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Lesson 5 Saturation Table Scaling: Questions

The document discusses saturation table scaling, also known as end-point scaling (EPS), in reservoir simulation models using ECLIPSE. EPS allows a single set of normalized saturation curves to be scaled on a per-grid cell basis, deriving nearly unlimited curves from the input function. Two methods of EPS are described: horizontal scaling, which stretches or squeezes curves along the saturation axis; and 2-point versus 3-point scaling, with 3-point preserving values on either side of the mobile region. An example demonstrates horizontally scaling multiple endpoints for a cell.

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1K views5 pages

Lesson 5 Saturation Table Scaling: Questions

The document discusses saturation table scaling, also known as end-point scaling (EPS), in reservoir simulation models using ECLIPSE. EPS allows a single set of normalized saturation curves to be scaled on a per-grid cell basis, deriving nearly unlimited curves from the input function. Two methods of EPS are described: horizontal scaling, which stretches or squeezes curves along the saturation axis; and 2-point versus 3-point scaling, with 3-point preserving values on either side of the mobile region. An example demonstrates horizontally scaling multiple endpoints for a cell.

Uploaded by

James
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PROPS Section

Schlumberger

Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.

What keyword is used to specify the compressibility of the


reservoir rock?

In a two phase gas / water simulation, what keywords might be


used to enter the saturation functions? What data goes into each
keyword?

In what cells does the choice of three-phase relative permeability


calculation become significant?

Lesson 5

Saturation Table Scaling

Most reservoirs contain many different types of rock, each of which


exhibit different relative permeability and capillary pressure behavior. It
is important to incorporate this variation in the resulting saturation
functions into a simulation model. In ECLIPSE, there are essentially
two methods to do this.

Multiple saturation table regions

Saturation table scaling

Schlumberger Public

The first method, applying multiple saturation table regions, involves


explicitly specifying several different saturation functions and assigning
each to a specific part of the reservoir (e.g., a rock type or perhaps a
fault block, and so forth). This method will be covered in the next
module.
Saturation table scaling, or end-point scaling (EPS), involves
specifying a single set of normalized curves and scaling the end-points
of these on a per grid cell basis. In this manner, a nearly unlimited
number of curves can be used in a simulation, all derived from the
single input function.
In practice, the two methods are complimentary and are often used
together in a single simulation. For example, a separate set of
normalized saturation functions could be entered for each rock type
using multiple saturation table regions.
End-point scaling might be applied to set each grid cells connate
water saturation as a function of the cells rock quality (i.e.,
permeability or porosity).
In this section, you are introduced to the types of end-point scaling
available in ECLIPSE, and how these may be set up. The SOLUTION
section module discusses some specialized applications of end-point
scaling specific to model initialization.

Horizontal Scaling
Horizontal end-point scaling involves stretching or squeezing the
relative permeability curves along the saturation axis. The water, oil,
and gas relative permeability curves can each be scaled
independently as required. The relative permeability values at the endpoints are retained, with values at intermediate saturations being

114

ECLIPSE Blackoil Reservoir Simulation Training and Exercise Guide Version 2.0

Schlumberger

PROPS Section

scaled accordingly. The figure shows the end-point choices available


for the default method of scaling, two-point scaling.
Increasing Oil Saturation

Increasing Oil Saturation

Krg
Krog
SOWCR

SWCR

SWU

1 SWL - SGL

SGU

SGCR

Increasing Water Saturation

Figure 56

SOGCR

Relative Permeability

Krw
Krow

Relative Permeability

1 SWL - SGL

Increasing Gas Saturation

Horizontal scaling end-points for oil-water (left) and


oil-gas (right) relative permeability curves (default,
2-point scaling)

Implementing Horizontal End-point Scaling


1. Decide what needs to be scaled.

Schlumberger Public

The first step is to decide what relative permeability curves (oil,


water or gas) are to be scaled, and which end-points should be
used.
2. Input the un-scaled saturation functions.
The original, un-scaled curves are entered in the normal way using
the appropriate keywords discussed earlier in this module. These
may be either generic, or normalized curves chosen to fit the data
available.
3. Insert ENDSCALE in RUNSPEC.
This keyword tells ECLIPSE to expect end-point scaling data. The
defaults may be sufficient for your run.
4. Input scaled end-points in PROPS.
The scaled end-points must be entered on a per cell basis or in an
end-point versus depth table (ENPTVD). The original relative
permeability curves are scaled for each cell, so that their endpoints are moved to the new values specified here. The relative
permeability values at the new end-points will be the same as the
relative permeability at the corresponding end-point in the original
table.
It is not necessary to set every end-point for all cells in the model.
Any end-points not specified for a cell will be taken to be the endpoints present in the original un-scaled curves input in Step 2. For
example, to scale the critical oil-in-water saturation only, only
SOWCR need be input. Any cells for which SOWCR has not been
specified will use the un-scaled tables directly.

ECLIPSE Blackoil Reservoir Simulation Training and Exercise Guide Version 2.0

115

PROPS Section

Schlumberger

Example 1: Horizontal Scaling of Critical Water


Saturation
In this example, a 1 x 1 x 3 vertical column of cells has end-point
scaling applied to the critical water saturation. You can see the water
relative permeability curve has been scaled accordingly. The third cell
does not have any value set for SWCR, so it uses the input curves
directly.

Relative Permeability

Schlumberger Public

SWOF
-- Sw Krw Krow Pcow
0.150 0.000 1.000
0.240 0.000 0.784
0.295 0.005 0.665
0.350 0.017 0.555
0.405 0.036 0.454
0.460 0.062 0.363
0.515 0.095 0.282
0.570 0.134 0.210
0.625 0.180 0.149
0.680 0.231 0.097
0.735 0.290 0.056
0.790 0.354 0.026
0.845 0.424 0.007
0.900 0.500 0.000
1.000 0.700 0.000
/
BOX
1 1 1 1 1 2 /
SWCR
0.16 0.45 /

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Krw (1,1,1)
Krw (1,1,2)
Krw (1,1,3)
Krow

SWCR=0.24
(1,1,3)
SWCR=0.45
SWCR = 0.16
(1,1,2)
(1,1,1)

Water Saturation
Figure 57

116

Krw is scaled for three cells

ECLIPSE Blackoil Reservoir Simulation Training and Exercise Guide Version 2.0

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PROPS Section

Example 2: Horizontal Scaling Multiple End-points


In this example, a cell has scaling applied to both the oil-in-water
relative permeability curve (both SWL and SOWCR are shifted) and
the gas relative permeability curve (SGU), see the next figure. Note
that had SGU been left at its original position it would have been
inconsistent with SWL (since SGU + SWL > 1).
The oil-in-gas relative permeability has also been shifted due to the
change in SWL. To avoid this SOGCR would need to have been
reduced to 0.03.
1.000
0.784
0.665
0.555
0.454
0.363
0.282
0.210
0.149
0.097
0.056
0.026
0.007
0.000
0.000

32.43
15.01
10.48
7.66
5.76
4.41
3.41
2.65
2.05
1.57
1.17
0.85
0.57
0.34
0.00

1.000
0.699
0.563
0.443
0.341
0.254
0.182
0.124
0.078
0.045
0.022
0.008
0.001
0.000
0.000

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Schlumberger Public

SWOF
0.150 0.000
0.240 0.000
0.295 0.005
0.350 0.017
0.405 0.036
0.460 0.062
0.515 0.095
0.570 0.134
0.625 0.180
0.680 0.231
0.735 0.290
0.790 0.354
0.845 0.424
0.900 0.500
1.000 0.700
/
SGOF
0.000 0.000
0.100 0.000
0.154 0.005
0.208 0.019
0.263 0.044
0.317 0.078
0.371 0.122
0.425 0.175
0.479 0.238
0.533 0.311
0.588 0.394
0.642 0.486
0.696 0.588
0.750 0.700
0.850 1.000
/
BOX
1 1 1 1 3 3
SWL
0.22 /
SOWCR
0.25 /
SGU
0.78 /

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PROPS Section

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Relative Permeability

Oil Water Relative Permeability


Krw
Krow Original
Krow Scaled

1-SWL-SGL
(SWL=0.22)

SOWCR=0.25

Water Saturation

Schlumberger Public

Relative Permeability

Oil Gas Relative Permeability


Krg Original
Krg Scaled
Krog Original
Krog Scaled

SGU=0.78

1-SWL-SGL
(SWL=0.22)

Gas Saturation

Figure 58

End-point scaling in example

2-Point versus 3-Point Scaling


The default method of scaling uses the end points, presented in
Figure 59, for each of the three phases. It is called 2-point scaling as
each curve has two end-points available for scaling (i.e., the relative
permeability value is retained at these two end-points in two point
scaling). For example, the water relative permeability curve is scaled
between the critical water saturation (SWCR) and the maximum water
saturation (SWU).
An alternative form of end-point scaling, 3-point scaling, uses an extra
end point for each phase. This corresponds to the residual saturation
of the other phases, as shown below. 3-point scaling will preserve the
relative permeability values on either side of the two phase mobile
region.

118

ECLIPSE Blackoil Reservoir Simulation Training and Exercise Guide Version 2.0

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