1

Transmission line parameters

Aim
Learn how to use ATP to obtain series
impedance parameters;

Contents
Introducing the ground reference
Self and mutual impedances
Matrix description
p
Look into ATPDraw LCC module
Examples
MTU-Houghton, 2010

Internett: www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

Briefly about the speaker

Professor at Norwegian Univ
Univ. Science and
Technology Dept. Electrical Engineering
Power system
y
transients and p
protection
High voltage engineering, stress calculations
Recent focus on Power Transformers

Honorary member of European EMTP users group

User of ATP for 20 years

Developer of ATPDraw
Sabbatical at MTU
Room 628, phone 487-2910
[email protected]

Relevance of series impedance

parameters
Why do we have to understand the details?
The manufacturer provides only positive
sequence 50/60 Hz data!
Zero sequence data important for ground fault
situations!
it ti
!
Mutual coupling between parallel transmission
lines is important for protection settings!
What is the influence of

Transmission line height, h

Phase separation, D
Bundling, duplex/triplex
Ground resistivity,
resistivity
MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

Ground plane
The text book chapt. 4 handles only
conductors in free space.
p
Let us introduce
a ground plane:
Ia

Ib

Air
Earth

Ia
Air
Air

h1
h1

-Ia

Field lines
perpendicular
to earth surface

Ib

Ia

Ib
h2
h2

-Ib

Ideal case:
Imaging concept

Air

h1

h2

Air h1
-IIa

h2

-IIb

Real case:
Penetration
depth of earth

MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

Internal self impedance

Self impedance is split in internal and
external part
p

Z s Zi Ze

Internal
I t
l impedance
i
d
((round,
d solid
lid cond.):
d)

Z i Ri j
8

Eq. 4.2 & 4.13 in text book.

Depends on skin effect and
geometry. GMR available.

The last part is often written on the form

4r
0 r
0

Eq. 4.23
4 23 in text book.
book
j j j ln e Eq
8
2 4
2
MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

External self impedance

A conductor over an ideal, lossless ground
2r
((Eq.
q 4.22 in text book):
)
h

Imaging:
Z e

0
2h

ln
l
2
r

=0
h

/ ]
/m]

image

A conductor over a real earth surface

Penetration depth (or Carsons formula)

[m]
For low frequencies (>>h):
( h):
j
0

Dj
j 0
2h 0 j 0
ln

ln
Ze
/m], with

r
r
2
8
2

MTU, Houghton, 2010

D j 660

[m]
[m]
f [Hz]

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

Generalized self impedance

The inductive part of the internal and
external impedances
p
can be merged
g
Dj
0 j 0

ln
Z s Z i Z e Ri j

8
8
2
r

Dj
0 j 0
[m]
Ri

ln
[m]
/m], with D j 660

f [Hz]
8
2
r'

Geometric mean radius:

General
G
l r ' GMR . Tables
T bl exist,
i ref.
f A
A.3
3
For solid, circular, non-magnetic material
r ' e1/4 r 0.7788 r
MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

Mutual impedance
The conductor will link with both the other
conductor and its image:
D
I

D
D

-II

According to Eq. 4.36 this gives

D 2 (h h ) 2
j0
D '' j0
1
2
ln
ln
Zm

2
2

2
2
D'

D
(
h
h
)
1
2

Which for low frequencies becomes:

Dj
0
0
Zm
j ln

8
2 D '
MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

Multiple conductors - Matrix

Th
The conceptt off selflf and
d mutual
t l impedances
i
d
is easily expandable to multiple conductors
Conductors on the same potential can be handled
with equivalent conductors, ref Chapt. 4.8 in text
book, or by reduction of the full matrix
Conductors on ground potential has to be
eliminated

Th
The series
i iimpedance
d
matrix
t i iis symmetrical
ti l
on the form Z sa Zmab Zmac Zmag

Z sb

Z mbc
Z sc

Z mbg
Z mcg

Z sg

MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

10

Positive and zero sequence

Let the series impedance matrix now be
reduced to a 3x3 matrix on the form
Zs
Z

Zm
Zs

Zm
Z m
Z s

For simplicity a perfectly

transposed system is assumed

Then
e tthe
e pos
positive
t e and
a d zero
e o seq
seq. imps.
ps a
are
e
D j 0
Dj
0

0
ln
j 0 ln

8
2
'
8
2
'

r
D

D '
R i j 0 ln

Influence of ground disappears!

2
r'

Z Z s Z m Ri

Z 0 Z s 2 Z m Ri

Dj
3 0

3 j 0 ln
l
3 2010
MTU,
2
8
2 Houghton,
D ' r

Strong ground
www.elkraft.ntnu.no/
'
influence!

11

Coupling between transmission lines

Consider two transmission lines:
S

This gives a 6x6 series impedance matrix:

Zs

Zm
Zs

Zm
Zm

Z m11

Z m12
Z m 22

Zs

Zm

Zs
Zs

Z m12
Z m 23
Z m 22

Zm
Zm

Z s

As th
A
the di
distance
t
b
between
t
the lines increases, the
mutual impedances Zmij
tends to become equal
Z mij

Dj

0
0

j ln

8
2 S

MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

12

Coupling between transmission lines

Now consider a zero-sequence
q
component (I02) in one line, what is the
consequence on the other?
Va Z s
V
b
Vc

V02
V02

V02

Zm
Zs

Zm
Zm

Z m11

Z m12
Z m 22

Zs

Zm

Zs
Zs

Z m12 I a
Z m 23 Ib
Z m 22 I c

Z m I 02
Z m I 02

Z s I 02

V a Z s I a Z m I b Z m I c ( Z m11 Z m 12 Z m13 ) I 02
( Z s Z m ) I a Z 012 I 02

A zero sequence component is

coupled to the other line
MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

13

Using Line Constants in ATP

LCC interface in ATPDraw
Get g
geometrical data
Start ATPDraw, File New
Start LCC (right click in empty space)

MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

14

LCC model input

Choose PI model and Standard data
On Data page type in conductor data

MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

15

Creating an LCC model

Click on View to inspect
Click on Run ATP to create model (Cancel
the plotting window that pops up)
Where
Wh
iis th
the resultlt ((note
t th
the name off liline)?
)?
Check Tools|Options/Files&Folders
| p
(ATP)
(
)
Lib file is final model, lis contains sub-results
1IN___AOUT__A
1IN
AOUT A
2IN___BOUT__B
3IN___COUT__C

6.64863719E-01
6 64863719E 01
5.08928089E-01
6.66163048E-01
4.86898502E-01
5 08928089E 01
5.08928089E-01
6.64863719E-01

4.79819218E+00
4 79819218E+00 1.20191093E-01
1 20191093E 01
1.57302035E+00 -1.58574976E-02
4.72564369E+00 1.22277240E-01
1.12911067E+00 -3.57568321E-03
1.57302035E+00
1 57302035E+00 -1.58574976E-02
1 58574976E 02
4.79819218E+00 1.20191093E-01

MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

Impedance matrix, in units of [ohms/kmeter ] for the system of physical conductors.

16
Rows and columns proceed in the same order as the sorted input.
1

1.163069E-01
8.404390E-01

5.667074E-02
2.955284E-01

1.163069E-01
8.404390E-01

5.657221E-02
2.432963E-01

5.667074E-02
2.955284E-01

1.163069E-01
8.404390E-01

5.670445E-02
5.498391E-01

5.666840E-02
2.929874E-01

5.656775E-02
2.420161E-01

1.163069E-01
8.404390E-01

5.666462E-02
5.237530E-01

5.662880E-02
2.929909E-01

5.652871E-02
2.420503E-01

5.666466E-02
5.498841E-01

1.162273E-01
8.405289E-01

5
5.666466E-02
666466E 02
5.498841E-01

5
5.663112E-02
663112E 02
2.955291E-01

5
5.653314E-02
653314E 02
2.433302E-01

5
5.666462E-02
666462E 02
5.237530E-01

5
5.662488E-02
662488E 02
5.499291E-01

1
1.162273E-01
162273E 01
8.405289E-01

5.667300E-02
2.981582E-01

5.670445E-02
5.498391E-01

5.666840E-02
2.929874E-01

5.667074E-02
2.955284E-01

5.663112E-02
2.955291E-01

5.663336E-02
2.981557E-01

1.163069E-01
8.404390E-01

5.663336E-02
5.663336E 02
2.981557E-01

5.666462E-02
5.666462E 02
5.237530E-01

5.662880E-02
5.662880E 02
2.929909E-01

5.663112E-02
5.663112E 02
2.955291E-01

5.659158E-02
5.659158E 02
2.956183E-01

5.659381E-02
5.659381E 02
2.982481E-01

5.666466E-02
5.666466E 02
5.498841E-01

1.162273E-01
1.162273E 01
8.405289E-01

5.663112E-02
2.955291E-01

5.666466E-02
5.498841E-01

5.663112E-02
2.955291E-01

5.662880E-02
2.929909E-01

5.658927E-02
2.930773E-01

5.659158E-02
2.956183E-01

5.666462E-02
5.237530E-01

5.662488E-02
5.499291E-01

1.162273E-01
8.405289E-01

10

5.657660E-02
2.445987E-01

5.667300E-02
2.981582E-01

5.670445E-02
5.498391E-01

5.657221E-02
2.432963E-01

5.653314E-02
2.433302E-01

5.653751E-02
2.446322E-01

5.667074E-02
2.955284E-01

5.663112E-02
2.955291E-01

5.663336E-02
2.981557E-01

5.653751E-02
2.446322E-01

5.663336E-02
2.981557E-01

5.666462E-02
5.237530E-01

5.653314E-02
2.433302E-01

5.649414E-02
2.433861E-01

5.649849E-02
2.446885E-01

5.663112E-02
2.955291E-01

5.659158E-02
2.956183E-01

5.659381E-02
2.982481E-01

5.666466E-02
5.498841E-01

1.162273E-01
8.405289E-01

5.653314E-02
2 433302E 01
2.433302E-01

5.663112E-02
2
2.955291E-01
955291E 01

5.666466E-02
5
5.498841E-01
498841E 01

5.652871E-02
2
2.420503E-01
420503E 01

5.648973E-02
2
2.421059E-01
421059E 01

5.649414E-02
2
2.433861E-01
433861E 01

5.662880E-02
2
2.929909E-01
929909E 01

5.658927E-02
2
2.930773E-01
930773E 01

5.659158E-02
2
2.956183E-01
956183E 01

5.666462E-02
5.237530E-01

5.662488E-02
5.499291E-01

1.162273E-01
8.405289E-01

5.582845E-02
3.131729E-01

5.581227E-02
2.901020E-01

5.573753E-02
2.469376E-01

5.582795E-02
3.121978E-01

MTU, Houghton,
2010
www.elkraft.ntnu.no/
5.578980E-02
5.579030E-02
5.581381E-02
5.577574E-02 5.577421E-02
3.153077E-01 3.163665E-01 2.917828E-01 2.935802E-01 2.918212E-01

Inspecting the lis file

Full system (14x14)

1.163069E-01
8.404390E-01
11

12

13

17

Reduced system (3x3)

Impedance matrix, in units of [ohms/kmeter ]
for the system of equivalent phase conductors.
Rows and columns proceed in the same order as the sorted input
input.
1

6.648637E-02
4.798192E-01

5.089281E-02
1.573020E-01

6.661630E-02
4.725644E-01

4.868985E-02 5.089281E-02 6.648637E-02

1.129111E-01 1.573020E-01 4.798192E-01
Both "R" and "X" are in [ohms];

MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

18

Check the result I

User Verify in LCC module

MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

19

Check the result II

Line Check module
Select a line sections in the circuit

Click ATP|Line Check

MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

20

Line Check results

Results differ somewhat from Verify
because an improved method is used

MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

21

Double circuit line

Example
17.5 m
18 0 m
18.0

100 m
h=(2Vmid+Vtow)/3 m

=100 m

Verify (1 km line):
Homework:
Reproduce
Check with hand
calculations
MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/

22

Summary
The concept of Self and Mutual
impedances of a transmission line over
lossy ground introduced
Hand-calculation formulas presented and
linked to text book chapt.
chapt 4
Multi-conductor matrix systems introduced
Line Constants of ATP introduced via the
LCC module of ATPDraw
Verify
Inspection of lis
lis-file
file
MTU, Houghton, 2010

www.elkraft.ntnu.no/