Interactive Petrophysics

LSD Onuigbo
Abu-Dhabi, U.A.E.
September, 2005

Tools and Applications

QuickLook Archies Equation
Sw = (1/) (Rw / Rt)
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Basics

Function of salinity
and temperature

SW

Formation Water

SW

Hydrocarbon

Infinite
Resistivity
Dry and non-mettalic minerals
with infinite resistivity

Rock Matrix

, Rt and Rw need to be determined to compute the Sw.

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Tools and Applications

Invasion
Hydrocarbon
Saturation

100%
Rmf

Resistivity
Basics
Borehole
Wall

0%
Invaded Transition

Annulus

Virgin

The formation lithology and do not alter much due to invasion. The
Rt changes significantly in the invaded zone and the resistivity tools
need to measure deep into the virgin zone to compute the Sw.
Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation

Deep Log

Medium Log
Very
Shallow
Log
BOREHOLE

Rt determination
Depth of Investigation
of Resistivity Logs

Resistivity
Basics

Invaded
Zone

Virgin Zone

Rxo = f (Very Shallow Log)

Sxo = 1/ (Rmf/Rxo)1/2

Rt = f (Very Shallow Log,Medium Log,Deep Log)

Sw = 1/ (Rw/Rt)1/2

The resistivity tools are designed to read at various depths of investigation.

The shallow reading is used to measure the Sxo. The deep reading is affected
by the invasion and is often not the Rt. The medium reading, together with the
shallow reading, is used to correct the deep reading to obtain the the Rt.
Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation

Rw Determination from SP Log

Ko is dependend on formation temp.

Resistivity
Basics

Static SP = - Ko log [Rmfe / Rwe]

Rmfe is equivalent mud filtrate resistivity

Rwe is equivalent water resistivity (SP-2)

The SP can be used to estimate Rw under the following conditions:

The SP value remains constant for a minimum of 10 meters
This interval must correspond to clean sandstone
Rmf must remain constant in the same interval

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Tools and Applications

SP-2
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Basics

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Tools and Applications

SP-2m

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Basics

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation

Rw Determination from Rxo and Rt tools.

In clean water bearing formations (Sw = 1),

Resistivity
Basics

the Archies saturation equation becomes:

Rw = 2 Rt
assuming a = 1, m = n = 2

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Basics

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Tools and Applications

Rxo Measurement

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Micro

The objective of the shallow resistivity tools is to determine the invaded

zone resistivity. The tools consist of an arrangement of electrodes on a
pad that is pressed against the formation and minimizes borehole effect.
Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

10

Tools and Applications

Microlog Device
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Micro

The microlog device consists of two

short-spaced devices mounted on the
same pad. They provide resistivity
measurements for the very small
volume of mud-cake and formation
immediately adjacent to the borehole.
Its limitation is the high sensitivity to
mudcake.

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

11

Tools and Applications

Micro-Spherically Focused Log (MSFL)
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Micro
The MSFL device uses
additional current
electrodes to ensure that a
known volume of the
formation is measured. The
spherical focusing of this
tool avoids any variation in
the depth of investigation
and prevents current loss in
the mud-cake. Better Rxo
than Microlog.
Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

12

Tools and Applications

Micro-Cylindrically Focused Log (MCFL)
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Micro

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

The PEX MCFL device focuses the current in a cylindrical shape. This
design provides for a measurement that is similar in shape to the
borehole and mud-cake. Thus, the measurement is insensitive to
changes in the borehole geometry and to the environment of the
borehole wall. The tool determines Rxo, Rmc and hmc.

13

Tools and Applications

Micro-Cylindrically Focused Log (MCFL)

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Micro

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

14

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Micro

Micro-Resistivity Applications

Rxo measurement in water-based mud

Corrections to deep resistivity tools to determine Rt
Moveable oil determination from Rxo
Qualitative indication of permeability

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

15

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Micro

The Schlumberger Chart Rxo-3 provides the mud-cake

thickness and resistivity corrections to the MSFL.
Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

16

Tools and Applications

Sw Determination
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Micro

For moderate invasion and average residual oil saturation, an empirical relation exists
between Sxo and Sw. In the absence of a porosity log, the virgin zone saturation can
still be determined. The Sw/Sxo < 0.7 indicates movable oil.
Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

17

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Micro

Micro-Resistivity Evaluation Techniques

Limitations

Rugose Hole
Oil-based mud
Thick mud cake (MSFL)

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

18

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

The simple electrical tool theory forms the basis of all electrical tools. The
tool has a current source which creates a series of equipotential spheres
centered on the source. This configuration will measure the sum of all the
resistances between the surface electrode and the downhole electrode.
19

Tools and Applications

Focusing
Guard Electrode

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog
The solution is to focus the
measure current into the
formation. This is done using a
current emitted from electrodes
above and below the measure
electrode. This forces the current
to flow in a sheet directly into the
formation in front of it with little
deviation.

Low
resistivity

High
resistivity

Low
resistivity

High
resistivity

Focused
current

Low
resistivity

Focused System
Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Bucking
current
s

Bucking
current
s

Low
resistivity

Non-Focused System
20

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation

LL3

Resistivity
Lateralog

Bucking
electrode

Passive Focusing : equal

current is emitted from all three
electrodes to focus the current
into the formation. But with this
arrangement, the equipotential
shapes distort very quickly.
Bucking electrode

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

21

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Active Focusing : two voltage

electrodes (M1 and M2) are
introduced between the currentemitting measure electrode and
the bucking electrode. They
measure the voltage in front of
them, an then modulate the
measurement (Io) current. This
ensures that the voltage in front
of them is equal, and thus the are
in front of these electrodes is
equipotential. So Io flows
perpendicular to the tool axis.

22

Tools and Applications

Laterolog Tools
Various configurations have evolved over the years:

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

LL3 - The first focused tool with two bucking electrodes

LL7 - Four extra electrodes added, including a feedback loop to keep the
bucking current at an optional value.
LL9 - Two more electrodes added, plus a Shallow Laterolog measurement.
Deep and Shallow measurements were taken sequentially.
DLT - Dual Laterolog Tool - same as the LL9 but able to run deep
and shallow simultaneously.
ARI - Azimuthal Resistivity Imager - same as DLT with additional capability
to measure the resistivity in 12 directions (azimuthal resistivity)
around the borehole and acquire higher resolution logs
HALS - Highly Integrated Azimuthal Laterolog - Part of the Platform Express
service with similar capability as the ARI.

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

HRLA - High Resolution Laterolog Array - Provides resistivity measurement

at 6 depths of investigation.
23

Tools and Applications

Dual Lateralog Tool
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

Deep
Bucking
Current

Deep
Measurement
Current

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

The traditional DLT electrode configuration allows the simultaneous

recording of deep (LLD) and shallow (LLS) measurements by operating
at two frequencies: 35 Hz for the LLD and 280 Hz for the LLS.

Shallow
Bucking
Current

Shallow
Measurement
Current

24

Tools and Applications

Dual Lateralog
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Limitation in approach
Does not account for
coupling between radial
and vertical response
Risk of underevaluating
reserves
Overestimated Rt in
water zones
Underestimated Rt in
thin hydrocarbonbearing zones

25

Tools and Applications

Azimuthal Resistivity Imager

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

The ARI uses the same configuration as the DLT to measure the
LLD and LLS. It also houses an array of 12 azimuthal electrodes to
measure the deep high resolution resistivity around the borehole.

26

Tools and Applications

ARI
Example
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog
The azimuthal resistivity
imager log consists of the
LLD, LLS, LLHR, 12
azimuthal resistivities and
12 electrical stand-off
measurements. In
addition, image logs of the
12 azimuthal resistivities
with the borehole folded
open are also presented.
Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

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Tools and Applications

HALS

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

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Tools and Applications

Computed Shallow Focusing

Computed Deep Focusing

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

MODE 2

MODE 3

Computed shallow
focusing

MODE 1

MODE 3

Computed deep
focusing

The HALS is a part of the PEX tool string and provides all its benefits.
The tool operates in three modes. The linear combinations of a pair of
modes is used to obtain the different depths of investigation.
Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

29

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

HALS
Example

The HALS has the

same outputs as the
ARI. It also provides a
shallow resistivity image
and the Rm.

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

30

Tools and Applications

HRLA
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

The HRLA tool operates in six different modes, producing resistivity measurements
at six different depths of investigation. This improves the computation of Rt as the
invasion effects are well quantified. The tool does not have an azimuthal array.
Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

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Tools and Applications

HRLA Software Solutions
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Formation Models

Resistivity
Lateralog

2D earth model
More accurate Rt
computation
Correction for coupling of
radial and vertical
response
Borehole corrections +
Abu-Dhabi
1D inversion
September, 2005
2D and 2D+dip inversion

2D

2.5D
32

Tools and Applications

HRLA Rt from 1D inversion
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

Borehole correction curves and inversion

error curves presented on the left
track
1D inversion performed without external
Rxo input (MSFL, MCFL), therefore
RXO_1D does not correlate to RXO8
due to different depth of investigation.
Resolution of HRLA is comparable to the
MCFL resolution
HRLA is the appropriate log to identify
invasion profiles
Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

33

Tools and Applications

1D and 2D Inversion Comparison
( ohm.m )
RLA2
1

Rxo > Rt

30
( ohm.m )
RLA3

Rt > Rxo

30
( ohm.m )
RLA4

2D Invasion

Washout

TPL
27

7
( ns/m )
EATT

100

20

( in )
Bit Radius
3

MD
1 : 100
ft

20

30

30
( ohm.m )
RXO8

30
( ohm.m )

30
( ohm.m )
Rt from 1D Inversion

30

30
( ohm.m )
Rxo from 2D Inversion

( ohm.m )
Rt from 2D Inversion
20

( in )

( ohm.m )
RLA5

( in )
Hole Radius

( in )
700

( dB/m )

DCAL

30
( ohm.m )
Rxo from 2D Inversion

Invasion Rad
Crossover

Rt from 2D Inversion

Standard 1D Rt
computation

30
( ohm.m )

XX00

XX10

XX20

XX30

Rt computed by
2D inversion

XX40

Raw
measured
data

XX50

XX60

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

XX70

34

Tools and Applications

Lateralog Applications
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

Lateralog
Determine Rt in medium to high saline muds.
ARI/HALS
Detect heterogeneous formations
Evaluate Horizontal wells
Compute formation dips
HRLA
Accurate determination of Rt (modeling and inversion)
Clear indication of permeability

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

35

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Schlumberger Chart Rcor-2b and Rcor-2c provides the hole size

and mud resistivity corrections to the laterolog tool run centered
and eccentered respectively.

36

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

Schlumberger Tornado Chart

helps in determining Rt and
Invasion Diameter from
Lateralog measurements.

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

37

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog

Lateralog Evaluation Techniques

Limitations
Cannot be used in oil-based muds or air-filled holes
Poor when Rxo > Rt
Invasion limit of 60
Affected by the tool string length/TLC/Groningen effect
Difficult to model
HRLA
Tool string length/TLC/Groningen effect
Responses can be modeled

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

38

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Induction

The signal induced on the receiver due to the

current flowing in the transmitter coil is many
times greater in magnitude than the signal
induced by the current flowing in the formation.
Fortunately, the signals induced by the two
currents are 90o out of phase and can be
separated and measured.
Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

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Tools and Applications

Factors Affecting Induction Response
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Induction

Direct Coupling
Direct coupling was previously defined as the signal directly
induced in the receiver coil by the transmitter. The design of the
receiver coils (mutually balanced) eliminates this signal while the
tool is in air. When the tool is opposite a formation additional
direct coupling signal exists as a result of the effects of the
formation.
Borehole Effects
The magnetic field produced by the transmitter must pass through
the borehole on the way to the formation. The size of the
borehole, type of material in the borehole, and the position of the
tool in the borehole all affect the induction measurement.

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

40

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Induction

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Early tools used the mechanical placement of transmitter and receiver coils
to achieve the desired depth of investigation and vertical resolution. These
tools are called fixed focus. Array induction tools have a transmitter and an
array of receiver coils and achieve the desired focusing via processing.

41

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Induction

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

The phasor induction log consists of IDPH and IMPH

curve. In water-based mud, a spherically focused
laterolog (SFL) and an SP curve can also be recorded.
42

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Induction

Along with the 10", 20",

30", 60", 90" depths of
investigation resistivity
curves, an image of the
radial invasion can also
be produced

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

43

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Induction

Induction Applications
Determines Rt in oil and fresh-water-based mud
AIT - Accurate determination of Rt through modeling
and inversion (thin and invaded beds)
AIT - Quantification of invaded fluid volumes

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

44

Tools and Applications

Induction Environmental Corrections
Hydrocarbon
Saturation

Borehole Effects
Induction Tools measure conductivity and see borehole
environment as:

Resistivity
Induction

Cm Better in oil base mud, high resistivity mud. Fresh mud is good. Worst in salty mud.
Cmc Usually neglected as very small.
Cxo Depends on Rmf , needs to be know.
Ct To be determined.

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

45

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Induction

Induction Borehole Corrections

The tools DIL/DIT have to be corrected for Borehole Effects
Compute BH Geometrical Factor
Find additional sign due to borehole
Convert log resistivity into conductivity
Remove borehole signal from total signal
Convert result back to resistivity
Possible to apply using chart-books, but better left to computers

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

46

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Induction

DIL/DIT

The computation of the Rt and di

from the induction log assumes
a step invasion profile. Tornado
charts are available to solve the
Rt and di, from the borehole and
shoulder bed corrected logs.

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

47

Tools and Applications

Annulus Invasion

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Induction

100%

Borehole
Wall
0%

The AIT makes no assumptions about the

resistivity distribution when determining
the five resistivity measurements. Thus,
the AIT log is able to detect the annulus
invasion. When a proper model is used,
the log can also determine the Rt in such
cases.

Invaded Transition

Invaded Transtion

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Annulus

Annulus

Virgin

Virgin

48

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Induction

Induction Evaluation Techniques

Limitations
Induction
Cannot be used in salt-saturated muds
Poor when Rxo < Rt
Cannot be used in High resistivity formations
Poor in thin beds
Dipping beds will affect the log response
AIT
Extends the working environment
Responses can be modeled

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

49

Tools and Applications

Induction x Lateralog
Logging Tool

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Induction

Invaded Zone

Borehole

Uninvaded Zone

Rt

Rx o
Rm

Respo
g
o
l
o
Later

nse

Rm

Rx o

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

Rt

e
pons
s
e
R
tion
Induc

50

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation

Lateralog

Induction

Oil Base Mud

No

Yes

Salt Base Mud

Yes

Possible 1

Fresh Mud

Resistivity
Induction

Possible 2

Yes

Air Filled BH

No

Yes

High RT

Yes

No

Low RT

Possible 3

Yes

RT > RXO

Preferred

RT < RXO

Preferred

1.Possible if the following

Hole is small and in gauge
Rt/Rm is low
Tool position in BH is well known
2. Possible if Rt/Rm is high
3.Possible if tool stringlength correction applied

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

The table provides the guidelines for the particular log to

use under different conditions for the determination of Rt.

51

Tools and Applications

Comparison AIT to HRLA
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Induction

Diameter = 8
Rt = 200 ohm.m
Rxo = 30 ohm.m
Rm = 0.1 ohm.m
S/O = 1.5

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

52

Tools and Applications

Comparison AIT to HRLA
Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Induction

Diameter = 8
Rt = 5 ohm.m
Rxo = 30 ohm.m
Rm = 0.1ohm.m
S/O = 1.5

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

53

Tools and Applications

Modeling and Inversion
Properties
Calculated

Hydrocarbon
Saturation

Measured

Forward Modeling
of Tool Response

Resistivity
Induction
Comparable ??
No
INVERSION =
UPDATE MODEL

Yes

True Reservoir Model

The iterative forward modeling is done till a good fit between
the calculated log and the actually measured log is achieved
(inversion). The process is outlined in the flowchart.
Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

54

Tools and Applications

Modeling of the Resistivity Tool Response
Hydrocarbon
Saturation

1D Model

1D Model (analytical):
Includes: deviatian and layering
Neglects:
Borehole, mud, invasion
Useful for induction tools

2D Model

2D Model (hybrid):
Includes: layering, borehole,
mud, invasion
Neglects: borehole deviation
Minimum for lateralog

Resistivity
Induction
Mathematically simulating the
full reservoir geometry and tool
physics is very complicated
and time consuming.
Therefore, approximations
have to be made, so that a
limited number of parameters
are required to be solved.

3D Model (numerical):
Includes: everything

3D Model

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

55

Tools and Applications

Hydrocarbon
Saturation
Resistivity
Lateralog
Induction

Induction and Lateralog Evaluation

Techniques Conclusions
DLT and DIT logs have limitations in the presence of
Thinly layered reservoirs
Deep Invasion
Highly deviated and horizontal wells
Anisotropic laminated reservoirs
AIT and HRLA tools are better
Inversion process is an integral part of the acquisition

Abu-Dhabi
September, 2005

56