Purdue University

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International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Conference

School of Mechanical Engineering

2002

Evaporating Heat Transfer Of R22 And R410A In

9.52 mm Smooth And Microfin Tubes
M. H. Kim
Samsung Electronics Company

J. S. Shin
Pohang University of Science and Technology

B. H. Lim
Samsung Electronics Company

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Kim, M. H.; Shin, J. S.; and Lim, B. H., "Evaporating Heat Transfer Of R22 And R410A In 9.52 mm Smooth And Microfin Tubes"
(2002). International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference. Paper 565.
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R8-4
Evaporating Heat Transfer of R22 and R410A in 9.52mm Smooth and
Microfin Tubes
1,3

Man-Hoe Kim1, Jeong-Seob Shin2, Byung-Han Lim3

R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Company, 416 Maetan-3Dong, Suwon, 442-742, Korea.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, San 31 Hyoja-Dong, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea.

ABSTRACT
An experimental investigation of evaporating heat transfer in 9.52 mm horizontal copper tubes was conducted.
The refrigerants tested were R22 and the near-azeotropic mixture, R410A. The test rig had a straight, horizontal test
section with an active length of 0.92 m and was heated by the heat transfer fluid (hot water) circulated in a
surrounding annulus. Constant heat flux of 11.0 kW/m2 was maintained and refrigerant quality varied from 0.2 to 0.8.
The results were reported for evaporation at 15oC in a 0.92 m long test section for 30-60 kg/h mass flow rate. The
local and average heat transfer coefficients for seven microfin tubes were presented compared to those for a smooth
tube. The average evaporation heat transfer coefficients of R22 and R410A for the microfin tubes were 86-227
percent and 64-199 percent, respectively, higher than those for the smooth tube. When compared to R22 at the same
test conditions, the evaporating heat transfer coefficients for R410A were 97-129 percent of R22.
NOMENCLATURE
A
cp
Di
Dai
h
Hf
i
if
ifg
k
mr
mw
MF
P
Q
qi
Rw
ST
T
T
r
s

: Heat transfer area, mm2

: Specific heat, J/kg-K
: Inner diameter, mm
: Average inner diameter, mm
: Heat transfer coefficient, W/m2-K
: Fin height, mm
: Enthalpy, J/kg
: Saturation liquid enthalpy, J/kg
: Latent heat of evaporation, J/kg
: Thermal conductivity, W/m-K
: Refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/s
: Water mass flow rate, kg/s
: Microfin tube
: Pressure drop, Pa
: Heat transfer rate, W
: Heat flux, W/m2
: Conductive thermal resistance, K/W
: Smooth tube
: Temperature, K
: Temperature difference, K
: Refrigerant side
: Saturation

t
x
U
Wt

: Bottom wall thickness, mm

: Refrigerant vapor quality
: Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2-K
: Mean wall thickness, mm

Greek letters
: Apex angle, deg.
: Helix angle, deg.
: Efficiency index defined
: Heat transfer enhancement factor

av
i
in
o
out
p
ph
s
ts
w

Subscripts
: Average
: Iinner side
: Inlet
: Outside
: Outlet
: Plane tube
: Preheater
: Saturation
: Test section
: Tube wall

INTRODUCTION
Heat exchangers in air conditioning and heat pump applications play an important role on system efficiency and
physical size, and on environmental impacts. Finned round tube heat exchangers are usually used for the evaporator
and condenser for residential air-conditioning systems. The air-side thermal resistance of the heat exchangers
dominates the total thermal resistance. To improve the thermal performance of finned tube heat exchangers, it is
necessary to reduce air-side thermal resistance. To investigate the overall performance of the finned tube heat
exchangers, however, tube-side heat transfer and pressure drop behaviors as well as air-side performance must be

considered simultaneously. Several investigators [1-14] performed studies on evaporation in microfin round tubes.
Hitachi [1,2] appears to be the first to develop microfin tubes for heat exchnagers for air-conditioning and heat
pump systems. Yasuda et al. [3] developed THERMOFIN-HEX TUBE, which was 9.52 mm o.d. microfin tube
with 18 degree helix angle, to improve the evaporation performance of room air conditioners. They reported R22
evaporation heat transfer coefficient had a maximum at mass flux of 200-250 kg/m2s. Schlager et al. [4] investigated
evaporation and condensation heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in three horizontal 12.7 mm microfin
tubes with R22. They found evaporation and condensation heat transfer coefficients in the microfin tubes were 1.62.2 and 1.5-2.0 times, respectively, larger than those in the smooth tubes. Kandlikar [5] presented a flow boiling heat
transfer correlation for enhanced tubes by modifying his smooth tube correlation, and Chritoffersen et al. [6]
investigated local evaporation heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics for R22, R134a and R32/R125
(60/40%) in smooth and microfin tubes. Kaul et al. [7] conducted a study on the horizontal evaporation heat transfer
performance of R22 and several alternative refrigerants in a fluid heated microfin tube and they developed
correlations of heat transfer coefficients for each refrigerant. Chamra et al. [8] presented R22 evaporation heat
transfer and pressure drop data for new microfin geometries applied to the inner surface of 15.88 mm o.d. tubes.
Kuo et al. [9] reported the effect of heat flux, mass flux and evaporation pressure on the heat transfer coefficients
using 9.52 mm o.d. microfin and plain tubes. Liu [10] performed a study of evaporation and condensation heat
transfer and pressure drop behaviors of R134a and R22 in a 9.52 mm o.d. axially grooved tube and presented heat
transfer coefficient and pressure drop correlations for each refrigerant. Uchida et al. [11] performed an experimental
study on the R407C evaporation in a smooth, single- and cross-grooved tubes. They repoted that heat transfer
coefficients for the cross-grooved tube are over three times and 20-40% larger than those for the smooth and singlegrooved tubes, respectively. Yamamoto et al. [12] carried out the R410A evapoation test in horizontal tubes and
proposed the correlation of evaporation heat transfer coefficients for R410A. Kattan et al. [13] developed a heat
transfer model which includes the effects of two-phase flow pattern. The model is based on experimental data taking
into account the physical mechanism occuring during evaporation. Boissieux et al. [14] performed an experimental
study on evaporation of HFC refrigerants in a horizontal smooth tube. They found that the Kattan et al.s model [13]
predicted well the local heat transfer data during the whole evaporating process. They developed a heat transfer
model based on Kattan et al.s model and the modifed model offered a good prediction of the test data, with a
standard deviation of 6.1%. However, there was little experimental data available for various tube geometries for
R410A refrigerant.
This study investigates local and average two-phase heat transfer characteristics during R22 and R410A
evaporation in a smooth and seven different microfin tubes. The test results are compared to those for a round tube
at the same mass flow rate.
EXPERIMENTS
Test apparatus
Fig. 1 shows schematic diagram of the test apparatus. It consists of circulation loops for the refrigerant and heat
transfer fluids and data acquisition system. The refrigerant circulation loop includes a gear pump, a mass flow meter,
a pre-heater, a test section, a stabilizer, a sub-cooling unit and a receiver. The refrigerant is delivered to the test
section by the magnetic gear pump. The refrigerant flow rate was measured using a coriolis mass flow meter with a
nominal flow range of 0 135 kg/h and an accuracy of 0.15%. The refrigerant quality at the inlet of the test section
is regulated through heat exchange between the refrigerant and the hot water in the pre-heater.
The test section consists of two concentric, circular tubes. The refrigerant is flowing through the inner copper
tube, and the heat-transfer fluid (water) is flowing in the counter direction to the refrigerant through the annular
space. Table 1 describes the simple cross-sectional configuration and geometrical parameters for the test tubes. The
outer diameter of the copper tubes tested is 9.52 mm and the test section has an effective length of 920 mm. The
outer tube is acrylic circular tube with the inner diameter of 18.0 mm. Thermocouples and pressure transducers are
inserted in the inlet and outlet of the test tube and a differential pressure sensor is connected between them. The
measured saturation temperatures were in good agreement with the temperature calculated based on the measured
saturated pressure within 0.3C. To measure the tube wall temperatures, twelve thermocouples were attached on
the outer surface of the tube at three locations along the length of the tube, mounted at the top, bottom, right and left
of the tube in the circumferential direction. The entire refrigeration circulation loop including the test section was
wrapped with 40 mm thick foam insulation to minimize heat transfer between refrigerant and the environment. The
energy balance between the inside and outside of the test tube was checked using water at the proper heat flux, and
the results showed agreement within 3%.

Fig. 1 Schematic of the experimental apparatus.

Table 1 Specifications of the test tubes (Outer diameter: 9.52 mm).
Dai
(mm)

t
(mm)

Wt
(mm)

Hf
(mm)

( )

( )

Number
of fins

Hf/Di

A/Ap

8.70

8.70

0.41

0.41

1.0

MF-1

8.68

8.82

0.30

0.35

0.12

25

60

0.0138

1.28

MF-2

8.52

8.80

0.30

0.36

0.20

18

53

60

0.0235

1.51

Single- MF-3
groove

8.52

8.80

0.30

0.36

0.20

18

40

60

0.0235

1.60

MF-4

8.47

8.80

0.28

0.36

0.25

15.5

25

65

0.0295

1.85

MF-5

8.46

8.80

0.30

0.36

0.23
0.16

30

40

54

0.0272
0.0189

1.53

MF-6

8.14

8.60

0.37

0.46

0.32

25

20

0.0393

MF-7

8.51

8.80

0.30

0.36

0.20

44

15

72

0.0235

Tube
Types
Smooth ST
tube

Crossgroove

Fin
Di
geometries (mm)
-

The hot and cold water circulation loops to control the state of the refrigerant include a pre-heater and a subcooler. Thermocouples were inserted to measure the temperatures at the inlet and outlet of the sub-cooler and preheater, and thermopiles were attached to measure the temperature differences between the inlet and outlet of the hot
and cold water. Heat transfer rate of the pre-heater was regulated by water flow rate measured using a coriolis mass
flow meter with a nominal flow range of 0 1225 kg/h and an accuracy 0.15%.
The test data were collected using a hybrid recorder and analyzed in real time with a PC running the data
reduction program. All the information about test conditions and test data during the test, were displayed on the
monitor and test conditions were changed based on this information.

Test condition and method

The test conditions described in Table 2 span the range of operating conditions of an evaporator for a residential
air conditioning system. The tests are conducted for evaporation at 15C for 30, 45 and 60 kg/h mass flow rate with
R22 and R410A. The refrigerant flow rate is controlled by regulating the input power of the variable speed magnetic
gear pump. Constant heat flux of 11 kW/m2 based on the average inside tube surface area is maintained through all
the tests. The quality of the refrigerant entering the test section is controlled through the heat exchange rate in the
pre-heater, and the heat flux was maintained by regulating the water flow rate from the hot water bath. The test
conditions and data to be collected were monitored throughout the test, and data sets of 60-100 were recorded and
averaged over 6-10 minutes after test conditions reached the steady state.
Table 2 Test conditions.
Refrigerants

Table 3 Estimated uncertainties.

Items

R22, R410A

Evaporating temp. (oC)

Heat flux (kW/m2)
Mass flow rate (kg/h)
Quality range

15
11.0
30, 45, 60
0.2-0.8

Accuracy

Temperature

0.1 oC

Pressure

0.2 %

Mass flow

0.15 %

Refrigerant quality

3.2 6.3 %

Average heat transfer coefficient 6.5 12.3 %

Data reduction
Evaporating heat transfer coefficient (h) can be obtained from the following equation
1
1
1
=
+ Rw +
= LMTD / Q
U o Ao ho Ao
hA

(1)

where Q is the heat transfer rate at the test section

Q = mw c p T
LMTD =

T1 T2
ln(T1 / T2 )

T1 = Ts ,in To,out , T2 = Ts ,out To,in

(2)
(3)
(4)

The Modified Wilson Plot method [15, 16] is used to get the heat transfer coefficients of annular side for the
test section. Wilson plot data are obtained for the water flow rate of annular side of 110-200 kg/h as shown in Fig. 2.
Heat transfer coefficient can be obtained also from the measured wall temperatures.
h=

qi
Tw Tr

(5)

Where qi" is heat flux, Tw and Tr are inside wall and refrigerant temperatures, respectively. Heat flux was
determined using inside tube wall area, based on the average of root and minimum inner diameters and heat transfer
rate (Q) obtained from Eq. (2). Tw was calculated from the temperature measured at the outside tube wall using the
one-dimensional conduction equation, approximated as Cartesian geometry.
The average and inlet qualities of the refrigerant at the test section were calculated from the energy balance in
the preheater and the test section, respectively

x = xi +
xi =

Qts
2mr i fg

(6)

1 Q ph

(i f i ph,i )

i fg mr

(7)

Average heat transfer coefficients were obtained from the average values of the integral of the local heat
transfer coefficient, which were fitted over the quality ranges of 0.2-0.8. Refrigerant properties were calculated
using REFPROP [17]. Accounting for all instrument errors, uncertainties for the average heat transfer coefficients
were estimated 12.3% (see Table 3) using the standard method [18].
4

50
Water Flow Rate in
the Annular Side

R22

R410A
Top

110 kg/h

40

Bottom

150 kg/h

Side

30
o

Tw-Tr ( C)

1/UoAo (K/kW)

200 kg/h

20

1
10
2

m = 45 kg/h, q = 11 kW/m
o
Tsat = 15 C
0
0

10

20
mi

0
0.1

30

- 0.8

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Average quality

Fig. 2 Wilson plot data for the annular side.

Fig. 4 Wall temperaure profiles for MF-2.

4500

16
R22 in Smooth Tube

14

Shah(19)

4000

Gungor(20)
Kandlikar(21)

12

ST

MF-4

MF-1

MF-5

MF-2

MF-6

MF-3

MF-7

Heat transfer coefficient, h (kW/m K)

Wattelet(22)

3500
2

Predictive h (W/m K)

0.3

3000

2500

10

4
2

2000

1500
1500

q = 11 kW/m
m = 30-60 kg/h
x = 0.2-0.8

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

R22
2
m = 45 kg/h, q = 11 kW/m
o
Tsat = 15 C

4500

Experimental h (W/m K)

Fig. 3 Heat transfer coefficients for the plane tube.

0
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Average quality

Fig. 5 Local heat transfer coefficients for R22.

0.9

16

14

MF-4

MF-1

MF-5

MF-2

MF-6

MF-3

MF-7

Average heat transfer coefficient, hav (kW/m K)

15
ST

10

R22
R410A

R410A
2
m = 45 kg/h, q = 11 kW/m
o
Tsat = 15 C

0
0.1

12

Heat transfer coefficient, h (kW/m K)

12

q = 11 kW/m
m = 45 kg/h
o
Tsat = 15 C

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

ST

MF-1

MF-2

Average quality

MF-3 MF-4
Tube types

MF-5

MF-6

MF-7

Fig. 7 Average evaporation heat transfer coefficients.

Fig. 6 Local heat transfer coefficients for R410A.

Table 4 Heat transfer enhancement factor (h ) at the mass flow rate of 45 kg/h.
ST

MF-1

MF-2

MF-3

MF-4

MF-5

MF-6

MF-7

R22

1.0

1.86

2.20

2.98

3.27

2.24

2.02

1.80

R410A

1.0

1.93

2.04

2.33

2.99

2.02

1.64

1.66

1.24

1.29

1.15

0.97

1.13

1.12

1.00

1.14

R410A/R22*
*

Heat transfer coefficient ratio of R410A to R22

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figs. 3-7 present the test results of evaporation of R22 and R410A in a smooth and seven microfin tubes. In Fig.
3, the evaporation heat transfer coefficients of R22 in the smooth tube are compared with the correlations [19-22].
The correlations of Shah [19] and Gungor and Winterton [20] underpredicted the measured data by 23%.
Kandlikars correlation [21] predicted well the test data within 7.7%, except the region with small refrigerant quality.
Wattelet et al.s correlation [22] is also predicted well the measured data within 8.7%, but the discrepancy increased
with refrigerant mass flow rate.
Fig. 4 shows surface temperature profiles along the circumference for the microfin tube (MF-2) at the mass
flow rate of 45 kg/h. The average surface temperatures of the tube were measured on the outer surface of the tube at
three locations along the length of the tube mounted at the top, bottom, right and left of the tube in the
circumferential direction. The temperatures of the top wall are higher than those of the bottom and side walls since
the liquid film layer is thinner due to gravity. The circumferential variation of the wall temperatures for R22 is
higher than that for R410A. The surface temperature of the top for R22 in small quality region (x<0.4) increases
with quality. This is partly attributed to the specific volumes of R22 and R410A at the saturation temperature of
15C. The specific volumes of saturated vapor and liquid for R22 at 15C are 30% larger and 11% smaller than
those for R410A, respectively, and therefore void fraction of R22 is higher than that for R410A at the same mass
flow rate of 45 kg/h. As expected, surface temperature variations along the circumferential direction decrease as
quality increases since the gravity and microfin effects become less important as flow pattern changes to annular
flow.
Figs. 5 and 6 present local heat transfer coefficients of R22 and R410A at the mass flow rate of 45 kg/h,

respectively. The incremental rate of heat transfer coefficients for MF-2, MF-3, MF-4 and MF-5 with quality is
higher than that for other geometries (ST, MF-1, MF-6 and MF-7). The effect of quality on the heat transfer
coefficients for the smooth tube is relatively small compared microfin tubes, suggesting the contribution of
convective term to the heat transfer coefficient is small.
Fig. 7 shows average heat transfer coefficients for R22 and R410A, and Table 4 presents the heat transfer
enhancement factor and the ratio of heat transfer coefficients of R410A to R22. Chamra et al. [8] defined the
efficiency index ()of the heat transfer coefficient for microfin tubes as
=

h / hp

(8)

P / Pp

where subscript p indicates the plain tube. Since the pressure drop data are not available in this study, we defined the
heat transfer enhancement factor as
(9)
h = h / h p
The average heat transfer coefficients of microfin tubes for R22 and R410A are over 3.27 (MF-4) and 2.99
(MF-4) times higher than those for the smooth tube. The heat transfer coefficients for the cross-grooved tubes (MF-6,
MF-7) are smaller than those for the single-grooved tubes except MF-1. This is opposite to Chamra et al.s result [8]
which the overall performance of the cross-grooved tube is greater than that of the single-grooved tube. It is
attributed to the microfin geometries. The heat transfer coefficient increases with the fin height to inner diameter
ratio (Hf/Di)and the area ratio (A/Ap) and decreases with the helix and apex angles [1,2]. Note that Hf/Di and A/Ap for
MF-4 are the greatest along the single-grooved tubes and the apex and helix angles are the smallest as shown in
Table 1.The heat transfer coefficients for R410A are larger than those for R22 except MF-3. This higher heat
transfer performance attributed to the superiority of thermodynamic properties and nucleate boiling characteristics of
R410A. The thermal conductivity of saturated vapor and liquid for R410A at 15C are 13 and 19 % larger than those
for R22, respectively.
CONCLUSION
An experimental study of R22 and R410A evaporation in the smooth and microfin tubes has been performed
and the following conclusions are obtained.
(1) The measured heat transfer coefficients in the smooth tube are quite in agreement with Kandlikars correlation
within the rms error of 7.7%.
(2) The circumferential variation of evaporation heat transfer coefficients for R22 is higher than that for R410A.
(3) The average evaporation heat transfer coefficients of R22 and R410A for the microfin tubes were 86-227% and
64-199%, respectively, higher than those for the smooth tube.
(4) When compared to R22 at the same test conditions, the evaporating heat transfer coefficients for R410A were
97-129% of R22.
(5) The incremental rate of heat transfer coefficient for the microfin tubes with refrigerant quality is greater than
that for the smooth tube.
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