r/10 V/MS: 82 AL/Structural Question/P
r/10 V/MS: 82 AL/Structural Question/P
r/10 V/MS: 82 AL/Structural Question/P
1. The data in the table below is from the Apollo 11 space fight (which resulted in the
first manned moon landing). The velocity of the spacecraft is given for various
distances from the centre of the Earth. During the period to which this data
applied there was no rocket propulsion and the total mass of the spacecraft was m
= 44 103 kg.
Distance from centre of Earth
r/106 m
11.0
26.3
54.4
95.7
169.9
209.2
240.6
Velocity
v/ms-1
8406
5374
3653
2619
1796
1532
1356
At the distances from the Earths centre given in the table the influence of the
moons gravitational field on the motion of the spacecraft is negligible, and you
should ignore it when answering the following questions:
(a) Why does the velocity of the spacecraft decrease?
(b) Using the data in the above table, determine the change in gravitational
potential energy of the spacecraft as it moves from a distance of 11.0 106 m
to a distance of 240.6 106 m from the Earths centre.
(c) When the data from the table is used to plot the kinetic energy of the spacecraft
as a function of its distance from the Earths centre, the graph in Figure 1 is
obtained (the kinetic energy for r = 11 106 m has not been plotted since it
falls outside the scale chosen).
82 AL/Structural Question/P.
7
6
5
kinetic
energy / 10 11 J
4
3
2
1
0
r -1 / 10 -8 m -1
Figure 1
(i)
(ii)
Write down an expression for the gradient of the line in terms of the
gravitational constant G, the Earths mass M, and the total mass of the
spacecraft m.
(8 marks)
2. (a)
trolley
spring loaded
plunger
Figure 2
In the space below, sketch the velocity of the trolley as a function of time
assuming that
82 AL/Structural Question/P.
(1) friction in the wheel bearings and between the wheels and the table is
negligible, and
(2) during impact there is a 20% energy loss.
velocity
time
trolley
given a
sharp
push
at this
instant
(ii)
(b) A student drops a tennis ball so that it falls vertically onto the ground. The ball
bounces several times and eventually comes to rest. In the space provided,
sketch the resultant force on the ball as a function of time for the first three
bounces.
resultant
force
time
ball
dropped
at
this
instant
(7 marks)
3. (a) 60 J of energy is supplied to 2 moles of helium gas placed inside an insulated
container.
82 AL/Structural Question/P.
(i)
(ii)
Given that the molar gas constant is 8.31 J mol-1 K-1, estimate the rise in
temperature of the gas.
(b) If 2 moles of nitrogen gas were placed in the container instead of the helium
gas, would you expect the temperature rise to be (i) smaller than, (ii) equal to,
or (iii) greater than that for the helium? Give a brief explanation for your
answer.
(7 marks)
4. A satellite moving in an orbit near the Earths surface and emitting radio waves at a
frequency of 40 MHz passes over a ground station in Hong Kong. When the signal
is received, it is superposed with another signal output from an oscillator at the
receiving station, the frequency of which is very close to 40 MHz. The resulting
beat frequency is measured and Figure 3 shows the change in beat frequency as the
satellite passes over the station.
3000
2500
Beat
2000
Frequency / Hz
1500
1000
500
9:30
9:31
9:32
9:33
9:34
9:35
9:36
(a) Deduce the velocity of the satellite v. (You may assume that the velocity of
radio waves = c = 3 108 m/s and that v << c.)
(b) What is the frequency of the oscillator at the receiving station?
The frequency of the oscillator is ___________ Hz above/below (delete as
appropriate) the signal frequency of the satellite.
(c) Explain briefly why it is preferable to measure the beat frequency rather than to
directly measure the received frequency of the oscillator.
(8 marks)
82 AL/Structural Question/P.
5.
r
38o
axis
optical fibre
Figure 4
wire ring
held
vertically
dark bands
A
Figure 5
82 AL/Structural Question/P.
Current / A
10
200 V
motor
armature
resistance
=5
A
0
Figure 6
Time / s
Figure 7
(ii)
82 AL/Structural Question/P.
To oscilloscope
y - plates
Figure 8
Figure 9
- End of Paper -