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One Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation

1) The document derives the one-dimensional heat conduction equation for a plane wall, long cylinder, and sphere. 2) It shows that the heat conduction equations for these three geometries can be written in a compact form that includes a variable n which is 0 for a plane wall, 1 for a cylinder, and 2 for a sphere. 3) The key equations derived are the transient heat conduction equation for each geometry, as well as steady-state and transient forms under special conditions like no heat generation.

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Monowarul Islam
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168 views10 pages

One Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation

1) The document derives the one-dimensional heat conduction equation for a plane wall, long cylinder, and sphere. 2) It shows that the heat conduction equations for these three geometries can be written in a compact form that includes a variable n which is 0 for a plane wall, 1 for a cylinder, and 2 for a sphere. 3) The key equations derived are the transient heat conduction equation for each geometry, as well as steady-state and transient forms under special conditions like no heat generation.

Uploaded by

Monowarul Islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Md Monowarul Islam| 132029 | ME 3101 |

, 2016
Assignment Based on
Class Lecture 5
One Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation

Heavens Light is our Guide

Rajshahi University of Engineering &


Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

One Dimensional Heat conduction Equation


Plane wall
Consider a thin element of thickness x in a large plane wall
as shown in figure 1.1
Let,
The density of the wall =
The specific heat = C, and
The area of the wall normal to the direction of heat transfer
=A

PAGE 1

Fig.1.1: One dimensional heat conduction through a volume


element in a large plane wall

An energy balance on this thin element during a small time


interval t can be expressed as
Rateof
heat
conduction
at x

Rate of
heat
conduction
at x + x

( ) ( ) (
QQ x - QQ

x+x

+ G

element

Rate of heat
generation
inside the
element

Eelement
t

) (
=

Rateof chane
of the energy
content of the
element

(1.1)
The change in the energy content and the rate of heat
generation can be expressed as
E
G

element

element

= Et+t Et = mCAx(Tt+X Tt)

=gV

element

=gAx

Substituting into Equation 1.1, we get

T T
QQX - QQx+x + gAx = CAx t +t t
t
Dividing by Ax , taking the limit as x
from Fouriers law:

1
A

KA

T
x

+ g = C

0 and t

0 and

T
t

PAGE 2

The area A is constant for a plane wall, the one dimensional


transient heat conduction equation in a plane wall is

T
T
k
+ g =C
x x
t

( )

Variable conductivity:

T g 1 T
+ =
2
x k t

Constant conductivity:

where the property =

k
C

is the thermal diffusivity of the

material and represents how fast heat propagates through a


material.
The one dimensional heat conduction equation may be
reduces to the following forms under special conditions
(1)Steady state:

d 2 T g
+ =0
2
dx k
(2) Transient, no heat generation:
2

T 1 T
=
2
x t

(3)Steady state, no heat generation:

dT
=0
2
dx

One Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation


Long Cylinder
Consider a thin cylindrical shell element of thickness r in a
long cylinder as shown in Figure 1.2

PAGE 3

Assume,
The density of the cylinder =
The specific heat = C, and
The length = L
The area of the cylinder normal to the direction of heat
transfer, A =2

rL where r is the value of the radius.

Fig.1.2: One dimensional heat conduction through a volume


element in a long cylinder
An energy balance on this thin cylindrical shell element
during a small time interval t can be expressed as
Rateof
heat
conduction
at x

Rateof
heat
conduction
at x + x

( ) ( ) (
QQ r - QQ

r+r

+ G

element

Eelement
t

Rate of heat
generation
inside the
element

) (
=

Rateof chane
of the energy
content of the
element

(1.2)

PAGE 4

The change in the energy content and the rate of heat


generation can be expressed as
E
G

element

element

= Et+t Et = mC(Tt+X Tt) = CAr(Tt+t Tt)

=gV

element

=gAr

Substituting into Equation 1.1, we get

T T
QQr - QQr+r + gAx = CAr t + t t
t
Dividing by Ar , taking the limit as x
from Fouriers law:

1
A

KA

T
r

0 and t

0 and

T
t

+ g = C

The area varies with the independent variable r according to


A=2

rL, the one dimensional transient heat conduction

equation in cylinder becomes


Variable conductivity:

1
T
T
rk
+ g =C
r r
r
t

Constant conductivity:

1 T g 1 T
r
+ =
r r r k t

where the property =

( )

( )

k
C

is the thermal diffusivity of the

material and represents how fast heat propagates through a


material.

PAGE 5

The one dimensional heat conduction equation may be


reduces to the following forms under special conditions
(1)Steady state:

1 d dT g
r
+ =0
r dr dr k

( )

(2) Transient, no heat generation:

1 T 1 T
r
=
r r r t

( )

(3)Steady state, no heat generation:

d dT
r
=0
dr dr

( )

One Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation


Sphere
Consider a sphere with density , specific heat C, and outer
radius R. The area of the sphere normal to the direction of
heat transfer, A =4

r2 where r is the value of the radius.

Fig.1.3: One dimensional heat conduction through a volume


element in a sphere

PAGE 6

An energy balance on this thin spherical element during a


small time interval t can be expressed as
Rateof
heat
conduction
at x

Rateof
heat
conduction
at x + x

( ) ( ) (
QQ r - QQ

r+r

+ G

element

Eelement
t

Rate of heat
generation
inside the
element

) (
=

Rateof chane
of the energy
content of the
element

(1.3)
The change in the energy content and the rate of heat
generation can be expressed as
E
G

element

element

= Et+t Et = mC(Tt+X Tt) = CAr(Tt+t Tt)

=gV

element

=gAr

Substituting into Equation 1.1, we get

T T
QQr - QQr+r + gAx = CAr t + t t
t
Dividing by Ar , taking the limit as x
from Fouriers law:

1
A

( KA Tr )

+ g = C

0 and t

0 and

T
t

The area varies with the independent variable r according to


A=4

r2, the one dimensional transient heat conduction

equation in sphere becomes

PAGE 7

Variable conductivity:

1 2 T
T
r
k
+
g
=C
2
r
t
r r

1 2 T
r
r2 r r

( )

Constant conductivity:

g 1 T
=
k t
where the property =

k
C

is the thermal diffusivity of the

material and represents how fast heat propagates through a


material.

The one dimensional heat conduction equation may be


reduces to the following forms under special conditions
(1)Steady state:

1 d 2 dT g
r
+ =0
r 2 dr dr k

( )

(2) Transient, no heat generation:

1 2 T 1 T
r
=
r2 r r t

( )

(3)Steady state, no heat generation:

d 2 dT
r
=0
dr dr

( )

PAGE 8

Combined One Dimensional Heat


Conduction Equation
The one dimensional transient heat conduction equations for
the plane wall, cylinder and sphere reveals that all three
equations can be expressed in a compact form as

1 n T
r
r n r r

( )

+ g= C

T
t

Where n=o for a plane wall


n=1 for a cylinder
n=2 for a sphere
In the case of a plane wall, it is customary to replace the
variable r by x.

The End

PAGE 9

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