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Answer To The Question Number 1 A) Derive The Formula S Ge-2G For The Throughput of Pure ALOHA Protocol

The document provides formulas and explanations for pure and slotted ALOHA protocols: 1) It derives the formula S = G e-2G for throughput of pure ALOHA, where S is throughput, G is average number of frames, and explains the concepts. 2) It shows that for slotted ALOHA, the formula is S = G, because the vulnerable period is reduced to a single time slot. 3) It finds that maximum throughput for pure ALOHA is 0.184 at G = 0.5 frames/slot and for slotted ALOHA is 0.367 at G = 1 frame/slot.

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S M Akash
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1K views4 pages

Answer To The Question Number 1 A) Derive The Formula S Ge-2G For The Throughput of Pure ALOHA Protocol

The document provides formulas and explanations for pure and slotted ALOHA protocols: 1) It derives the formula S = G e-2G for throughput of pure ALOHA, where S is throughput, G is average number of frames, and explains the concepts. 2) It shows that for slotted ALOHA, the formula is S = G, because the vulnerable period is reduced to a single time slot. 3) It finds that maximum throughput for pure ALOHA is 0.184 at G = 0.5 frames/slot and for slotted ALOHA is 0.367 at G = 1 frame/slot.

Uploaded by

S M Akash
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Answer to the Question Number 1

a) Derive the formula S = Ge-2G for the throughput of pure ALOHA protocol
The throughput is the fraction of time the channel carries useful information, namely
noncolliding packets.
Under all number of frames, the throughput, S, is just the product of average number of
frames, G and the probability, P, of a transmission succeedingthat is,
S = GP
Consider a packet scheduled for transmission at some time t. This packet will be
successful if no other packet is scheduled for transmission in the interval (t-T, t+T) (this
period of 2T is called the vulnerable period). The probability of this happening, that is,
the probability of success, is that no packet is scheduled in an interval of length 2T.
Using Poisson distribution,
Probability of generating k interfering frames (when average number of frames = G) is,
P (k) = (

/ k!

The vulnerability of pure ALOHA is 2 time frames. For the time duration of two time
frames on an average 2G frames are produced. Thus, probability that no other traffic is
initiated in this duration (2T) is, that is probability of successful transmission without
interference, is;
P (0) = ((

) / 0!

P =
Using S = GP, we get
Throughput, S = G
b) Show that for slotted ALOHA we have S = G
The slotted Aloha variation of the Aloha protocol is simply that of pure Aloha with a
slotted channel. The slot size equals T--the duration of packet transmission. Users are
restricted to start transmission of packets only at slot boundaries. Thus, the vulnerable

period is reduced to a single slot (vulnerable period = T). In other words, a slot will be
successful if and only if exactly one packet was scheduled for transmission sometime
during the previous slot. Thus Probability P, of a transmission succeeding is (for duration
of T);
P (0) = ((

) ) / 0!

P=
Using S = GP, we get
Throughput, S = G
c) What is the maximum throughput for pure ALOHA and slotted ALOHA? When
are these maximum values achieved?
We see that throughput S depends on occurrence of frames/frame time, G, to get
maximum throughput, we differentiate the throughput equations with respect to G.
(i) Pure ALOHA:
S=G
S =

+ G*(-2)

=S (1 2G)

differentiation (S) = S

For maxima, above equation is to be equated to zero. Therefore,


(1 2G) = 0 or G = 0.5
Thus, S = 0.5/e
The maximum throughput can be achieved when there are on an average 0.5 frames/
frame time. The maximum throughput is equal to 0.184 (= 1/2e) which means the
channel is properly utilized for 18% time only for useful transmission.
(ii) Slotted ALOHA: S = G
S =

+ G*(-1)

= S (1 G) differentiation (S) = S

For maxima, above equation is to be equated to zero. Therefore,


(1 G) = 0 or G = 1

Thus, S = 1/e
The maximum throughput can be achieved when there are on an average 1 frame/
frame time. The maximum throughput is equal to 0.367 (= 1/e) which means the
channel is properly utilized for 37% time only for useful transmission.

Answer to the Question Number 2


a) What is the channel load, G?
G is the average number of frames transmitted per frame slot in case of infinite number
of
users. 10% slots are idle means that for every 10 time slots, 9 are used by users to
transmit frames. This means in 10 frame slots only 9 frames are transmitted. Thus,
new average number of frames sent per frame slot =
b) What is the throughput?
In this case, probability that the slot is being used by another user is 2.3 and the
probability that the slot is free is 0.1.
Thus, we can say that vulnerable time is reduced to 2.3 T where T = frame slot duration.
Therefore, Probability of success, P =

c) Is the channel under loaded or overloaded?


Maximum possible throughput for Slotted ALOHA, Smax= 1\e
This can be achievable when G = 2.3
Here, G>1 and throughput S<Smax
Thus, channel is Over loaded.
d) What is the fraction of busy slots that corresponds to collisions?
Assuming 10% slots are empty and 90% slots are busy.
Probability of busy slots with collision =

e) Consider the transmission of a test frame.


The probability that to avoid a collisionFor avoiding collision, there should not be any interfering frames (k = 0)
Probability of successful transmission =
Probability that the frame is transmitted successfully at the k-th attempt =
(Probability of k-1 times Collision) * (Probability of successful transmission)

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