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Bicomplex Number

Bicomplex numbers are a generalization of complex numbers formed by extending the complex plane to four dimensions. They are constructed using the Cayley-Dickson process by taking pairs of complex numbers (w,z) and defining multiplication such that (w,z)(u,v) = (wu - vz, uz + vw). Bicomplex numbers form an algebra over the complex numbers and can be represented as 2x2 matrices. They are isomorphic to tessarines, which were introduced earlier using different basis elements. Bicomplex numbers have applications in digital signal processing and theorems have been proved about their algebraic properties, such as every bicomplex polynomial having exactly n^2 roots.

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438 views4 pages

Bicomplex Number

Bicomplex numbers are a generalization of complex numbers formed by extending the complex plane to four dimensions. They are constructed using the Cayley-Dickson process by taking pairs of complex numbers (w,z) and defining multiplication such that (w,z)(u,v) = (wu - vz, uz + vw). Bicomplex numbers form an algebra over the complex numbers and can be represented as 2x2 matrices. They are isomorphic to tessarines, which were introduced earlier using different basis elements. Bicomplex numbers have applications in digital signal processing and theorems have been proved about their algebraic properties, such as every bicomplex polynomial having exactly n^2 roots.

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Giannis Pardalis
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Bicomplex number

In abstract algebra, a bicomplex number is a pair (w,z)


of complex numbers constructed by the CayleyDickson
process that denes the bicomplex conjugate (w, z) =
(w, z), and the product of two bicomplex numbers as

(1978, 1991, 2008) (exchange j and k in his multiplication table).[1][2][3] Davenport has noted the isomorphism
with the direct sum of the complex number plane with
itself. Tessarines have also been applied in digital signal
processing.[4][5][6]
In 2009 mathematicians proved a fundamental theorem
of tessarine algebra: a polynomial of degree n with tessarine coecients has n2 roots, counting multiplicity.[7]

(u, v)(w, z) = (uw vz, uz + vw).


Then the bicomplex norm is given by
(w, z) (w, z) = (w, z)(w, z) = (w2 +
z 2 , 0), a quadratic form in the rst component.

2 History

The bicomplex numbers form an commutative algebra


The subject of multiple imaginary units was examined
over of dimension two.
in the 1840s. In a long series On quaternions, or on
The product of two bicomplex numbers yields a quadratic a new system of imaginaries in algebra beginning in
form value that is the product of the individual quadratic 1844 in Philosophical Magazine, William Rowan Hamilforms of the numbers: a verication of this prop- ton communicated a system multiplying according to the
erty of the quadratic form of a product refers to the quaternion group. In 1848 Thomas Kirkman reported[8]
BrahmaguptaFibonacci identity. This property of the on his correspondence with Arthur Cayley regarding
quadratic form of a bicomplex number indicates that equations on the units determining a system of hypercomthese numbers form a composition algebra. In fact, plex numbers.
bicomplex numbers arise at the binarion level of the
CayleyDickson construction based on with form z2
2.1 Tessarines
at the unarion level.
The general
number can be represented by the
( bicomplex
)
In 1848 James Cockle introduced the tessarines in a sew iz
matrix
, which has determinant w2 + z 2 . Thus ries of articles in Philosophical Magazine.[9]
iz w
the composing property of the quadratic form concurs A tessarine is a hypercomplex number of the form
with the composing property of the determinant.

t = w + xi + yj + zk,

As a real algebra

w, x, y, z R

where ij = ji = k, i2 = 1, j 2 = +1. Cockle


used tessarines to isolate the hyperbolic cosine series and
the hyperbolic sine series in the exponential series. He
also showed how zero divisors arise in tessarines, inspiring him to use the term impossibles. The tessarines are
now best known for their subalgebra of real tessarines
t = w + yj , also called split-complex numbers, which
express the parametrization of the unit hyperbola.

Bicomplex numbers form an algebra over of dimension


two, and since is of dimension two over , the bicomplex numbers are an algebra over of dimension four.
In fact the real algebra is older than the complex one; it
was labelled tessarines in 1848 while the complex algebra
was not introduced until 1892.
A basis for the tessarine 4-algebra over( species
) z=1
0 i
and z = i, giving the matrices k =
, j =
i 0
(
)
0 1
, which multiply according to the table given.
1 0
When the identity matrix is identied with 1, then a tessarine t = w + z j .

2.2 Bicomplex numbers


In 1892 Corrado Segre introduced[10] bicomplex numbers in Mathematische Annalen, which form an algebra
isomorphic to the tessarines.

As commutative hypercomplex numbers, the tessarine Corrado Segre read W. R. Hamilton's Lectures on Quateralgebra has been advocated by Clyde M. Davenport nions (1853) and the works of W. K. Cliord. Segre used
1

some of Hamiltons notation to develop his system of bicomplex numbers: Let h and i be elements that square
to 1 and that commute. Then, presuming associativity
of multiplication, the product hi must square to +1. The
algebra constructed on the basis { 1, h, i, hi } is then the
same as James Cockles tessarines, represented using a
dierent basis. Segre noted that elements
g = (1 hi)/2,
idempotents.

g = (1 + hi)/2 are

When bicomplex numbers are expressed in terms of the


basis { 1, h, i, hi }, the equivalence between them and
tessarines is apparent. Looking at the linear representation of these isomorphic algebras shows agreement in the
fourth dimension when the negative sign is used; consider
the sample product given above under linear representation.
The University of Kansas has contributed to the development of bicomplex analysis. In 1953, Ph.D. student
James D. Rileys thesis Contributions to the theory of
functions of a bicomplex variable was published in the
Tohoku Mathematical Journal (2nd Ser., 5:132165). In
1991 G. Baley Price published a book[11] on bicomplex
numbers, multicomplex numbers, and their function theory. Professor Price also gives some history of the subject in the preface to his book. Another book developing
bicomplex numbers and their applications is by Catoni,
Bocaletti, Cannata, Nichelatti & Zampetti (2008).[12]

Quotient rings of polynomials

One comparison of bicomplex numbers and tessarines


uses the polynomial ring R[X,Y], where XY = YX. The
ideal A = (X 2 +1, Y 2 1) then provides a quotient ring
representing tessarines. In this quotient ring approach, elements of the tessarines correspond to cosets with respect
to the ideal A. Similarly, the ideal B = (X 2 +1, Y 2 +1)
produces a quotient representing bicomplex numbers.
A generalization of this approach uses the free algebra
RX,Y in two non-commuting indeterminates X and Y.
Consider these three second degree polynomials X 2 +
1, Y 2 1, XY Y X . Let A be the ideal generated by
them. Then the quotient ring RX,Y/A is isomorphic to
the ring of tessarines.
To see that (XY )2 + 1 A note that

XY 2 X = X(Y 2 1)X + (X 2 + 1) 1,

REFERENCES

(XY )2 1 B . The ring isomorphism RX,Y/A


RX,Y/B involves a change of basis exchanging Y
XY .
Alternatively, suppose the eld C of ordinary complex
numbers is presumed given, and C[X] is the ring of polynomials in X with complex coecients. Then the quotient C[X]/(X2 + 1) is another presentation of bicomplex
numbers.

4 Polynomial roots
Write 2 C = C C and represent elements of it by ordered
pairs (u,v) of complex numbers. Since the algebra of tessarines T is isomorphic to 2 C, the rings of polynomials
T[X] and 2 C[X] are also isomorphic, however polynomials in the latter algebra split:
n

(
(ak , bk )(u, v)

k=1

k=1

ai u ,

)
bk v

k=1

In consequence, when a polynomial equation f (u, v) =


(0, 0) in this algebra is set, it reduces to two polynomial
equations on C. If the degree is n, then there are n roots
for each equation: u1 , u2 , . . . , un , v1 , v2 , . . . , vn . Any
ordered pair (ui , vj )from this set of roots will satisfy the
original equation in 2 C[X], so it has n2 roots.
Due to the isomorphism with T[X], there is a correspondence of polynomials and a correspondence of their roots.
Hence the tessarine polynomials of degree n also have n2
roots, counting multiplicity of roots.

5 References
[1] C. M. Davenport (1978) An Extension of the Complex
Calculus to Four Real Dimensions, with an Application to
Special Relativity, M. S. Thesis, University of Tennessee,
Knoxville.
[2] Clyde Davenport (1991) A Hypercomplex Calculus with
Applications to Special Relativity ISBN 0-9623837-0-8
[3] Clyde Davenport (2008) Commutative Hypercomplex
Mathematics
[4] Soo-Chang Pei, Ja-Han Chang & Jian-Jiun Ding (2004)
Commutative reduced biquaternions and their Fourier
transform for signal and image processing, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 52:201231

XY (XY Y X) + XY 2 X + 1 A.

[5] Daniel Alfsmann (2006) On families of 2^N dimensional


hypercomplex algebras suitable for digital signal processing, 14th European Signal Processing Conference, Florence, Italy

Now consider the alternative ideal B generated by X 2 +


1, Y 2 + 1, XY Y X . In this case one can prove

[6] Daniel Alfsmann & Heinz G Gckler (2007) On Hyperbolic Complex LTI Digital Systems

XY X + 1 = X(Y 1)X + (X + 1) A.
2

[7] Robert D. Poodiack & Kevin J. LeClair (2009) Fundamental theorems of algebra for the perplexes, The College Mathematics Journal 40(5):32235
[8] Thomas Kirkman (1848) On Pluquaternions and Homoid Products of n Squares, London and Edinburgh
Philosophical Magazine 1848, p 447 Google books link
[9] James
Cockle
in
London-Dublin-Edinburgh
Philosophical Magazine, series 3
1848 On Certain Functions Resembling Quaternions and on a New Imaginary in Algebra, 33:435
9.
1849 On a New Imaginary in Algebra 34:3747.
1849 On the Symbols of Algebra and on the Theory
of Tessarines 34:40610.
1850 On the True Amplitude of a Tessarine 36:2902.
1850 On Impossible Equations, on Impossible
Quantities and on Tessarines 37:2813.
Links from Biodiversity Heritage Library.
[10] Segre, Corrado (1892), Le rappresentazioni reali delle
forme complesse e gli enti iperalgebrici (The real
representation of complex elements and hyperalgebraic entities)", Mathematische Annalen, 40: 413467,
doi:10.1007/bf01443559. (see especially pages 45567)
[11] G. Baley Price (1991) An Introduction to Multicomplex
Spaces and Functions, Marcel Dekker ISBN 0-82478345-X
[12] F. Catoni, D. Boccaletti, R. Cannata, V. Catoni, E.
Nichelatti, P. Zampetti. (2008) The Mathematics of
Minkowski Space-Time with an Introduction to Commutative Hypercomplex Numbers, Birkhuser Verlag, Basel
ISBN 978-3-7643-8613-9

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