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Example: Mainpage - HTM Page1.htm Page2.htm

The document provides an introduction to HTML, including: - HTML is a markup language used to define the structure and layout of web pages. It uses tags to describe headings, paragraphs, links, and other content. - Common HTML tags include <h1> for main headings, <p> for paragraphs, <a> for links, <img> for images, and <br> for line breaks. - HTML documents contain nested HTML elements like <html>, <body>, and specific tags for content. Attributes like href provide extra information about elements.

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kamlesh Tharu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
77 views

Example: Mainpage - HTM Page1.htm Page2.htm

The document provides an introduction to HTML, including: - HTML is a markup language used to define the structure and layout of web pages. It uses tags to describe headings, paragraphs, links, and other content. - Common HTML tags include <h1> for main headings, <p> for paragraphs, <a> for links, <img> for images, and <br> for line breaks. - HTML documents contain nested HTML elements like <html>, <body>, and specific tags for content. Attributes like href provide extra information about elements.

Uploaded by

kamlesh Tharu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Example

<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
What is HTML?
HTML is a language for describing web pages.
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language
A markup language is a set of markup tags
HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages
HTML Tags
HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags
HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html>
HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags
HTML Documents = Web Pages
HTML documents describe web pages
HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
HTML documents are also called web pages
The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML documents and display them
as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the
page:
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Example Explained
The text between <html> and </html> describes the web page
The text between <body> and </body> is the visible page content
The text between <h1> and </h1> is displayed as a heading
The text between <p> and </p> is displayed as a paragraph
What You Need
You don't need any tools to learn HTML at W3Schools.
You don't need an HTML editor
You don't need a web server
You don't need a web site
Editing HTML
HTML can be written and edited using many different editors like Dreamweaver and Visual Studio.
However, in this tutorial we use a plain text editor (like Notepad) to edit HTML. We believe using a plain text
editor is the best way to learn HTML.
Create Your Own Test Web
If you just want to learn HTML, skip the rest of this chapter.
If you want to create a test page on your own computer, just copy the 3 files below to your desktop.
(Right click on each link, and select "save target as" or "save link as")
mainpage.htm
page1.htm
page2.htm
After you have copied the files, you can double-click on the file called "mainpage.htm" and see your first web
site in action.

Use Your Test Web For Learning


We suggest you experiment with everything you learn at W3Schools by editing your web files with a text editor
(like Notepad).
Note: If your test web contains HTML markup tags you have not learned, don't panic. You will learn all about it
in the next chapters.
.HTM or .HTML File Extension?
When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html file extension. There is no difference, it is
entirely up to you.
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>
Try it yourself
HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.
Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
Try it yourself
HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag.
Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
Try it yourself
Note: The link address is specified in the href attribute.
(You will learn about attributes in a later chapter of this tutorial).
HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142" />
HTML documents are defined by HTML elements.
HTML Elements
An HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
Start tag *
Element content
End tag *
<p>
This is a paragraph
</p>
<a href="default.htm" >
This is a link
</a>
<br />
* The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.
HTML Element Syntax
An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag
An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag
The element content is everything between the start and the end tag
Some HTML elements have empty content
Empty elements are closed in the start tag
Most HTML elements can have attributes
Tip: You will learn about attributes in the next chapter of this tutorial.
Nested HTML Elements
Most HTML elements can be nested (can contain other HTML elements).
HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.

HTML Document Example


<html>
<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The example above contains 3 HTML elements.
HTML Example Explained
The <p> element:
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
The <p> element defines a paragraph in the HTML document.
The element has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>.
The element content is: This is my first paragraph.
The <body> element:
<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>
The <body> element defines the body of the HTML document.
The element has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
The element content is another HTML element (a p element).
The <html> element:
<html>
<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The <html> element defines the whole HTML document.
The element has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
The element content is another HTML element (the body element).
Don't Forget the End Tag
Some HTML elements might display correctly even if you forget the end tag:
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph
The example above works in most browsers, because the closing tag is considered optional.
Never rely on this. Many HTML elements will produce unexpected results and/or errors if you forget the end tag
.
Empty HTML Elements
HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.
<br> is an empty element without a closing tag (the <br> tag defines a line break).
Tip: In XHTML, all elements must be closed. Adding a slash inside the start tag, like <br />, is the proper way
of closing empty elements in XHTML (and XML).
HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Tags
HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>. Many web sites use uppercase HTML tags.
W3Schools use lowercase tags because the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase in
HTML 4, and demands lowercase tags in XHTML.
HTML Attributes
HTML elements can have attributes
Attributes provide additional information about an element
Attributes are always specified in the start tag
Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"
Attribute Example
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:
Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
Try it yourself

Always Quote Attribute Values


Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes.
Double style quotes are the most common, but single style quotes are also allowed.
Tip: In some rare situations, when the attribute value itself contains quotes, it is necessary to use single
quotes: name='John "ShotGun" Nelson'
HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Attributes
Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive.
However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their
HTML 4 recommendation.
Newer versions of (X)HTML will demand lowercase attributes.
HTML Attributes Reference
A complete list of legal attributes for each HTML element is listed in our:
Complete HTML Reference
Below is a list of some attributes that are standard for most HTML elements:
Attribute
Value
Description
class
classname
Specifies a classname for an element
id
id
Specifies a unique id for an element
style
style_definition
Specifies an inline style for an element
Specifies extra information about an element (displayed as a tool
title
tooltip_text
tip)
For more information about standard attributes:
HTML Standard Attributes Reference
HTML Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.
Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>
Try it yourself
Note: Browsers automatically add some empty space (a margin) before and after each heading.
Headings Are Important
Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.
Search engines use your headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.
Since users may skim your pages by its headings, it is important to use headings to show the document
structure.
H1 headings should be used as main headings, followed by H2 headings, then the less important H3 headings,
and so on.
HTML Lines
The <hr /> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.
The hr element can be used to separate content:
Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
Try it yourself
HTML Comments
Comments can be inserted into the HTML code to make it more readable and understandable. Comments are
ignored by the browser and are not displayed.
Comments are written like this:
Example
<!-- This is a comment -->

Try it yourself
Note: There is an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before the closing bracket.
HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source
Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"
To find out, right-click in the page and select "View Source" (IE) or "View Page Source" (Firefox), or similar for
other browsers. This will open a window containing the HTML code of the page.
HTML Tag Reference
W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.
You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial.
Tag
Description
<html>
Defines an HTML document
<body>
Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6>
Defines HTML headings
<hr />
Defines a horizontal line
<!-->
Defines a comment
HTML documents are divided into paragraphs.
HTML Paragraphs
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.
Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>
Don't Forget the End Tag
Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:
Example
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph
HTML Line Breaks
Use the <br /> tag if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:
Example
<p>This is<br />a para<br />graph with line breaks</p>
The <br /> element is an empty HTML element. It has no end tag.
<br> or <br />
In XHTML, XML, elements with no end tag (closing tag) are not allowed.
Even if <br> works in all browsers, writing <br /> instead works better in XHTML and XML applications.
HTML Output - Useful Tips
You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed. Large or small screens, and resized windows will create
different results.
With HTML, you cannot change the output by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML code.
The browser will remove extra spaces and extra lines when the page is displayed. Any number of lines count as
one line, and any number of spaces count as one space.
HTML Tag Reference
W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about HTML elements and their attributes.
Tag
Description
<p>
Defines a paragraph
<br />
Inserts a single line break
HTML Text Formatting
This text is bold
This text is big
This text is italic

This is computer output


This is subscript and

superscript

Try it yourself
HTML Formatting Tags
HTML uses tags like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.
These HTML tags are called formatting tags (look at the bottom of this page for a complete reference).
Often <strong> renders as <b>, and <em> renders as <i>.
However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags:
<b> or <i> defines bold or italic text only.
<strong> or <em> means that you want the text to be rendered in a way that the user understands as
"important". Today, all major browsers render strong as bold and em as italics. However, if a browser
one day wants to make a text highlighted with the strong feature, it might be cursive for example and not
bold!
HTML Text Formatting Tags
Tag

Description

<b>

Defines bold text

<big>

Defines big text

<em>

Defines emphasized text

<i>

Defines italic text

<small>

Defines small text

<strong>

Defines strong text

<sub>

Defines subscripted text

<sup>

Defines superscripted text

<ins>

Defines inserted text

<del>

Defines deleted text

HTML "Computer Output" Tags


Tag

Description

<code>

Defines computer code text

<kbd>

Defines keyboard text

<samp>

Defines sample computer code

<tt>

Defines teletype text

<var>

Defines a variable

<pre>

Defines preformatted text

HTML Citations, Quotations, and Definition Tags


Tag

Description

<abbr>

Defines an abbreviation

<acronym>

Defines an acronym

<address>

Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document

<bdo>

Defines the text direction

<blockquote>

Defines a long quotation

<q>

Defines a short quotation

<cite>

Defines a citation

<dfn>

Defines a definition term

HTML Text Formatting


This text is bold
This text is big
This text is italic
This is computer output
This is subscript and

superscript

Try it yourself
HTML Formatting Tags
HTML uses tags like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.
These HTML tags are called formatting tags (look at the bottom of this page for a complete reference).
Often <strong> renders as <b>, and <em> renders as <i>.
However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags:
<b> or <i> defines bold or italic text only.
<strong> or <em> means that you want the text to be rendered in a way that the user understands as
"important". Today, all major browsers render strong as bold and em as italics. However, if a browser
one day wants to make a text highlighted with the strong feature, it might be cursive for example and not
bold!
HTML Text Formatting Tags
Tag

Description

<b>

Defines bold text

<big>

Defines big text

<em>

Defines emphasized text

<i>

Defines italic text

<small>

Defines small text

<strong>

Defines strong text

<sub>

Defines subscripted text

<sup>

Defines superscripted text

<ins>

Defines inserted text

<del>

Defines deleted text

HTML "Computer Output" Tags


Tag

Description

<code>

Defines computer code text

<kbd>

Defines keyboard text

<samp>

Defines sample computer code

<tt>

Defines teletype text

<var>

Defines a variable

<pre>

Defines preformatted text

HTML Citations, Quotations, and Definition Tags


Tag

Description

<abbr>

Defines an abbreviation

<acronym>

Defines an acronym

<address>

Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document

<bdo>

Defines the text direction

<blockquote>

Defines a long quotation

<q>

Defines a short quotation

<cite>

Defines a citation

<dfn>

Defines a definition term

The HTML <font> Tag Should NOT be Used


The <font> tag is deprecated in HTML 4, and removed from HTML5.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has removed the <font> tag from its recommendations.
In HTML 4, style sheets (CSS) should be used to define the layout and display properties for many HTML
elements.
The example below shows how the HTML could look by using the <font> tag:
Example
<p>
<font size="5" face="arial" color="red">
This paragraph is in Arial, size 5, and in red text color.
</font>
</p>
<p>
<font size="3" face="verdana" color="blue">
This paragraph is in Verdana, size 3, and in blue text color.
</font>
</p>

Styling HTML with CSS


CSS was introduced together with HTML 4, to provide a better way to style HTML elements.
CSS can be added to HTML in the following ways:

in separate style sheet files (CSS files)


in the style element in the HTML head section
in the style attribute in single HTML elements

Using the HTML Style Attribute


It is time consuming and not very practical to style HTML elements using the style attribute.
The preferred way to add CSS to HTML, is to put CSS syntax in separate CSS files.
However, in this HTML tutorial we will introduce you to CSS using the style attribute. This is done to simplify
the examples. It also makes it easier for you to edit the code and try it yourself.

HTML Style Example - Background Color


The background-color property defines the background color for an element:

Example
<html>
<body style="background-color:yellow;">

<h2 style="background-color:red;">This is a heading</h2>


<p style="background-color:green;">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Style Example - Font, Color and Size


The font-family, color, and font-size properties defines the font, color, and size of the text in an element:

Example
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="font-family:verdana;">A heading</h1>
<p style="font-family:arial;color:red;font-size:20px;">A paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

The font-family, color, and font-size properties make the old <font> tag obsolete.

HTML Style Example - Text Alignment


The text-align property specifies the horizontal alignment of text in an element:

Example
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="text-align:center;">Center-aligned heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Deprecated Tags and Attributes


In HTML 4, several tags and attributes were deprecated. Deprecated means that they will not be supported in
future versions of HTML.
The message is clear: Avoid using deprecated tags and attributes!

These tags and attributes should be avoided:


Tags

Description

<center>

Deprecated. Defines centered content

<font> and <basefont>

Deprecated. Defines HTML fonts

<s> and <strike>

Deprecated. Defines strikethrough text

<u>

Deprecated. Defines underlined text

Attributes

Description

align

Deprecated. Defines the alignment of text

bgcolor

Deprecated. Defines the background color

color

Deprecated. Defines the text color

For all of the above: Use styles instead!


How to create links in an HTML document.
(You can find more examples at the bottom of this page)
HTML Hyperlinks (Links)
A hyperlink (or link) is a word, group of words, or image that you can click on to jump to a new document or a
new section within the current document.
When you move the cursor over a link in a Web page, the arrow will turn into a little hand.
Links are specified in HTML using the <a> tag.
The <a> tag can be used in two ways:
1. To create a link to another document, by using the href attribute
2. To create a bookmark inside a document, by using the name attribute
HTML Link Syntax
The HTML code for a link is simple. It looks like this:
<a href="url">Link text</a>
The href attribute specifies the destination of a link.
Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/">Visit </a>
Clicking on this hyperlink will send the user to W3Schools' homepage.
Tip: The "Link text" doesn't have to be text. It can be an image or any other HTML element.
HTML Links - The target Attribute
The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.
The example below will open the linked document in a new browser window or a new tab:
Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a>

HTML Links - The name Attribute


The name attribute specifies the name of an anchor.
The name attribute is used to create a bookmark inside an HTML document.
Note: The upcoming HTML5 standard suggest using the id attribute instead of the name attribute for specifying
the name of an anchor. Using the id attribute actually works also for HTML4 in all modern browsers.
Bookmarks are not displayed in any special way. They are invisible to the reader.
Example
A named anchor inside an HTML document:
<a name="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>
Create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" inside the same document:
<a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>
Or, create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" from another page:
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html_links.htm#tips">
Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>
Basic Notes - Useful Tips

Note: Always add a trailing slash to subfolder references. If you link like this:
href="http://www.w3schools.com/html", you will generate two requests to the server, the server will first add a
slash to the address, and then create a new request like this: href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/".
Tip: Named anchors are often used to create "table of contents" at the beginning of a large document. Each
chapter within the document is given a named anchor, and links to each of these anchors are put at the top of the
document.
HTML Link Tags
Tag

Description

<a>

Defines an anchor

HTML Images - The <img> Tag and the Src Attribute


In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.
The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only, and has no closing tag.
To display an image on a page, you need to use the src attribute. Src stands for "source". The value of the src
attribute is the URL of the image you want to display.
Syntax for defining an image:
<img src="url" alt="some_text"/>
The URL points to the location where the image is stored. An image named "boat.gif", located in the "images"
directory on "www.w3schools.com" has the URL: http://www.w3schools.com/images/boat.gif.
The browser displays the image where the <img> tag occurs in the document. If you put an image tag between
two paragraphs, the browser shows the first paragraph, then the image, and then the second paragraph.
HTML Images - The Alt Attribute
The required alt attribute specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image cannot be displayed.
The value of the alt attribute is an author-defined text:
<img src="boat.gif" alt="Big Boat" />
The alt attribute provides alternative information for an image if a user for some reason cannot view it (because
of slow connection, an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader).
HTML Images - Set Height and Width of an Image
The height and width attributes are used to specify the height and width of an image.
The attribute values are specified in pixels by default:
<img src="pulpit.jpg" alt="Pulpit rock" width="304" height="228" />
Tip: It is a good practice to specify both the height and width attributes for an image. If these attributes are set,
the space required for the image is reserved when the page is loaded. However, without these attributes, the
browser does not know the size of the image. The effect will be that the page layout will change during loading
(while the images load).
Basic Notes - Useful Tips
Note: If an HTML file contains ten images - eleven files are required to display the page right. Loading images
take time, so my best advice is: Use images carefully.
Note: When a web page is loaded, it is the browser, at that moment, that actually gets the image from a web
server and inserts it into the page. Therefore, make sure that the images actually stay in the same spot in relation
to the web page, otherwise your visitors will get a broken link icon. The broken link icon is shown if the
browser cannot find the image.
HTML Image Tags
Tag

Description

<img />

Defines an image

<map>

Defines an image-map

<area />

Defines a clickable area inside an image-map

HTML Tables
Apples
Bananas
Oranges
Other

HTML Tables

44%
23%
13%
10%

Tables are defined with the <table> tag.


A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). td
stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data cell. A <td> tag can contain text, links, images, lists,
forms, other tables, etc.
Table Example
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
How the HTML code above looks in a browser:
row 1, cell 1

row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1

row 2, cell 2

HTML Tables and the Border Attribute


If you do not specify a border attribute, the table will be displayed without borders. Sometimes this can be
useful, but most of the time, we want the borders to show.
To display a table with borders, specify the border attribute:
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
HTML Table Headers
Header information in a table are defined with the <th> tag.
All major browsers will display the text in the <th> element as bold and centered.
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
How the HTML code above looks in your browser:
Header 1

Header 2

row 1, cell 1

row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1

row 2, cell 2

HTML Table Tags


Tag
Description
<table>
Defines a table
<th>
Defines a table header
<tr>
Defines a table row
<td>
Defines a table cell
<caption>
Defines a table caption
<colgroup>
Defines a group of columns in a table, for formatting

<col />
<thead>
<tbody>
<tfoot>

Defines attribute values for one or more columns in a table


Groups the header content in a table
Groups the body content in a table
Groups the footer content in a table

The most common HTML lists are ordered and unordered lists:

HTML Lists
An ordered list:
1. The first list item
2. The second list item
3. The third list item

An unordered list:
List item
List item
List item

HTML Unordered Lists


An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items are marked with bullets (typically small black circles).
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Coffee
Milk

HTML Ordered Lists


An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items are marked with numbers.
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
How the HTML code above looks in a browser:
1. Coffee
2. Milk

HTML Definition Lists


A definition list is a list of items, with a description of each item.
The <dl> tag defines a definition list.

The <dl> tag is used in conjunction with <dt> (defines the item in the list) and <dd> (describes the item in the
list):
<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>
How the HTML code above looks in a browser:
Coffee
- black hot drink
Milk
- white cold drink

Basic Notes - Useful Tips


Tip: Inside a list item you can put text, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.
HTML List Tags
Tag

Description

<ol>

Defines an ordered list

<ul>

Defines an unordered list

<li>

Defines a list item

<dl>

Defines a definition list

<dt>

Defines an item in a definition list

<dd>

Defines a description of an item in a definition list

HTML Forms
HTML forms are used to pass data to a server.
A form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio-buttons, submit buttons and more. A form
can also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements.
The <form> tag is used to create an HTML form:
<form>
.
input elements
.
</form>
HTML Forms - The Input Element
The most important form element is the input element.
The input element is used to select user information.
An input element can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute. An input element can be of type text
field, checkbox, password, radio button, submit button, and more.
The most used input types are described below.
Text Fields
<input type="text" /> defines a one-line input field that a user can enter text into:
<form>
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname" /><br />
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname" />
</form>
How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

First name:
Last name:
Note: The form itself is not visible. Also note that the default width of a text field is 20 characters.
Password Field
<input type="password" /> defines a password field:
<form>
Password: <input type="password" name="pwd" />
</form>
How the HTML code above looks in a browser:
Password:
Note: The characters in a password field are masked (shown as asterisks or circles).
Radio Buttons
<input type="radio" /> defines a radio button. Radio buttons let a user select ONLY ONE one of a limited
number of choices:
<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" /> Male<br />
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female" /> Female
</form>
How the HTML code above looks in a browser:
Male
Female

Checkboxes
<input type="checkbox" /> defines a checkbox. Checkboxes let a user select ONE or MORE options of a
limited number of choices.
<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike" /> I have a bike<br />
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car" /> I have a car
</form>
How the HTML code above looks in a browser:
I have a bike
I have a car

Submit Button
<input type="submit" /> defines a submit button.
A submit button is used to send form data to a server. The data is sent to the page specified in the form's action
attribute. The file defined in the action attribute usually does something with the received input:
<form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get">
Username: <input type="text" name="user" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
How the HTML code above looks in a browser:
Username:
If you type some characters in the text field above, and click the "Submit" button, the browser will send your
input to a page called "html_form_action.asp". The page will show you the received input.
HTML Form Tags
Tag

Description

<form>

Defines an HTML form for user input

<input />

Defines an input control

<textarea>

Defines a multi-line text input control

<label>

Defines a label for an input element

<fieldset>

Defines a border around elements in a form

<legend>

Defines a caption for a fieldset element

<select>

Defines a select list (drop-down list)

<optgroup>

Defines a group of related options in a select list

<option>

Defines an option in a select list

<button>

Defines a push button

HTML Frames
With frames, you can display more than one HTML document in the same browser window. Each HTML
document is called a frame, and each frame is independent of the others.
The disadvantages of using frames are:
Frames are not expected to be supported in future versions of HTML
Frames are difficult to use. (Printing the entire page is difficult).
The web developer must keep track of more HTML documents
The HTML frameset Element
The frameset element holds one or more frame elements. Each frame element can hold a separate document.
The frameset element states HOW MANY columns or rows there will be in the frameset, and HOW MUCH
percentage/pixels of space will occupy each of them.
The HTML frame Element
The <frame> tag defines one particular window (frame) within a frameset.
In the example below we have a frameset with two columns.
The first column is set to 25% of the width of the browser window. The second column is set to 75% of the
width of the browser window. The document "frame_a.htm" is put into the first column, and the document
"frame_b.htm" is put into the second column:
<frameset cols="25%,75%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm" />
<frame src="frame_b.htm" />
</frameset>
Note: The frameset column size can also be set in pixels (cols="200,500"), and one of the columns can be set to
use the remaining space, with an asterisk (cols="25%,*").
Basic Notes - Useful Tips
Tip: If a frame has visible borders, the user can resize it by dragging the border. To prevent a user from doing
this, you can add noresize="noresize" to the <frame> tag.
Note: Add the <noframes> tag for browsers that do not support frames.
Important: You cannot use the <body></body> tags together with the <frameset></frameset> tags! However, if
you add a <noframes> tag containing some text for browsers that do not support frames, you will have to
enclose the text in <body></body> tags! See how it is done in the first example below.
Navigation frame
How to make a navigation frame. The navigation frame contains a list of links with the second frame as the
target. The file called "tryhtml_contents.htm" contains three links. The source code of the links:
<a href ="frame_a.htm" target ="showframe">Frame a</a><br>
<a href ="frame_b.htm" target ="showframe">Frame b</a><br>
<a href ="frame_c.htm" target ="showframe">Frame c</a>
The second frame will show the linked document.
Jump to a specified section within a frame
Two frames. One of the frames has a source to a specified section in a file. The specified section is made with
<a name="C10"> in the "link.htm" file.
Jump to a specified section with frame navigation
Two frames. The navigation frame (content.htm) to the left contains a list of links with the second frame
(link.htm) as a target. The second frame shows the linked document. One of the links in the navigation frame is
linked to a specified section in the target file. The HTML code in the file "content.htm" looks like this: <a href
="link.htm" target ="showframe">Link without Anchor</a><br><a href ="link.htm#C10" target
="showframe">Link with Anchor</a>.
HTML Frame Tags
Tag

Description

<frameset>

Defines a set of frames

<frame />

Defines a sub window (a frame)

<noframes>

Defines a noframe section for browsers that do not handle frames

An iframe is used to display a web page within a web page.


Syntax for adding an iframe:
<iframe src="URL"></iframe>
The URL points to the location of the separate page.
Iframe - Set Height and Width
The height and width attributes are used to specify the height and width of the iframe.
The attribute values are specified in pixels by default, but they can also be in percent (like "80%").
Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" width="200" height="200"></iframe>
Iframe - Remove the Border
The frameborder attribute specifies whether or not to display a border around the iframe.
Set the attribute value to "0" to remove the border:
Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe>

Use iframe as a Target for a Link


An iframe can be used as the target frame for a link.
The target attribute of a link must refer to the name attribute of the iframe:
Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" name="iframe_a"></iframe>
<p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com" target="iframe_a">W3Schools.com</a></p>

HTML iframe Tag


Tag

Description

<iframe>

Defines an inline sub window (frame)

HTML <map> Tag


Definition and Usage
The <map> tag is used to define a client-side image-map. An image-map is an image
with clickable areas.
The required name attribute of the <map> element is associated with the <img>'s
usemap attribute and creates a relationship between the image and the map.
The <map> element contains a number of <area> elements, that defines the clickable
areas in the image map.
In HTML and XHTML, an image map is a list of coordinates relating to a specific image, created in
order to hyperlink areas of the image to different destinations (as opposed to a normal image link, in
which the entire area of the image links to a single destination). For example, a map of the world may
have each country hyperlinked to further information about that country. The intention of an image
map is to provide an easy way of linking various parts of an image without dividing the image into
separate image files.

Server-side image map


Server-side image maps were first supported in Mosaic (web browser) version 1.1.[1] Server-side
image maps enable the web browser to send positional information to the server about where the
user clicks within an image. This allows the server to make pixel-by-pixel decisions about what
content to return in response (possible methods are to use image mask layers, database queries, or
configuration files on the server).
The HTML code for this type of server-side image map requires the <img> tag to be inside an
anchor tag <a>...</a> and the <img> must include the ismap attribute.
<a href="/imagemapper"><img src="image.gif" ismap/></a>
When the user clicks inside the image the browser will append the X and Y coordinates (relative to the
upper-right corner of the image) to the anchor URL as a query string and will access the
resulting URL[2] (for example, /imagemapper?3,9).
If the browser does not support ismap then the query string must not be added to the
anchor URL and the server should respond appropriately (for example, by returning a text-only
navigation page).
Client-side image map
Client-side image maps were introduced in HTML 3.2, and do not require any special logic to be
executed on the server (they are fully client-side). They also do not require anyJavaScript.
Pure HTML[edit]
A client-side imagemap in HTML consists of two parts:
1. the actual image, which is embedded with the <img> tag. The image tag must have an
attribute usemap, which names the imagemap to use for this image (multiple imagemaps
may exist on a single page).
2. A <map> element, and inside that, <area> elements, each of which defines a single clickable
area within the imagemap. These are similar to the <a> tag defining whichURL should be
opened for an ordinary web link. A title attribute may be provided, which may be rendered
as a tooltip if a desktop user hovers their mouse pointer over the area. For web
accessibility reasons, it is often important - and in some cases it may even be a legal or
contractual requirement - to provide an alt attribute describing the link that screen
reader software can read to, for example, blind users.[3]
<img src="image.png" alt="Website map" usemap="#mapname" />
<map name="mapname">
<area shape="rect" coords="9,372,66,397" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/"
alt="Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia" />
</map>

CSS[edit]
A more modern approach is to overlay links on an image using CSS absolute positioning; however,
this only supports rectangular clickable areas. This CSS technique may be suitable for making an
image map work properly on iPhones, which can fail to rescale pure HTML image maps correctly.
Image maps use[edit]

Image map example of The Club (dining club). Clicking on a person in the picture causes the browser
to load the appropriate article.
It is possible to create client-side image maps by hand using a text editor, but doing so requires web
designers to know how to code HTML as well as how to enumerate the coordinates of the areas they
wish to place over the image. As a result, most image maps coded by hand are simple polygons.
Because creating image maps in a text editor requires much time and effort, many applications have
been designed to allow web designers to create image maps quickly and easily, much as they would
create

shapes

in

a vector

graphics

editor.

Examples

of

these

applications

are

Adobe's Dreamweaver or KImageMapEditor (for KDE), and the imagemap plugin found in GIMP.
Image maps which do not make their clickable areas obvious risk subjecting the user to mystery meat
navigation. Even when they do, where they lead may not be obvious. This can be partially remedied
with rollover effects.[4]

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