Chemistry F1
Chemistry F1
Chemistry F1
The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous and the
differences among them have to do with how they are formed. Sedimentary rocks are formed
from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these
particles are called sediment.
Properties of rock
The color of a rock describes the hue or tone of the rock. Black, red, green or blue may be
used to describe the color. Color is commonly one of the first things noticed about a rock.
Luster is how a rock shines. If it doesn't shine, it is considered dull. Some rocks look silky,
greasy or waxy. To describe this property, it is helpful to have a rock properties chart handy to
get the exact texture needed to identify the rock.
The shape of the rock may be round, square or rectangular. Some rocks form in distinctive
shapes, while others do not. In some types of rocks, such as sedimentary, shape may be used
to describe the shape of the sediments within the rock.
Texture explains how a rock feels. Smooth, rough, hard or soft are common descriptions. The
texture of some rocks can be determined by looking at the rock as well as feeling it. It may
look smooth or rough and feel the same way.
Pattern is how the layers of rock look together. A striped pattern, for example, may be used to
describe a sedimentary rock. If there is no pattern, this property may not be mentioned in the
rock's description.
Example:
1.
2.
As a terrestrial planet, Earth is divided into layers based on their chemical and rheological
properties. And whereas its interior region the inner and outer core are mostly made up of
iron and nickel, the mantle and crust are largely composed of silicate rock. The crust and
upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere, from which the tectonic plates are
composed.
It in the lithosphere that rocks are formed and reformed. And depending on the type of rock,
the process through which they are created varies. In all, there are three types of rocks:
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Each type of rock has a different origin. Therefore,
the question, How are rocks formed? begs three distinct answers.
occur when the original rocks are subjected to extreme heat and pressure beneath the Earths
surface.
They may also occur when the the original rocks are caught in the middle of two colliding
tectonic boundaries. Some examples of metamorphic rocks are marble, slate, schist and
gneiss. Marble, for instance is the result of the metamorphism of limestone and dolostone.
When limestone metamorphoses, its calcite grains grow and interlock with one another. As
such, marble is denser and harder compared to limestone.
humus. It has a higher pH and calcium levels because of its previous organic matter
content.
Sandy soil
This is usually low in nutrients, and of course dry as it loses water very quickly being
particularly free-draining. However, you can improve both of these factors with the addition
of organic matter and soil improver and of course, many plants thrive in a free-draining soil. It
also warms up quickly in the spring.
Plants that grow well in these conditions are - Iris Germanica, Cynara Cardoon, Verbascum,
Euphorbia, Eryngium, Papaver orientale, Hardy Geraniums, and most bulbs will like the freedraining sandy soil too, but do not allow it to dry out.
Chalky
This is alkaline so will not suit plants that require ericaceous soil. Some soils contain large
clumps of chalk, others are a mixture of chalk and clay. It is normally free draining, but may
be low in nutrients so as with the other soils the addition of organic matter will help with both
the structure and nutritional content of the soil.
Plants that grow well in these conditions are - lavender, philadelphus, Virbunums, Syringa.
Plants to avoid - anything that requires acid conditions.
Normal
Normal, loam soil is the most desirable soil texture for most plant cultivation. This type of soil
presents the best conditions for plant growth. It retains moisture without impeding drainage,
captures nutrients and allows oxygen to circulate. It normally contains equal quantities of
sand, clay, silt, and organic matter.
How to find out how much water and humus contain in the
soil.
Here are the steps needed to determine the air content of a soil.
1.Fill a can with soil
2.Weigh the can and its contents
3.Slowly add water until the water is level with the top of the soil
Fossils
Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of dead organisms. They are found in rocks.
Fossils can be formed from:
Hard body parts, such as bones and shells, which do not decay easily or are
replaced by other materials as they decay.
Parts of organisms which have not decayed. For example, dead animals and
plants can be preserved in amber (hardened tree resin), peat bogs, tar pits or in ice
Casts or impressions, such as foot prints or burrows. These become covered by
layers of sediment, which eventually become rock.
several different ways fossils are formed. Here we go through the five steps of fossilisation to
make a typical 'mould and cast' fossil.
How the fossil record can be used to estimate the age of the
earth
The fossil record does nothing to help determine the age of the Earth. The Earth is far
older than the fossil record. The oldest fossils are about 2 billion years old, and the Earth is about
5.5 billion years old. I suppose you could say that the fossil record rules out the Earth being
younger than 2 billion years, but that hardly helps.
The fossil record can help us date rocks. If we know a particular species lived a million
years ago, and we find a rock containing that specimen, we know that the rock was laid down
about a million years ago. We can also date new fossils by finding them in relation to old fossils.
We can also date cataclysms like floods by the rocks laid down in the sediment. We have
identified what creatures ate by the fossilized remains in their abdomens, where their stomachs
would have been. We have documented social structures when entire colonies of maiasaurs were
wiped out and the mothers died among their young and egg nests. We can tell how creatures
walked by the wear placed on the locations where muscles attached. We have identified evidence
of disease processes in fossils. Finally we can identify transitional forms by their relationship to
other fossils.
evolutionary theory and by implication removes the need for biblical creation. Some claim
Genesis in particular, and the Bible in general looks mythical from this standpoint.
A full discussion of the topic must therefore include the current scientific challenge to the
OE concept. This challenge is mainly headed by Creationism which teaches a young-earth (YE)
theory. A young earth is considered to be typically just 6,000 years old since this fits the creation
account and some dating deductions from Genesis. The crucial point here is: if YE theory can be
established scientifically, then macroevolutionary theory falls!