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Introduction to SQLite

About this tutorial

This is SQLite tutorial. It covers the SQLite database engine, sqlite3 command line tool and the SQL language

covered by the database engine. It is an introductory tutorial for the beginners. It covers SQLite 3.0 version.

SQLite database

SQLite is an embedded relational database engine. Its

developers call it a self-contained, serverless, zero-

configuration and transactional SQL database engine. It

is very popular and there are hundreds of millions copies

worldwide in use today. SQLite is used in Solaris 10 and Mac OS operating systems, iPhone or Skype. Qt4 library

has a buit-in support for the SQLite as well as the Python or the PHP language. Many popular applications use

SQLite internally such as Firefox or Amarok.

SQLite implements most of the SQL-92 standard for SQL. The SQLite engine is not a standalone process.

Instead, it is statically or dynamically linked into the application. SQLite library has a small size. It could take

less than 300 KiB. An SQLite database is a single ordinary disk file that can be located anywhere in the directory

hierarchy. It is a cross platform file. Can be used on various operating systems, both 32 and 64 bit architectures.

SQLite is created in C programming language and has bindings for many languages like C++, Java, C#, Python,

Perl, Ruby, Visual Basic, Tcl and others. The source code of SQLite is in public domain.

Definitions

A relational database is a collection of data organized in tables. There are relations among the tables. The

tables are formally described. They consist of rows and columns. SQL (Structured Query Language) is a

database computer language designed for managing data in relational database management systems. A table

is a set of values that is organized using a model of vertical columns and horizontal rows. The columns are

identified by their names. A schema of a database system is its structure described in a formal language. It

defines the tables, the fields, relationships, views, indexes, procedures, functions, queues, triggers and other

elements. A database row represents a single, implicitly structured data item in a table. It is also called a tuple

or a record. A column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for each row of the table. The

columns provide the structure according to which the rows are composed. A field is a single item that exists at
the intersection between one row and one column. A primary key uniquely identifies each record in the table.

A foreign key is a referential constraint between two tables. The foreign key identifies a column or a set of

columns in one (referencing) table that refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced) table. A

trigger is a procedural code that is automatically executed in response to certain events on a particular table in

a database. A view is a specific look on data in from one or more tables. It can arrange data in some specific

order, higlight or hide some data. A view consists of a stored query accessible as a virtual table composed of the

result set of a query. Unlike ordinary tables a view does not form part of the physical schema. It is a dynamic,

virtual table computed or collated from data in the database. A transaction is an atomic unit of database

operations against the data in one or more databases. The effects of all the SQL statements in a transaction can

be either all committed to the database or all rolled back. An SQL result set is a set of rows from a database,

returned by the SELECT statement. It also contains meta-information about the query such as the column

names, and the types and sizes of each column as well. An index is a data structure that improves the speed of

data retrieval operations on a database table.

Tables used

Here we will list all the tables, that are used throughout the tutorial.

Movies database

This is the movies.db database. There are three tables. Actors, Movies and ActorsMovies.

-- SQL for the Actors table

BEGIN TRANSACTION;

CREATE TABLE Actors(AId integer primary key autoincrement, Name text);

INSERT INTO Actors VALUES(1,'Philip Seymour Hofman');

INSERT INTO Actors VALUES(2,'Kate Shindle');

 INSERT INTO Actors VALUES(3,'Kelci Stephenson');

INSERT INTO Actors VALUES(4,'Al Pacino');

INSERT INTO Actors VALUES(5,'Gabrielle Anwar');

INSERT INTO Actors VALUES(6,'Patricia Arquette');

INSERT INTO Actors VALUES(7,'Gabriel Byrne');

INSERT INTO Actors VALUES(8,'Max von Sydow');

INSERT INTO Actors VALUES(9,'Ellen Burstyn');

INSERT INTO Actors VALUES(10,'Jason Miller');

COMMIT;

This is the Actors table.

-- SQL for the Movies table

BEGIN TRANSACTION;

CREATE TABLE Movies(MId integer primary key autoincrement, Title text);

INSERT INTO Movies VALUES(1,'Capote');

 INSERT INTO Movies VALUES(2,'Scent of a woman');

INSERT INTO Movies VALUES(3,'Stigmata');

INSERT INTO Movies VALUES(4,'Exorcist');

INSERT INTO Movies VALUES(5,'Hamsun');

COMMIT;

This is the Movies table.

-- SQL for the ActorsMovies table

BEGIN TRANSACTION;

CREATE TABLE ActorsMovies(Id integer primary key autoincrement, AId integer, MId
integer);

INSERT INTO ActorsMovies VALUES(1,1,1);

INSERT INTO ActorsMovies VALUES(2,2,1);

INSERT INTO ActorsMovies VALUES(3,3,1);

INSERT INTO ActorsMovies VALUES(4,4,2);

INSERT INTO ActorsMovies VALUES(5,5,2);

 INSERT INTO ActorsMovies VALUES(6,6,3);

INSERT INTO ActorsMovies VALUES(7,7,3);

INSERT INTO ActorsMovies VALUES(8,8,4);

INSERT INTO ActorsMovies VALUES(9,9,4);

INSERT INTO ActorsMovies VALUES(10,10,4);

INSERT INTO ActorsMovies VALUES(11,8,5);

COMMIT;

This is the ActorsMovies table.

Test database

Here we have the tables from the test.db.

-- SQL for the Cars table

BEGIN TRANSACTION;

CREATE TABLE Cars(Id integer PRIMARY KEY, Name text, Cost integer);

INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(1,'Audi',52642);

INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(2,'Mercedes',57127);

 INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(3,'Skoda',9000);

INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(4,'Volvo',29000);

INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(5,'Bentley',350000);

INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(6,'Citroen',21000);

INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(7,'Hummer',41400);

INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(8,'Volkswagen',21600);

COMMIT;

Cars table.

-- SQL for the orders table

BEGIN TRANSACTION;

CREATE TABLE Orders(Id integer PRIMARY KEY, OrderPrice integer

CHECK(OrderPrice>0), Customer text);

INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(1200, "Williamson");

INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(200, "Robertson");

INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(40, "Robertson");

 INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(1640, "Smith");

INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(100, "Robertson");

INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(50, "Williamson");

INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(150, "Smith");

INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(250, "Smith");

INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(840, "Brown");

INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(440, "Black");

INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(20, "Brown");

COMMIT;

Orders table.

-- SQL for the Friends table

BEGIN TRANSACTION;

CREATE TABLE Friends(Id integer PRIMARY KEY, Name text UNIQUE NOT NULL,

Sex text CHECK(Sex IN ('M', 'F')));

 INSERT INTO Friends VALUES(1,'Jane', 'F');

INSERT INTO Friends VALUES(2,'Thomas', 'M');

INSERT INTO Friends VALUES(3,'Franklin', 'M');

INSERT INTO Friends VALUES(4,'Elisabeth', 'F');

INSERT INTO Friends VALUES(5,'Mary', 'F');

INSERT INTO Friends VALUES(6,'Lucy', 'F');

INSERT INTO Friends VALUES(7,'Jack', 'M');

COMMIT;

Friends table.

-- SQL for the Customers, Reservations tables

BEGIN TRANSACTION;

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Customers(CustomerId integer PRIMARY KEY, Name text);

INSERT INTO Customers(Name) VALUES('Paul Novak');

INSERT INTO Customers(Name) VALUES('Terry Neils');

 INSERT INTO Customers(Name) VALUES('Jack Fonda');

INSERT INTO Customers(Name) VALUES('Tom Willis');

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Reservations(Id integer PRIMARY KEY,

CustomerId integer, Day text);

INSERT INTO Reservations(CustomerId, Day) VALUES(1, '2009-22-11');

INSERT INTO Reservations(CustomerId, Day) VALUES(2, '2009-28-11');

INSERT INTO Reservations(CustomerId, Day) VALUES(2, '2009-29-11');

INSERT INTO Reservations(CustomerId, Day) VALUES(1, '2009-29-11');

INSERT INTO Reservations(CustomerId, Day) VALUES(3, '2009-02-12');

COMMIT;

Customers and Reservations.

-- SQL for the Names table

BEGIN TRANSACTION;
 CREATE TABLE Names(Id integer, Name text);

INSERT INTO Names VALUES(1,'Tom');

INSERT INTO Names VALUES(2,'Lucy');

INSERT INTO Names VALUES(3,'Frank');

INSERT INTO Names VALUES(4,'Jane');

INSERT INTO Names VALUES(5,'Robert');

COMMIT;

Names table.

-- SQL for the Books table

BEGIN TRANSACTION;

CREATE TABLE Books(Id integer PRIMARY KEY, Title text, Author text,

Isbn text default 'not available');

INSERT INTO Books VALUES(1,'War and Peace','Leo Tolstoy','978-0345472403');

INSERT INTO Books VALUES(2,'The Brothers Karamazov','Fyodor

Dostoyevsky','978-0486437910');
 INSERT INTO Books VALUES(3,'Crime and Punishment','Fyodor
Dostoyevsky','978-1840224306');

COMMIT;

Books table.