1.

0 OBJECTIVES
This experiment is designed to help students to:
a) Use DMM, oscilloscope and function generator to measure DC and AC voltage and
current of a circuit.
b) Analyze and understand the error introduced during measurement.
c) Explain the causes of measurement errors.

2.0 EQUIPMENTS:
1) Digital Multimeter (DMM)
2) DC Power Supply
3) Resistor: 1K 2 units
4) Project board

3.0 PROCEDURES:
3.1 PART A: DC Voltage Measurement
1. Measure and record the expected resistance values of the two resistance using
DMM.
2. Construct the circuit in Figure 1:

3. Set the input voltage Vin = 2V. Using DMM, measure and record the input voltage
cross R2.
4. Increase Vin by 2V. Measure and record the output voltage across R2.
5. Repeat step 4 until Vin = 10V. (Write down your measurement in a table)
Data and results:
DC supply
Vin

VR2

IR2

1.60

1.6mA

3.23

3.2mA

10

8.07

8.1mA

6. Calculated the expected voltage across R2 for all the input voltages, Vin in step 5.
(Use the expected resistance value of R1 and R2)
Data and results:

Vin
2
4
10

R2
1.60
3.23
8.07

Expected Voltage
1.64
3.28
8.20

Example calculation:
For expected voltage
VR2 = R2 / R2 + R1 x Vin
= 1K / 1K + 220 x 2
= 1.64V

7. For each measurement and expected values in step 5 and 6, calculate the absolute
error, % error, relative accuracy, and % accuracy.
Data and results:
Vin

% error

2
4
10

0.04
0.05
0.13

2.44
1.52
1.59

Example of calculation:
e = Yn - Xn
= 1.64 1.60
= 0.04V

% error =
= 0.04 / 1.64 (100)
=2.44%

relative
accuracy
0.976
0.985
0.984

% accuracy
97.6
98.5
98.4

A = 1- |1.64-1.6 / 1.64|
= 0.98

% accuracy = A x 100
= 0.98 x 100
= 98%

Measured output voltage vs input voltage

Measured output voltage (v)

Measured output voltage

0
1

Input voltage (V)

10

11

Discussion
8. Draw a graph measured output voltage vs input voltage from your data in step 5. How is
the relationship between the measured output voltage and input voltage? Is there any
obvious error seen on your graph? Is there any systematic error show on your graph?
Discuss your observations and findings.
From the results obtained, the relationship between the measured output voltage and
input voltage is directly proportional. It seen that the measured voltage and input voltage
value measured is closely.
Secondly, as shown from the graph above there is has experimental error. Experimental
error is the difference between a measurement output voltage and the input voltage (the
true voltage) or between two measured values. Experimental error, itself, is measured by
its accuracy and precision. Accuracy measures how close a measured output voltage
value is to the input voltage or accepted value. Since a true or accepted value for a
physical may be unknown, it is sometimes not possible to determine the accuracy of a
measurement. Precision measures how closely two or more measurements agree with
other. Precision is sometimes referred to as repeatability or reproducibility. A
measurement which is highly reproducible tends to give values which are very close to
each other.
Lastly, there have three types of systematic error it is instrumental error, environmental
error and observational error. From this experiment conducted it is environmental error
occurs it occurs due to external condition effecting the measurement including
surrounding area condition such as change in pressure, temperature or humidity.

3.2 PART B: DC Current Measurement

VR2

IR2

1.60

1.6mA

3.23

3.2mA

10

8.07

8.1mA

5. Calculate the expected current flow through R2 for all the input voltages, Vin in Step 4.
(use the expected resistance value of R1 and R2)
Data and results:
Vin
2
4
10

IR2 (mA)
1.6
3.2
8.1

Expected Current (mA)

Example of calculation:
RT = R1 +R2
RT = 1K + 220
RT = 1.22 K

6. For each measurement and expected value in Step 4 and 5, calculate the absolute
error, % error, relative accuracy, and % accuracy.
Data and results:
Vin

% error

relative
accuracy

% accuracy

2
4
10

0.03
0.1
0.1

1.84
3.03
1.22

0.98
0.97
0.99

98
97
99

Example of calculation:
e = Yn - Xn
= 1.63 1.6
= 0.04V

% error =
= 0.03 / 1.63 (100)
=1.84%

A = 1- |1.63-1.6 / 1.63|
= 0.98

% accuracy = A x 100
= 0.98 x 100
= 98%

7. Draw a graph of measured current vs. input voltage from your data in Step 4. How is
the relationship between the measured current and input voltage? Is there any obvious
error seen on your graph? Is there any systematic error shown on your graph? Discuss
your observations and findings.

From the results obtained, the relationship between the measured output voltage and
input voltage is directly proportional. It seen that the measured voltage and input voltage
value measured is closely.

Secondly, as shown from the graph above there is has experimental error. Experimental
error is the difference between a measurement output voltage and the input voltage (the
true voltage) or between two measured values. Experimental error, itself, is measured by
its accuracy and precision. Accuracy measures how close a measured output voltage
value is to the input voltage or accepted value. Since a true or accepted value for a
physical may be unknown, it is sometimes not possible to determine the accuracy of a
measurement. Precision measures how closely two or more measurements agree with
other. Precision is sometimes referred to as repeatability or reproducibility. A
measurement which is highly reproducible tends to give values which are very close to
each other.
Lastly, there have three types of systematic error it is instrumental error, environmental
error and observational error. From this experiment conducted it is environmental error
occurs it occurs due to external condition effecting the measurement including
surrounding area condition such as change in pressure, temperature or humidity.

Measured current vs. input voltage

Measured current (mA)

Measurered current

3
2
1
0
1

Input voltage (V)

10

11

3.3 PART C: AC Voltage and Current Measurement

Construct the circuit in Figure 2.

R1
A
Vin
I

R2

Vout
B

Figure 2

2.

Set the input voltage Vin = 4 Vpp. Measure the output voltage across R2 using
oscilloscope and DMM. Compare the result obtained.

3.

Increase Vin by 1 V. Measure and record the output voltage across R2.

4.

Repeat Step 4 until Vin = 15 Vpp. (Write down your measurement in a table)
Data and results:
Ac supply
Vin

VR2

IR2

4 Vpp

1.0

1.2mA

8 Vpp

2.5

2.7mA

15 Vpp

5.2

5.4mA

5.

For each measurement and expected values in Step 3, calculate the absolute error, %
error, relative accuracy, and % accuracy.
Data and results:
Vin

Vpp

4Vpp
8Vpp
15Vpp

2.2
3.6

Vrms
Osc
0.78
1.27

Vrms
DMM
0.71
1.38

Absolute
error,e
0.07
-0.11

% error
8.9
8.66

Relative
accuray
0.91
0.91

Example of calculation:
e = Yn - Xn
= 0.78 0.71
= 0.07V

% error =
= 0.07 / 0.78 (100)
=8.9%

A = 1- |0.78-0.71 / 0.78|
= 0.91

% accuracy = A x 100
= 0.91 x 100
= 91.0%

6.

Draw a graph of measured output voltage vs. input voltage from your data in Step 5.
How is the relationship between the measured output voltage and input voltage? Is

%
accuray
91.0
91.0

there any obvious error seen on your graph? Is there any systematic error shown on
your graph? Discuss your observations and findings.
From the results obtained, the relationship between the measured output voltage and
input voltage is directly proportional. It seen that the measured voltage and input voltage
value measured is closely.
Secondly, as shown from the graph above there is has experimental error. Experimental
error is the difference between a measurement output voltage and the input voltage (the
true voltage) or between two measured values. Experimental error, itself, is measured by
its accuracy and precision. Accuracy measures how close a measured output voltage
value is to the input voltage or accepted value. Since a true or accepted value for a
physical may be unknown, it is sometimes not possible to determine the accuracy of a
measurement. Precision measures how closely two or more measurements agree with
other. Precision is sometimes referred to as repeatability or reproducibility. A
measurement which is highly reproducible tends to give values which are very close to
each other.
Lastly, there have three types of systematic error it is instrumental error, environmental
error and observational error. From this experiment conducted it is environmental error
occurs it occurs due to external condition effecting the measurement including
surrounding area condition such as change in pressure, temperature or humidity.

Measured output voltage vs. input voltage

Measured output voltage (V)

3
Measured output voltage
2

0
2

10

Input voltage (V)

12

14

16

7.

Make conclusion on your observations and findings for the measurement error in
Part A, B and C. Give your opinions on how to reduce the errors.
Errors can be reducing by calibration all the instrument before conducted the
experiment, so that errors can reduce the affected by the instrument performance.
Next, take the average reading so that the result that its take is less error while
reading. Furthermore, before start the experiment it is must test first the equipment
to less any error occurs.