SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

LAB MANUAL
FALL 2013

STUDENT NAME:
REGISTRATION NUMBER:

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, LAHORE CAMPUS

Signals and Systems Lab

Table of Contents
Experiment # 1 ...............................................................................................................................4
Introduction to MATLAB .............................................................................................................4
MATLAB as a Calculator ...........................................................................................................5
Number and Formats ...................................................................................................................5
Variables ......................................................................................................................................6
General Information .....................................................................................................................7
Suppressing Output ......................................................................................................................7
Built-in functions..........................................................................................................................7
Vectors .........................................................................................................................................8
Keeping a record ........................................................................................................................11
Experiment # 2 .............................................................................................................................12
Plotting elementary functions.....................................................................................................12
Product, division and power of vectors.......................................................................................16
Matrices- 2D arrays.....................................................................................................................18
Experiment # 3 .............................................................................................................................25
Logical Operations ......................................................................................................................25
Loops...........................................................................................................................................27
M-files & Functions ....................................................................................................................29
Complex Numbers ......................................................................................................................30
Experiment # 4 .............................................................................................................................32
Generation of some basic signals ...............................................................................................32
Plotting of Signals .....................................................................................................................32
Signal Operations ........................................................................................................................35
Experiment # 5 .............................................................................................................................39
Combined Signals Operations ....................................................................................................39
Experiment # 6 .............................................................................................................................42
Trigonometric Fourier Series ......................................................................................................42
Experiment # 7 .............................................................................................................................45
Exponential Fourier Series ..........................................................................................................45
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Experiment # 8 .............................................................................................................................47
Symbolic Expression ..................................................................................................................47
Integration in MATLAB ............................................................................................................47
Fourier Transform ......................................................................................................................48
Inverse Fourier Transform .........................................................................................................52
Laplace Transform .....................................................................................................................52
Experiment # 9 .............................................................................................................................55
Synthesis of periodic signals .......................................................................................................55
Experiment # 10 ...........................................................................................................................59
Properties of Fourier Transform (PART I) ................................................................................59
Linearity .............................................................................................................................59
Time Shifting .....................................................................................................................61
Frequency Shifting .............................................................................................................61
Experiment # 11 ...........................................................................................................................64
Properties of Fourier Transform (PART II) ...............................................................................64
Time Scaling ......................................................................................................................64
Duality................................................................................................................................66
Time differentiation ...........................................................................................................67
Experiment # 12 ...........................................................................................................................69
Even & odd components of a signal ..........................................................................................69
Convolution ................................................................................................................................70

Signals and Systems Lab

EXPERIMENT # 1
OVERVIEW:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Introduction to MATLAB
MATLAB as Calculator
Number and Formats
Variables
General Info
Suppressing output.
Built-In functions
Vectors
Keeping a record

1. .................................................. Introduction to MATLAB

Matlab is an interactive system for doing numerical computations. A numerical analyst called
Cleve Moler wrote the first version of Matlab in the 1970s. It has since evolved into a
successful commercial software package. Matlab relieves you of a lot of the mundane tasks
associated with solving problems numerically. This allows you to spend more time thinking, and
encourages you to experiment. Matlab makes use of highly respected algorithms and hence you
can be confident about your results. Powerful operations can be performed using just one or two
commands.

Matlab Command Editor:

Because of Command line nature of Matlab, editing and re-execution of previous
commands is somewhat tricky. You can use shortcut arrow keys to repeat/edit a previous
command or input data. Alternatively you can use command history window to call previous
commands. However it is convenient for experienced computer language users to run commands
in a batch-file mode. Matlab provides command editor for this purpose which is all like a
language editor window.

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All commands in command editor can be executed by pressing F5 or by selecting debug->Run

from menu. The set of commands can be saved with .m extension and can be executed later. Just
follow the guideline for naming an m-file.
2. MATLAB as a Calculator
The basic arithmetic operators are + - * / ^ and these are used in conjunction with brackets: ( ).
The symbol ^ is used to get exponents (powers): 2^4=16.
You should type in commands shown following the prompt: >>.
>> 2 + 3/4*5
Write your answer: You would get this
ans =
5.7500
>>

Is this calculation 2 + 3/(4*5) or 2 + (3/4)*5?

Matlab works according to the priorities:
1. Quantities in brackets,
2. Powers 2 + 3^2 =>2 + 9 = 11,
3. * /, working left to right (3*4/5=12/5),
4. + -, working left to right (3+4-5=7-5),
Thus, the earlier calculation was for 2 + (3/4)*5 by priority 3.
3. Numbers & Formats
Matlab recognizes several different kinds of numbers.
Type
Examples
Integer
1362, 217897
Real
1.234, 10.76
Complex
3.21+4.3i (i =sqrt (-1))
Inf
Infinity (result of dividing by 0)
NaN
Not a Number, 0/0
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The e notation is used for very large or very small numbers:

-1.3412e+03= -1.3412 103 = -1341.2
-1.3412e-01= -1.3412 10-1= -0.13412
All computations in MATLAB are done in double precision, which means about 15 significant
figures. The formathow Matlab prints numbersis controlled by the format command.
Type help format for full list.

4. Variables
>> 3-2^4
Write you answer here;

>> ans*5
Write your answer here;

You would get this

ans =
-13

You would get this

ans =
-65

The result of the first calculation is labeled ans by Matlab and is used in the second calculation
where its value is changed. We can use our own names to store numbers:
>> x =3-2^4
x = -13
>> y =x*5
y = -65
So that x has the value -13 and y = -65. These can be used in subsequent calculations. These are
examples of assignment statements: values are assigned to variables. Each variable must be
assigned a value before it may be used on the right of an assignment statement.
4.1 Variable Names
Legal names consist of any combination of letters and digits, starting with a letter.
These are allowable:
NetCost, Left2Pay, x3, X3, z25c5
These are not allowable:
Net-Cost, 2pay, %x, @sign
Use names that reflect the values they represent.
Special names: you should avoid using eps =2.2204e-16 (The largest number such that 1 + eps
is indistinguishable from 1) and pi =3.14159... = .
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If you wish to do arithmetic with complex numbers, both i and j have the value -1 unless you
change them
>> i, j
>> i=3
>>i=j
5. General Information
Matlab is case sensitive so a and A are two different names. Comment statements are
preceded by a %.
6. Suppressing output
We often dont want to see the result of intermediate calculations---terminate assignment
statement or expression with semicolon (;)
>> x=-13; y =5*x, z =x^2+y
y =-65
z =104
The value of x is hidden. Note also we can place several statements on one line, separated by
commas or semicolons.
7. BuiltIn Functions
7.1 Trigonometric Functions
Those known to Matlab are sin, cos, tan and their arguments should be in radians. E.g. to work
out the coordinates of a point on a circle of radius 5 centered at the origin and having an
elevation 30o = /6 radians:
>> x =5*cos(pi/6), y = 5*sin(pi/6)
The inverse trig functions are called asin, acos, atan (as opposed to the usual arcsin or sin-1 etc.)
The result is in radians.
>> acos(x/5), asin(y/5)
>> pi/6
cosd is cosine of argument in degrees. Y = cosd(X) is the cosine of the elements of X, expressed
in degrees. For odd integers n, cosd(n*90) is exactly zero, whereas cos(n*pi/2) reflects the
accuracy of the floating point value of pi.
>> cosd(90)
>> cos(pi/2)
>> 5*cosd(30)

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7.2 Other Elementary Functions

These include sqrt, exp, log, log10, abs, angle.
>> x =9;
>> sqrt(x),exp(x),log(sqrt(x)),log10(x^2+6)
exp(x) denotes the exponential function exp(x) =ex and the inverse function is log:
>> format long e, log(exp(9))
ans =9
>>comp=2+8i
comp =
2.0000 + 8.0000i
>>abs(comp)
>>angle(comp)
>>real(comp)
>>imag(comp)
>>conj(comp)
Note that the angle returned by the angle(comp) is in radians.
8. VECTORS
These come in two flavors and we shall first describe row vectors: they are lists of numbers
separated by either commas or spaces. The number of entries is known as the length of the
vector and the entries are often referred to as elements or components of the vector. The
entries must be enclosed in square brackets.
>> v = [1 3, sqrt(5)]
v =1.0000 3.0000 2.2361
>> length(v)
ans =3
Spaces can be vitally important:
>> v2 = [3+ 4 5]
>> v3 = [3 +4 5]
We can do certain arithmetic operations with vectors of the same length, such as v and v3 in the
previous section.
>> v + v3
ans =4.0000 7.0000 7.2361
>> v4 =3*v
v4 =3.0000 9.0000 6.7082
>> v5 =2*v -3*v3
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v5 =-7.0000 -6.0000 -10.5279

>> v + v2
??? Error using ==> +
Matrix dimensions must agree. i.e. the error is due to v and v2 having different lengths.
A vector may be multiplied by a scalar (a numbersee v4 above), or added/subtracted to another
vector of the same length. The operations are carried out element wise.
We can build row vectors from existing ones:
>> w =[1 2 3], z = [8 9]
w =1 2 3
z =8 9
>> cd =[2*z,-w], sort(cd)

Notice the last command sorted the elements of cd into ascending order. We can also change or
look at the value of particular entries
>> w(2) =-2, w(3)
w =1 -2 3
ans =3
8.1 The Colon Notation
This is a shortcut for producing row vectors:
>> 1:4
ans =1 2 3 4
>> 3:7
ans =3 4 5 6 7
>> 1:-1
ans =[ ]
More generally a:b:c produces a vector of entries starting with the value a, incrementing by the
value b until it gets to c (it will not produce a value beyond c). This is why 1:-1 produced the
empty vector [ ].
>> 0.32:0.1:0.6
>> -1.4:-0.3:-2
8.2 Extracting Bits of a Vector
>> r5 =[1:2:6, -1:-2:-7]
r5 =1 3 5 -1 -3 -5 -7
To get the 3rd to 6th entries:
>> r5(3:6)
ans =5 -1 -3 -5

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To get alternate entries:

>> r5(1:2:7)
ans =1 5 -3 -7
What does r5(6:-2:1) give?
See help colon for a fuller description.
8.3 Column Vectors
These have similar constructs to row vectors. When defining them, entries are separated by
a ; or newline
>> c =[ 1; 3; sqrt(5)]
c=
1.0000
3.0000
2.2361
>> c2 =[3;4;5]
c2 =
3
4
5
>> c3 =2*c - 3*c2
So column vectors may be added or subtracted provided that they have the same length.
8.4 Transposing
We can convert a row vector into a column vector (and vice versa) by a process called
transposing denoted by .
>> w, w, c, c

>> t =w + 2*c
t =3.0000 4.0000 7.4721
>> T =5*w-2*c

If x is a complex vector, then x gives the complex conjugate transpose of x:

>> x = [1+3i, 2-2i]
ans =1.0000 + 3.0000i 2.0000 - 2.0000i
>> x
ans =
1.0000 - 3.0000i
2.0000 + 2.0000i
To obtain the plain transpose of a complex number use . as in
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>> x.
ans =
1.0000 + 3.0000i
2.0000 - 2.0000i
9 Keeping a record
Issuing the command
>>diary mysession
will cause all subsequent text that appears on the screen to be saved to the file mysession located
in the directory in which Matlab was invoked. You may use any legal filename except the names
on and off. The record may be terminated by
>>diary off
If you wish to quit Matlab midway through a calculation so as to continue at a later stage:
>> save thissession
will save the current values of all variables to a file called thissession.mat. This file cannot be
edited. When you next startup Matlab, type
>> load thissession
and the computation can be resumed where you left off.
A list of variables used in the current session may be seen with
>> who
See help who, help whos and help save.
>> whos

Exercise 1.1
Find the absolute value and phase of y = 2 cos(exp(1-4j))

Exercise 1.2
If

, find y for x=2.

Exercise 1.3
If v= [2+ 3 4], v1= [2 +3 4]
v+v1 =?
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EXPERIMENT # 2
OVERVIEW:
1. Plotting elementary functions
2. Product, division and power of vectors
3. Matrices- 2D arrays
1. Plotting Elementary Functions
Suppose we wish to plot a graph of y = sin3x for 0 x 1. We do this by sampling the
function at a sufficiently large number of points and then joining up the points (x, y) by straight
lines. Suppose we take N+1 points equally spaced a distance h apart:
>> N =10; h =1/N; x =0:h:1;
defines the set of points x = 0, h, 2h, . . ., 9h, 1.The corresponding y values are computed by
>> y =sin(3*pi*x);
and finally, we can plot the points with
>> plot(x,y)
The result is shown in Figure 1, where it is clear that the value of N is too small.

On changing the value of N to 100:

>> N =100; h =1/N; x =0:h:1;
>> y =sin(3*pi*x); plot(x,y)

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1.1 PlottingTitles & Labels

To put a title and label the axes, we use
>> title(Graph of y =sin(3pi x))
>> xlabel(x axis)
>> ylabel(y-axis)
The strings enclosed in single quotes, can be anything of our choosing.
1.2 Grids
A dotted grid may be added by
>> grid
This can be removed using either grid again, or grid off.
1.3 Line Styles & Colors
The default is to plot solid lines. A solid white line is produced by
>> plot(x, y, w-)
The third argument is a string whose first character specifies the color (optional) and the second
the line style. The options for colors and styles are:

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1.4 Multiplots
Several graphs can be drawn on the same figure as:
>> plot(x,y,w-,x,cos(2*pi*x),g--)
A descriptive legend may be included with
>> legend(Sin curve,Cos curve)
which will give a list of linestyles, as they appeared in the plot command, followed by a brief
description.
Matlab fits the legend in a suitable position, so as not to conceal the graphs whenever possible.
For further information do help plot etc.
The result of the commands
>> plot(x,y,w-,x,cos(2*pi*x),g--)
>> legend(Sin curve,Cos curve)
>> title(Multi-plot )
>> xlabel(x axis), ylabel(y axis)
>>grid

1.5 Hold
A call to plot clears the graphics window before plotting the current graph. This is not
convenient if we wish to add further graphics to the figure at some later stage. To stop the
window being cleared:
>> plot(x,y,w-), hold
>> plot(x,y,gx), hold off
hold on holds the current picture; hold off releases it (but does not clear the window, which
can be done with clf). hold on its own toggles the hold state.
1.6 Subplot
The graphics window may be split into an m n array of smaller windows into which
we may plot one or more graphs. The windows are counted 1to mn rowwise, starting from the
top left. Both hold and grid work on the current subplot.
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>> subplot(221), plot(x,y)

>> xlabel(x),ylabel(sin 3 pi x)
>> subplot(222), plot(x,cos(3*pi*x))
>> xlabel(x),ylabel(cos 3 pi x)
>> subplot(223), plot(x,sin(6*pi*x))
>> xlabel(x),ylabel(sin 6 pi x)
>> subplot(224), plot(x,cos(6*pi*x))
>> xlabel(x),ylabel(cos 6 pi x)
subplot(221) (or subplot(2,2,1)) specifies that the window should be split into a 2 2 array and
we select the first sub-window.

1.7 Zooming
We often need to zoom in on some portion of a plot in order to see more detail. This is
easily achieved using the command
>> zoom
Left-Click on plot = Zoom in
Right-Click on plot = Zoom out
Selecting a specific portion of the plot using the mouse will zoom in to the selected portion of the
plot.
1.8 Controlling Axes
Once a plot has been created in the graphics window you may wish to change the
range of x and y values shown on the picture.
>> clf, N =100; h =1/N; x =0:h:1;
>> y =sin(3*pi*x); plot(x,y)
>> axis([-0.5 1.5 -1.2 1.2]), grid
The axis command has four parameters, the first two are the minimum and maximum values of x
to use on the axis and the last two are the minimum and maximum values of y.
Note the square brackets. The result of these commands is shown in Figure 4. For more info,
check out help axis.
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2. Products, Division & Powers of Vectors

2.1 Scalar Product (*)
We shall describe two ways in which a meaning may be attributed to the product of two
vectors. In both cases the vectors concerned must have the same length.
The first product is the standard scalar product. Suppose that u and v are two vectors of length n,
u being a row vector and v a column vector:

We can perform this product in Matlab by

>> u =[ 10, -11, 12], v =[20; -21; -22]
>> prod =u*v
% row times column vector
Suppose we also define a row vector w and a column vector z by
>> w = [2, 1, 3], z = [7; 6; 5]
and we wish to form the scalar products of u with w and v with z.
>> u*w
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??? Error using ==> *

Inner matrix dimensions must agree.
An error results because w is not a column vector.
Recall that transposing (with ) turns column vectors into row vectors and vice versa. So, to form
the scalar product of two row vectors or two column vectors,
>> u*w

% u & w are row vectors

>> u*u

% u is a row vector

>> v*z

% v & z are column vectors

2.2 Dot Product (.*)

The second way of forming the product of two vectors of the same length is known as the
Dot product. It is not often used in Mathematics but frequently used in Signals & Systems. It
involves vectors of the same type. If u and v are two vectors of the same type (both row vectors
or both column vectors), the mathematical definition of this product, is the vector having the
components:

The result is a vector of the same length and type as u and v. Thus, we simply multiply the
corresponding elements of two vectors. In Matlab, the product is computed with the operator .*
and, using the vectors u, v, w, z defined previously,
>> u.*w
>> u.*v
>> v.*z, u.*v
Example 2.1 Tabulate the function y = x sinx for x = 0, 0.25, . . ., 1.
It is easier to deal with column vectors so we first define a vector of x-values: (see Transposing)
>> x =(0:0.25:1);
To evaluate y we have to multiply each element of the vector x by the corresponding element of
the vector sin x:
x sin x = x sin x
00=0
0.2500 0.7071 = 0.1768
0.5000 1.0000 = 0.5000
0.7500 0.7071 = 0.5303
1.0000 0.0000 = 0.0000
To carry this out in Matlab:
>> y =x.*sin(pi*x)
Note: a) the use of pi, b) x and sin(pi*x) are both column vectors (the sin function is applied to
each element of the vector). Thus, the dot product of these is also a column vector.
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2.3 Dot Division of Arrays (./)

There is no mathematical definition for the division of one vector by another.
However, in Matlab, the operator ./ is defined to give element by element divisionit is
therefore only defined for vectors of the same size and type.
>> a =1:5, b =6:10, a./b
>> a./a
>> c =-2:2, a./c

The previous calculation required division by 0 --- notice the Inf, denoting infinity, in the
answer.
>> a.*b -24, ans./c

2.4 Dot Power of Arrays (.^)

To square each of the elements of a vector we could, for example, do u.*u. However,
a neater way is to use the .^ operator:
>> u.^2
>> u.*u
>> u.^4
>> v.^2
>> u.*w.^( -2 )
Recall that powers (.^ in this case) are done first, before any other arithmetic operation.
3. Matrices --- 2-DArrays
Row and Column vectors are special cases of matrices. An mn matrix is a rectangular array of
numbers having m rows and n columns. It is usual in a mathematical setting to include the matrix
in either round or square bracketswe shall use square ones. For example, when m = 2, n = 3
we have a 2 3 matrix. To enter such an matrix into Matlab we type it in row by row using the
same syntax as for vectors:
>> A =[5 7 9;1 -3 -7]

Rows can be separated by a new line rather than a semicolon.

>> B = [-1 2 5
9 0 5]
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>> C = [0, 1; 3, -2; 4, 2]

>> D =[1:5; 6:10; 11:2:20]
So A and B are 2 3 matrices, C is 3 2 and D is
3 5.
In this context, a row vector is a 1 n matrix and a column vector a m 1 matrix.
3.1 Size of a matrix
We can get the size (dimensions) of a matrix with the command size
>> size(A), size(x)
>> size(ans)
So A is 23 and x is 3 1 (a column vector). The last command size(ans) shows that the value
returned by size is itself a 1 2 matrix (a row vector). We can save the results for use in
subsequent calculations.
>> [r c] =size(A), S =size(A)

3.2 Transpose of a matrix

Transposing a vector changes it from a row to a column vector and vice versa. The extension of
this idea to matrices is that transposing interchanges rows with the corresponding columns:
The 1st row becomes the 1st column, and so on.
>> D, D

>> size(D), size(D)

3.3 Special Matrices

Matlab provides a number of useful builtin matrices of any desired size. ones(m,n) gives
an m n matrix of 1s,
>> P =ones(2,3)

zeros(m,n) gives an m n matrix of 0s,

>> Z =zeros(2,3), zeros(size(P))

The second command illustrates how we can construct a matrix based on the size of an existing
one. Try ones(size(D))
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An nn matrix that has the same number of rows and columns is called a square matrix.
A matrix is said to be symmetric if it is equal to its transpose (i.e. it is unchanged by
transposition):
>> S =[2 -1 0; -1 2 -1; 0 -1 2],

>> St =S

>> S-St

3.4 The Identity Matrix

The n n identity matrix is a matrix of zeros except for having ones along its leading
diagonal (top left to bottom right). This is called eye(n) in Matlab (since mathematically it is
usually denoted by I).
>> I =eye(3), x = [8; -4; 1], I*x

Notice that multiplying the 3 1 vector x by the 3 3 identity I has no effect (it is like
multiplying a number by 1).
3.5 Diagonal Matrices
A diagonal matrix is similar to the identity matrix except that its diagonal entries are not
necessarily equal to 1.
D=
300
040
002
is a 3 3 diagonal matrix. To construct this in Matlab, we could either type it in directly
>> D = [-3 0 0; 0 4 0; 0 0 2]
But this becomes impractical when the dimension is large (e.g. a 100 100 diagonal matrix). We
then use the diag function. We first define a vector d, say, containing the values of the diagonal
entries (in order) then diag(d) gives the required matrix.
>> d =[-3 4 2], D =diag(d)

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On the other hand, if A is any matrix, the command diag(A) extracts its diagonal entries:
>> F = [0 1 8 7; 3 -2 -4 2; 4 2 1 1]
>> diag(F)

Notice that the matrix does not have to be square.

3.6 Building Matrices
It is often convenient to build large matrices from smaller ones:
>> C=[0 1; 3 -2; 4 2]; x=[8;-4;1];
>> G =[C x]

>> A, B, H =[A; B]

so we have added an extra column (x) to C in order to form G and have stacked A and B on top
of each other to form H.
>> J =[1:4; 5:8; 9:12; 20 0 5 4]

>> K =[ diag(1:4) J; J zeros(4,4)]

The command spy(K) will produce a graphical display of the location of the nonzero entries in K
(it will also give a value for nzthe number of nonzero entries):
>> spy(K), grid

3.7 Extracting Bits of Matrices

We may extract sections from a matrix in much the same way as for a vector. Each element of a
matrix is indexed according to which row and column it belongs to. The entry in the ith row and
jth column is denoted mathematically by Ai,j and, in Matlab, by A(i,j). So
>> J
>> J(1,1)
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>> J(2,3)
>> J(4,3)
>> J(4,5)
>> J(4,1) =J(1,1) + 6
>> J(1,1) =J(1,1) - 3*J(1,2)

In the following examples we extract

i) the 3rd column,
ii) the 2nd and 3rd columns,
iii) the 4th row,
and
iv) the central 2 2 matrix
>> J(:,3) % 3rd column

>> J(:,2:3) % columns 2 to 3

>> J(4,:) % 4th row

>> J(2:3,2:3) % rows 2 to 3 & cols 2 to 3

Thus, : on its own refers to the entire column or row depending on whether it is the first or the
second index.
3.8 Dot product of matrices (.*)
The dot product works as for vectors: corresponding elements are multiplied togetherso the
matrices involved must have the same size.
>> A, B
A=
579
1 -3 -7
B=
-1 2 5
905
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>> A.*B

>> A.*C

>> A.*C

3.9 MatrixMatrix Products

To form the product of an m n matrix A and a np matrix B, written as AB, we
visualize the first matrix (A) as being composed of m row vectors of length n stacked on top of
each other while the second (B) is visualized as being made up of p column vectors of length n:
(m n) times (n p) = (m p).
Check that you understand what is meant by working out the following examples by hand and
comparing with the Matlab answers.
>> A =[5 7 9; 1 -3 -7]
>> B =[0, 1; 3, -2; 4, 2]
>> C =A*B

>> D =B*A

>> E =B*A

We see that E = C suggesting that (A*B) = B*A

Exercise
Draw the following:
1. x(t) = 2 sin (2t - /2) for 0 t 4
2. Draw graphs of the functions
y = cos(x)
y=x
for 0 x 2 in the same window. Use the zoom facility to determine the point of
intersection of the two curves (and, hence, the root of x = cos(x)) to two significant
figures.

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3. Draw graphs of the functions for x =0:0.1:10 and label your graph properly.
i.

y = sin(x)/x

ii.

u = (1/(x-1)2)+x

iii.

v = (x2+1)/(x2-4)

iv.

z = ((10-x)1/3-1)/(4 - x2)1/2

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EXPERIMENT # 3

OVERVIEW:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Logical Operations
Loops
M-Files
Complex Numbers
1.

LOGICAL OPERATIONS

Matlab represents true and false by means of the integers 0 and 1.

True =1, False =0
If at some point in a calculation a scalar x, say, has been assigned a value, we may make certain
logical tests on it:
x = =2 Is x equal to 2?
x ~= 2 Is x not equal to 2?
x > 2 Is x greater than 2?
x < 2 Is x less than 2?
x >= 2 Is x greater than or equal to 2?
x <= 2 Is x less than or equal to 2?
Pay particular attention to the fact that the test for equality involves two equal signs = =.
>> x =pi
>> x ~=3, x ~=pi

When x is a vector or a matrix, these tests are performed element wise:

x=
-2.0000
3.1416
5.0000
-1.0000
0
1.0000
>> x == 0

>> x > 1, x > = -1

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Signals and Systems Lab

>> y = x > = -1, x > y

We may combine logical tests, as in

x=
-2.0000 3.1416 5.0000
-5.0000 -3.0000 -1.0000
>> x > 3 & x < 4

>> x > 3 | x = =-3

As one might expect, & represents and, the vertical bar | means or; also ~ means not as in ~=
(not equal).
>> x > 3 | x ==-3 | x <=-5

One of the uses of logical tests is to mask out certain elements of a matrix.
>> x, L =x >= 0
>> pos =x.*L

So the matrix pos contains just those elements of x that are nonnegative.
>> x =0:0.05:6; y =sin(pi*x); Y =(y>= 0).*y;
>> plot(x,y,:,x,Y,- )

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2.

LOOPS

There are occasions that we want to repeat a segment of code a number of different times (such
occasions are less frequent than other programming languages because of the : notation).
2.1 For Loops
Example 2.1.1 Draw graphs of sin(nx) on the interval
-1 x 1 for n = 1, 2, . . ., 8.
We could do this by giving 8 separate plot commands but it is much easier to use a loop. The
simplest form would be
>> x =-1:.05:1;
>> for n =1:8
subplot(4,2,n), plot(x,sin(n*pi*x))
end
All the commands between the lines starting for and end are repeated with n being given the
value 1 the first time through, 2 the second time, and so forth, until n = 8. The subplot constructs
a 4 2 array of sub-windows and, on the nth time through the loop, a picture is drawn in the nth
sub-window.
The commands
>> x =-1:.05:1;
>> for n =1:2:8
subplot(4,2,n), plot(x,sin(n*pi*x))
subplot(4,2,n+1), plot(x,cos(n*pi*x))
end
Draw sin nx and cos nx for n = 1, 3, 5, 7 alongside each other. We may use any legal variable
name as the loop counter (n in the above examples) and it can be made to run through all of the
values in a given vector (1:8 and 1:2:8 in the examples).
(Keep in mind that using a for loop in Matlab is very much discouraged because they are
computationally inefficient.)
Example 2.1.2 The Fibonnaci sequence starts off with the numbers 0 and 1, then succeeding
terms are the sum of its two immediate predecessors.
Mathematically,
f1 = 0, f2 = 1
and
fn = fn-1 + fn-2, n= 3, 4, 5, . . ..

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Test the assertion that the ratio fn/fn-1 of two successive values approaches the golden ratio
which is = (5 + 1)/2 = 1.6180.

>> F(1) =0; F(2) =1;

>> for i =3:20
F(i) =F(i-1) + F(i-2);
end
>> plot(1:19, F(2:20)./F(1:19),o )
>> hold on
>> plot(1:19, F(2:20)./F(1:19),- )
>> plot(0:20, (sqrt(5)+1)/2,--)
Example 2.1.3 Produce a list of the values of the sums

There are a total of 81 sums. The first can be computed using sum (1./(1:20).^2). A suitable
piece of Matlab code might be
>> S =zeros(100,1);
>> S(20) =sum(1./(1:20).^2);
>> for n =21:100
>> S(n) =S(n-1) + 1/n^2;
>> end
>> [ (98:100) S(98:100)]

Where a column vector S was created to hold the answers. The first sum was computed directly
using the sum command then each succeeding sum was found by adding 1/n2 to its predecessor.
The little table at the end shows the values of the last three sums.
2.2 While Loops
There are some occasions when we want to repeat a section of Matlab code until some
logical condition is satisfied, but we cannot tell in advance how many times we have to go
around the loop. This we can do with a while...end construct. The general form of a while
statement is:

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Signals and Systems Lab

Example 2.2.1 What is the greatest value of n that can be used in the sum
and get a value of less than 100?
>> S =1; n = 1;
>> while S+ (n+1)^2 < 100
n =n+1; S = S + n^2;
end
>> [n, S]
The lines of code between while and end will only be executed if the condition S+ (n+1)^2 <
100 is true.

3. M-FILES
M-files are macros of Matlab command that are stored as ordinary text files with the
extension m, that is filename.m. An M-file can be either a function with input and output
variables or a list of commands (Script File).
For example, consider using Matlab on a PC with a user-defined M-file stored in a directory
called \Matlab6p5\work. Then to access that M-file, either change the working directory by
typing cd \matlab6p5\work from within the Matlab command window or by adding the
directory to path which can be accomplished using the command addpath c:\matlab\work from
within Matlab.
As example of an M-file(FileNewM-File) that defines a function, create a file in your
working directory named yplusx.m that contains the following commands:
function z = yplusx(y,x)
z=y+x;
The following commands typed from within Matlab command window demonstrate how this Mfile is used:
x=2;
y=3;
z=yplusx(y,x);
or simply,
z=yplusx(3,2);

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Matlab M-files are most efficient when written in a way that utilizes matrix or vector operations.
Loops are available but should be used sparingly since they are computationally inefficient. An
example of the use of the command for is:
for k=1:10
x(k)=cos(k);
end
This creates a 1x10 vector x containing the cosine of the positive integers from 1 to 10. This
operation is performed more efficiently with the commands
k=1:10;
x=cos(k);
which utilizes a function of a vector instead of a for loop.
An if statement can be used to define conditional statements. An example is
if(a<=2)
b=1;
elseif(a>=4)
b=2;
else
b=3;
end
4. COMPLEX NUMBERS
4.1 Operations on Complex Numbers
Plots in MATLAB are generated using the plot function. Since the complex values have two
components corresponding to
A + jB
MATLAB provides the real and imag functions to separate the real and imaginary parts of an
imaginary number.
>>z=3+4j;
>>zr=real(z)
>>zi=imag(z)

zr and zi here will be the real and imaginary value of the complex number z. To plot these
values use the following command:
>>plot(zr,zi,x)
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Here x defines the shape of the datapoint.

4.2 Generating Complex Functions
Generating complex functions can be explained from the following example:
Example 4.2.1 Suppose we are to generate the values for a complex function:
f(t)=3ej3(pi)t

on interval 0 x 1 with increments 0.005, we would use

>>t=0:0.005:1
>>f=3*exp(j*3*pi*t)
>>plot(t,f)

Exercise 4.2.1
Repeat Example 2.2.1 to include 181 sums (i.e. the final sum should include the term 1/2002.)

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EXPERIMENT # 4
OVERVIEW:
1.
2.

Generation of some basic signals

Plotting of signals
Sinusoidal signal
Piecewise signals
Exponentially varying sinusoid
Multiplication of two signals
Signal Operations
Time Shifting
Time Inversion
Time Scaling
Amplitude Scaling

2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
1. GENERATION OF SOME BASIC SIGNALS
Unit Step Function
%%%%%%%%% cfstep.m %%%%%%%%%
function u = cfstep(t,to)
inc=0.01;
n=-t:inc:t;
u=[zeros(1,(t+to)/inc) 1 ones(1,(t-to)/inc)];
plot(n,u);
>>cfstep(5,0)
Will generate a unit step function starting at t=0 ranging from

2. PLOTTING THE SIGNALS

2.1.

SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL

Where
A = amplitude of sinusoid

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Example:
Suppose A=1, f=1Hz, t=0:0.01:1:
y(t)=cos(2t)
y(t)=cos(2t+/2)
y(t)=cos(2t-/2)
y(t)=sin(2t)

2.2.

PIECEWISE SIGNALS

(i)

Define a piecewise continuous function h(t)

>> t = [-1:0.01:2];
>> h=1*[t >= -1 & t <= 0];
>> h=h+[-1 * (t > 0 & t <= 2)];
>> plot(t,h,'linewidth',2)
>> grid
>> axis([-2 3 -1.2 1.2])

(ii)

Define a piecewise
continuous function x(t)
x(t) =

(iii)

Define a piecewise continuous function f(x)

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(iv)

Representation of rectangular pulse by step function

2.3.

EXPONENTIALLY VARYING SINUSOID

2.4.

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO SIGNAL

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3.

SIGNAL OPERATIONS
3.1. TIME SHIFTING

function [y,n] = c_shift (x,m,n0)

% implement y(n) = x(n-n0)
% x = samples of original signal
% m = index values of the signal
% n0 = shift amount , may be positive or negative
% [y,n] = sigshift(x,m,n0)
n = m+n0;
y = x;
Exercise 3.1.1:

Exercise 3.1.2:

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Shift x (t) by 0.5 units to the right

Exercise 3.1.3:
Shift the piecewise signal shown in the fig below, 2 units to the right

3.2. TIME SCALING

If

is compressed in time by a factor a (a > 1), the resulting signal

Similarly,

If

expanded in time by a factor a (a > 1) is given by:

,
Find:

is given by

for t = -0.5:0.01:0.5;

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3.3. TIME INVERSION (Folding)

To time invert a signal, we replace t by t.

For

Assignment
Write MATLAB code to plot the signals in the given problems. Scale your time axis so that a
sufficient amount of the signal is being plotted. Use subplot to give two plots per page (fig
window); label your plots with Time(sec) on the x-axis. The y-axis should be labeled x(t); the
title should be the problem number , for example 1_a)

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Exercise
a) Sketch the signal defined below in MATLAB:

b) Apply signals operations on the above signal to obtain:

i.
ii.
iii.

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EXPERIMENT # 5
OVERVIEW:
1.

Combined Signal Operations

Shifting + Scaling
Inversion + Scaling
Shifting + Inversion
Shifting + Inversion + Scaling

1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.

1.

SHIFTING + SCALING
can be achieved by the following two procedures:
i. Time shift
by b to obtain
. Now scale the shifted signal
by a (i.e. replace t with at) to obtain
ii. Time-scale
by a to obtain
. Now time-shift
by b/a (i.e.
replace t by t-b/a) to obtain:

Similarly

can be achieved by the following two procedures:

i. Time shift
by b to obtain
. Now scale the shifted signal
by a (i.e. replace t with t/a) to obtain
ii.

Time-scale
by a to obtain
replace t by t-ab) to obtain:

For

2.

. Now time-shift

by ab (i.e.

INVERSION + SCALING
Combined operations of inversion and scaling,
and
, can be achieved
by either first time scaling the function by a and then performing time inversion (i.e.
replace t by -t) or by first time inverting the signal and then time scaling by a.
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For the given function

3.

, plot

SHIFTING + INVERSION
can be achieved by the following two procedures:
i. Time invert
to obtain
to obtain
by a to obtain
ii. Shift
resulting signal to obtain

and then shift the resulting signal

by a
.
and then time invert (replace t by -t) the
.

The same two procedures can be applied in turn to

achieve
.
For

4.

SHIFTING + INVERSION + SCALING

All the three transformations, time scaling, time inversion and time shifting can be
applied simultaneously, for example,

To understand the overall effect, it is usually best to break this transformation down
into successive simple transformations,

Observe here that the order of transformations is important. If we change the order of
time-scaling and time-shifting operations, we get

The result of this sequence of transformations is different from the preceding result.
Similarly you should note the order of individual transformations for this combined
transformation,
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For

Assignment
Write MATLAB code to plot the signals in the given problems.
1.

For the given

function of x(t), plot

2. Using Matlab, plot the function defined by

Then plot the transformed function

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EXPERIMENT # 6

TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES

Find the Trigonometric Fourier series coefficients and plot the magnitude and phase
spectra for the periodic signals shown below in MATLAB:
Q.1

Fourier series coefficients for the periodic signal shown above are:

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The code for plotting the magnitude and phase spectra for the given co-efficients is given
below using for loop:
n=1:7;
a0=0.504;
b0=0.504*(8*0/(1+16*0^2));
% b0=0;
Cn=a0;
theta0=atan(-b0/a0);
thetan=theta0;
den=(1+16*n.^2);
N=length(den);
for i=1:N
an(i)=0.504*2/den(i);
bn(i)=0.504*8*n(i)/den(i);
cn=sqrt(an(i)^2+bn(i)^2);
Cn=[Cn cn];
theta=atan(-bn(i)/an(i));
thetan=[thetan theta];
end
n=0:7;
subplot(211),plot(n, ,'o'),grid,
xlabel('n'),ylabel(
),title(
)
subplot(212),plot(n,thetan,'o'),grid,xlabel('n'),ylabel('\theta_
n (rad)')
Q2. If

is as defined below:
=

Find the trigonometric Fourier series coefficients for the periodic signal shown below and use
them to plot the magnitude and phase spectra.

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Q3. Find the trigonometric Fourier series coefficients for the periodic signal shown below and
use them to plot the magnitude and phase spectra.

ASSIGNMENT:
For the periodic signal given below, find the trigonometric Fourier series coefficients and plot
the amplitude and phase spectra (in degrees).

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EXPERIMENT # 7
EXPONENTIAL FOURIER SERIES

Q.1 Write Matlab code to plot the exponential Fourier spectra of given exponential coefficients
for

Q.2 Write Matlab code to plot the exponential Fourier spectra of given exponential coefficients
for

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Signals and Systems Lab

Q.3 Write Matlab code to plot the exponential Fourier spectra of given signal for
.

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EXPERIMENT # 8
OVERVIEW:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Symbolic expression
Integration in MATLAB
Fourier Transform
Inverse Fourier Transform
Laplace Transform

SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION:
The sym function can be used to create 'symbolic objects' in MATLAB. For example,
typing >>x=sym('x') creates the symbolic variable with name x.
The syms function enables you to combine more than one such statement into a single
statement. For example, typing syms x is equivalent to typing x=sym('x'), and typing syms x y u v
creates the four variables x, y, u and v.
You can use sym function to create symbolic constants by single numerical value for the
argument. For example, typing pi=sym('pi'), fraction=sym('1/3') and sqroot2=sym('sqrt(2)')
create symbolic constants that avoid the floating point approximations inherent in the values of
pi, 1/3 and sqrt(2). If you create a symbolic constant pi this way, it temporarily replaces the
built-in numeric constant, and you no longer obtain a numeric value when you type its name.
The advantage of using symbolic constants is that they need not be evaluated (with the
accompanying round-off error) until a numeric answer is required.
INTEGRATION IN MATLAB

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Signals and Systems Lab

int(S)
int(S,a,b)
int(S) returns the indefinite integral of S with respect to its symbolic variable.
int(S,a,b) returns the definite integral from a to b of each element of S with respect to each
element's default symbolic variable. a and b are symbolic or double scalars.
Write following code in MATLAB and write your results in space provided
>> syms x t n

>> int(x)

>> int(cos(x))
>> int(sin(x))

>> int(exp(-2*x))

>> int(exp(-2*j*x))

>> int(t*exp(-t))

>> int(cos(x),0,2*pi)

>> int(sin(x),0,2*pi)

>>int(exp(-t/2)*cos(n*t),0,pi)

>> a0=int(exp(-t/2),0,pi)

FOURIER TRANSFORM IN MATLAB

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F = fourier(f) is the Fourier transform of the symbolic scalar f with default independent variable
x. The default return is a function of w. The Fourier transform is applied to a function of x and
returns a function of w.
Write following code in MATLAB
syms t;
fourier(cos(t))
Write your result in space provided below and also explain what is dirac() function in
MATLAB.

Find the Fourier transform of (t) in MATLAB. Write your code and answer provided by
MATALB in the space below:

Unit step Function is defined as heaviside(t) in MATLAB. Find Fourier transform of u(t) in
MATLAB and write your code and result provided by MATALB in the space below:

t
Define rect( ) in MATLAB as sum of shifted heaviside() functions. Find its Fourier
4
transform. Write your code and answer given by MATLAB in the space below:

Define e-2tu(t) in MATLAB. Find its Fourier transform and write your code and answer
given by MATLAB in the space below:

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Signals and Systems Lab

fourier() function takes in a symbolic variable and cannot plot the function as long as its
variable is a symbol. So after you have derived Fourier transform of a function, define t for
some fixed value e.g. t=[-10:0.01:10] and w=[-3:0.1:3], and rewrite the equations to plot the
graphs.
Example
syms t
x=heaviside(t+2)-heaviside(t-2);
f=fourier(x)
t=[-10:0.01:10];
w=[-3*pi:.1:3*pi];
x=heaviside(t+2)-heaviside(t-2);
f=2./w.*sin(2.*w);
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(t,x)
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(w,abs(f))
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(w,angle(f))
The final graph should look like this:

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Signals and Systems Lab

Note that actually the graph should be like figure below:

But when you plot the absolute value of the transform, then it takes all the positive values in
place of negative values and gives a phase of pi in the phase graph.

Similarly find and plot the Fourier transform of e-2t u(t).

Your final result should look like the figure below:

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Signals and Systems Lab

INVERSE FOURIER TRANSFORM

If you have obtained the frequency domain expression
, then you can find the
corresponding time domain expression by finding its inverse Fourier transform. In MATLAB,
.
this is obtained by the function
is the inverse Fourier transform of the scalar symbolic object F with default
independent variable w. The default return is a function of x. The inverse Fourier transform is
applied to a function of w and returns a function of x.
takes F to be a function of v and f to be a function of u instead of the
default w and x, respectively.
syms w t
g= exp(-abs(w))
ifourier(g,w,t)
returns
1/(1+t^2)/pi

LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Like the Fourier transform, Laplace transform is used for solving differential and integral
equations. The Laplace transform is often interpreted as a transformation from the time-domain,
in which inputs and outputs are functions of time, to the frequency-domain. The Laplace
transform of a function f(t), defined for all real numbers t 0, is the function F(s), defined by:

The parameter s is a complex number:

With real numbers and .
Calculate the Laplace Transform using Matlab
Calculating the Laplace F(s) transform of a function f(t) is quite simple in Matlab. First you
need to specify that the variable t and s are symbolic ones. Next you define the function f(t).

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Signals and Systems Lab

L = laplace(f) is the Laplace transform of the scalar symbol f with default independent variable t.
The default return is a function of s. The Laplace transform is applied to a function of t and
returns a function of s.
Write laplace(cos(t)) in MATLAB and give the answer provided by MATLAB in the space
below.

Find the Laplace transform of (t) in MATLAB. Write your code and answer provided by
MATALB in the space below:

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Signals and Systems Lab

Find Laplace transform of u(t) in MATLAB and write your code and result provided by
MATALB in the space below:

Find Laplace transform of e-2t u(t) in MATLAB. Write your code and answer given by
MATLAB in the space provided below:

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EXPERIMENT # 9
OVERVIEW:
Synthesis of periodic signals

EXERCISE 1:

The trigonometric Fourier series expression for periodic signal x(t) shown above is:

1
2
+
sin (2nt)
x(t) =
2 n =0 n
Write the code given in MATLAB and run it for different inputs e.g. plotfo(5,12,120,700),
plotfo(5,10,20,50) etc.
Carefully read the code and describe what the code is doing in the space below:
After observing the graphs for various values of n, note that as you increase the value of n,
the response gets closer to the square wave but at the points of discontinuity, there is a persistent
overshoot of about 9% of the value of signal at the point of discontinuity. This constant
overshoot at points of discontinuity is called Gibbs Phenomenon.

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Signals and Systems Lab

plotfo(5,12,120,700)

plotfo(5,10,20,50)

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function plotfo(n1,n2,n3,n4)
figure
t=[-2:0.0001:2];
n=1;
y = 0.5+(2/pi)* (1/n)*sin(n*2*pi*t);
x1=0;
x2=0;
x3=0;
x4=0;
for n = 3:2:n1
x1 = x1 + (2/pi)*(1/n)*sin(n*2*pi*t);
end
x1=x1+y;
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(t,x1)
for n = 3:2:n2
x2 = x2 + (2/pi)*(1/n)*sin(n*2*pi*t);
end
x2=x2+y;
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(t,x2)
for n = 3:2:n3
x3 = x3 + (2/pi)*(1/n)*sin(n*2*pi*t);
end
x3=x3+y;
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(t,x3)
for n = 3:2:n4
x4 = x4 + (2/pi)*(1/n)*sin(n*2*pi*t);
end
x4=x4+y;
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(t,x4)

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EXERCISE 2:

The trigonometric Fourier series expression for periodic signal x(t) shown above is:

n
1
x(t) = 2 sin(
) sin(nt)
2
n =0 n
Write code in MATLAB to synthesize the above signal, and run it for different inputs e.g.
plottrian(5,12,120,700), plottrian(5,10,20,50) etc.

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EXPERIMENT # 10
PROPERTIES OF FOURIER TRANSFORM (PART I)

LINEARITY:
The Fourier transform is linear; that is, if
and
then

t
Define x1(t)=rect( ) as sum of shifted heaviside() functions and x2(t)= e-2tu(t) in MATLAB.
4
Apply linearity property on these two signals. Suppose

After you have derived Fourier transform of functions, definet for some fixed value e.g. t=[5:0.01:5] and w=[-2:0.1:2], and rewrite the equations to plot the graphs.
syms t
x1=heaviside(t+2)-heaviside(t-2);
x2=exp(-t*2)*heaviside(t);
x=2*x1+3*x2;
X1 =fourier(x1);
X2 =fourier(x2);
X =fourier(x);
t=[-5:0.01:5];
w=[-2*pi:.1:2*pi];
x1=heaviside(t+2)-heaviside(t-2);
x2=exp(-t*2).*heaviside(t);
x=2*x1+3*x2;
X1 =2./w.*sin(2*w);
X2 =1./(2+i*w);
X =4./w.*sin(2*w)+3./(2+i*w);
subplot(311),plot(t,x,'linewidth',2),grid,title('plot of x(t)=2*x_1 (t)+
3*x_2 (t)'subplot(312),plot(w,(2*X1+3*X2),'linewidth',2),grid,title('plot of
2*X_1 (w)+ 3*X_2 (w)'
subplot(313),plot(w,(X),'linewidth',2),grid,title('plot of X(w)')

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Also, write MATLAB code to compare the magnitude and phase spectra of the right side of the
equation i.e.
to the Fourier transform of the left side i.e.
.
The output should be as follows:

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SHIFTING PROPERTIES:
TIME SHIFTING

The above equation shows that delaying a signal by to seconds does not change its amplitude
spectrum. The phase spectrum, however, is changed by wto.
Prove the time shifting property for given x(t)

Output of your code should be as follows.

FREQUENCY SHIFTING

Prove the above Frequency shifting property. Given that

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Output of your code should be as follows

Figure 1

Figure 2

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Figure 3
x(t) e(j2t)
1
0
-1
-6

-2

-4

|F(x(t) e(j2t))|
4
2
0
-4

-3

-2

-1

< F(x(t) e(j2t))

4
2
0
-4

-3

-2

-1

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EXPERIMENT # 11
PROPERTIES OF FOURIER TRANSFORM (Part-II)
THE SCALING PROPERTY:
The function
represents the function
compressed by factor a. Similarly, a function
represents the function X(w) expanded in frequency by same factor a. The scaling
property states that time compression of a signal results in its spectral expansion, and time
expansion of the signal results in its spectral compression.
TIME SCALING

Prove the Time Scaling property for given signal x1(t)

Output of your code should be as follows:

Figure 1:

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Figure 2

Figure 3

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DUALITIY:

Prove the Duality property. Given that

a)
where = 4 in our case
In the above equation we used the fact that
function. Output of your code should be as follows:

because rect is an even

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b)
Output of your code should be as follows:

X(w)

x(t)
0.8

0.6
0.4

0.5

0.2
0

-5

0
-10

-5

10

X2(W)

x 2(t)=1/(2+j*t)
0.8
6
0.6
4

0.4

0.2
0
-10

-5

10

-5

TIME DIFFERRNTIATION

Prove the Time differentiation property for given x(t)

Output of your code should be as follows:

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EXPERIMENT # 12
Overview
1. Even & Odd Components of a Signal
2. CONVOLUTION
EVEN & ODD Components of a Signal
EXAMPLE 1
a) Define the signal x(t) shown below in MATLAB.

Note: Since we require to flip the function in time domain and then add the two functions, so the
time duration defined for x(t) should span the complete duration required to plot x(t) and x(-t).
For example, in this case x(t) is non zero for 0 t 2 and so x(-t) will be non zero for -2 t 0.
So the time duration you define in MATLAB should at least be -2 t 2 as shown below to
properly execute the rest of operations.

b) Use the built-in MATLAB function fliplr() to define x(-t).

c) Use the formula to determine the even component of a given function i.e.
in MATLAB.
d) Use the formula to determine odd component of a given function i.e.
in MATLAB.
e) Use subplot() function to plot the signals obtained in parts above.
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EXAMPLE 2
Perform the same steps of determining and plotting even and odd components of a function as
done before for the signal f (t) shown below:

Observe that the given function f (t) is an even function so

its odd component should be equal to zero
f (-t) should look like f(t).
EXERCISE 1
Perform the same steps of determining and plotting even and odd components of a function for
the signal g(t) shown below:

Observe that the given function g(t) is an odd function so its even component should be equal to
zero.
Write your complete code in the space provided below:

Continuous Time Convolution

EXAMPLE 1
1. Define the functions x(t) and h(t) given below in MATLAB.

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2.
3.
4.

Use conv() function in MATLAB to convolve the two functions defined above.
Plot x(t), h(t) and convolution result y(t) in MATLAB on a single figure.
Note that the result of convolution spans from (Tx1+Th1) t (Tx2+Th2), so plot the
graph of y (t) against this time.
5.
Your final result should look like the figure below:

EXERCISE 1 :
For the two functions x(t) and h(t) shown below
1. Define the functions x(t) and h(t) in MATLAB.
2. Use conv() function in MATLAB to convolve x(t) and h(t).
3. Plot x, h and y on a single figure window using subplot() function.

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EXERCISE 2:
For the two functions x(t) and h(t) shown below
1. Define the functions x(t) and h(t) in MATLAB.
2. Use conv() function in MATLAB to convolve x(t) and h(t).
3. Plot x, h and y on a single figure window using subplot() function.

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