Renovating of Shafts for Folio Extrusion

using new Type Coating with Nano Components

D. Karastoyanov1, T. Penchev2, G. Gavrilov2
1

Institute of Information and Communication Technologies-BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria

2
Techical University Sofia, Bulgaria
[email protected]

Abstract - The main goal of the project described

in the paper is the creation of industrially applicable
technology and the design of a relevant technological line
for laying of coatings with high mechanical wearresistance and surface-smoothness for renovation of the
working area of shafts for extruding sheet material
(PVC, Plexiglas, other plastics) by laying and polishing
of new types of highly wear-resistant coatings based on
ultra disperse nickel coatings with nano-dispersoids
and/or nano-particles included.
Keywords - extrusion shafts, nickel layer, nanoelements, mechatronics, robotics
. INTRODUCTION
Extruding (pressing by pushing) of sheet material
from non-metal materials (Plexiglas, PVC, other plastics) is
widely used in households. Gifts, flowers, sugar and
chocolate packing is made from thin aluminum sheets. Thin
Plexiglas sheets are used to make pack-boxes, and thick
nylon sheets are used to make bags, raincoats, etc.
The vast amount of production of smooth sheets of
various sizes from these materials has brought to the
development of technologies in which the material is pressed
and pushed out (extruded) between shafts of various
diameters (100 500 mm) and various lengths (1 3 m). The
shafts are chromed, have very narrow tolerances of diameter
size and very high degree of smoothness by polishing.
With the time and at high production rate shafts
age, their surface wears out, and sometimes scratches appear
in incidents. All this makes the shaft surface not precisely
circular and even. Because of a new shafts very high price,
renovation of the defected shaft is applied in such cases by
applying a new coating and polishing it to mirror shine.
Although there are many companies in Bulgaria
and Europe which produce smooth folia by extruding,
renovation of such shafts is done mainly in Italy and
Germany. The operation is a company secret and is very
expensive between 25 and 35 thousand EU; one has to wait
in queue; transportation is also expensive for remote
destinations. Scientific research on the subject exists in
Bulgaria (Sofia TU, Space Research Institute - BAS) but
there is no working technological line for renovation.
. IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT
The creation of an industrially applicable
technology and the design of the respective technological
line are of great economical importance for the technical

support of all kind of extruding and rolling mills producing

sheets of various plastics and aluminum alloys.
The renovation of working surfaces of extruding
shafts for various types of folio plastics, PVC, Plexiglas,
household or packing folio is done outside Bulgaria by the
producers of the corresponding equipment or by a small
number of specialized companies using their own classified
technologies. This creates great difficulties to Bulgarian and
South-east Europe companies in the case of prophylactics or
minor repair of their equipment due to:
- High transportation expenses because of distant
locations of renovating companies sites and the necessity of
special measures during transportation of those oversize
precise machine details;
- Additional investment is needed to procure spare
shafts to minimize idle time losses of those high-productivity
machines, working 24/7/365;
- Limited production capacities of the renovating
companies and the relatively long technological cycle of the
methods used make these services rather expensive and timeconsuming;
- The existence of limitations following Bulgarian
EU membership connected to Directive for prohibition of
coatings and activities using highly harmful substances,
as chrome coatings and cyanide baths.
These exploitation and organizational problems
obviously create enough motivation in Bulgarian producers
and Bulgarian government, to turn to relevant scientific
organizations and experts for technical support. They are also
willing to co-finance the research and innovation
developments needed to solve that technological problem.
. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
.. General description of shaft renovation
processes
A technological line for chrome based smooth
shaft renovation should include at least the following
technological cells and operations:
1. Grinding of the old chrome layer at a given
roughness
2. Coating of a new chrome layer in a galvanic
(cyanide) bath
3. Rough grinding of the coating down to a
predetermined diameter and roughness
4. Fine grinding of the shaft down to a
predetermined roughness
5. Polishing of the chrome to a predetermined
smoothness (Ra ~ 0.02 - 0.03)
The grinding of the old chrome layer is a routine
and easy operation if one has lathes with long guides,

accurate screws and good bearings. Usually 120 m to

150m of the old chrome are taken off, where greater
roughness is required to enable the new chrome layer to stick
better.
The laying of the new layer of chrome can be done
in a galvanic bath where part of the shaft is dipped and it is
slowly rotated. Thus relatively big thickness (120-150 m)
and unevenness of the coating is achieved. The evenness is
improved through the next operation.
Like the previous stage, if one has lathes with long
guides, accurate screws and good bearings, one can achieve
enough accuracy of shafts diameter, a decent smoothness
(unlike operation 1 where bigger roughness is required) and
one can take off the excess chrome.
The operations enlisted are common, traditional
and well-known. They can be done using the available
machinery in the majority of machine-building plants after a
certain renovation of machinery. Next a transportation
method has to be developed to move the shafts between
operations conveyers, inter-operations-stations as well as
whether there is necessity of fitting details industrial
hardware and controlling software.
The following characteristics of the existing
situation should be taken into account when discussing the
eventual new innovative technology:
1. Currently, according to company information and
own marketing research there is no place in Bulgaria to make
quality chrome coating with such thickness and shaft
dimensions (detail). The nearest chroming companies are in
Turkey.
2. There are EU Directives (which we have to
follow after 01.01. 2007 as EU members) forbidding chrome
coatings as exclusively harmful. Furthermore, the waste
(cyanides) from chrome baths is also highly harmful and
banned.
3. As a rule the finishing and polishing of steel
(from which shafts are made) is more developed, cheap and
successful as well as less harmful than processing with
chrome, especially for big details and smooth-finish.
The idea of polishing the steel base of the shaft to
the necessary smoothness emerged on the basis of these
studies and it also included laying a thin (15-25 m)
nickel coating with nano-particles in it, or a thicker one
(25-40 m) including other micro - and nano-dispersoids
for increasing hardness and wearing out resistance.

Fig. 1. Hollow smooth shaft for extruding of folio.

Plastics are pushed through a pair of shafts at about

200 C working temperature fig. 1. To maintain constant
working temperature all along the shaft, channels are made

inside it, where hot oil is circulated at controlled temperature.

The extruded material has the same temperature as the
circulating oil.
Note: The high working temperature is an
advantage with the chosen renovation method, because the
hardness and wear-resistance of the suggested coatings is
increased through tempering, which is naturally obtained in
our case during normal operation.
.. Chemical nickelling and disperse coatings on
its base
Chemical nickelling as an applicable technology
started in the 1950s. For several decades this technology was
rightfully called NONELECTRIC NICKELLING, as it is
carried out without the use of external electric current source.
In these processes, also called AUTOCATALITIC, the role of
electric driving force is played by specific reductors: sodium
hypophosphite and more rarely sodium boron hydride, [1].
Being in the solutions, these reductors inevitably bring their
noncleanings in the metal coatings. A certain percentage of
PHOSPHORUS / BORON is embedded in the nickel matrix.
The respective phosphides/borides are formed during low
temperature processing e.g. 200 - 400 C. These are solid
phases, which bring to increased hardness and wear
resistance, [2].
The chemical nickel coatings are 6-8 times more
expensive compared to galvanic nickel coatings.
Nevertheless they are being increasingly introduced in new
areas. The reason lies in their unique qualities. The most
important are, [3]:
- High evenness in the layer thickness i.e. they are
sized coatings, requiring minimal finish processing;
- High hardness and wear resistance. Friction
coefficient with many partners is relatively low;
- Low porosity/high corrosive resistance;
- Excellent polishing ability because of great
hardness and microcrystal structure;
- Convenient disperse coatings matrix. They can be
MICROSCALE NANOSCALE.
The application of disperse coatings with nickelphosphor matrix started in the 1980s. The variety is
comparatively big. It comes from the possibility of
management of matrix contents as well as from the increased
supply
of
MICROSCALE
DISPERSOIDS
and
NANOSCALE PARTICLES in the last decade, [4]. Microscale insertions are mainly on the basis of carbides of
titanium, tungsten and cobalt, characterized by high hardness
and good bonding with the nickel matrix. Nano-scale
particles are mainly nano-diamonds obtained through various
technologies, [5]. The research on the project requires
design and development of:
- Tribo-tester for evaluation and comparative
testing of tribo-technical characteristics of technological
micro- and nano-composite coatings;
- Testing device for measuring the geometrical
parameters of renovated shafts and the evenness and
smoothness of the coating.
The described production process includes some
negative characteristics and conditions as:
- High working temperature - 200 C;
- Abrasive effect of the extruded material;

- Significant normal efforts on the contact surface

of the shafts;
- Non-interruptive working process.
The new type of coating offers improved
characteristics and exploitation advantage regarding:
- Wearing resistance and micro-hardness;
- Corrosion resistance;
- Reduced porosity;
- Rapid reduction of the friction coefficient;
- Increased cohesion and adhesion.
The listed improvements and physical-mechanical
features, due to the nano-structured nickel coatings, increase
the exploitation time of the extruding shafts 2 to 10 times
while at the same time reducing the thickness of the coatings
3 to 5 times. The reduced thickness compensates for the
higher price of the operation. The increased working time is
an additional advantage. Furthermore, the replacement of the
chrome coating with nickel one satisfies the requirements of
the EU Directives on pollution.
V. BASIC IDEA
The applied idea for development of combined
(composition, dispersed) coatings including nano-particles
for invariant metal formers is fundamental based on
technologies, well known after 70 ties. We are calling them
DISPERSOID COATINGS.
Essentially these are a metal matrix, received in
galvanic or chemical (reducing) method and distributed
(more or less uniformly) micro- particles second phase.
Principally, the combining of metal matrix (coating)
features and the type of particles (dispersoids) improves
some characteristics, such as hardness, wear-resistance, low
rubbing coefficient, high rubbing coefficient, corrosion
resistance, etc. As a rule the second phase is non metal, for
example: graphite, silicon carbide, corundum, polymer
dusts, diamonds and other.
V.. Dispersoids. Classifications of dispersoids
with tribologycal purpose
To elucidate some steps of the main task we will
review some most used dispersoid groups. In this review, the
accent will be under micro- area of nano- area.
Dispersoids of the micro-area
Physical and chemical features of particles from the
second phase have a main role in the forming of dispersoids.
They having an influence as well in process of building as
well in coatings operating quality. To receive dispersoids
with a good physical and mechanic quality the specific
features of dispersoids are used in managing control of
technological process.
Dispersoids with different size and ingredients have
a different conduction in electrolyte. For example, different
conduction have dispersoids conductors and dispersoids
insulators, large dispersoids (10-50 m) and small
dispersoids -(0,1-5 m).
New features assume dispersion coatings, where
particles have a specified orientation in relation to details
surface. It is a perspective trend to use dispersoids with
specified physical features for orientation. Their movement
and their precipitation could be controlled.

As dispersoids can be served micro-dusts of hardfusible oxides, carbides, silicones, borides, nitrides,
diamonds, ect. (Tabl. 1). Micro dusts are produced in two
ranges of grains wide and tight. The size of the grains of
the basic fraction set by screening through two sieves
allowing and holding, for tight rage micro- dusts, and for
wide range through three.
Tabl. 1. Micro-area dispersoids

Dia- Silicon
mond Carbide

ElectroWolfram Boron
Corundum Carbide Carbide

Titan
Carbide

Dispersoids of the nano-area

It is considered, that nano- technologies are one of
the high achievement in the science for the last few years and
they have found a hundreds applications in the wide range of
areas from medicine to solar panels, from ecology to
coating fils with surprising new features.
Some of the companies offer different nanoelements, mainly nano- powders. These are Oxides, Carbides
& Nitrides. Some of them, included in our experiments are:
C Diamond Synthesized - 4-25 nm
SiC Silicon Carbide - 50-60 nm
Al2O3 Aluminum Oxide - alpha, 200 nm
We foresee two types of experiments:
1. Investigations in small prototypes of different
types of Nickel based coatings including
micro- and nano- dispersoids in laboratory
conditions.
2. Investigation in working like conditions (t =
2000C) of hardness and weariness in prototypes
of moving shafts
V.. Experimental results
The laboratory experiments were made for chemical
nickeling with nickel phosphorus matrix with micro/ nano
scale dispersoids addition silicon carbide, diamond
synthesized. As optimal temperature is assumed 90-92 0 ,
optimal pH 4,7 to 4,9 and relation between cultivated area
and volume of the solution (S /V) 1-2 dm2/l.
In approximately observing of the parameters
above, the mass percents of phosphorus are between 8 10
mass %. This value is corresponding to the matrix relative
weight. From here we deduced a theoretical (average) speed
for coating 24-25 m/h.
The coating for combination of experimental
models was made fig.2. The combinations for the different
models were chosen to be close to the assumed value of the
relation S/V.
In this series of experiments, where silicon carbide
nano-filter 700 nm was used, the concentration of the
working solution was chosen to be 0,4 g/l. In the experiments
the dispersoid we added on the 15-th minute from the
beginning of the process.
The weight measures of the polishing plates from
0,25 dm2 proved calculated deposition speed 23,8 to 25,2
m/h. The coating follows the relief of the base and keeps
the same smoothness, [6].
Same experiments were made also with nano-filter 150 nm

Same experiments were made as well with dispersoid

nano diamond dust. The following depositions were made:
Pure nickel phosphorus matrix
+ Diamond Synthesized - 4-25 nm
The relief and smoothness of the coating are remaining.
In some of the experiments the temperature was
increased (for about 40 min up to 960 ). Harmful effects
(decomposition of the solution) were not observed.
Some of the models were used in preliminary
experiments for chemical coloring (oxidation) of nickel
phosphorus coatings fig.3.
For a test in working conditions we designed a stand
for high temperature testing (2000) fig.4.
The stand is consists of hollow shaft, driven by
electric AC motor, and heater, blowing the shaft with hot air.
A heat-resistant Teflon roller is pressed to the shaft, which
serves as extruded material.
PLC Allen Bradley is used for stand control and
inverter SEW Eurodrive (fig. 5) is used for driving
mechanism. The personal computer is used to collect data
regarding tests of wear resistance after continuous work.

Fig. 5. Control system of the stand

Fig. 6. Scheme of material handing in calendering of elastomers:

three - shafts calender ; four shafts calender;
four- shafts shape calender with bottom material handing; four
shafts shape calender with top handing; Z shape calender

V.. Extruding and producing schemes

Handing of material to shafts could be done from
the bottom or from the top fig.6, but more used is from the
top scheme. Fig. 7 describes the structural scheme of a
producing line for sheet production.
Fig.7. Producing line structural scheme for a sheet producing:
1- extruder; 2 calender; 3 rolling for the sheet cooling;
4 unit for longitudinal cutting; 5 stretching shafts;
6 guillotine for crosswise cutting; 7 packing unit

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RESULTS

Fig. 2. Coating of experimental models

Fig. 3. Chemical coloring - oxidation

As a final result in the long term (3-5 years) we are

expecting:
- A successful development of a new type of nickel
coating with micro- and/or nano-structures included;
- Development of a project of a technological line
for renovation of smooth extruding shafts;
- Installment and testing of the technological line in
a production plant;
- Market realization of the ready technological line
for renovation of shafts.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The paper is supported by Bulgarian NSF (National
Science Fund) Grant No D02-13/2009
REFERENCES

Fig. 4. Experimental stand for testing in work conditions

[1]. Gavrilov G., Chemical(electroless) Nickel Plating, England ,

1979, Monography, 307 pages
[2]. Riedel W., Funktionelle Chemische Vernicklung, Springer,
BRD, 1989, 176 pages
[3]. Gavrilov G., Chemische nickelierung., Galvanotewchnik ,
vol.101., 2003, pp 17-22
[4].
Gavrilov
G.,
Nickelierung
mit
mikro-elements.,
Materialwissenschaft , vol.29, 2004, pp 56-61
[5]. Gavrilov G., Nano powders by nickeling.,
G.,J.Electrochem.Soc, vol.152, 2005, pp 132-137

[6]. Gavrilov G., Karastoyanov D., Method for renovating of coating

over steel surfaces., Bulgarian Patent No 110745, announced
2.9.2010

HIGH SPEED ROCKET PROPELLED INDUSTRIAL HAMMER:

CONSTRUCTION AND AREAS OF APPLICATION
T. Penchev1 D. Karastoyanov2
2
Tech. Univ. Sofia, [email protected]
IICT-BAS, [email protected]

Abstract: This paper discusses the characteristics of an Industrial Rocket Engine (IRE) and the
constructive features of the machines, propelled by it. The conditions were defined to produce hits
of various duration, according to the peculiarities of the technological processes, requiring the use
of such machines: a hammer for die forging; a hammer for pile driving, and a high-speed metal
scrap briquetting. An experimental stand for combined hit effect research is described.
Key words: high-speed hammer, forging, pile driving, briquetting.
1. INTRODUCTION
Hammers are used for 3D die forging and pile
driving. In the first case the hammer is propelled by a
pneumatic cylinder, and in the second by a modified
diesel engine. The speed of the falling parts of these
machines is 5-7 m/s. For forging of special alloy
forgings and forgings of complex shape, high-speed gas
forging hammers are used with speed of the falling parts
of 16 20 m/s.
In the 70-ties of the 20th century Dr. Petar
Bodurov patented a high speed forging hammer,
propelled by the Industrial Rocket Engine (IRE) [1]. In
the early 90-ties the first licensed IRE Fig.1 [2], and a
hammer propelled by that engine were produced. Several
hundred conical gears were produced by it. IRE has a
maximum thrust of 2 t.
Technical characteristics of IRE
Thrust
5KN to 20KN;
Combustion chamber pressure
max 6 MPa;
Fuel
kerosene;
Oxidizer
air;
Fuel consumption
max. 0,62 kg/s;
Oxidizer consumption
max. 8,90 kg/s
Coefficient of performance
0,92
Engine mass
25 kg
In 2008 The Pile Driving Hammer was
patented [3], propelled by IRE and 1 years later the first
prototype was produced.
The use of the new type IRE expands the
technological capabilities of the respective machines and
allows for the development of new processes. These
possibilities will be discussed below.
2. BASIC DESCRIPTION
Construction and scope of application of a die
forging hammer propelled by IRE
Fig. 2 [2] shows the photograph of a die
forging hammer with IRE attached to the ram.. It is seen
that the construction of the hammer is significantly

simpler compared to currently used pneumatic and gas

high speed hammers. The element connecting the
propeller and the hammering part was removed. Oneway acting hydraulic cylinder is used to return the ram
up. The retrieval of the forging from the shape is done by
a hydraulic pusher.

Fig. 1. A photograph of IRE

Technical parameters of the IRE
propelled die forging hammer:

Maximum blow energy

Ram speed
Ram stroke
Height above floor level
Width x depth
Total mass (with a 22000 kg anvil)
Time of one working cycle

36 KJ;
10 to 18 m/s;
max. 1659 mm;
3350 mm;
1250 x 800 mm;
28 000 kg;
2 s.

m2+[k2m22-m2(m1+m2)(i+k21)]1/2
1=g(R+m2)(---------------------------------------- - k), (1)
2(m1+m2)
where g earths gravity, m/s 2 ; R thrust of
IRE, kg; m1 anvil mass, kg; m2 mass of ram, kg;
coefficient of performance; k coefficient of recovery.
Figure 3. shows a diagram of the change of
the force 1(R,) for the existing hammer where m1 =
22000 g; m2 = 220 g; R = 500 2000 g.

Fig. 3. A diagram of the change of the force

1(R,) for the hammer shown on Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Photographs of IRE propelled die forging
hammer
The value of the IRE thrust R can be
continuously adjusted in the limits 0 R Rmax. The
reaction time is 0,001 s. Since the time of contact in die
forging is 0,030 0,050 s [5] it is seen that the time of
reaction is completely sufficient to perform the change
of the IRE thrust R. This makes it possible to achieve a
new quality level of the technological process in the
following direction:
- When the ram is thrusted downwards by IRE
and it is switched off just before the moment of impact, a
high speed deformation is performed at 16-18 m/s. As
mentioned in a great number of publications during the
70-ties and 80-ties of the last century [4], [5], forging at
such speeds (called high-speed forging) allows us to
produce complex shape forgings or forgings from hard
-to - deform or special alloys;
- If IRE works during deformation conditions
are created to decrease (combined blow) or completely
eliminate the ram rebound (sticking blow). In that case
the time of outflow of the metal in the die is increased.
That improves the quality of complex shape forgings,
which cannot be obtained by current technologies and
decrease of forging stages. In order to have a combined
or sticking blow it is necessary to define the force
generated at rebound. That force is denoted as P 1. The
following formula to calculate P1 has been empirically
obtained [6]:

After defining the rebound force 1 we can

tune IRE so that R 1 and thus get a a blow with the
necessary characteristics - combined or sticking blow.
The features of an IRE propelled forging
hammer mean that a guided blow can be obtained by
using IRE.
A similar IRE propelled construction can be
used to produce briquettes out of metal or non-metal
waste. The currently used briquette production
technology is based on hydraulic presses. The quality of
the briquettes is relatively good, but density is too small.
For example, metal briquettes is 0.55 0.60 of the
density of monolithic metal.
In the 70-ties of the 20th century high-speed
briquetting machines were produced in the then USSR.
The force to lute the waste was obtained from the
explosion of a substance Fig. 4 [7]. Those technologies
did not become popular because of low reliability due to
the use of

Fig. 4. Drawing of a high speed press for

briquetting: 1 waste; 2 container; 3 piston; 4
explosion chamber.

explosives. The density of aluminum and titan shavings

is increased to 0.7.
Experiments conducted by us via an IRE
propelled laboratory device showed that the density of
briquettes made of steel and cast iron shavings is 0.65
0.75. The production of briquettes from small size steel
metallurgic waste is of particular interest. Briquettes are
usually made of steel metallurgic scrap with particles
size bigger than 5 mm and about 10% connecting
organic substances. The waste of smaller size, which is
about 10 15% of the total quantity, is not utilized.
When stuffing metallurgic waste with particles size 5
mm in an IRE propelled device, briquettes were obtained
with density 0.55 without the use of connecting
substance.
The existence of a pusher in the construction
of an IRE propelled hammer allows to achieve full
automation of the briquetting process.
3. IRE WITH PILE DRIVING HAMMER
The current technologies for pile driving use
diesel hammers with ram mass 500 2500 kg. An
important feature of those machines is that they can
drive vertically or at angles of up to 200 off the vertical
direction. In a number of cases, such as pile driving in
quake areas or installing of drain tubes in landslides,
they have to be put at greater angle off the vertical
direction. Because they cannot be driven, they are made
by effusions which are expensive and slow.
Installing IRE on the ram significantly increases
the technological capabilities of diesel hammers. Fig.5.
[8] shows a drawing of a diesel hammer before and after
installing an IRE. Fig. 6. [5] shows the driving
capabilities of such a hammer. It is seen that an IRE
propelled hammer does not have any limitations of the
angle of driving it can even drive vertically upwards.

a
b
Fig. 5. A drawing of diesel pile driving hammer;
b IRE propelled hammer.

Fig. 6. A drawing of the possible directions for pile

driving.
4. EXPERIMENTAL STAND WITH IRE
The stand (fig. 7) will be used for investigations
the hit processes of sphere over massive fixed plate, hit
velocity up to 20 m/s. The diameter of the sphere is 50
mm; the brightness of the plate is up to 100 mm and
thickness 80 mm. These dimensions are chosen due to
constructive design and to avoid energy lost regarding to
waves diffusions.

Fig. 8. Scheme of the path sensor

5. CONCLUSIONS
The construction details of an IRE propelled
hot die 3D forging hammer are described.
Based on a formula to determine the force of
rebound of forging hammers a diagram has been drawn
1(R,), out of which one can determine the necessary
thrust R of the rocket engine to produce combined or
sticking blow.
The capacities and scope of application of an
IRE propelled blow-hammer for briquetting of waste and
pile driving are also described.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was sponsored by The National
Scientific Research Fund, Grants ID 02-262/2008

Fig.7. Structure of the stand:

1-base; 2-massive plate; 3- pneumatic sensor; 4- plate;
5-vertical guide columns; 6-upper position key; 7-upper
plate; 8-control unit; 9, 12 path sensor; 10- IRE; 11sphera; 13-air hose for the IRE; 14- el. magnetic valves;
15- manometer ; 16-tank, 17- tense sensor
A laser sensor for path measuring is used. The
sensor consist of emitter of parallel beams 1 and receiver
2 fig. 8. The brightness of the beams field is 70 mm.
The beams are under angle toward the sphere
movement and the rock of the plate 4 intersects them.
The accuracy of the measuring of the vertical movement
S is 0.0175 mm.

REFERENCES
[1]. P.Bodurov, High speed hammer, BG Patent No
24567/1978,
[2]. P.Bodurov, T.Penchev, Industrial Rocket Engine
and its Application for Propelling of Forging Hammers,
J. of Mater. Processing Technology, 2005, vol. 161,
pp.504-508.
[3]. P.Bodurov, Device for pile driving, BG Patent
No 65331/2008.
[4]. Sogrishin J.P., Grishin L.P., Vorobjev V.M., High
speed die forging, oskva., Mashinostroenie, 1978, 166
pages, (in russian).
[5]. Glanvill-Jones, Progress in high energy -rate
forgig, J. Inst. of Metals, 1970, IX, vol.97, pp.257-270.
[6]. T.Penchev, P.Bodurov, D.Karastoyanov.,
Rebound Force Calculation in the Case of Hot Forging
by Rocket Engine Proppeled Hammer., John Atanasoff
Celebration Days, International Conference Automatics
and Informatics 09, Symposium Robotics and
Automation, Sofia, Bulgaria, sept. 29 oct. 4, 2009, pp
II 41 II 44
[7]. V.G.Stepanov, I.A.Shavrov, High energy impuls
methods
for
metal
procedimg,
Leningrad,
Mashinostroenie, 1975, 204 pages, (in russian).
[8]. Jet Technologies for ground protection and other
building works, B+K Ltd Prospect, Sofia, 2006, pp 422.