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    Frequency Demodulation

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    affan
    The document discusses frequency demodulation using a zero-crossing detector. It explains that the zero-crossing detector converts an FM signal into a rectangular wave by generating a fixed-duration pulse every time the FM signal crosses zero volts. When the FM signal frequency changes, the rectangular wave frequency also changes by varying the mark-to-space ratio. This causes the DC voltage of the rectangular wave to copy the message signal. Recovering this DC voltage using a low-pass filter extracts the original message.

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    Frequency Demodulation

    Uploaded by

    affan
    126 views6 pages
    The document discusses frequency demodulation using a zero-crossing detector. It explains that the zero-crossing detector converts an FM signal into a rectangular wave by generating a fixed-duration pulse every time the FM signal crosses zero volts. When the FM signal frequency changes, the rectangular wave frequency also changes by varying the mark-to-space ratio. This causes the DC voltage of the rectangular wave to copy the message signal. Recovering this DC voltage using a low-pass filter extracts the original message.

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    Demodulation

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    The document discusses frequency demodulation using a zero-crossing detector. It explains that the zero-crossing detector converts an FM signal into a rectangular wave by generating a fixed-duration pulse every time the FM signal crosses zero volts. When the FM signal frequency changes, the rectangular wave frequency also changes by varying the mark-to-space ratio. This causes the DC voltage of the rectangular wave to copy the message signal. Recovering this DC voltage using a low-pass filter extracts the original message.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    126 views6 pages

    Frequency Demodulation

    Uploaded by

    affan
    The document discusses frequency demodulation using a zero-crossing detector. It explains that the zero-crossing detector converts an FM signal into a rectangular wave by generating a fixed-duration pulse every time the FM signal crosses zero volts. When the FM signal frequency changes, the rectangular wave frequency also changes by varying the mark-to-space ratio. This causes the DC voltage of the rectangular wave to copy the message signal. Recovering this DC voltage using a low-pass filter extracts the original message.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Frequency Demodulation

    Theory
    The zero-crossing detector is a simple yet effective
    means of recovering the message from FM signals.
    .Its block diagram is shown in Figure 1 below
    The received FM signal is first passed through a
    comparator to heavily clip it, effectively converting
    it to a square wave. This allows the signal to be
    used as a trigger signal for the zero- crossing
    .detector circuit (ZCD)
    The ZCD generates a pulse with a fixed duration
    every time the squared-up FM signal crosses zero
    volts (either on the positive or the negative
    transition but not both). Given the squared-up FM
    signal is continuously crossing zero, the ZCD
    effectively converts the square wave to a
    .rectangular wave with a fixed mark time
    When the FM signal's frequency changes (in
    response to the message), so does the rectangular
    wave's frequency. Importantly though, as the
    rectangular wave's mark is fixed, changing its
    frequency is achieved by changing the duration of
    the space and hence the signal's mark/space ratio
    (or duty cycle).This is shown in Figure 2 on the next
    page using an FM signal that only switches
    between two frequencies (because it has been
    .generated by a square wave for the message)
    Recall from the theory of complex waveforms,
    pulse trains are actually made up of sine waves

    and, in the case of Figure 2 above, a DC voltage.


    The size of the DC voltage is affected by the pulse
    train's duty cycle. The greater its duty cycle, the
    .greater the DC voltage
    That being the case, when the FM signal in Figure 2
    above switches between the two frequencies, the
    DC voltage that makes up the rectangular wave
    out of the ZCD changes between two values. In
    others words, the DC component of the rectangular
    wave is a copy of the square wave that produced
    the FM signal in the first place. Recovering this
    copy is a relatively simple matter of picking out the
    .changing DC voltage using a low-pass filter
    Importantly, this demodulation technique works
    equally well when the message is a sine wave or
    . speech

    Observations

    Conclusion
    The initial problem was that of constructing a
    receiver and a PC based demodulator. The chosen
    FM application is that of amateure-radio, which
    means that the FM signal is bandwidth limited to
    , transported by a carrier wave in the vicinity
    .
    of
    This problem is solved by downconverting to a low
    IF, sampling with a sound card and software
    demodulation. The bandwidth limited signal is
    downconverted from
    to a carrier frequency of

    by the use of mixers. This leaves a


    downconverted signal that lies in the range of to
    , which can be sampled using a standard
    AC'97 compliant sound card. Before the sampling,
    the FM signal is bandpass filtered and amplitude
    .adjusted to fit the specifications of the sound card
    To ensure continuous sampling, demodulation and
    playback a system of buffers have been
    implemented, which services the demodulation
    algorithm by providing the algorithm with data,
    and taking processed data from the algorithm to
    the sound card output. Both the buffer system and
    .final demodulation algorithm is implemented in C

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