Hiperbolic Funtion
Hiperbolic Funtion
Hiperbolic Funtion
HyperbolicfunctionWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Hyperbolicfunction
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Inmathematics,hyperbolicfunctionsareanalogsoftheordinarytrigonometric,or
circularfunctions.Thebasichyperbolicfunctionsarethehyperbolicsine"sinh"
(/snt/or/an/),[1]andthehyperboliccosine"cosh"(/k/),[2]fromwhichare
derivedthehyperbolictangent"tanh"(/tnt/or/n/),[3]hyperboliccosecant
"csch"or"cosech"(/kok/[4]or/kost/),hyperbolicsecant"sech"(/k/or
/st/),[5]andhyperboliccotangent"coth"(/ko/or/k/),[6][7]corresponding
tothederivedtrigonometricfunctions.Theinversehyperbolicfunctionsarethe
areahyperbolicsine"arsinh"(alsocalled"asinh"orsometimes"arcsinh")[8][9]and
soon.
Justasthepoints(cost,sint)formacirclewithaunitradius,thepoints
(cosht,sinht)formtherighthalfoftheequilateralhyperbola.Thehyperbolic
functionstakearealargumentcalledahyperbolicangle.Thesizeofahyperbolic
angleistheareaofitshyperbolicsector.Thehyperbolicfunctionsmaybedefined
intermsofthelegsofarighttrianglecoveringthissector.
Hyperbolicfunctionsoccurinthesolutionsofsomeimportantlineardifferential
equations,forexampletheequationdefiningacatenary,ofsomecubicequations,
andofLaplace'sequationinCartesiancoordinates.Thelatterisimportantinmany
areasofphysics,includingelectromagnetictheory,heattransfer,fluiddynamics,
andspecialrelativity.
Araythroughtheunithyperbola
in
thepoint
,where istwicethe
areabetweentheray,thehyperbola,andthe
axis.Forpointsonthehyperbolabelowthe axis,
theareaisconsiderednegative(seeanimated
versionwithcomparisonwiththetrigonometric
(circular)functions).
Incomplexanalysis,thehyperbolicfunctionsariseastheimaginarypartsofsineandcosine.Whenconsidereddefinedbyacomplex
variable,thehyperbolicfunctionsarerationalfunctionsofexponentials,andarehencemeromorphic.
Hyperbolicfunctionswereintroducedinthe1760sindependentlybyVincenzoRiccatiandJohannHeinrichLambert.[10]Riccatiused
Sc.andCc.([co]sinuscirculare)torefertocircularfunctionsandSh.andCh.([co]sinushyperbolico)torefertohyperbolicfunctions.
Lambertadoptedthenamesbutalteredtheabbreviationstowhattheyaretoday.[11]Theabbreviationsshandcharestillusedinsome
otherlanguages,likeFrenchandRussian.
Contents
1Standardalgebraicexpressions
2Usefulrelations
3Inversefunctionsaslogarithms
4Derivatives
5Secondderivatives
6Standardintegrals
7Taylorseriesexpressions
8Comparisonwithcircularfunctions
9Identities
10Relationshiptotheexponentialfunction
11Hyperbolicfunctionsforcomplexnumbers
12Seealso
13References
14Externallinks
Standardalgebraicexpressions
Thehyperbolicfunctionsare:
Hyperbolicsine:
Hyperboliccosine:
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Hyperbolictangent:
Hyperboliccotangent:
Hyperbolicsecant:
sinh,coshandtanh
Hyperboliccosecant:
csch,sechandcoth
Hyperbolicfunctionscanbeintroducedviaimaginarycircularangles:
Hyperbolicsine:
Hyperboliccosine:
Hyperbolictangent:
Hyperboliccotangent:
Hyperbolicsecant:
Hyperboliccosecant:
whereiistheimaginaryunitwiththepropertythati2=1.
ThecomplexformsinthedefinitionsabovederivefromEuler'sformula.
Usefulrelations
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Oddandevenfunctions:
Hence:
Itcanbeseenthatcoshxandsechxareevenfunctionstheothersareoddfunctions.
(a)cosh(x)istheaverageofexandex
Hyperbolicsineandcosinesatisfytheidentity
whichissimilartothePythagoreantrigonometricidentity.Onealsohas
fortheotherfunctions.
Thehyperbolictangentisthesolutiontothedifferentialequation
withf(0)=0
andthenonlinearboundaryvalueproblem:[12]
(b)sinh(x)ishalfthedifferenceofex
andex
Itcanbeshownthattheareaunderthecurveofcosh(x)overafiniteintervalisalwaysequal
tothearclengthcorrespondingtothatinterval:[13]
Sumsofarguments:
particularly
Sumanddifferenceofcoshandsinh:
Inversefunctionsaslogarithms
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Derivatives
Secondderivatives
Thesecondderivativesofsinhandcosharethesamefunction:
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Theonlyotherfunctionsforwhichthisisthecasearetheexponentialfunctions
combinationsofthese).
and
,andthezerofunction
(andlinear
Standardintegrals
Thefollowingintegralscanbeprovedusinghyperbolicsubstitution.
whereCistheconstantofintegration.
Taylorseriesexpressions
ItispossibletoexpresstheabovefunctionsasTaylorseries:
ThefunctionsinhxhasaTaylorseriesexpressionwithonlyoddexponentsforx.Thusitisanoddfunction,thatis,sinhx=sinh(x),
andsinh0=0.
ThefunctioncoshxhasaTaylorseriesexpressionwithonlyevenexponentsforx.Thusitisanevenfunction,thatis,symmetricwith
respecttotheyaxis.Thesumofthesinhandcoshseriesistheinfiniteseriesexpressionoftheexponentialfunction.
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where
isthenthBernoullinumber
isthenthEulernumber
Comparisonwithcircularfunctions
Thehyperbolicfunctionsrepresentanexpansionoftrigonometrybeyondthecircular
functions.Bothtypesdependonanargument,eithercircularangleorhyperbolicangle.
Sincetheareaofacircularsectoris
itwillbeequaltouwhenr=squarerootof2.In
thediagramsuchacircleistangenttothehyperbolaxy=1at(1,1).Theyellowsector
depictsanareaandanglemagnitude.Similarly,theredaugmentationdepictsanareaand
magnitudeashyperbolicangle.
Thelegsofthetworighttriangleswithhypotenuseontheraydefiningtheanglesareof
length2timesthecircularandhyperbolicfunctions.
MellonHaskellofUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeleydescribedthebasisofhyperbolic
functionsinareasofhyperbolicsectorsinan1895articleinBulletinoftheAmerican
MathematicalSociety(seeExternallinks).Hereferstothehyperbolicangleasan
invariantmeasurewithrespecttothesqueezemappingjustascircularangleisinvariant
underrotation.
Identities
Circleandhyperbolatangentat(1,1)
displaygeometryofcircularfunctionsin
termsofcircularsectorareauand
hyperbolicfunctionsdependingon
hyperbolicsectorareau.
Thehyperbolicfunctionssatisfymanyidentities,allofthemsimilarinformtothetrigonometricidentities.Infact,Osborn'srule[14]
statesthatonecanconvertanytrigonometricidentityintoahyperbolicidentitybyexpandingitcompletelyintermsofintegralpowers
ofsinesandcosines,changingsinetosinhandcosinetocosh,andswitchingthesignofeverytermwhichcontainsaproductof2,6,
10,14,...sinhs.Thisyieldsforexampletheadditiontheorems
the"doubleargumentformulas"
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andthe"halfargumentformulas"[15]
Note:Thisisequivalenttoitscircularcounterpartmultipliedby1.
Note:Thiscorrespondstoitscircularcounterpart.
Thederivativeofsinhxiscoshxandthederivativeofcoshxissinhxthisissimilartotrigonometricfunctions,albeitthesignis
different(i.e.,thederivativeofcosxissinx).
TheGudermannianfunctiongivesadirectrelationshipbetweenthecircularfunctionsandthehyperboliconesthatdoesnotinvolve
complexnumbers.
Thegraphofthefunctionacosh(x/a)isthecatenary,thecurveformedbyauniformflexiblechainhangingfreelybetweentwofixed
pointsunderuniformgravity.
Relationshiptotheexponentialfunction
Fromthedefinitionsofthehyperbolicsineandcosine,wecanderivethefollowingidentities:
and
Theseexpressionsareanalogoustotheexpressionsforsineandcosine,basedonEuler'sformula,assumsofcomplexexponentials.
Hyperbolicfunctionsforcomplexnumbers
Sincetheexponentialfunctioncanbedefinedforanycomplexargument,wecanextendthedefinitionsofthehyperbolicfunctions
alsotocomplexarguments.Thefunctionssinhzandcoshzarethenholomorphic.
RelationshipstoordinarytrigonometricfunctionsaregivenbyEuler'sformulaforcomplexnumbers:
so:
Thus,hyperbolicfunctionsareperiodicwithrespecttotheimaginarycomponent,withperiod
cotangent).
forhyperbolictangentand
Hyperbolicfunctionsinthecomplexplane
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Seealso
e(mathematicalconstant)
Equalincirclestheorem,basedonsinh
Inversehyperbolicfunctions
Listofintegralsofhyperbolicfunctions
Poinsot'sspirals
Sigmoidfunction
Trigonometricfunctions
Modifiedhyperbolictangent
WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoHyperbolic
functions.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
(1999)CollinsConciseDictionary,4thedition,HarperCollins,Glasgow,ISBN0004722574,p.1386
CollinsConciseDictionary,p.328
CollinsConciseDictionary,p.1520
CollinsConciseDictionary,p.328
CollinsConciseDictionary,p.1340
CollinsConciseDictionary,p.329
tanh(http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/workbooks/mathcentre/hyperbolicfunctions.pdf)
Abramowitz,MiltonStegun,IreneA.,eds.(1972),HandbookofMathematicalFunctionswithFormulas,Graphs,andMathematicalTables,
NewYork:DoverPublications,ISBN9780486612720(AbramowitzandStegun)
Someexamplesofusingarcsinh(http://www.google.com/books?q=arcsinh+library)foundinGoogleBooks.
RobertE.Bradley,LawrenceA.D'Antonio,CharlesEdwardSandifer.Eulerat300:anappreciation.MathematicalAssociationofAmerica,
2007.Page100.
GeorgF.Becker.Hyperbolicfunctions.ReadBooks,1931.Pagexlviii.
EricW.Weisstein."HyperbolicTangent"(http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HyperbolicTangent.html).MathWorld.Retrieved20081020.
N.P.,Bali(2005).GoldenIntegralCalculus(http://books.google.com/books?id=hfi2bn2Ly4cC).FirewallMedia.p.472.ISBN817008169
6.,Extractofpage472(http://books.google.com/books?id=hfi2bn2Ly4cC&pg=PA472)
G.Osborn,Mnemonicforhyperbolicformulae(http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0025
5572(190207)2%3A2%3A34%3C189%3A1MFHF%3E2.0.CO%3B2Z),TheMathematicalGazette,p.189,volume2,issue34,July1902
Peterson,JohnCharles(2003).Technicalmathematicswithcalculus(http://books.google.com/books?id=PGuSDjHvircC)(3rded.).Cengage
Learning.p.1155.ISBN0766861899.,Chapter26,page1155(http://books.google.com/books?id=PGuSDjHvircC&pg=PA1155)
Externallinks
MellonW.Haskell(1895)Ontheintroductionofthenotionofhyperbolicfunctions(http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/189501
06/S000299041895002669/S000299041895002669.pdf)BulletinoftheAmericanMathematicalSociety1(6):1559.
Hazewinkel,Michiel,ed.(2001),"Hyperbolicfunctions"(http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=p/h048250),
EncyclopediaofMathematics,Springer,ISBN9781556080104
Hyperbolicfunctions(http://planetmath.org/hyperbolicfunctions)onPlanetMath
Hyperbolicfunctions(http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HyperbolicFunctions.html)entryatMathWorld
GonioLab(http://glab.trixon.se/):Visualizationoftheunitcircle,trigonometricandhyperbolicfunctions(JavaWebStart)
Webbasedcalculatorofhyperbolicfunctions(http://www.calctool.org/CALC/math/trigonometry/hyperbolic)
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Categories: Elementaryspecialfunctions Exponentials Hyperbolicgeometry Analyticfunctions
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