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Lec01 PDF

1. Integration by parts is a technique for evaluating integrals of the form ∫f(x)g'(x) dx. It works by breaking the integral into two parts: f(x)g(x) and -∫g(x)f'(x) dx. 2. When applying integration by parts, one term should be chosen such that its derivative is easy to integrate, while the other term should have an antiderivative that is easy to evaluate. 3. Definite integrals using integration by parts use the same formula, except the final expression is a number rather than an unevaluated integral.

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53 views8 pages

Lec01 PDF

1. Integration by parts is a technique for evaluating integrals of the form ∫f(x)g'(x) dx. It works by breaking the integral into two parts: f(x)g(x) and -∫g(x)f'(x) dx. 2. When applying integration by parts, one term should be chosen such that its derivative is easy to integrate, while the other term should have an antiderivative that is easy to evaluate. 3. Definite integrals using integration by parts use the same formula, except the final expression is a number rather than an unevaluated integral.

Uploaded by

Ashar Usman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1 - Integration by Parts

Per-Olof Persson
[email protected]
Department of Mathematics
University of California, Berkeley

Math 1B Calculus

Integrals

Indefinite Integrals
Z
f (x) dx = F (x)

means

F 0 (x) = f (x)

Result is a function (or a family of functions)


Definite Integrals, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Z

f (x) dx =
a

Result is a number

b

Z
f (x) dx

The Substitution Rule

The Substitution Rule



 Z
Z
u = g(x)
0
f (g(x))g (x) dx =
= f (u) du
du = g 0 (x) dx
Example

 Z
Z
2
u = x2
x2
= eu du = eu + C = ex + C
2xe dx =
du = 2x dx

Integration by Parts
Integration by Parts
Z

f (x)g (x) dx = f (x)g(x)

g(x)f 0 (x) dx

Proof.
Recall product rule for differentiation:
d
[f (x)g(x)] = f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x)
dx
Integrate:
Z
f (x)g(x) =
Rearrange:
Z



f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x) dx

f (x)g 0 (x) dx = f (x)g(x)

g(x)f 0 (x) dx

Integration by Parts

Integration by Parts
Z
Z
0
f (x)g (x) dx = f (x)g(x) g(x)f 0 (x) dx
Alternative Notation
Let u = f (x) and v = g(x).
Then du = f 0 (x) dx and dv = g 0 (x) dx.
The integration by parts formula becomes:
Z
Z
u dv = uv v du

Integration by Parts

Example


Z
f (x) = x, f 0 (x) = 1
x
xe dx =
g 0 (x) = ex , g(x) = ex
Z
x
= xe ex dx = xex ex + C = ex (x 1) + C
Example
Z


Z
1
f (x) = ln x
ln x dx =
= x ln x x dx
g 0 (x) = 1
x
Z
= x ln x 1 dx = x ln x x + C

How to Choose f (x) and g 0 (x)


Integration by Parts
Z
Z
0
f (x)g (x) dx = f (x)g(x) g(x)f 0 (x) dx
Must be able to integrate g 0 (x)
Must be able to integrate g(x)f 0 (x)
LIATE rule
Choose f (x) as high up as possible:
Logarithmic (e.g. ln x)
Inverse Trigonometric (e.g. sin1 x)
Algebraic (e.g. x3 )
Trigonometric (e.g. sin x)
Exponential (e.g. ex )

Definite Integrals
Definite Integrals
Z b
Z b
f (x)g 0 (x) dx = [f (x)g(x)]ba
g(x)f 0 (x) dx
a

Example
Z 9
4

#
f (y) = ln y, f 0 (y) = y1

g 0 (y) = 1y ,
g(y) = 2 y
Z 9
9
1
= [ln y 2 y]4
2 y dy
y
4
Z 9
2
= 6 ln 9 4 ln 4
dy
y
4
9
= 6 ln 9 4 ln 4 [4 y]4 = 6 ln 9 4 ln 4 4

ln y
dy =
y

"

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