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1.DefineNetwork?
Anetworkisasetofdevicesconnectedbyphysicalmedialinks.Anetworkisrecursivelyisa
connectionoftwoormorenodesbyaphysicallinkortwoormorenetworksconnectedby
oneormorenodes.

2.WhatisProtocol?
Aprotocolisasetofrulesthatgovernallaspectsofinformationcommunication.

3.WhatisaLink?
Atthelowestlevel,anetworkcanconsistoftwoormorecomputersdirectlyconnectedby
somephysicalmediumsuchascoaxialcableoropticalfiber.Suchaphysicalmediumiscalled
asLink.

4.Whatisanode?
Anetworkcanconsistoftwoormorecomputersdirectlyconnectedbysomephysicalmedium
suchascoaxialcableoropticalfiber.SuchaphysicalmediumiscalledasLinksandthe
computeritconnectsiscalledasNodes.

5.WhatisagatewayorRouter?
AnodethatisconnectedtotwoormorenetworksiscommonlycalledasrouterorGateway.
Itgenerallyforwardsmessagefromonenetworktoanother.

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6.Namethefactorsthataffecttheperformanceofthenetwork?
a.NumberofUsers
b.Typeoftransmissionmedium
c.Hardware
d.Software

7.WhatisRoundTripTime?
Thedurationoftimeittakestosendamessagefromoneendofanetworktotheotherand
back,iscalledRTT.

8.ListthelayersofOSI
a.PhysicalLayer
b.DataLinkLayer
c.NetworkLayer
d.TransportLayer
e.SessionLayer
f.PresentationLayer
g.ApplicationLayer

9.Whichlayersarenetworksupportlayers?
a.PhysicalLayer
b.DatalinkLayerand
c.NetworkLayers

10.Whichlayersareusersupportlayers?
a.SessionLayer
b.PresentationLayerand
c.ApplicationLayer

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11.WhatisPipelining?
Innetworkingandinotherareas,ataskisoftenbegunbeforetheprevioustaskhasended.
Thisisknownaspipelining.

12.WhatisPiggyBacking?
Atechniquecalledpiggybackingisusedtoimprovetheefficiencyofthebidirectional
protocols.WhenaframeiscarryingdatafromAtoB,itcanalsocarrycontrolinformation
aboutarrived(orlost)framesfromBwhenaframeiscarryingdatafromBtoA,itcanalso
carrycontrolinformationaboutthearrived(orlost)framesfromA.

13.Whatarethetwotypesoftransmissiontechnologyavailable?
(i)Broadcastand(ii)pointtopoint

14.WhatisBandwidth?
Everylinehasanupperlimitandalowerlimitonthefrequencyofsignalsitcancarry.This
limitedrangeiscalledthebandwidth.

15.ExplainRIP(RoutingInformationProtocol)
Itisasimpleprotocolusedtoexchangeinformationbetweentherouters.

16.Whatissubnet?
Agenerictermforsectionofalargenetworksusuallyseparatedbyabridgeorrouter.

17.WhatisMACaddress?
TheaddressforadeviceasitisidentifiedattheMediaAccessControl(MAC)layerinthe

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networkarchitecture.MACaddressisusuallystoredinROMonthenetworkadaptercardand
isunique.

18.Whatismultiplexing?
Multiplexingistheprocessofdividingalink,thephycalmedium,intologicalchannelsfor
betterefficiency.Heremediumisnotchangedbutithasseveralchannelsinsteadofone.

19.Whatissimplex?
Itisthemodeofcommunicationbetweentwodevicesinwhichflowofdataisunidirectional.
i.e.onecantransmitandothercanreceive.
E.g.keyboardandmonitor.

20.Whatishalfduplex?
Itisthemodeofcommunicationbetweentwodevicesinwhichflowofdataisbidirectional
butnotatthesametime.ieeachstationcantransmitandreceivebutnotatthesametime.
E.gwalkietalkiesarehalfduplexsystem.

21.Whatisfullduplex?
Itisthemodeofcommunicationbetweentwodevicesinwhichflowofdataisbidirectional
anditoccurssimultaneously.Heresignalsgoingineitherdirectionsharethecapacityofthe
link.
E.g.telephone

22.Whatissampling?
Itistheprocessofobtainingamplitudeofasignalatregularintervals.

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23.WhatisAsynchronousmodeofdatatransmission?
Itisaserialmodeoftransmission.
Inthismodeoftransmission,eachbyteisframedwithastartbitandastopbit.Theremay
beavariablelengthgapbetweeneachbyte.

24.WhatisSynchronousmodeofdatatransmission?
Itisaserialmodeoftransmission.Inthismodeoftransmission,bitsaresentinacontinuous
streamwithoutstartandstopbitandwithoutgapsbetweenbytes.Regroupingthebitsinto
meaningfulbytesistheresponsibilityofthereceiver.

25.Whatarethedifferenttypesofmultiplexing?
Multiplexingisofthreetypes.Frequencydivisionmultiplexingandwavedivisionmultiplexing
isforanalogsignalsandtimedivisionmultiplexingisfordigitalsignals.

26.Whatarethedifferenttransmissionmedia?
Thetransmissionmediaisbroadlycategorizedintotwotypes
i)Guidedmedia(wired)
i)Unguidedmedia(wireless)

27.Whatarethedutiesofdatalinklayer?
Datalinklayerisresponsibleforcarryingpacketsfromonehop(computerorrouter)tothe
next.Thedutiesofdatalinklayerincludepacketizing,adderssing,errorcontrol,flowcontrol,
mediumaccesscontrol.

28..Whatarethetypesoferrors?
Errorscanbecategorizedasasinglebiterrororbursterror.Asinglebiterrorhasonebit
errorperdataunit.Abursterrorhastwoormorebitserrorsperdataunit.


29.Whatdoyoumeanbyredundancy?
Redundancyistheconceptofsendingextrabitsforuseinerrordetection.Threecommon
redundancymethodsareparitycheck,cyclicredundancycheck(CRC),andchecksum.

30.Defineparitycheck.
Inparitycheck,aparitybitisaddedtoeverydataunitsothatthetotalnumberof1siseven
(oroddforoddparity).Simpleparitycheckcandetectallsinglebiterrors.Itcandetectburst
errorsonlyifthetotalnumberoferrorsineachdataunitisodd.Intwodimensionalparity
checks,ablockofbitsisdividedintorowsandaredundantrowofbitsisaddedtothewhole
block.

31.Definecyclicredundancycheck(CRC).
CRCappendsasequenceofredundantbitsderivedfrombinarydivisiontothedataunit.The
divisorintheCRCgeneratorisoftenrepresentedasanalgebraicpolynomial.

32.Whatishammingcode?
Thehammingcodeisanerrorcorrectionmethodusingredundantbits.Thenumberofbitsis
afunctionofthelengthofthedatabits.Inhammingcodeforadataunitofmbits,weuse
theformula2r>=m+r+1todeterminethenumberofredundantbitsneeded.Byrearranging
theorderofbittransmissionofthedataunits,thehammingcodecancorrectbursterrors.

33.DefinestopandwaitARQ.
InstopandwaitARQ,thesendersendsaframeandwaitsforanacknowledgementfromthe
receiverbeforesendingthenextframe.

34.Whatdoyoumeanbynetworkcontrolprotocol?
Networkcontrolprotocolisasetofprotocolstoallowtheencapsulationofdatacomingfrom
networklayerprotocolthatrequirestheservicesofPPP

35.WhatdoyoumeanbyCSMA?
ToreducethepossibilityofcollisionCSMAmethodwasdeveloped.InCSMAeachstationfirst
listentothemedium(Orcheckthestateofthemedium)beforesending.Itcanteliminate
collision.

36.WhatdoyoumeanbyBluetooth?
ItisawirelessLANtechnologydesignedtoconnectdevicesofdifferentfunctionssuchas
telephones,notebooks,computers,cameras,printersandsoon.

37.WhatisIPaddress?
Theinternetaddress(IPaddress)is32bitsthatuniquelyanduniversallydefinesahostor
routerontheinternet.TheportionoftheIPaddressthatidentifiesthenetworkiscallednetid.
TheportionoftheIPaddressthatidentifiesthehostorrouteronthenetworkiscalledhostid.

38.WhatdoyoumeanbyALOHA?
Itisthemethodusedtosolvethechannelallocationproblem.Itisusedfor:
i)groundbasedradiobroadcasting
ii)Inanetworkinwhichuncoordinatedusersarecompetingfortheuseofsinglechannel.
Itisoftwotypes:
1.Purealoha
2.Slottedaloha

39.WhatisFirewalls?
Itisanelectronicdownbridgewhichisusedtoenhancethesecurityofanetwork.Its

configurationhastwocomponents.
i)Tworouters
ii)Applicationgateway
thepacketstravelingthroughtheLANareinspectedhereandpacketsmeetingcertaincriteria
areforwardedandothersaredropped.

40.WhatisRepeaters?
Areceiverreceivesasignalbeforeitbecomestooweakorcorrupted,regeneratestheoriginal
bitpattern,andputstherefreshedcopybackontothelink.ItoperatesonphycallayerofOSI
model.

41.WhatisBridges?
Theydividelargenetworkintosmallercomponents.Theycanrelayframesbetweentwo
originallyseparatedLANs.Theyprovidesecuritythroughpartitioningtraffic.Theyoperateon
physicalanddatalinklayerofOSImodel.

42.WhatisICMP?
ICMPisInternetControlMessageProtocol,anetworklayerprotocoloftheTCP/IPsuiteused
byhostsandgatewaystosendnotificationofdatagramproblemsbacktothesender.Ituses
theechotest/replytotestwhetheradestinationisreachableandresponding.Italsohandles
bothcontrolanderrormessages.
.

43.WhatisFDM?
FDMisananalogtechniquethatcanbeappliedwhenthebandwidthofalinkisgreaterthan
thecombinedbandwidthsofthesignalstobetransmitted.

44.WhatisWDM?
WDMisconceptuallythesameasFDM,exceptthatthemultiplexinganddemultiplexing

involvelightsignalstransmittedthroughfiberopticschannel.

45.WhatisTDM?
TDMisadigitalprocessthatcanbeappliedwhenthedataratecapacityofthetransmission
mediumisgreaterthanthedataraterequiredbythesendingandreceivingdevices.

46.Listthestepsinvolvedincreatingthechecksum.
a.Dividethedataintosections
b.Addthesectionstogetherusing1'scomplementarithmetic
c.Takethecomplementofthefinalsum,thisisthechecksum.

47.CompareErrorDetectionandErrorCorrection:
Thecorrectionoferrorsismoredifficultthanthedetection.Inerrordetection,checksonly
anyerrorhasoccurred.Inerrorcorrection,theexactnumberofbitsthatarecorruptedand
locationinthemessageareknown.Thenumberoftheerrorsandthesizeofthemessageare
importantfactors.

48.Whataretheprotocolsinapplicationlayer?
Theprotocolsdefinedinapplicationlayerare
TELNET
FTP
SMTP
DNS

49.Whataretheprotocolsintransportlayer?
Theprotocolsdefinedintransportlayerare
TCP
UDP


50.Whatdoyoumeanbyclientservermodel?
Inclientservermodel,theclientrunsaprogramtorequestaserviceandtheserverrunsa
programtoprovidetheservice.Thesetwoprogramscommunicatewitheachother.Oneserver
programcanprovideservicestomanyclientprograms.

51.WhatisTELNET?
TELNETisaclientserverapplicationthatallowsausertologontoaremotemachine,giving
theuseraccesstotheremotesystem.TELNETisanabbreviationofterminal
Network.

52.WhatisHypertextTransferProtocol(HTTP)?
ItisthemainprotocolusedtoaccessdataontheWorldWideWeb.theprotoltransfersdata
intheformofplaintext,hypertext,audio,video,andsoon.Itissocalledbecauseitsefficiency
allowsitsuseinahypertextenvironmentwheretherearerapidjumpsfromonedocumentto
another.

53.WhatisWorldWideWeb?
Ans:WorldWideWebisarepositoryofinformationspreadallovertheworldandlinked
together.Itisauniquecombinationofflexibility,portability,anduserfriendlyfeatures.The
WorldWideWebtodayisadistributedclientserverservice,inwhichaclientusingabrowser
canaccessaserviceusingaserver.Theserviceprovidedisdistributedovermanylocations
calledwebsites.

54.WhatisBeaconing?
Theprocessthatallowsanetworktoselfrepairnetworksproblems.Thestationsonthe
networknotifytheotherstationsontheringwhentheyarenotreceivingthetransmissions.
BeaconingisusedinTokenringandFDDInetworks.

55.WhatisRAID?
Amethodforprovidingfaulttolerancebyusingmultipleharddiskdrives.

56.WhatisNETBIOSandNETBEUI?
NETBIOSisaprogramminginterfacethatallowsI/Orequeststobesenttoandreceivedfrom
aremotecomputerandithidesthenetworkinghardwarefromapplications.
NETBEUIisNetBIOSextendeduserinterface.Atransportprotocoldesignedbymicrosoftand
IBMfortheuseonsmallsubnets.

57.WhatisdifferencebetweenARPandRARP?
Theaddressresolutionprotocol(ARP)isusedtoassociatethe32bitIPaddresswiththe48
bitphysicaladdress,usedbyahostoraroutertofindthephysicaladdressofanotherhost
onitsnetworkbysendingaARPquerypacketthatincludestheIPaddressofthereceiver.
Thereverseaddressresolutionprotocol(RARP)allowsahosttodiscoveritsInternetaddress
whenitknowsonlyitsphysicaladdress.

58.WhatistheminimumandmaximumlengthoftheheaderintheTCPsegmentandIP
datagram?
Theheadershouldhaveaminimumlengthof20bytesandcanhaveamaximumlengthof60
bytes.

59.Whataremajortypesofnetworksandexplain?
Serverbasednetwork:providecentralizedcontrolofnetworkresourcesandrelyonserver
computerstoprovidesecurityandnetworkadministration
Peertopeernetwork:computerscanactasbothserverssharingresourcesandasclients
usingtheresources.

60.Whataretheimportanttopologiesfornetworks?
BUStopology:Inthiseachcomputerisdirectlyconnectedtoprimarynetworkcableina
singleline.
Advantages:Inexpensive,easytoinstall,simpletounderstand,easytoextend.

STARtopology:Inthisallcomputersareconnectedusingacentralhub.
Advantages:Canbeinexpensive,easytoinstallandreconfigureandeasytotroubleshoot
physicalproblems.
RINGtopology:Inthisallcomputersareconnectedinloop.
Advantages:Allcomputershaveequalaccesstonetworkmedia,installationcanbesimple,
andsignaldoesnotdegradeasmuchasinothertopologiesbecauseeachcomputer
regeneratesit.

61.Whatismeshnetwork?
Anetworkinwhichtherearemultiplenetworklinksbetweencomputerstoprovidemultiple
pathsfordatatotravel.

62.Whatisdifferencebetweenbasebandandbroadbandtransmission?
Inabasebandtransmission,theentirebandwidthofthecableisconsumedbyasinglesignal.
Inbroadbandtransmission,signalsaresentonmultiplefrequencies,allowingmultiplesignals
tobesentsimultaneously.

63.Whatispacketfilter?
Packetfilterisastandardrouterequippedwithsomeextrafunctionality.Theextra
functionalityallowseveryincomingoroutgoingpackettobeinspected.Packetsmeetingsome
criterionareforwardednormally.Thosethatfailthetestaredropped.

64.Whatistrafficshaping?
Oneofthemaincausesofcongestionisthattrafficisoftenbusy.Ifhostscouldbemadeto
transmitatauniformrate,congestionwouldbelesscommon.Anotheropenloopmethodto
helpmanagecongestionisforcingthepackettobetransmittedatamorepredictablerate.
Thisiscalledtrafficshaping.

65.Whatismulticastrouting?
Sendingamessagetoagroupiscalledmulticasting,anditsroutingalgorithmiscalled
multicastrouting.

66.WhatisKerberos?
ItisanauthenticationservicedevelopedattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.
Kerberosusesencryptiontopreventintrudersfromdiscoveringpasswordsandgaining
unauthorizedaccesstofiles.

67.Whatispassivetopology?
Whenthecomputersonthenetworksimplylistenandreceivethesignal,theyarereferredto
aspassivebecausetheydontamplifythesignalinanyway.Exampleforpassivetopology
linearbus.

68.WhataretheadvantagesofDistributedProcessing?
a.Security/Encapsulation
b.Distributeddatabase
c.FasterProblemsolving
d.Securitythroughredundancy
e.CollaborativeProcessing


70.Whenaswitchissaidtobecongested?
Itispossiblethataswitchreceivespacketsfasterthanthesharedlinkcanaccommodateand
storesinitsmemory,foranextendedperiodoftime,thentheswitchwilleventuallyrunout
ofbufferspace,andsomepacketswillhavetobedroppedandinthisstateissaidto
congestedstate.

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69.Namethefactorsthataffectthereliabilityofthenetwork?
a.Frequencyoffailure
b.Recoverytimeofanetworkafterafailure

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