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    Ali Hosseini
    This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. A.D. Hill at a CSM meeting on October 17, 2006 about modeling acid transport and rock dissolution in heterogeneous media. It discusses how small-scale heterogeneities can significantly impact acid penetration during matrix acidizing, with correlated permeability distributions allowing the fastest penetration. It also notes that current models for creating fracture conductivity through acid fracturing assume a homogeneous process, but conductivity is actually created through heterogeneous rock removal. The presentation proposes developing an intermediate-scale model to better account for heterogeneity when simulating acid fracturing treatments.

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    Affiliates 2006 Hill

    Uploaded by

    Ali Hosseini
    21 views39 pages
    This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. A.D. Hill at a CSM meeting on October 17, 2006 about modeling acid transport and rock dissolution in heterogeneous media. It discusses how small-scale heterogeneities can significantly impact acid penetration during matrix acidizing, with correlated permeability distributions allowing the fastest penetration. It also notes that current models for creating fracture conductivity through acid fracturing assume a homogeneous process, but conductivity is actually created through heterogeneous rock removal. The presentation proposes developing an intermediate-scale model to better account for heterogeneity when simulating acid fracturing treatments.

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    Affiliates 2006 Hill

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    This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. A.D. Hill at a CSM meeting on October 17, 2006 about modeling acid transport and rock dissolution in heterogeneous media. It discusses how small-scale heterogeneities can significantly impact acid penetration during matrix acidizing, with correlated permeability distributions allowing the fastest penetration. It also notes that current models for creating fracture conductivity through acid fracturing assume a homogeneous process, but conductivity is actually created through heterogeneous rock removal. The presentation proposes developing an intermediate-scale model to better account for heterogeneity when simulating acid fracturing treatments.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views39 pages

    Affiliates 2006 Hill

    Uploaded by

    Ali Hosseini
    This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. A.D. Hill at a CSM meeting on October 17, 2006 about modeling acid transport and rock dissolution in heterogeneous media. It discusses how small-scale heterogeneities can significantly impact acid penetration during matrix acidizing, with correlated permeability distributions allowing the fastest penetration. It also notes that current models for creating fracture conductivity through acid fracturing assume a homogeneous process, but conductivity is actually created through heterogeneous rock removal. The presentation proposes developing an intermediate-scale model to better account for heterogeneity when simulating acid fracturing treatments.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 39

    Acid Transport and Reaction in

    Heterogeneous Media
    Dr. A. D. Hill
    Robert L. Whiting Chair in
    Petroleum Engineering
    Texas A&M University

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Acid Stimulation
    Matrix acidizing (below frac pressure)
    Inject relatively small volumes of acid
    Objective is to overcome damage effects
    Acid only affects the formation for a few
    inches to a few feet

    Acid Fracturing
    Create a hydraulically induced fracture,
    just like proppant fracturing
    Conductivity is created by acid etching the
    faces of the fracture in a non-uniform way

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Acid Stimulation
    Matrix acidizing (below frac pressure)
    Inject relatively small volumes of acid
    Objective is to overcome damage effects
    Acid only affects the formation for a few
    inches to a few feet

    Acid Fracturing
    Create a hydraulically induced fracture,
    just like proppant fracturing
    Conductivity is created by acid etching the
    faces of the fracture in a non-uniform way

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Acid Stimulation Models


    Matrix acidizing Do models
    consider small scale
    heterogeneity?
    Only at large scales

    Acid Fracturing - Do models


    consider heterogeneity?
    No

    Is it important?
    Yes at all scales
    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Modeling Acid Transport and Resulting Rock


    Dissolution in Heterogeneous Media

    Matrix stimulation of
    sandstones
    Creation of conductivity in
    acid fractures

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Matrix Acidizing of
    Sandstone
    Complex chemical interactions between HF/HCl and
    many minerals
    Acid typically penetrates only a few inches into the
    formation
    Propagation of acid through the damaged zone is
    critical to success
    Models generally treat the formation as 2
    homogeneous regions in series damaged zone and
    undamaged region
    Small scale heterogeneity can change acid
    penetration by an order of magnitude

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Matrix Acidizing of Sandstone


    Geometry of the standard acidizing model

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Property Initialization

    Sandstone core with small-scale heterogeneity


    Completely Random Porosity
    Sample
    (Mean porosity: 0.18, SD : 0.03)

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Property Initialization

    Sandstone core with small-scale heterogeneity


    Correlated Porosity Distribution
    ( (inches): 20 in x, 0.05 in y, 1 in z)

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Basic Case

    HF Front Propagation
    (Homogeneous porosity and mineral)

    A: 5 PV

    PV

    C: 25 PV

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    B: 15 PV

    D: 35 PV

    Basic Case

    Distribution During the


    Acid Flooding
    (Homogeneous porosity and mineral)

    A: 5 PV

    PV

    C: 25 PV

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    B: 15 PV

    D: 35 PV

    Heterogeneous Porosity

    Sandstone core with small-scale heterogeneity

    Distribution ( >= 0.02)


    Random Initial Porosity

    A: 5 PV

    C: 25 PV

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    B: 15 PV

    D: 35 PV

    Heterogeneous Porosity

    Sandstone
    core
    small-scale heterogeneity
    Comparison
    ofwith
    Breakthrough

    Time (PVbt) in
    Cores with Different
    Heterogeneities
    35

    break through pore volume

    33
    31
    29
    27
    25
    23
    21
    19
    17
    15
    0

    0.01

    0.02

    0.03

    0.04

    0.05

    standard deviation of porosity distribution

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    0.06

    0.07

    0.08

    Correlated Porosity

    Sandstone core with small-scale heterogeneity

    Distribution ( >= 0.02) Correlated


    distribution

    A: 5 PV

    B: 15 PV

    C: 25 PV

    D: 35 PV

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Correlated Porosity

    Sandstone core with small-scale heterogeneity

    Breakthrough Time in Cores with Different


    Correlation Lengths
    4

    3.5

    PVbt

    2.5

    1.5
    1

    10
    correlation scale parameter in axial direction (inch)

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    100

    Matrix Acidizing of
    Sandstone
    Small-scale heterogeneities allow acid to
    penetrate deeper into the formation than
    predicted by homogeneous models
    Sandstones with correlated permeability in
    the main flow direction (laminated systems)
    show the greatest effect acid penetrates
    ten times as fast
    Heterogeneity results in better stimulation
    results than predicted by homogeneous
    models

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Creation of Conductivity in
    Acid Fracturing
    After hydraulic pressure is released during a
    fracture treatment, the fracture will close
    under the force of the confining stresses
    Acid creates conductivity through
    differential etching the acid must remove
    rock in an uneven manner to create lasting
    conductivity
    Paradox Acid creates conductivity by
    heterogeneously removing rock; acid frac
    models simulate a homogeneous process

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Creation of Conductivity in Acid Fracturing


    Current acid fracture modeling approach

    2D fracture geometry
    Homogeneous formation no
    variations in rock properties,
    stress state, leakoff conditions
    Local conductivity based on total
    amount of rock dissolved and
    empirical correlation (NierodeKruk correlation)
    No effect of rock dissolution on
    fracture mechanics
    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Scaling Up Local
    Conductivity - Background
    Laboratory conductivity
    measurements are for samples a
    few inches in size
    Fracture simulators have grid
    blocks 5 30 feet in size
    Channels that create conductivity
    are intermediate in size, are
    completely missed if we directly
    apply lab-scale models
    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Intermediate scale
    corelation used in
    frac model

    Intermediate
    Scale Model:
    Simulation
    studies to
    develop new
    correlation

    Acid fracture
    model

    Lab-scale
    Conductivity
    correlations

    Experimental
    study

    Conductivity Model Development


    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Creation of Conductivity in Acid Fracturing


    Intermediate Scale Model - Approach

    Simulate acid transport and


    dissolution in a fracture domain
    the size of a frac model grid
    block
    From extensive simulation studies,
    derive a correlation of fracture
    conductivity appropriate for use
    in a frac model

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Intermediate Scale Model

    The task:
    3D Navier-Stokes (NS)
    Acid transport
    Acid/rock reaction->acid etching profile

    Complications
    Fracture domain is irregular
    Domain is growing with time

    Method:
    Front fixing method (body-fitted
    coordinate transformation)
    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Problem Description

    z
    y

    x
    y

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Mathematical Model
    Assumptions
    Incompressible
    Consecutive steady state (NS calculation)
    Newtonian
    Gravity is neglected

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Mathematical Model
    NS

    v
    u = 0
    v
    v
    2v
    (u )u = p + [ u ]

    Acid transport
    c
    c
    + u.c =
    De
    t
    y y
    Fracture width
    y0
    c

    vl c Deff

    =
    t
    y y =0
    (1 )

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    y1

    c
    vl c Deff

    =
    t
    (1 )
    y y = w

    Coordinate Transformation
    Boundaries and of the mesh points x y z moving ->
    fixed points at each time step

    y
    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Coordinate Transformation
    Boundaries and of the mesh points x y z moving ->
    fixed points at each time step

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Front Fixing Method


    Front fixing method
    - The irregular moving boundary-> a regular fixed
    boundary (body fitted coordinate transformation)
    - The transformed PDE is complex (i.e contains
    mixed derivatives, boundary condition)

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Coordinate Transformation
    Irregular moving boundary (physical) -> a
    regular fixed boundary (calculation)
    x
    L
    y y0
    =
    y1 y 0

    z
    =
    H
    =t

    0 1
    (b( x, z , t ) = y1 y 0 )
    0 1

    y0

    y1
    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    0 1

    Slot Flow with Uniform Leakoff


    Terrill, 1964

    Y (inch)

    -0.1

    -0.1

    10

    15

    20

    X (feet)

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    25

    30

    35

    Velocity Profile of Ux
    Ux at x=10m
    0.015
    Analytical

    Ux (m/s)

    0.012

    Numerical

    0.009
    0.006
    0.003
    0
    -0.1

    -0.05

    0
    Y (inch)

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    0.05

    0.1

    Velocity Profile of Uy
    0.00002

    Uy (m/s)

    0.00001

    0
    -0.1

    -0.05

    0.05

    -0.00001
    Analytical
    Numerical
    -0.00002
    Y (inch)

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    0.1

    Velocity Field

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Velocity Contour

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Initializing a Fracture
    1. Variables
    Permeability and width

    2. Characteristics
    Not completely random, spatially correlated

    3. Model
    Semi-variogram model
    FFT simulator (Jennings 2003): correlation scale parameters

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    Permeability Distribution
    Z

    30

    k (md)
    140
    130
    120
    110
    100
    90
    80
    70
    60
    50
    40
    30
    20

    20

    Z (feet)
    10

    0
    10
    -0.2

    -0.1

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    20
    0.1

    Y (in
    ch)

    0.2

    30

    X (fe

    et)

    What if you are


    injecting acid into
    this?

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    What if you are


    injecting acid into this?

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

    The Effect Of Heterogeneity on


    Acid Stimulation
    Acknowledgements:
    Contributors to this work include
    Dr. Ding Zhu
    Dr. Chun-lo Li
    Dr. Cheng-Li Dong
    Tao Xi
    Maysam Pournik
    Jianye Mou
    Maria Melendez
    and many other former students

    CSM Meeting Oct. 17, 2006

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