) ksrfmalaI (Absolute) lsu
i|yd fvd, ixfla;h ($) Nd; flf'
o;a; ixLHd;aul ksrEmKhg jvd m%ia;dr u.ska ksrEmKh" ieiu yd f;are
.ekSu myiq flf'
238 fkdf,a fnod yeu msKsihs