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    Microcontroller

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    Microcontroller

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    seyfi
    60 views13 pages
    Microcontroller

    Original Title

    8. Microcontroller

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    Microcontroller

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    60 views13 pages

    Microcontroller

    Uploaded by

    seyfi
    Microcontroller

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    8.

    MICROCONTROLLER
    A microcontroller is a self-contained system with peripherals, memory and a
    processor that can be used as an embedded system. Most programmable
    microcontrollers that are used today are embedded in other consumer products
    or machinery including phones, peripherals, automobiles and household
    appliances for computer systems. Due to that, another name for a
    microcontroller is "embedded controller." Some embedded systems are more
    sophisticated, while others have minimal requirements for memory and
    programming length and a low software complexity. Input and output devices
    include solenoids, LCD displays, relays, switches and sensors for data like
    humidity, temperature or light level, amongst others.

    A microcontroller is a small and low-cost computer built for the purpose of dealing
    with specific tasks, such as displaying information in a microwave LED or receiving
    information from a televisions remote control. Microcontrollers are mainly used in
    products that require a degree of control to be exerted by the user

    Microcontroller v/s microprocessor

    Microprocessors are used to execute big and generic applications, while


    a microcontroller will only be used to execute a single task within one
    application. Some of the benefits of microcontrollers include the
    following:

    Cost advantage: The biggest advantage of microcontrollers against


    larger microprocessors is that the design and hardware costs are much

    lesser and can be kept to a minimum. A microcontroller is cheap to


    replace, while microprocessors are ten times more expensive.

    Lesser power usage: Microcontrollers are generally built using a


    technology known as Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
    (CMOS). This technology is a competent fabrication system that uses
    less power and is more immune to power spikes than other techniques.

    All-in-one: A microcontroller usually comprises of a CPU, ROM, RAM


    and I/O ports, built within it to execute a single and dedicated task. On
    the other hand, a microprocessor generally does not have a RAM, ROM
    or IO pins and generally uses its pins as a bus to interface to peripherals
    such as RAM, ROM, serial ports, digital and analog IO. Read more about
    the

    Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller


    The term microprocessor and microcontroller have always been
    confused with each other. Both of them have been designed for real time
    application. They share many common features and at the same time
    they have significant differences. Both the ICs i.e., the microprocessor
    and microcontroller cannot be distinguished by looking at them. They
    are available in different version starting from 6 pin to as high as 80 to
    100 pins or even higher depending on the features.

    Difference between microprocessor and microcontroller


    Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU inside them i.e. only the
    processing powers such as Intels Pentium 1,2,3,4, core 2 duo, i3, i5 etc.
    These microprocessors dont have RAM, ROM, and other peripheral on
    the chip. A system designer has to add them externally to make them
    functional. Application of microprocessor includes Desktop PCs,
    Laptops, notepads etc.

    But this is not the case with Microcontrollers. Microcontroller has a CPU,
    in addition with a fixed amount of RAM, ROM and other peripherals all
    embedded on a single chip. At times it is also termed as a mini computer
    or a computer on a single chip. Today different manufacturers produce
    microcontrollers with a wide range of features available in different
    versions. Some manufacturers are ATMEL, Microchip, TI, Freescale,
    Philips, Motorola etc.

    Microcontrollers are designed to perform specific tasks. Specific means


    applications where the relationship of input and output is defined.
    Depending on the input, some processing needs to be done and output
    is delivered. For example, keyboards, mouse, washing machine,
    digicam, pendrive, remote, microwave, cars, bikes, telephone, mobiles,

    watches, etc. Since the applications are very specific, they need small
    resources like RAM, ROM, I/O ports etc and hence can be embedded on
    a single chip. This in turn reduces the size and the cost.

    Microprocessor find applications where tasks are unspecific like


    developing

    software,

    games,

    websites,

    photo

    editing,

    creating

    documents etc. In such cases the relationship between input and output
    is not defined. They need high amount of resources like RAM, ROM, I/O
    ports etc.
    The clock speed of the Microprocessor is quite high as compared to the
    microcontroller. Whereas the microcontrollers operate from a few MHz to
    30 to 50 MHz, todays microprocessor operate above 1GHz as they
    perform complex tasks. Read more about what is microcontroller.

    Comparing microcontroller and microprocessor in terms of cost is


    not justified. Undoubtedly a microcontroller is far cheaper than a
    microprocessor. However microcontroller cannot be used in place of
    microprocessor and using a microprocessor is not advised in place of a
    microcontroller as it makes the application quite costly. Microprocessor
    cannot be used stand alone. They need other peripherals like RAM,

    ROM, buffer, I/O ports etc and hence a system designed around a
    microprocessor is quite cost

    How does a Microcontroller work?

    Microcontroller has an input device in order to get the input and an


    output device (such as LED or LCD Display) to exhibit the final process.
    Let us look into the illustration of how a microcontroller works in a
    Television.

    The Television has a remote control as an Input device and the TV


    screen as the output device. The signal sent from the remote control is
    captured by the microcontroller. The microcontroller controls the channel
    selection, the amplifier system and picture tube adjustments such as
    hue, brightness, contrast etc.
    General architecture of a microcontroller

    The architecture of a microcontroller depends on the application it is built


    for. For example, some designs include usage of more than one RAM,
    ROM and I/O functionality integrated into the package.

    The architecture of a typical microcontroller is complex and may include


    the following:
    1. A CPU, ranging from simple 4-bit to complex 64-bit processers.
    2. Peripherals such as timers, event counters and watchdog.
    3.

    RAM (volatile memory) for data storage. The data is stored in the

    form of registers, and the general-purpose registers store information


    that interacts with the arithmetic logical unit (ALU).
    4. ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or flash memory for program and operating
    parameter storage.
    5. Programming capabilities.

    6. Serial input/output such as serial ports.


    7. A clock generator for resonator, quartz timing crystal or RC circuit.
    8. Analog-to-digital convertors.
    9. Serial ports.
    10. Data bus to carry information.

    Types of Microcontrollers
    There are several different kinds of programmable microcontrollers at Future
    Electronics. We stock many of the most common types categorized by several
    parameters including Bits, Flash size, RAM size, number of input/output lines,
    packaging type, supply voltage and speed. Our parametric filters will allow you
    to refine your search results according to the required specifications.
    Programmable microcontrollers contain general purpose input/output pins. The
    number of these pins varies depending on the microcontroller. They can be
    configured to an input or an output state by software. When configured to an
    input state, these pins can be used to read external signals or sensors. When they
    are configured to the output state, they can drive external devices like LED
    displays and motors.

    Microcontrollers from Future Electronics


    Future Electronics has a wide range of programmable microcontrollers,
    including pic, low power, LCD, USB and wireless microcontrollers from several
    manufacturers. Once you decide if you need 8 bit, 16 bit general purpose, 16 bit
    digital signal controllers or 32 bit microcontrollers, you will be able to choose

    from their technical attributes and your search results will be narrowed to match
    your specific microcontroller application needs.
    We deal with several manufacturers such as Cypress, Microchip, NXP, Renesas
    Electronics, STMicroelectronics or Zilog. You can easily refine your
    programmable microcontroller product search results by clicking your preferred
    microcontroller brand from the list of manufacturers below.

    Applications for Microcontrollers:


    Programmable microcontrollers are designed to be used for embedded
    applications, unlike microprocessors that can be found in PCs. Microcontrollers
    are used in automatically controlled devices including power tools, toys,
    implantable medical devices, office machines, engine control systems,
    appliances, remote controls and other types of embedded systems.

    Choosing the Right Microcontroller:


    Three criteria in Choosing a Microcontroller
    1. Meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and cost
    effectively
    speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O
    ports and timers, size, packaging, power consumption
    easy to upgrade
    cost per unit
    2. availability of software development tools

    assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator, simulator,


    technical support
    3. wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontrollers.

    Architecture
    The architecture of a typical microcontroller is complex and may include
    the following:
    1. A CPU, ranging from simple 4-bit to complex 64-bit processers.
    2. Peripherals such as timers, event counters and watchdog.
    3.

    RAM (volatile memory) for data storage. The data is stored in the

    form of registers, and the general-purpose registers store information


    that interacts with the arithmetic logical unit (ALU).
    4. ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or flash memory for program and operating
    parameter storage.
    5. Programming capabilities.
    6. Serial input/output such as serial ports.
    7. A clock generator for resonator, quartz timing crystal or RC circuit.
    8. Analog-to-digital convertors.
    9. Serial ports.
    10. Data bus to carry information

    Some of the MCS-51 family microcontrpller is shown in the Table.

    8052
    The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer
    with 8Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM).
    The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory
    technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 and 80C52

    instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
    reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.
    By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
    AT89C52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and
    cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

    The AT89C52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256
    bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level
    interrupt architecture, a full-duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock
    circuitry. In addition, the AT89C52 is designed with static logic for operation
    down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving
    modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters,
    serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode
    saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip
    functions until the next hardware reset.

    Features
    Compatible with MCS-51 Products
    8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
    Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
    Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
    Three-level Program Memory Lock
    256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
    32 Programmable I/O Lines
    Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
    Eight Interrupt Sources
    Programmable Serial Channel
    Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

    General Block Diagram of a 8051 Microcontroller


    T0

    /INT0 /INT1

    T1

    Other
    interrupts
    128 bytes
    Data Memory
    (RAM)

    4K byte Program
    Memory (ROM)

    Timer/Counter
    (Timer 0 &
    Timer 1)

    8051 CPU

    Oscillator
    &Timing

    From Crystal
    Oscillator or RC
    network

    64 K Bus
    Expansion Control

    ALE

    /PSEN

    I/O ports

    P3 P2 P1 P0
    (Address/data)

    Serial Port

    TxD

    RxD

    Block Diagram of the Original 8051


    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Harici Kesmeler
    Program Bellei

    INT0 INT1

    Zamanlayclar

    Veri Bellei

    Dahili
    Kesmeler
    KESME
    KONTROL

    TF1
    TF2
    TF0
    RI/TI

    Zamanlayc-2

    256 bytes
    RAM

    8K ROM

    T2, T2 EX

    Zamanlayc-1

    T1

    Zamanlayc-0

    T0

    CPU

    OSC

    YOL(BUS)
    KONTROL

    P0

    Block Diagram of the 80C52

    80C52 pin diagram

    SERI
    HABERLEME
    ARABRM

    GR/IKI
    (I/O) PORTLARI

    P2

    P1

    P3

    TXD
    RXD

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