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Introduction To Electronics: Read Chapter 1 & Chapter 2, Section 2.1-2.3 Sedra/Smith's Microelectronic Circuits

This document provides an overview of an introductory electronics course taught by Professor Ching-Yuan Yang. The course will cover topics such as diodes, bipolar junction transistors, MOS field-effect transistors, and operational amplifiers. It will assess students through assignments, exams, and other activities. The document outlines the course contents and provides brief introductions and examples for several key electronics concepts, including a history of electronics, analog and digital signals, amplifiers, digital logic inverters, and circuit simulation software.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
49 views11 pages

Introduction To Electronics: Read Chapter 1 & Chapter 2, Section 2.1-2.3 Sedra/Smith's Microelectronic Circuits

This document provides an overview of an introductory electronics course taught by Professor Ching-Yuan Yang. The course will cover topics such as diodes, bipolar junction transistors, MOS field-effect transistors, and operational amplifiers. It will assess students through assignments, exams, and other activities. The document outlines the course contents and provides brief introductions and examples for several key electronics concepts, including a history of electronics, analog and digital signals, amplifiers, digital logic inverters, and circuit simulation software.

Uploaded by

Samoo Mustafa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Electronics

Read Chapter 1 & Chapter 2, Section 2.1-2.3


Sedra/Smiths Microelectronic Circuits

Ching-Yuan Yang
National Chung Hsing University
Department of Electrical Engineering

Electronic Circuits ()
Prof. Ching-Yuan Yang ()
Room 823 Electrical Engineering Building
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://web.nchu.edu.tw/~analog/
Text book: Microelectronic Circuits, 5e, by Sedra/Smith (Oxford 2004)
Course Assessment:
15% Assignments
80% Three Term examinations
5% Other
Course Contents:
z Introduction (Ch1, Ch2)
z Diodes (Ch3)
z Bipolar Junction Transistors (Ch5)
z MOS Field-Effect Transistors (Ch4)
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Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Brief history of electronics


z Identification of the electron by J.J. Thomson late in the 19th
century and the measurement of its electric charge by Robert A.
Millikan in 1909.
z Invention of vacuum tube in 1906 by Lee De Forest
z Invention of the transistor in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter H.
Brattain, and William B. Shockley of the Bell Lab.
z Invention of integrated circuits (IC) independently by Jack Kilby
of Texas Instruments in 1958 and by Jean Hoerni and Robert
Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959.
z Discover of Moore's law (1965): The number of transistors per
silicon chip doubles every 18 months.

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Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Examples of analog IC
Gyroscope system
Single-chip gyroscopic sensor
Tiny
Robust
Lower power
Angular-rate-to-voltage transducer
BiCMOS process
Chip area: 3mm 3mm
Power: 30mW @ 5V
Product by Analog Devices, USA

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Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Signal source
z A fundamental function of electronic circuits is to process signals.
z Signals contain information about a variety of things and activities in
our physical world. Example - information about weather: air
temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.
z To process the information by electronic systems, the signal must
first be converted into an electric signal, i.e., a voltage or current, by
a device called transducer.
z A electric signal source can be represented by either (a) Thvenin or
(b) Norton forms:

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Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Analog and digital signals


Analog signal :
represents the physical signal in the world
around us. A analog signal is continuous both
in time and magnitude.

Digital signal :
is a sequence of numbers. A digital signal is
discrete both in time and amplitude.

Discretized or digitized signal :


Digital signal can be converted from analog signal. As shown in Figure, at
equal intervals along the time axis, the analog signal is measured (sampled).
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Analog and digital signals


z Binary number system is most commonly used to represent the discretized
signal because it results in the simplest possible digital signals and circuits.
z The digital signals in binary systems need have only two voltage levels,
which can be labeled low and high (0 and 1). If we use N binary digits (bits)
to represent each sample of the analog signal, then the digitized sample
value can be expressed as

D = b0 20 + b1 21 + " + bN 1 2 N 1
where b0, b1, , bN-1 , denote the N bits and have values of 0 or 1,
b0 = least significant bit (LSB),
bN-1 = most significant bit (MSB).
For example the D corresponding to 15 is 1+2+4+8 , or (1 1 1 1).

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Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Introduction to amplifiers
Amplifier Gains
vO
(V/V)
vI
i
Current gain ( Ai ) O (A/A)
iI

Voltage gain ( Av )

Power gain ( Ap )

load power ( PL ) vOiO


=
(W/W)
input power ( PI ) vI iI

Gains defined above are ratios of similarly dimensioned


quantities and thus are dimensionless numbers.

Historically, electronic engineers are used to express


gain with a logarithmic measure as

Voltage gain in decibels = 20 log Av dB


Current gain in decibels = 20 log Ai dB
Power gain in decibels = 10 logAp dB
Power is related to voltage (or current) squared.
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Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Introduction to amplifiers (cont)


Amplifier power supply
dc power delivered to the amplifier:
Pdc = V1I1 + V2I2
If the power dissipated in the
amplifier circuit is denoted Pdissipated,
the power-balance equation for the
amplifier can be written as
Pdc + PI = PL + Pdissipated
PI : the power drawn from the signal source
PL : the power delivered to the load
Amplifier efficiency

PL
100
Pdc

It measures how much dc power is


converted to the power on the load.
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Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Introduction to amplifiers (cont)


Amplifier saturation

In order to avoid distorting the output signal


waveform, the input signal swing must be
kept within the linear range of operation:

L
L
vI +
Av
Av
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Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Introduction to amplifiers (cont)


Concept of biasing

Practically, an amplifier also exhibits


nonlinearities of various magnitudes.

vI (t ) = VI + vi (t )

vo (t ) = Av vi (t )

vO (t ) = VO + vo (t ) A = dvO
v
dvI at Q
A simple technique for obtaining linear amplification is to bias
the circuit to operate at a point near the middle of the transfer
characteristic. The point Q is known as the quiescent point,
the dc bias point, or simply the operating point.
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Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

IEEE symbol convention

iC = I C + ic

Total instantaneous signal: iC


Incremental instantaneous signal: ic
DC/Biasing level: IC
Incremental peak level: Ic
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Circuit models for amplifiers

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Digital logic inverter


z The logic inverter is the most basic element in digital circuits.
z Noise Margin for high inputs: NMH = VOH VIH
z Noise Margin for low inputs: NML = VIL VOL
Voltage transfer characteristic (VTC):
The VTC of an ideal inverter:

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Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Digital logic inverter implementation


Transistor switches

z Basis of transistor-transistor logic (TTL)


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Digital logic inverter implementation (cont)


Complementary switches

z No static current flow


z Basis of CMOS logic
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Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Digital logic inverter implementation (cont)


Current steering

z The fastest inverter


z Complementary outputs
z Basis of Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL)
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Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Operational amplifier
Circuit symbol:

Equivalent circuit of the ideal op amp:

Infinite input impedance


Zero output impedance
Zero common-mode gain
Infinite open loop gain A
Infinite bandwidth
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Operational amplifier (cont)


Inverting closed-loop configuration:

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Operational amplifier (cont)


Noninverting closed-loop configuration:

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Operational amplifier (cont)


Voltage follower:

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Circuit simulation using SPICE


SPICE
z
z
z
z
z

SPICE: Simulation Program with Integrated Circuited Emphasis


An open-source program developed by the U.C. Berkeley (1970s)
Computer programs to simulate the operation of electronic circuits
PSpice is a commercial PC version available from Cadence
Others: ISPice, HSpice,

In this course, .
z It is not our objectively to teach how SPICE works nor the intricacies
of using it effectively.
z Our objective is twofold:
To describe the models that are used by SPICE to represent the
various electronic devices
To illustrate how useful SPICE can be in investigating circuit
operation
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