INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Volume 4, No 1, 2013
Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0

Research article

ISSN 0976 4399

Correlation of sandstone rock properties obtained from field and

laboratory tests
Mostafa Abdou Abdel Naiem Mahmoud
Associate professor, Civil Engineering Department, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
Civil Eng .Department, Faculty of Eng., Aljouf University, KSA
[email protected]
doi: 10.6088/ijcser.201304010001
ABSTRACT
The unconfined compressive strength of rocks plays an important role in many practices for
geotechnical engineering. It is used to determine the bearing capacity of soil specially rocks.
The real value of this parameter requires a special technique such as undisturbed samples. So,
prediction of unconfined compressive strength of sandstone rocks with the help of rock
quality designation (RQD) provides a good opportunity to obtain this parameter without
using of more laboratory tests. The RQD is commonly used for rock description or
classification, and .etc. Correlation of properties obtained from field and laboratory tests is
considered the most important challenge for geotechnical engineers to save time, effort and
many tests. This study was undertaken in order to quantify the variation of the values of
unconfined compressive strength due to variation of (RQD). Many field boreholes have been
investigated for this purpose. Unconfined compressive strength tests were conducted using
samples of different values of RQD. This paper proposed a new empirical equation to predict
the unconfined compressive strength for sandstone rock.
Keyword: Sandstone, unconfined compression strength, RQD, tests, jointing, fracture.
1. Introduction
Most problems in soils and construction involve either the strength of the in-situ soil or the
compressibility of the soil mass. For purposes of design it is necessary to represent, in
equations of engineering mechanics the corresponding numerical values representing an
appropriate in-situ property. Strength values determined from laboratory testing of intact soil
cores are recognized as not being directly applicable to the in-situ soil mass because of the
scale effect. Presence of joints in sandstone rock (sedimentary rock type) has rendered it to be
discontinuous in nature. Expressed in terms of Rock Quality Designation (RQD), this
discontinuous to nature makes sandstone mass to behave differently than intact samples used
in laboratory tests. Some forms of reduction on the properties must be applied as intact
sandstone rock is usually stronger than a discontinuous mass.
The rock quality designation (RQD) index was introduced 20 years ago at a time when rock
quality information was usually available only from geology descriptions and the percentage
of core recovery. The RQD is modified core recovery percentages in which unrecovered core,
fragments and small pieces of rock, and altered rock are not counted so as to downgrade the
quality designation of rock contain these feature (Deere, 1988). In soil masses, the existence
of discontinuities makes the material properties of soil masses differ greatly from that of
intact soils. Although sandstone masses are composed of intact sandstone samples and
discontinuities, the deformation of sandstone masses occurs mainly in the discontinuities,

Received on June 2013 Published on August 2013

Correlation of sandstone rock properties obtained from field and laboratory tests
Mostafa Abdou Abdel Naiem Mahmoud

especially when subjected to low stress state. Experiments have also shown that the
permeability of rock masses is primarily on the discontinuities (Jiang, et al., 2009). In
engineering applications, RQD is usually calculated as the percentage of the borehole core in
a drill run consisting of intact lengths of greater than or equal to 100 mm, which can be
mathematically expressed as
n
RQD = 100 x i %
x
i=1
Where xi are the lengths of the individual pieces of core in a drill run having lengths 100
mm and x is the total length of the drill run.
Many engineers have frequently determined the soundness of rock masses through only the
RQD combined with their own experiences. The rock quality designation (RQD) rough
measure of the degree of jointing or fractures in rock mass and affect in the permeability of
rock mass. The RQD is a modified percent core-recovery which incorporates only sound
pieces of core that one 100mm (4inch) or greater in length along the core aims (Singh & Goel,
1999). It is commonly used for rock description or classification, and ...etc. This parameter is
routinely performed in field while boreholes are performed. However there is also potential to
use the rock quality designation (RQD) as a basis for estimating rock behavior, end bearing
capacity of rock socketed shafts (Zhang, 2010). Theoretically representing the rock quality
designation (RQD) provides several benefits. First, the sandstone rocks may be classified
using this parameter. Second, it is used to estimate or prediction the bearing capacity of
sandstone rock. Third, a mathematical equation can provide a method of representing the
entire curve between measured data and unconfined compressive strength of sandstone rocks.
Numerous methods have been developed for determination the unconfined compressive
strength. These methods include the field and laboratory tests. Also, to determine the real
value of unconfined compressive strength of rocks, special techniques should be followed
such as undisturbed samples and initial overburden pressures should be taken into
consideration. On the other hand, only the rock quality designation (RQD) does not depend
on undisturbed sample. The interpretation of the rock quality designation (RQD) is typically
carried out using field samples.
Unconfined compressive strength (Qu) is a means of determining the ability of a sandstone
rock to withstand loading pressures. It is an important consideration in the design of
structures that will be supported by the rock, as it is used in calculating how much stress, or
weight, the rock will initially support. To determine Qu, pressure is applied to a cylinder of
the sandstone rock mass until it fails, the data gathered is charted, and the unconfined
compressive strength is derived. The engineering properties of sandstone rocks have great
importance in designing surface and subsurface structures, in slope stability analysis, and for
the design of drifts, ore passes, tunnels, and rock caverns. Mining methods based on caving
and blocking of the ore, such as sublevel caving and block caving, also, require knowledge of
rock strength. Furthermore, Knowledge of rock strength is of great importance in order to
reduce potential settling of rock foundations (Naderi, 2011).
The rock quality designation (RQD) has been extended to other areas of rock mechanics, and
it has become a fundamental parameter in geotechnical engineering. The success of the RQD
is due, in large part, to its simple definition as mentioned in equation (1). However, this index
is affected by a number of well known limitations. For instance, its value can be different for
a given location when obtained from cores with different drilling orientations. In additions,
the RQD may be affected by the rock strength and core size (Li, et al., 2009). For RQD
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 4 Issue 1 2013

Correlation of sandstone rock properties obtained from field and laboratory tests
Mostafa Abdou Abdel Naiem Mahmoud

determination, the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) recommends a core size
of at least NX (size 54.7mm) drilled with double-tube core barrel using a diamond bit.
Artificial fractures can be identified by close fitting of cores and unstained surface. All the
artificial fractures should be ignored while counting the core length for RQD. A slow rate of
drilling will also give better RQD. The relationship between RQD and the engineering quality
of the rock mass as given in Table 1. Also these ratios are approximately used for
field/laboratory compressive strengths. When cores are not available, RQD may be estimated
from number of joints (discontinuities) per unit volume Jv (Keykha and Haut, 2011). A
simple relationship which may be used to convert Jv into RQD for clay-free rock masses is
RQD = 115 3.3Jv

(2)

Where Jv represents the total number of joints per cubic meter or the volumetric joint count.
Large scale rock mass characterization introduces several material parameters in relation to
mechanical properties. Two of the most important ones are the deformation modulus and the
unconfined rock mass strength. These material parameters are frequently related to laboratory
data characteristics of intact rock samples and to the classical rock mass classification
systems such as RQD. There are several empirical relations between the rock mass
mechanical parameters (unconfined compressive strength, deformation modulus) and of the
rock mass classification systems. These uniformly show increasing deformation modulus and
compressive strength with the increasing quality of the rock mass (RQD), (Vn and
Vsrhelyi, 2010).
Table 1: Description of rocks according to RQD
No
1
2
3
4
5

RQD (%)
25
25 50
50 75
75 90
90 100

Rock quality
Very poor
Poor
Fair
Good
Excellent

This study was undertaken in order to know the correlation of properties obtained from field
and laboratory tests, and specially, to quantify the variation of the values of unconfined
compressive strength of sandstone rock due to variation of rock quality designation (RQD).
Field and experimental tests were conducted for this purpose. Also, this paper proposed a
new empirical equation to identify the unconfined compressive strength of sandstone rock
using rock quality designation (RQD).
2. Field and experimental work
The field work consisted of drilling and sampling of more than 200 boreholes to depths
between 10 m to 15 m below ground surface. The site of this work is, Al-Jouf university,
KSA. The borehole logs mainly consisted of surface layer of white, very dense and dry silty
sand with gravel underlined with sandstone rock layer of white gray, moderately weathered,
very highly fractured to massive. Many specimens of sandstone with different rock quality
designation (RQD) have been taken out. To carry out the various laboratory tests, the
specimens were carefully transported to laboratory according to standard classification and
techniques. The overburden and the upper levels of the bedrock were sampled by carrying out
Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) and obtaining split barrel samples. Also, a rock recovery
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 4 Issue 1 2013

Correlation of sandstone rock properties obtained from field and laboratory tests
Mostafa Abdou Abdel Naiem Mahmoud

(REC) was determined. The bedrock core was logged and samples were selected for strength
testing. Drilling performed using tri-cone bit and casing and double tube core barrel.
2.1 Rock description and its properties
The borehole logs mainly consisted of surface layer of white, very dense and dry silty sand
with gravel underlined with sandstone rock layer of white gray, moderately weathered, very
highly fractured to massive. One of borehole logs is shown in Figure 1.
The specimens were taken at different depths below ground surface. The properties of the
sandstone rock specimens such as dry density (d), recovery (REC), rock quality designation
(RQD), and unconfined compressive strength (Qu) were determined. These properties for
random thirty chosen specimens were tabulated in Table 2.

Figure 1: One of test boring log

2.2 Scope of study
There are many different boreholes were obtained to determine the correlation of properties
obtained from field and laboratory tests, specially, the unconfined compressive strength (Qu)
of sandstone rock and the data are tabulated as shown in Table 2. There are different
parameters were taken into consideration such as depth of rock below ground surface (D), dry
density (d), recovery (REC), rock quality designation (RQD), and unconfined compressive
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 4 Issue 1 2013

Correlation of sandstone rock properties obtained from field and laboratory tests
Mostafa Abdou Abdel Naiem Mahmoud

strength (Qu). In this study, the relations between these previous parameters and their effects
on unconfined compressive strength (Qu) have been presented.
Table 2: Properties of sandstone rock specimens
Sample
No.

D
Depth below
(G.S.) (m)

d
(gm/cm3)

REC.
(%)

RQD
(%)

Qu
(kgf/cm2)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
6.0
7.5
1.5
2.7
4.5
6.0
5.5
7.0
1.2
1.5
2.7
3.0
2.1
6.0
4.5
1.5
3.0
1.5
3.0
4.0
2.0
4.5
1.5
3.0
1.5
4.5

2.20
2.22
2.21
2.23
2.24
2.24
2.21
2.21
2.20
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.21
2.23
2.22
2.22
2.24
2.23
2.26
2.23
2.24
2.24
2.23
2.22
2.25
2.26
2.29
2.26
2.25
2.31

51
57
66
71
72
80
51
53
65
68
65
72
55
54
51
58
57
90
82
70
70
52
59
63
54
67
40
43
30
37

18
27
30
36
40
47
18
24
32
35
34
41
20
19
18
26
25
70
67
57
50
20
26
27
17
30
14
18
14
16

279
285
265
293
315
306
277
295
274
283
301
305
275
282
278
288
296
338
369
284
337
267
284
284
277
312
285
296
285
309

3. Analysis of results and discussions

In the following sections, the results obtained from field and experimental tests have been
presented and discussed. Considering the correlation coefficient (R2), the best fitting between
the results were plotted. The purpose of use of this statistical method is to give us a statistic
known as the correlation coefficient which is a summary value of a large set of data
representing the degree of linear association between two measured variables. So, it is very
important to understand what is the statistical correlation coefficient represents and what is
means (Taylor, 1990). R is used to determine whether the relationship is positive or negative
based upon the sign of R, whereas, R2 is the predictive percent of behavior in the output that
can be explained by the input. R2 is a statistic that will give some information about the
goodness of fit of a model. In regression, the R2 coefficient of determination is a statistical
measure of how well the regression line approximates the real data points. An R2 of 1.0
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 4 Issue 1 2013

Correlation of sandstone rock properties obtained from field and laboratory tests
Mostafa Abdou Abdel Naiem Mahmoud

indicates that the regression line perfectly fits the data. According to the value of correlation
coefficient R2, the relationship between any two parameters can be classified as follows,
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

R2 <0.30 are considered to have no correlation and behavior is explained by chance,

R2 of 0.30 to 0.499 are considered to be a mild relationship,
R2 of 0.50 to 0.699 are considered to be a moderate relationship, and
R2 of 0.70 to 1.00 are considered to be a strong relationship.

Four scopes of study to obtain the effect and relation between different sandstone rock
properties were performed as follows:
3.1 Effect of sandstone rock depth (D) below ground surface
Figures from 2 to 4 show the relationships between depth of sample below ground surface
(D) and properties of sandstone rock such as recovery (REC), rock quality designation (RQD)
and unconfined compressive strength (Qu), respectively. From these Figures, generally, it can
be noticed that recovery (REC), rock quality designation (RQD) and unconfined compressive
strength (Qu) increase as depth of sample below ground surface increases. Considering the
values of correlation coefficient R2, it can be noticed that the relationships between both
recovery and rock quality designation with depth are considered to be a mild relationship as
shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively.
Whereas, in the case of relationship between unconfined compressive strength with depth is
considered to have no correlation and behavior is explained by chance as clear in Figure 4.
Also, it can be found that recovery is more affected by depth than others, then, rock quality
designation and this is due to overburden pressure. From Figure 4, according to value of
correlation coefficient R2 = 0.235, it can be considered that unconfined compressive strength
does not depend on depth so that the relationship can be ignored.
3.2 Effect of dry density (d) of sandstone rock
Figures 5, 6 and 7 show the relationships between dry density (d) of sandstone rock and its
properties recovery (REC), rock quality designation (RQD) and unconfined compressive
strength (Qu), respectively. From these Figures, it can be noticed that recovery (REC), rock
quality designation (RQD) and unconfined compressive strength (Qu) increase as dry density
increases. Whereas, considering the values of correlation coefficient R2 which these values
are 0.30, this means that these relationships are considered to have no correlation and
behavior is explained by chance. From previous discussion, it can be concluded that, the
relationships between the properties recovery (REC), rock quality designation (RQD) and
unconfined compressive strength (Qu) with dry density (d) have no correlation and can be
neglected.
3.3 Effect of recovery (REC)
Figures 8 and 9 show the relationships between recovery (REC) and the properties of
sandstone rock including rock quality designation (RQD) and unconfined compressive
strength (Qu), respectively. From these figures, it can be noticed that rock quality designation
(RQD) and unconfined compressive strength (Qu) increase as recovery (REC) increases.
From Figure 8, a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.793) of this figure can be an indication
of a good correlation between the recovery (REC) and rock quality designation (RQD).
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 4 Issue 1 2013

Correlation of sandstone rock properties obtained from field and laboratory tests
Mostafa Abdou Abdel Naiem Mahmoud

Whereas, in Figure 9, it can be noticed that the correlation coefficient R2 = 0.285, this means
that the relationship between recovery (REC) and unconfined compressive strength (Qu) is
considered to have no correlation and behavior is explained by chance, so it can be ignored.

Figure 2: Depth of sample below ground surface versus recovery (REC)

Figure 3: Depth of sample (D) versus rock quality designation (RQD)

Figure 4: Depth of sample (D) versus unconfined compressive strength (Qu)

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering

Volume 4 Issue 1 2013

Correlation of sandstone rock properties obtained from field and laboratory tests
Mostafa Abdou Abdel Naiem Mahmoud

Figure 5: Dry density of sandstone (d) versus recovery (REC)

3.4 Effect of rock quality designation (RQD)
Figure 10 shows the relationship between rock quality designation (RQD) of sandstone and
unconfined compressive strength (Qu). From this Figure, it can be noticed that unconfined
compressive strength (Qu) increases as rock quality designation (RQD) increases. It can be
found that, the value of correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.676), is considered to be a moderate
relationship, and can be an indication of approximately a good correlation between (RQD)
and (Qu). It can be mentioned that the two parameters rock quality designation (RQD) and
unconfined compressive strength (Qu) of sandstone rock are good and positive related
together. This means that sandstone rock has a small value of unconfined compressive
strength tends to fracture make joints (discontinuities) and vise versa.

Figure 6: Dry density of sandstone (d) versus rock quality designation (RQD)

Figure 7: Dry density of sandstone (d) versus unconfined compressive strength (Qu)
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 4 Issue 1 2013

Correlation of sandstone rock properties obtained from field and laboratory tests
Mostafa Abdou Abdel Naiem Mahmoud

From the previous discussion it can be found that rock quality designation (RQD) is
considered only the parameter which affects directly on the unconfined compressive strength
(Qu). Whereas, the other studied parameters such as depth and dry density are considered
have a small effect on the unconfined compressive strength (Qu), so that it can be neglected.
Also, from the previous analysis, it can be found that the rock quality designation (RQD) is
strongly affected with parameter recovery (REC).
3.5 Empirical equations to predict unconfined compressive strength (Qu)
From the above test results shown in Figure 10 and regression analysis, an empirical equation
to estimate the unconfined compressive strength (Qu) for sandstone rocks having different
values of rock quality designation (RQD) is predicted as follow:

Qu = 1.27( RQD ) + 250

Where, RQD is in percentage (%) and Qu in (Kgf/cm2).
The above equation has correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.676), which is considered to be a
moderate relationship and approximately a good correlation between (RQD) and (Qu). So, it
can be considered accepted. Also, the estimated (Qu) , can be taken into consideration to
predict the bearing capacity of sand stone rock.

Figure 8: Recovery (REC) versus rock quality designation (RQD)

Figure 9: Recovery (REC) versus unconfined compressive strength (Qu)

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering

Volume 4 Issue 1 2013

Correlation of sandstone rock properties obtained from field and laboratory tests
Mostafa Abdou Abdel Naiem Mahmoud

Figure 10: Rock quality designation (RQD) versus unconfined compressive strength (Qu)
4. Conclusions
The present study is concerned with the correlation of sandstone rock properties obtained
from field and laboratory tests. Because the unconfined compressive strength (Qu) is
considered the most important parameter to estimate the bearing capacity of rock, so, the
prediction of (Qu) of sandstone rocks with the help of rock quality designation (RQD) has
been presented. Based on the above discussion and analysis of obtained results, the following
main conclusions are drawn:
1) The rock quality designation (RQD) is considered only the parameter which affects
directly on the unconfined compressive strength (Qu).
2) The parameters such as depth (D) below ground surface and dry density (d) are
considered have small effect on unconfined compressive strength (Qu), so that it can
be neglected.
3) Unconfined compressive strength (Qu) of sandstone rock can be estimated from rock
quality designation (RQD).
4) An empirical equation to predict the unconfined compressive strength (Qu) of
sandstone from rock quality designation (RQD) has been presented as mentioned in
equation (3). The accuracy of this equation proved to be a moderate relationship and
approximately as good as that of unconfined compressive strength test.
5. References
1. Deere, D. U. and Deere, D. W., (1988), The Rock Quality Designation (RQD) Index
in Practice, Rock Classification System for Engineering Purposes, ASTM SPT 984,
Louis Kirkaldie, Ed., American Society for Testing and Material, Phladelphia, pp 91101.
2. Jiang, X. W., Wang, L. X., and Zhang, X. W., (2009), Estimation of Rock Mass
Deformation Modulus Using Variation in Transmissivity and RQD with Depth.
International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences; (46), pp 1370-1377.

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering

Volume 4 Issue 1 2013

10

Correlation of sandstone rock properties obtained from field and laboratory tests
Mostafa Abdou Abdel Naiem Mahmoud

3. Keykha, H.A. and Huat, B. B. K., (2011), Determination Rock Quality Designation
RQD Basis on Joints, Engineering Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, European
Journal of geotechnical Engineering, Bund. D, (16), pp 322-526.
4. Li, L., Oullet, S., and Aubertin M., (May, 2009), An Improved Definition of Rock
Quality Designation, RQD, Proceedings of the 3rd CANUS Rock Mechanics
Symposium, Toronto.
5. Naderi, M., (2011), Non-Destructive Evaluation of Engineering Properties of Intact
Rock Using the Friction-Transfer Method, Arabian Journal for Science and
Engineering, American Journal of Structural Engineering, (36), pp 215-226.
6. Taylor, R., (1990), Interpretation of the Correlation Coefficient: A Basic Review.
Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, Journal of Defense Modeling and
Simulation, (6), pp 35-39.
7. Singh, B. and Coe,l R. k., (1999), Rock Mass classification, A Practical Approach in
Civil.
8. Vn. P., and Vsrhelyi. B., (2010), Relation of rock mass characterization and
damage, Rock Engineering in Difficult Ground Conditions- Soft Rocks and karstVrkljan (ed), Taylor & Francis group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-80481-3, pp 399-404.
9. Zhang, L., (2010), Prediction of End-Bearing Capacity of Rock Socketed Shafts
Considering Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Canadian Geotechnical Journal, (47),
pp 1071-1084.

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering

Volume 4 Issue 1 2013

11