The Environmental Monitoring Plan For The Albertine Graben 2012-2017

THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
THE ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING PLAN
FOR THE ALBERTINE GRABEN
2012-2017
THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
THE ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING PLAN
FOR THE ALBERTINE GRABEN
2012 - 2017
NORWEGIAN DIRECTORATE
FOR NATURE MANAGEMENT
UR
IN
EN
E NS
National Environment Management Authorityy
SU
S TA I
E
NABLE D
VE
LO
ROYAL NORWEGIAN GOVERNMENT
for a living planet*
Copyright 2012 NEMA

All rights reserved.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NEMA)

P.O. Box 22255
Kampala Uganda
hp://www.nemaug.org
[email protected]
AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Erima Godwin
Namakambo Norah
John Diisi
Dr. Grace Nangendo
Kaganzi Emmanuel
Dr. Joseph Kobusheshe
Mwebaza Caroline
Bakunda Avenno
Dr. C. Kayuki Kaizzi
Geoge Lubega
Muramira Telly Eugene
Byaruhanga Jane M.
Mpabulungi Firipo
Dr. Stephen Sekiranda
Fred Onyai
Dr. Kitutu Mary Gore
Nengomasha Neto
Rannveig Formo
Robert Ddamulira
Jusne Namara
Kato Phillip
Flavia Oumo
Ingunn Limstrand
Ragnvald Larsen
Reidar Hindrum
Jrn Thomassen
Makerere University Instute of Environment and Natural Resources

(MUIENR)
Wetlands Management Department (WMD)
Naonal Forestry Authority (NFA)
Wildlife Conservaon Society (WCS)
Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development (MLHUD)
Petroleum Exploraon and Producon Department (PEPD)
Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM)
Fisheries Department (DFR)
Naonal Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL-Kawanda)
Naonal Environment Management Authority (NEMA)
Petroleum Exploraon and Producon Department (PEPD)
Naonal Fisheries Resources Research Instute (NARO - NAFIRRI)
World Wide Fund (WWF)
Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA)
Uganda Bureau of Stascs (UBOS)
Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management (DN)
Norwegian Instute for Nature Research (NINA)
Design, layout and print producon

Elizabeth Mutayanjulwa (NEMA)
Cover page photograph
Oil exploraon in the Alberne Graben
ISBN ..........................
Contents
ACRONYMS....
FOREWORD...
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................................v
CHAPTER 1:
1.1
1.2
CHAPTER 2:
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
CHAPTER 3:
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.2
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND....................................................................1

Overall Goal and Objecves of the Alberne Graben Environmental
Monitoring Plan...................................................................................................1
Scope of the Alberne Graben Environmental Monitoring Plan............................1
THE ALBERTINE GRABEN......................................................................................3
Environmental Status of the Alberne Graben.....................................................3
Physical Environment.................................................................................................3
Mineral Resources......................................................................................................3
Ecosystems and Biodiversity.......................................................................................3
Biodiversity.................................................................................................................4
Land use and social-Economic Status....................................................................4
Status and projecon of Oil and Gas acvies in the Alberne Graben.................5
Expected infrastructural developments.................................................................7
SELECTING VALUED ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS, INDICATORS,
AND PARAMETERS................................................................................................9
Process of idenfying and selecng Components, Indicators and
Parameters...........................................................................................................9
Background paper and workshop process..................................................................9
Workshop process.......................................................................................................9
Scoping process...........................................................................................................9
Criteria for selecng parameters and indicators...................................................10
Environmental Monitoring Indicators........................................................................12
CHAPTER 4:
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
VALUED ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS, INDICATORS AND PARAMETERS..................15

Monitoring Objecves.........................................................................................15
Valued Ecosystem Components...........................................................................16
Summary of idened Priority VECs....................................................................16
Eects of oil development acvies on the ecosystem........................................17
Drivers................................................................................................................29
Priority Indicators and Parameters......................................................................32
CHAPTER 5:
5.1
5.1.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.1.1
5.2.1.2
5.2.3
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.5.1
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS.......................................................................43

Aquac Biodiversity............................................................................................43
Basis for monitoring/juscaon and indicators .....................................................43
Terestrial Biodiversity..........................................................................................49
Animals (Mammals, birds, below ground biodiversity).............................................49
Basis for monitoring..................................................................................................49
Sampling design and data collecon.........................................................................50
Data analysis..............................................................................................................51
Physical Chemical Environment.........................................................................55
Society ................................................................................................................59
Management and Business..................................................................................60
Tourism......................................................................................................................60
The Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Albertine Graben 2012-2017
CHAPTER 6:
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.5.1
6.5.2
6.6
6.7
DATA MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK.....................................................................63

Data Management Objecves for the AG EMP......................................................63
Purpose of Data Management..............................................................................64
Informaon Technology Infrastructure for Data Management..............................65
Data Storage ........................................................................................................67
Data Policy...........................................................................................................68
Ownership and custodianship....................................................................................68
EIN Guidelines for sharing environmental data.......................................................68
Data Release Code ..............................................................................................69
Data and Metadata Standards .............................................................................69
CHAPTER 7:
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
7.3.6
REPORTING..........................................................................................................71
Audiences............................................................................................................71
Types of Reporng...............................................................................................71
Reporng Results.................................................................................................72
State of the Alberne Graben Environment Report...................................................72
Status of VECs.............................................................................................................72
Independent Review...................................................................................................72
Scienc Publicaons.................................................................................................73
Performance Reports and Work plans........................................................................74
Various summaries and other communicaon material............................................73
CHAPTER 8:
8.1
8.2
8.3
ADMINISTRATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MONITORING PROGRAM.......75

Governing Structure.............................................................................................75
Program Review...................................................................................................76
Implementaon Schedule and Budget..................................................................76
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Status of Licensing in the Alberne Graben...................................................................................6
Figure 2: Bathymetry M
Figure 3: Species R
Figure 4: Uganda Seismic Line Coverage......................................................................................................19
Figure 5: Naonal Parks and Wildlife Reserves in the Alberne Graben......................................................62
Figure 6: Clearing House Mechanism for Environmental Data.....................................................................65
Figure 7: A simplied overview of the steps in accessing, integrang, analyzing and presenng
biodiversity informaon via a web-based data portal...................................................................66
Figure 8: Use of Geoserver and open layers combined with the Alberne Graben Atlas data....................67
Figure 9: Alberne Graben: Threatened Bird Species..................................................................................85
LIST OF TABLES AND BOXES
Box 1: SMART Indicators
Table 4.1: Summary of VECs and Drivers Idened.....................................................................................29
Table 4.2: Idened Drivers ........................................................................................................................29
Table 4.3: Priority VECs and Combined Drivers............................................................................................31
Table 4.4: Value Ecosystem Components Drivers ........................................................................................33
Table 7.1: Types of Reporng.......................................................................................................................71
Table 7.2: Timeliness of Reporng...............................................................................................................72
Table 8.1: Performance Measures for determining if the Plans objecves are met...................................76
APPENDIXES...
Appendix 1: Budget for the implementaon of the AG Environmental Monitoring Plan............................77
Appendix 2: Budget for data management and disseminaon..................................................................79
Appendix 3: Budget for the Sensivity Atlas...............................................................................................81
Appendix 4: Exisng databases, storage and future responsible instuons data collecon management..82
Appendix 5: Sensivity Atlas Standard Guidelines for maps ......................................................................85
Appendix 6: Metadata Structure.................................................................................................................87
REFERENCES...
ii
list of acronyms
AEAM
AG EMP
a.m.s.l
BGBD
CAS
CDP
CSOs
DFR
DLG
DN
DOM
DOOH
DWRM
EA
EIA
EIN
EPT
FAO
GIS
GPS
IEC
IH
IPP
IUCN
MAAIF
MCS
MEMD
MoGLSD
MIST
MLHUD
M&E
M&R
MoES
MoH
MoTWC
MoU
MTWH
MUIENR
MWE
NaFIRRI
NP
NARL
NEA
NEMA
NFA
NINA
NGO
OfD
OSH
PEPD
PHCs
RBDC
RU
TWA
UTM
UWA
VECs
WHO
WMD
WWF
iii
Adapve Environmental Assessment and Management

Alberne Graben Environmental Monitoring Plan
above mean sea level
Below Ground Biodiversity
Catch Assessment Survey
Community Development Department
Civil Society Organisaons
Directorate of Fisheries Resources
Department of Local Government
Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management
Department Of Meteorology
Department of Occupaonal Health
Directorate of Water Resources Management
Exploraon Area
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environment Informaon Network
Ephemeroptera -Plecoptera -Trichoptera
Food and Agriculture Organizaon of the United Naons
Geographic Informaon System
Global Posioning System
Informaon Educaon Communicaon
Impact Hypotheses
Integrated Power Project
Internaonal Union for Conservaon of Nature
Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries
Monitoring Control and Surveillance
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development
Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development
Management Informaon System Technology
Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development
Monitoring and Evaluaon
Monitoring & Research
Ministry of Educaon and Sports
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Transport, Works and Communicaon
Memorandum of Understanding
Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Heritage
Makerere University Instute of Environment and Natural Resources
Ministry of Water and Environment
Naonal Fisheries Resources Research Instute
Naonal Park
Naonal Agricultural Research Laboratories
Naonal Environment Act
Naonal Environment Management Authority
Naonal Forestry Authority
Norwegian Instute for Nature Research
Non-Governmental Organizaon
Oil for Development
Occupaonal Safety and Health
Petroleum Exploraon and Producon Department
Polychlorinated Hydrocarbons
Ranger Based Data Collecon
Reservaon Unit
Time Weighted Average
Universal Transverse Mercator
Uganda Wildlife Authority
Valued Ecosystem Components
World Health Organizaon
Wetlands Management Department
World Wide Fund
foreword
he Alberne Graben region in western Uganda is widely known

for its richness in both ora and fauna, and over the last decade
it has also received much aenon for its deposits of oil and
gas as well as the exploraon of these resources. The oil and gas
that are being rapidly explored engages many stakeholders and it is
expected that when the extracon of these resources begins, it will
have great economic impact on the country. Concurrently, it is also
expected that developments in the region will have a lasng impact
Dr. Tom O. Okurut
on the unique environment of the Alberne Graben. It is against this
background that the Naonal Environment Management Authority in partnership with other
stakeholders from the Environmental Informaon Network has worked towards producing an
Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Alberne Graben (AG EMP).
The AG EMP is intended as a guiding tool in tracking the impact which oil and gas-related
developments will have on the environment of the Alberne Graben. As such, the monitoring
plan lists a number of environmental monitoring indicators that will be used to monitor a
dened list of ve major Valued Ecosystem Components, including: aquac, terrestrial,
physical/chemical, society, and management & business. Over me, the monitoring indicators
will demonstrate progress and changes in the ecosystem components, signaling when
environmental management in the petroleum sector is on track, or giving early warnings for
when developments are heading in the wrong direcon.
Furthermore, the AG EMP gives a detailed summary of the current state of the environment
in the Alberne Graben, the possible eects which oil and gas developments may have on
species such as sh, mammals, amphibians and birds, and other environmental components
including water and air quality. Major potenal drivers of change idened in the report
include noise and vibraons, waste disposal, seismic acvies and an inux in trac, people
and subsequent urban expansions.
In face of the rapid changes in the Alberne Graben, protecng its environment is of urgent
importance, and the Naonal Environment Management Authority (NEMA) and partners feel
pleased to publish this environmental monitoring plan.
We believe that this report will be used as a tool for monitoring any changes in the environment
before, during and aer the extracon of oil and gas in the Alberne Graben when used by
all stakeholders, academicians and researchers. When used appropriately, it is hoped that
the impact of the monitoring plan will be shown in terms of regular monitoring reports and
subsequent early warnings of any negave changes in the environment.
Dr. Tom O. Okurut

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
iv
executive summary
his report provides a blueprint of an environmental monitoring plan that will ensure
sustainable exploitaon and ulizaon the petroleum resources discovered in the
Alberne Graben. The report notes that oil and gas acvies in this area, which is known
for its high biodiversity richness and diversity, must not ignore the vast biological resources.
It gives a number of selected parameters and indicators that should be used in monitoring
environmental changes caused by oil and gas acvies. The core message of this report is that
oil and gas acvies may have adverse environmental and social eects if not well managed.
The report provides insight and early warning to policy makers and other stakeholders on
environmental changes that may arise as a result of oil and gas acvies.
The report is divided into eight chapters:
Chapter 1, Introducon and Background provides the scope and background informaon
to the Alberne Graben.
Chapter 2, Environmental Status of the Alberne Graben gives an overview of the social
and environmental condions of the exploraon areas. It summarizes the climac condions
that prevail in the Graben and highlights the mineral deposits found in this area. The chapter
then presents some of the core conservaon concerns in the region, focusing on species
richness and those classied as endangered or threatened. Lastly, the chapter looks at the
sensivity of biodiversity to oil and gas acvies as well as the various plans and projects that
Government seeks to put in place and implement in the area.
Chapter 3, Selecng Valued Ecosystem Components, Indicators and Parameters,

focuses on the process used in idenfying appropriate parameters and indicators to be used
in monitoring environmental changes in the Alberne Graben. It discusses the scoping process
used in idenfying indicators for the environmental monitoring plan. The chapter also presents
the criteria and approach used in adopng the nal parameters and indicators.
Chapter 4, Valued Ecosystem Components, Indicators and Parameters, specically looks

at the process used to idenfy ecosystem components in the Alberne Graben for environmental
monitoring. It provides detail of important valued ecosystem components (VECs) idened.
These include the main themac issues namely aquac, terrestrial, physical/ chemical, society,
management and business. The chapter highlights possible eects of oil and gas acvies on
the ecosystem components such as sh, mammals, birds, reples, amphibians, wetlands, soil,
water and plants. Oil and gas acvies have varied impacts on these components. Some of
the impacts include water and air polluon, habitat destrucon, illegal logging, encroachment
and noise or vibraons that may disturb the breeding and migraon paerns of wildlife. The
chapter provides a summary of valued ecosystem components and the possible driving forces.
Addionally, it looks at the parameters to be used, priority indicators, type of monitoring, the
locaon, frequency and instuons responsible. It also discusses why monitoring is crical in
management of resources and highlights the exisng monitoring and available data.
Chapter 5, Data Collecon and Analysis looks at all the valued ecosystem components
idened and highlights the basis for monitoring. The chapter notes that Lake Albert has
been internaonally recognized as a biological hotspot because of its endemic sh species.
Monitoring of sh resources is important, as there is risk of water polluon from oil and gas
acvies. Acvies such as oshore seismic surveys and drilling generate noise and vibraons
that may disturb sh distribuon paerns. The chapter also highlights key drivers which
may result in changes in animal distribuon and behavior. It focuses on how infrastructure
development will aect wildlife and wildlife habitats. The chapter further notes that hazardous
waste may aect biodiversity especially through the food chain. It is also pointed out that
poaching is likely to increase as a result of human inux.
Chapter 6, Data Management Framework, looks at approaches of creang a mely,

publicly accessible, ecient and transparent informaon plaorm. This framework will be
instrumental in enabling the plan to report on state of the environment on a regular basis.
The framework provides for the need to deliver informaon and knowledge using eecve
and exible reporng formats to facilitate decision making at various levels. The chapter
discusses the Environment Informaon Network (EIN) decision to develop an environmental
data clearing house housed at the Naonal Environment Management Authority (NEMA).
Chapter 7, Reporng looks at the reporng associated with the Alberne Graben
Environmental Monitoring Plan (AG EMP). The methods of reporng to be used will vary
depending on the recipient or target audience. Regular reporng will be required for the
Government and other stakeholders. The chapter also provides a summary of reporng
formats, the frequency of reporng and informaon disseminaon.
Chapter 8, Implementaon Framework of the Monitoring Programme discusses the

implementaon of the monitoring programme. The chapter describes a simple and cost
eecve structure that ensures eecve implementaon, connuous data management, and
regular review of the monitoring plan. The EIN will oversee and implement the monitoring
programme. A programme review will be conducted every three years. Implementaon
schedule and budget are also discussed with the need for a sustained funding to monitor all
components in the plan.
vi
introduction
and background
he Alberne Graben is situated in the Northern part of the le arm of the East African
Ri valley. It has a terary basin of about 500km long, averaging 45km.19 percent of
the Alberne Graben is covered by water bodies (rivers and lakes) and it is also rich in
natural resources (minerals, petroleum, fauna and ora). This area has the largest number
of protected areas in Uganda, including game reserves, Ramsar sites and a large number of
endemic species.
1.1
OVERALL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE ALBERTINE GRABEN

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
Following the conrmaon of availability of commercially viable Oil and Gas deposits in
the Alberne Graben, it is necessary to upscale monitoring of the environmental changes
within the region. Environmental Monitoring will be done using environmental indicators.
Environmental indicators are informaon tools that summarize, simplify informaon and
help in understanding the status and threats to environmental resources such as biodiversity.
Therefore indicators are simple measures that tell us what is happening in the environment.
They are a way of presenng and managing complex informaon in a simple and clear manner
that can form the basis for future acon and can be readily communicated to internal or
external stakeholders as appropriate. This document outlines indicators that were discussed
during the stakeholders scoping workshop held in April 2011 (Thomassen & Hindrum 2011).
1.2
SCOPE OF THE ALBERTINE GRABEN ENVIRONMENTAL

MONITORING PLAN
Oil and Gas acvies may have severe and long term impacts on the environment if they
are not managed well. A monitoring system will enable the regulators to easily understand,
predict, minimize, prevent and/or migate adverse impacts. It will also help to provide
insight into the state of the environment. An updated database on the performance of the
environmental indicators will provide the rst early warning signs and also a baseline for any
remedial measures that may need to be undertaken.
The Giant Lobelia found

in the Albertine Graben
THE ALBERTINE
GRABEN
2.1
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF THE ALBERTINE GRABEN
Physical Environment
The Alberne Graben is a Cenozoic ri basin formed and developed on the Precambrian orogenic
belts of the African Craton. Riing was iniated during the late Oligocene or Early Miocene (2540 million years ago). The Alberne Graben has a sharp variaon in rainfall amounts, mainly
due to variaons in the landscape (NEMA 2008). The landscape ranges from the low lying Ri
Valley oor to the ris escarpment, and the raised mountain ranges. The highest landscape is
the mountain ranges of Rwenzori, where the Rwenzori mountains towers at over 5000m above
mean sea level (a.m.s.l). The ri valley oor lies in a rain shadow of both the escarpment and
mountains, and has the least amount of rainfall average of less than 875mm per annum which
is much lower than that of the highland area. The maximum temperatures are above 30C
which can somemes reach 38C. Average minimum temperatures are relavely consistent
and vary between 16C and 18C. Wind speed and direcon records indicate a high incidence
of strong winds especially in the ri valley. The prevailing winds commonly blow along the
valley oor in the north-east to south-west direcon or vice versa. Winds also blow across
the ri valley in an east to west direcon. Within the Alberne Graben, there are three main
lakes: Lake Albert, Lake Edward and Lake George. Most of the rivers and streams originang
from the highlands surrounding this area drain into the lakes which, in turn, drain into the
River Nile via Lake Albert.
Mineral Resources
The economic mineral resources in the Alberne Graben include lime, dolomite, copper,
cobalt, limestone deposits at Hima, and Gypsum in the Kibuku area near Sempaya in Semliki,
Bundibugyo District. Gold has also been reported to exist in Maramagambo forest south of
Lake Edward in Bushenyi District, while to the extreme south-west, deposits of iron-ore, gold
and wolfram are known to exist especially in the escarpment region of Kabale, Kanungu and
Rukungiri districts (NEMA, 2008).
Ecosystems and Biodiversity

A wide variety of vegetaon ecosystems and species are known to exist in the region; on the
mountain and escarpment slopes and in the valleys and ats. The main vegetaon ecosystems
include montane forests, tropical forests (including riverine and swamp forests), savannah
woodlands and grassland mosaics, papyrus and grassland swamps.
The rich and varied ora of the region provides habitats for an equally wide diversity of animal
communies and species. The grasslands have great potenal to support a high biomass of
wild animals, for example, the short and medium grassland savannah is preferred by animals
like the Uganda Kob and bird species such as Piaepiac which feed on the cks that are oen
found on the antelopes. The Alberne region is very rich in bird species whose habitats range
from forest and grassland to wetlands and deltas. The delta area on Lake Albert shores, for
example, is a convergence zone for the River Nile and Lake Albert which ows through the
shallow papyrus swamps. The swamps are well known for supporng a wide variety of water
birds, including the Shoebill. The delta species are part of the 400 already known in the whole
of Albert and Murchison Falls Naonal Park area.
There is also a wealth of biodiversity outside the protected areas. Unfortunately, the bulk of
this is either already disturbed or threatened, while some of it is already exnct. Conservaon
of this biodiversity requires land-use based incenves to land owners and users. Oil and gas
exploraon and development will certainly escalate the threats to this biodiversity.
Biodiversity
The Alberne ri is incredibly species rich. It also has a high number of endemic species. This
is a result of the high diversity of habitats that are found here. These habitats include glaciers,
alpine vegetaon (including giant forms of plants that occur at lower altudes such as giant
Lobelias and Senecios), montane forest, lowland forest, savannah grasslands and woodlands,
papyrus swamps, high altude swamps, lava rock and the specialist vegetaon that colonizes
it, hot springs, and lakes which also have high numbers of species of sh. Although much survey
work has been carried out on birds and large mammals, groups like reples and amphibians
are sll inadequately surveyed.
The Alberne ri is the most rich in vertebrate species on the African connent (NEMA
2008). The area has 14% of all African reples (175 species), 19% of Africas amphibians (119
species), 35% of Africas bueries (1300 species), 52% of all African birds (1061 species),
39% of all African mammals (402 species), 14% of Africas plants (5,800 species) and over 400
sh species. The reple and amphibian groups have, however been poorly distributed in the
ri but the numbers are expected to increase. Of these, 35 mammal species are considered
highly threatened by exncon (Crically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable as classied
by IUCN criteria), 25 birds species, 16 amphibian species and 40 plant species are considered
highly threatened. So far 34 endemic mammals, many of which are small mammals, 41 birds,
16 reples, 34 amphibians and 117 buery endemic species have been idened in the
region.
The Ugandan secon of the Alberne region is no excepon. It is one of the richest biodiversity
areas in Uganda, and this is well reected by the many protected areas located in this region.
The mountain gorilla, the Rwenzori red duiker and the golden monkey are examples of regional
endemic mammal species. In Bwindi Impenetrable forest and Kibale Naonal Parks, sciensts
have recorded 173 species of polypore fungi, which is 16% of the total species known from
North America, Tropical Africa and Europe. Addionally, the mountains and forests in this
region are important watersheds for the supply of regular and clean water to both surrounding
and distant communies.
2.2
LAND USE AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
The Alberne Graben covers a total land area of 6,788,616 ha. Out of this, 5,369,164 ha (79.1%)
is under agriculture, selement and other land uses. The remaining 1,419,452 ha (20%) are
protected areas. In the northern part of the Alberne Graben, the districts of Arua and Nebbi
have the highest populaon densies while Amuru has the lowest. In the Alberne Graben
region, the districts with the highest populaon densies are Kibaale and Masindi while
Buliisa and Kiboga have the lowest. Further south, the district with the highest populaon
density is Bushenyi while Kasese and Rukungiri have the lowest. The populaon structure in
the Alberne Graben reects similar trends as those in the rest of the country.
The populaon has a pyramid structure reecng a large dependent age. More than 50 percent
of the populaon lies between 0-20 years of age. There are slightly more females than males
represenng 51% and 49% of the populaon, respecvely.
The Alberne Graben is a centre of rapid urban growth. There are several upcoming urban
centers in the Alberne Graben including Buliisa, Kasese, Masindi, Kanungu, Rukungiri, Hoima,
Kagadi and Ntoroko. There is further growth of the old towns, with a large number of new
town councils, town boards and municipalies coming up in the area. Oil exploraon and
development acvies will most likely create further urbanizaon premises. This prospecve
growth needs proper planning to forestall unplanned urban sprawl, slum condions and
environmental degradaon.
2.3
STATUS AND PROJECTION OF OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIES IN THE

ALBERTINE GRABEN
The Alberne Graben is the most prolic area for petroleum exploraon in Uganda. Uganda
rst discovered commercial quanes of hydrocarbons in the Alberne Graben in 2006. The
Alberne Graben is subdivided into ten Exploraon Areas (see map below). The Exploraon
Areas include EA 1 and 5 located to the north
of Lake Albert, EA 2, 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D on
and around Lake Albert, while EA 4A, 4B
and 4C are located around lakes Edward and
George in the southern part of the Graben.
Five out of these ten Exploraon Areas are
licensed to oil exploraon companies. About
2.5 billion barrels of oil have been discovered
and which can last for over 20 years.
The Government is considering a basin wide
development concept that will inially focus
on the discoveries in EAs 1, 2 and 3A. Field
development plans for Nzizi, Mputa, and
Waraga are in nal stages of review. Details
of the implementaon of the feasibility study
for a renery proposed at Kabaale in Hoima
district undertaken by Foster Wheeler on
behalf of Government are being considered.
An Integrated Power Project (IPP) has been
proposed to ulize gas from the Nzizi eld.
The power project input will be supplemented
by associated gas from neighboring elds,
heavy fuel from extended well tesng and
later from an in-country renery.
Wells will be connected to central processing
facilies which will be linked to a central
hub. Pipelines will be developed to link
individual wells to processing facilies as
well as processing facilies to the central Members of the Environment Information Network on
a ground truthing mission to the Albertine Graben
hub and to the renery.
STATUS OF LICENSING IN THE ALBERTINE GRABEN OF UGANDA
Petroleum Exploration and Production Department (PREPD)
Figure 1: Status of Licensing in Albertine Graben

Source: PEPD 2011
2.4
EXPECTED INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
The proposed developments will require infrastructure in form of roads, pipelines, airstrips
and railways. Plans are underway to tarmac the trunk roads that link the regions where oil
discoveries have been made to Kabaale. Work on some roads such as the Hoima-Kaiso road is
expected to begin this nancial year (2011/2012). Producon facilies will be linked to major
road networks for access during roune maintenance and monitoring.
Development of the Alberne petroleum will require importaon of heavy machinery into the
country. Some of the crude could also be transported by railway if there is excess for locals
that does not warrant the construcon of pipeline.
Air transport is also proposed to be developed. The airstrip at Pakuba and Bugungu will
be upgraded to accommodate the trac as the producon phase begins. Other airstrips/
airports are in plan with increase in petroleum developments for example an airport in the
neighborhood of the proposed renery.
The Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development is in the process of formulang a
physical development plans to avoid haphazard developments (such as slums, overcrowding
and environmental degradaon) in the Alberne Graben.
The various developments outlined above are potenal sources of adverse environmental
and social impacts. In order to minimize these impacts, it is necessary that biodiversity
monitoring indicators are developed to track changes in the environment to ensure sustainable
development.
Butiaba Oil Rig

Source: NEMA 2011
Bathymetry
Albert
Bathymetry
Map,Map,
LakeLake
Albert
DRC
DRC
Figure 2: Bathymetry Map

Source: UNEP/NEMA 2010
SELECTING VALUED
ECOSYSTEM
COMPONENTS,
INDICATORS, AND
PARAMETERS
3.1
PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING COMPONENTS,

INDICATORS, AND PARAMETERS
3.1.1 Background paper and workshop process

Most of the petroleum resources in Uganda are located within a region of high value biodiversity
assets (unique wildlife and their habitats such as important rivers, lakes, forests, grasslands).
While petroleum resources are nite and non-renewable; biodiversity assets are renewable
and if managed well can connue to support economic development and human prosperity
for a much longer period of me. It is therefore important that care is taken to ensure that
exploitaon of petroleum resources is done without compromising the quality and quanty
of the environmental resources of the Alberne Graben.
Within this context, it has been found necessary to establish an environmental monitoring
program with appropriate indicators. The Naonal Environment Management Authority
(NEMA) leads this process with funding and technical support from the Norwegian Government
under the environment pillar of the Uganda Oil for Development (OfD) program.
3.1.2 Workshop process

NEMA with support from NORAD and the Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management (DN)
has organized a number of workshops to develop an environmental monitoring programme
for the Alberne Graben. The main objecves of these workshops were to idenfy focused and
measurable indicators to be used in the environmental monitoring of impacts of petroleum
acvies in the Alberne Graben. The workshops adopted various parcipatory methods
including focus group discussions, document review and interacve themac presentaons.
These processes enabled the team to undertake scoping and nal selecon of the appropriate
indicators to implement a monitoring programme.
3.1.3 Scoping process

According to Beanlands (1988) scoping refers to the process of idenfying, from a broad
range of potenal problems, a number of priority issues to be addressed by an Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA). Scoping with regards to the establishment of the environmental
monitoring programme for the Alberne Graben in Uganda, refers to the process of idenfying
a limited number of issues to be addressed in the environmental monitoring programme with
the aim to measure (indicators) the exisng quality (baseline) and potenal future changes of
the environment and the society (ecosystem approach).
To ensure eecve scoping developing environmental monitoring indicators for petroleum
acvies in the Alberne Graben, several iniaves have been undertaken, including the
following;
i)
A detailed study and understanding of the oil and gas development plans has been
made with technical guidance from the Petroleum Exploraon and Producon
Department (PEPD) which has provided an overview of exisng acvies and
of future petroleum development plans; and
ii)
A background paper for development of indicators for monitoring environmental
changes in the Alberne Graben was developed and shared with the parcipants.
This document provided an outline of suggested environment indicators that ought
to be monitored to establish the status of the Alberne Graben environment
resources in the presence of oil and gas exploraon acvies. The document was
useful in placing the available environmental informaon about the Alberne Graben
into context for a larger group of stakeholders to discuss and evaluate appropriate
indicators.
The scoping process also established the status and access to available ecosystem baseline
informaon for the Alberne Graben. Ecosystem baseline informaon refers to the background
informaon on the environment and socio-economic seng for a proposed development
project.
During the scoping, a limited number of indicators were idened. These included consideraons
of impact factors and potenal impacts, decision makers, stakeholders, alternaves, access of
baseline informaon, me schedule and economic frames. The scoping phase in an Monitoring
and Evaluaon (M&E) programme (as well as in a Strategic Environmental Assessment for the
Alberne Graben and later in exploraon area specic Environmental Impact Assessments) is
furthermore crical for an opmal use of limited resources in the perspecve of personnel,
me and economy, and should be accomplished as early as possible in the process. The process
of scoping and the criteria for selecng nal parameters and indicators is elaborated below.
3.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PARAMETERS AND INDICATORS

One major challenge in any monitoring and evaluaon programme is to idenfy a limited
number of indicators amidst a multude of possible indicators. This was achieved through
scoping (as described above), and included consideraons of impact factors (drivers) and
potenal impacts, decision-makers, stakeholders, alternaves, access of baseline informaon,
me schedule and economic frames among others. This scoping process was crical for the
opmal use of limited resources in the perspecve of personnel, me and funding.
The approach to selecng nal indicators and parameters aer scoping was the Adapve
Environmental Assessment and Management (AEAM) concept (Thomassen J. & Hindrum, R.
2011). As the proposed environmental monitoring process covers various subjects including;
environment and natural resources as well as society, dierent actors and stakeholders were
involved in dierent phases of the process. Obviously, communicaon between decision
makers, authories, management, Non-Governmental Organizaons (NGOs), public,
10
consultants and sciensts should be accomplished in a very early stage in the development
of an M&E, with the objecve to scope on important issues. AEAM is a parcipatory process,
based on workshops aended by dierent stakeholder and project holders. Work was done in
both plenary sessions and sub-groups.
In AEAM the impact predicons and signicance includes:
1.
The selecon and priorizaon of a limited number of Valued Ecosystem
Components (VECs), which are focal issues potenally aected by the oil/gas
development acvies;
2.
The idencaon of major drivers (impact factors from the oil/gas development);
3.
Assessment of major linkages between the dierent VECs and the drivers by
construcng cause-eect charts with linkage explanaons;
4.
Descripon of potenal impacts through impact hypotheses and nally; and
5.
Providing recommendaons on further needs for research, invesgaons and
management acons including M&E programme with indicators.
Key statements in every scienc work, as well as in an M&E programme, should be the
transparency and possibilies to document and control the process and the choices done. It
should be obvious that an open and well-documented process is essenal when numerous
subjects are rejected as not important enough.
The AEAM process adopted started with a descripon of the ecological and societal status of
Ugandas Alberne Graben. This Graben has numerous species, species groups, habitats and
processes which can be taken into account. There are also a number of anthropogenic and
natural impact factors or drivers which can aect the ecosystem in one way or another. In a
monitoring context, there is a challenge to select which parts of the ecosystem should be in
focus and which drivers to be priorized.
The systemac AEAM process focused on priorized issues (VECs) and idened the most
important pressures or drivers. A valued component will be the basis for selecng targeted
monitoring indicators (clear and agreed indicators). Given a restricted number of VECs and
drivers, cause-eect charts were subsequently constructed to put the VECs and the drivers
in the context they belonged. Following the cause-eect charts, impact hypotheses were
formulated. The impact hypotheses were explained and described in scienc terms and
formed the basis for recommendaons concerning research, invesgaons, monitoring and
management/migaon measures.
The following four evaluaon categories were adopted for each idened impact
hypothesis:
A.
The hypothesis is assumed not to be valid;
B.
The hypothesis is valid and already veried. Research to validate or invalidate the
hypothesis is not required. Surveys, monitoring, and/or management measures can
possibly be recommended;
C.
The hypothesis is assumed to be valid. Research, monitoring or surveys are
recommended to validate or invalidate the hypothesis. Migang measures can be
recommended if the hypothesis is proved to be valid; and
D.
The hypothesis may be valid, but is not worth tesng for professional, logisc,
economic or ethical reasons, or because it is assumed to be of minor
environmental inuence only or of insignicant value for decision making.
11
Environmental Monitoring Indicators

Environmental Monitoring Indicators are used for reporng potenal changes in the ecosystem
as a consequence of the oil and gas development, and provide the basis for decisions on
migang measures or other management acons.
These monitoring indicators will demonstrate progress when environmental management in
the petroleum sector is on track and provide early warning signals when such management is
heading in the wrong direcon.
It is important to determine the purpose and end users of each monitoring indicator, since
successful indicators are used to support policy and decision-making. SMART indicators (see
Box 1) can provide informaon on several issues (EEA 2005 and Background Paper NEMA
2011). Selected indicators should meet the following basic criteria:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Policy relevance in accordance with environment and development policy and

objecves in Uganda;
Available and rounely collected data secured regularly to update the indicator data
should be simple, but accurate to measure and cover both lower and higher tropic
levels;
Spaal and temporal coverage of data: secure that the dened monitoring area
will be covered over me and that the indicators are sensive to ecosystem change
caused by natural and anthropogenic drivers. These indicators should be linked to a
cause-eect;
Exisng monitoring data series should be connued: good long term qualitave
data series are essenal in measuring trends and the value of such datasets only
increases over me;
Representaveness: secure that most aspects of the ecosystem are covered, both
physical aspects, biological components and the society, cover common species of
public concern (e.g. red listed species) are of importance to local communies;
Methodologically well founded: through a clear descripon of the methodology to
be used when measuring the indicators;
Understandability: secure that the indicators are clearly dened and understood
by the stake-holders and end users (i.e. local community, decision makers, global
public);
Agreed indicators: indicators mutually accepted by the stakeholders and end users;
Indicators should therefore cover common species as well as those of public concern
(e.g. red listed species) are of importance to local communies; and
Indicators should be relavely simple to measure, allowing for repeatable, accurate
measurements.
12
Box 1: SMART Indicators

Indicators should, to the extent possible, be SMART:
Specic
- It should be exact, distinct and clearly stated;
Measurable - It should be measurable in some way, involving qualitative and/or quantitative characteristics;
Achievable - It should be realistic with the human and nancial resources available;
Relevant
- Does it measure the result?;
and
Time-bound - It should be achieved in a stated time-frame.
Members of the Environment Information Network visiting the proposed site for the Oil renery.
Source: NEMA 2011
13
Species Richness
DRC
Figure 3: Species Richness

Source: UNEP/NEMA 2010
14
VALUED ECOSYSTEM
COMPONENTS,
INDICATORS, AND
PARAMETERS
4.1
MONITORING OBJECTIVES
Resource monitoring is becoming an increasingly important subject. Increasing demand for

resources, greater public involvement in management, issues of species populaon viability
and ecosystem have all contributed to a need for a beer understanding of resource, and
how it changes over me. In order to assure the public that the management pracces
have acceptable eects on the ecosystems involved, monitoring is necessary. This helps to
ensure that the actual results are within the expected range of eects. If not, then adapve
management decisions can be made to improve the situaon.
Monitoring is the measurement through me that indicates the movement toward the
objecve or away from it. Monitoring will provide informaon about the status and trends of
resources or ecosystems, but it should not be used to determine cause and eect. Monitoring
is thus a means of checking on progress as well as a tool for improvement. Without it, there is
no way of knowing if our management acons are working and how they should be changed
to be more eecve.
Monitoring has the objecve of creang data which are to be compared to an explicit standard.
Monitoring objecves should be clearly dened. It is common that limited funds are spent
on monitoring eorts with few meaningful results. Carefully dening objecves, and then
carefully matching methods to meet them, can mean the dierence between an eecve
monitoring program and a waste of me and money one.
Main objecves of Monitoring are to:
Provide informaon to users on the service level they can expect;
Provide data for an objecve evaluaon of services and acvies;
Provide data to idenfy problems in the supply chain;
Provide data to determine what measures are needed for improving services;
Provide data to understand the need to increase or decrease resources; and
Provide data to dene parameters for the periodic review system calculaons.
15
4.2 VALUED ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS

The selecon of Valued Ecosystem Components (VEC) for Environmental monitoring in the
Alberne Graben was based on issues of physical, biological, social and cultural characters.
These were discussed in two workshops including a scoping workshop, which was held in Kasese,
and a nalizaon workshop in Mukono town. The following steps guided this process:
1.
Idencaon and priorizaon of Valued Ecosystem Components;
2.
Idencaon and priorizaon of drivers;
3.
Construcon of cause eect charts; and
4.
Assessing and lling in the Indicator Fact Sheets, i.e. impact hypotheses and
recommendaons.
Step 1. Valued Ecosystem Components

A Valued Ecosystem Component is dened as a resource or environmental feature that:
is important (not only economically) to a local human populaon, or has a naonal or
internaonal prole, or if altered from its exisng status, will be important for the evaluaon
of environmental impacts of industrial developments, and the focusing of administrave
eorts (Hansson et al.1990).
Step 2. Drivers
Drivers are impact factors or driving forces which can aect the ecosystem and/or the society
in one way or another. Based on the acvity descripon of the proposed oil/gas development
in the Alberne Graben, a number of drivers (or impact factors) can be idened.
Step 3. Cause - eect charts: Linking Valued Ecosystem Components and

Drivers
A Cause eect chart is a diagram of boxes and arrows indicang in which context each of the
VECs appears, that is, which type of driver from the proposed acvity can aect the VEC and
how.
Each linkage was explained in a brief text following the chart. Hansson et al. (1990) described
the content of the ow chart to include the main categories of the physical, biological and
possibly also social and polical factors inuencing the VEC.
Step 4 and 5. Impact Hypotheses and Recommendaons

An Impact Hypothesis is a hypothesis for tesng the possible impact from the acvity on the
VEC. The impact hypothesis is based on the schemac ow chart and shall be explained and
described preferably in scienc terms.
4.3 SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED PRIORITY VECS

The ve major themac issues, at the Kasese workshop are summarized below.
1. Aquac ecological issues
2. Terrestrial ecological issues
3. Physical/chemical issues
4. Society issues
5. Management and business issues
The western arm of the East African Ri System is one of the most important locaons for the
conservaon of mammals, birds, and freshwater sh in Africa. The region is home to many
16
plant and animal species that are endemic to the region. These include the mountain gorilla,
mountain monkey, golden monkey and 41 species of birds as well as many reples, amphibians
and sh.
The wildlife areas are also a habitat to lions, leopards, bohor reedbuck, the giant forest hog
and warthog, hippopotamus, giraes, elephants, waterbuck, the African jackal and several
other animal species. Open waters provide a unique ecosystem for animal life. Mammals
such as hippopotamus, crocodiles and Sitatunga commonly occur in the estuarine and delta
swamps, and other wetlands anking open waters. In parcular, crocodiles inhabit the shores
of Lake Albert and River Wasa (Wango area). The Alberne region is very rich in bird species
whose habitats range from forest and grassland to wetlands and deltas.
4.4 EFFECTS OF OIL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES ON THE ECOSYSTEM

Fish
The Sensivity of sheries resources to petroleum development is associated with high
frequency noise from petroleum development acvies, oil spills and polluon from
hydrocarbon compounds and chemicals from mud cungs. These can cause drasc change in
aquac environment leading to migraon or death of sh.
Fishermen on Lake Albert.

Source: NEMA 2011
17
Kaiso Tonya Fishing village and the silver sh (mukene) found in L. Albert.
Source: NEMA 2011
18
Mammals
From seismic survey, mammals and crocodiles are sensive to vibraons, movement of heavy
equipments and the drilling acvity. The noise resulng from petroleum acvies interfere
with breeding paerns of wildlife. The clearing of vegetaon during various infrastructure
developments reduces the habitats for wildlife, destroys the homes of some animals and may
block the corridors for animals. The oil spills and polluon from other chemicals used during
petroleum developments may contaminate water sources for wildlife and may aect the water
dwelling animals e.g. birds and sh species.
UGANDA SEISMIC LINE COVERAGE
Figure 4: Uganda Seismic Line Coverage

Source: PEPD 2011
19
A Seismic line.
Source: PEPD 2011
Hippos in the River Nile.

Source: NEMA 2011
20
Buffalos in Murchison Falls National Park.

Source: NEMA 2011
21
Elephants in the Murchison Falls National Park

Source: NEMA 2011
Cattle in Buliisa District.

Source: NEMA 2011
22
Birds
Birds are aected by habitat destrucon, air polluon and waste water from oil and gas
acvies.
Grey-headed Kingsher (Halcyon leucocephala).

Source: NEMA 2011
Piacpiac (Ptilostomus afer)

Source: NEMA 2011
23
Red-checked Cordon-Blue (Uraeginthus bengalus).

Source: UWA
Spur-winged Plover (Vanellus spinosus).

Source: UWA
24
Plants
Plants are aected through clearing of the development site, oil spills and polluon. For
plant species, the issues to consider are how fast an area would recover from disturbance if
cleared and which vegetaon types are likely to be most aected if an oil spill occurred. There
are species that have a limited distribuon range. For species that take very long to recover
and those that have a limited distribuon range, the areas where they occur will need to be
avoided or used with extreme care.
The Crested Crane, Ugandas National symbol found in the Albertine Graben.
Source: NEMA 2011
Kabwoya landscape.
Source: NEMA 2011
25
Kaiso Tonya - Hoima Landscape.

Source: NEMA 2011
Ntoroko Biodiversity.
Source: NEMA 2011
26
Forest cover
Some of the threats to the forests are; encroachment for culvaon, illegal logging and grazing,
fuel wood and poles extracon.
Maramagambo Central Forest Reserve.

Source: NEMA 2011
Wetlands
Wetland sensivity is related to diculty of restoraon if aected by oil spills. This would aect
breeding areas and habitats of birds, sh, amphibians and some mammals. It also aects the
ground water recharge. Papyrus and swamp forest wetlands are the most sensive.
Features of a wetland.
Source: NEMA 2010
27
Lake George Ramsar site.

Source: NEMA 2011
Water Quality
Surface water sources within the Graben are very vulnerable to contaminaon and are
therefore categorized as highly sensive. Sensivity reduces with distance from the respecve
sources. For surface water, the sensivity of each of these sources is highest at the source and
reduces away from the source. For ground water, the shallower the groundwater rst strike
point the more suscepble it is to contaminaon.
Physical Chemical Issues

Potenal of soil, air and water contaminaon with oil is great in oil acvity. Oil pollutants in
soil may be in form of spent solvents and metal nishing soluons. It has potenal to cause
spontaneous soil chemical changes.
The sensivity of the shoreline and shallow waters was based on breeding areas for sh and
wildlife, sh landing sites, and watering points for wildlife. The southern part of Lake Albert
and the area around Kabwoya Wildlife Reserve had the highest sensivity.
28
4.5
DRIVERS
There were a numbers of drivers that came up during the scoping exercise and then
priorized.
Table 4.1 Summary of VECs and Drivers Idened
Main themac issue
Aquac ecological issues
Terrestric ecological issues
Physical/chemical issues
Society issues
Management and business issues
TOTAL
VECs
7
13
5
11
6
42
Drivers
6
23
25
12
12
78
Table 4.2 Idened Drivers

Group No:
Overall
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
Group No:
Overall
Rank
29
1
Drivers\phase
Issue
Exploraon
Waste disposal
Oil spill
Physical presence
Noise/vibraons
Access/foot print
Water abstracon
2
2
1
3
3
2
1
Issue
3
2
3
3
2
1
Drivers\phase
Exploraon
Development Producon
Seismic acvies
Camps
Blasts
Roads
Pipelines
Drill sites
Vehicle trac
Human inux
Poaching
Spills
Hazardous waste
Domesc waste
Flaring
Lighng at facilies
Renery plant
Burrow pits
Power plant
Oil storage facilies
Airstrips/pads
Jey sites
Explosives magazines
Re-injecon
Illegal acvies
Power lines
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
3
2
Aquac ecosystem
Drilling
Producon
3
3
2
2
3
3
Terrestrial ecosystem
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
3
1
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
Decommissioning
Others
3
1
2
1
1
1
Decommissioning
Others
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
Group No:
Overall
Rank
9
7
6
6
5
4
5
6
6
7
7
5
11
8
6
7
7
5
6
4
5
5
5
6
7
3
Drivers\phase
Waste Discharge
Sediment Polluon
Waste generaon
Polluon by Seepage into aquifer
Aquifer mining
Precipitaon
Evaporaon
Large Water abstracon
Groundwater Recharge
Air chemical pollutants
Air Parculate pollutants
Air Temperature
Noise
Soil Chemical polluon
Soil producvity
Soil erosion
Soil permeability
Soil temperature
Changes in Soil Biota
Changes in Rainfall amount and distribuon
Change in Wind Speed and Direcon
Change in Mean Temperature
Change in Humidity
Landscape degradaon and distorons
through land use pracces
Vibraons in ground structures
Issue
Physical and Chemical issues
Exploraon Drilling Producon Decommissioning Others
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
1
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
3
1
1
1
Comments: 1,2,3 (increasing importance from 1 to 3)

Group No: 4
Issue
Overall
Drivers\phase
Exploraon
Rank
Consumpon (Food)
1
Economic development
Educaon
1
Infrastructure development
1
Labour
1
Migraon
1
Mineral development
1
Polluon
1
Populaon
1
Producon (Food)
1
Selements
1
Storage (Food)
Group No: 5
Issue
Overall
Drivers\phase
Exploraon
Rank
Land take/Clearance, Infrastructure
Visual Intrusion
Aquac Disturbances
Oil Spills and Blow outs
Shis in Economic acvies
Trac volume
Selements and Infrastructural development
Society
Drilling Producon Decommissioning Others
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
Business and Management
Drilling Producon Decommissioning Others
30
Table 4.3 Priority VECs and Combined Drivers

Category
AQUATIC
Driver
Wetlands
Fish
TERRESTIAL
Flagship mammals (e.g. elephants, lions,

Uganda Kob etc)
Flagship birds (e.g. African sh eagle,

vultures, forest birds etc)
PHYSICIAL /
CHEMICAL
Flagship oral ecosystem components

(e.g. wetlands, forests, savannas,
woodlands, agriculture)
Below ground biodiversity
(macro and micro organisms etc)
Water
Air
Soil
SOCITEY
Micro Climate
Selements
Food
Water and Sanitaon
Health
Energy
Infrastructure
Educaon
Culture
Archaeological and Cultural Sites
BUSINESS AND Tourism
MANAGEMENT
Fisheries
Agriculture
Transport
Forestry
Construcon Materials
31
Waste disposal
Oil spill
Water abstracon
Physical presence Noise/vibraons
Access/foot print
Waste disposal
Oil spill
Noise/vibraons
Water abstracon
Access/foot print
Infrastructure
Hazardous waste
Poaching
Human inux
Vehicle Trac
Infrastructure (plus Renery and power plants)
Hazardous waste and Oil spills
Domesc Waste
Infrastructure
Hazardous Waste, Domesc Waste and Oil Spills
Human Inux
Infrastructure and human inux
Drilling
Water Abstracon
Waste
Seismic tests, Vehicles, machinery and
construcon, Well tests
Oil Spills, Waste Disposal
Vegetaon Clearance
Land use/cover change
Migraon
Labour
Food producon and Storage
Producon
Populaon
Populaon
Occupaonal hazards
Populaon
Industry
Mineral Development
Populaon
Migraon
Infrastructure Development
Land take/Clearance, Infrastructure
Visual Intrusion
Aquac Disturbances
Oil Spills and Blow outs
Trac volume
4.6 PRIORITY INDICATORS AND PARAMETERS

Indicators and parameters by issue (biological, physical/chemical, society, management and
business
There are no universal indicators cung across the biological, physical/chemical, society and
management issues. The priority indicators are based on issues, VECs and drivers as detailed
in the Table 4.4 (on page 43).
Flaring in using the ever green burner at Mputa-3, 2008 (left);

Source: PEPD
Blow outs (right)
Contained drilling waste.

Source: PEPD 2011
32
33
1. AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEM
ISSUES
Driver
Fish
Key water quality indicators

(DO,P,N pH etc), ShannonWeaver diversity index
(Plant and animal species
richness & composion),
conducvity, Temperature,
BoD, TSS, water level, Heavy
metals, vegetaon cover
Heavy metals,
Water Level
Parameter to be monitored
(DO,P,N pH etc,) conducvity,
Temperature, BOD, TSS, Lead,
Zinc, Chromium, cover type,
plant and animal diversity and
composion, acreage
Priority indicators /parameters
Vibraon frequency, Duraon,

Noise levels, Catch rates
Water Levels
Noise/vibraons
Water abstracon Water Level
Oil spill
Lead, Zinc, Chromium
Water
Water level, Water table
abstracon
Physical presence Vegetaon cover, Flow, Key water DO,P,N pH conducvity,
Noise/vibraons quality indicators (DO, P,N pH etc), Temperature, BOD, TSS, Lead,
Plant species richness &
Zinc, Chromium, cover type,
composion, water levels
plant and animal diversity and
composion, cover type, water
table, Acreage
Access/foot print Key water quality indicators (DO, (DO,P,N pH etc,) conducvity,
P,N pH etc), Shannon-Weaver
Temperature, BOD, TSS, Lead,
diversity index (Plant and animal Zinc, Chromium, cover type,
species richness & composion), plant and animal diversity and
conducvity, Temperature, BoD, composion, acreage
TSS, water level, Heavy metals,
vegetaon cover
1. Waste disposal Populaon structure, density,
Water quality (DO,P,N, Chl-a,
producvity, size at rst maturity, BOD, COD, pH, PHCs,
condion factor, fecundity,
Transparency, conducvity),
Shannon-Weaver diversity Index, E.coli, Salmonella, Heavy metals
keystone sh species
2. Oil spill
PHCs, BOD, COD, DO
BOD, COD, pH, PHCs,
Transparency, conducvity),
E.coli, Salmonella, Heavy metals
Wetlands Waste disposal
VECS
Monitoring
locaon
Quarterly
Environmental/ Major
Biological
habitats
near
Quarterly
Quarterly
Dierent
habitants
CAS,
Environmental
assessment
Quarterly
CAS
Dierent
habitants
Quarterly
Environmental/ Wetland
Biological
sites
Biological
Quarterly
Quarterly
Frequency
Biological
sites
Biological
sites
Type of
monitoring
Table 4.4: Valued Ecosystem Components Drivers
DWRM/DFR
NaFIRRI/DFR
NaFIRRI/DFR
NaFIRRI/DFR
WMD, NaFIRRI,
DWRM/DFR
WMD, NaFFIRI,
DWRM, NEMA,
DFR
WMD, NaFIRRI,
DWRM/DFR
Responsible
instuons
34
Fish
VECS
Access/foot
print
Driver
Populaon structure, density,

producvity, size at rst maturity,
condion factor, fecundity,
Shannon-Weaver diversity Index

BOD, COD, pH, PHCs, Transparency,
conducvity),
E.coli, Salmonella, Heavy metals
Vehicle trac Number of animal kills or

injuries, vehicle count, stress
hormone levels
Flagship Infrastructure Birds numbers and diversity,
(plus Renery ranges (area), infrastructure
birds
density, gene diversity, stress
and power
(e.g.
hormone levels, Noise levels,
plants)
African
light intensity, migratory paerns
sh eagle,
Number of spill incidences,
vultures, Hazardous
waste and Oil heavy metal levels in the food
forest
chain, presence and level of
birds etc) spills
heavy metals in water and soils
(e.g.
elephants,
lions,
Hazardous
Uganda
waste
Kobetc)
infrastructure density, gene

diversity, stress hormone levels
heavy metal levels in the food
chain, presence and level of
heavy metals in water and soils
Number and locaon of snares,
Poaching
poached animals, apprehended
poachers, number of public
awareness & educaonmeengs
Human inux Human and animal
demography (populaon,
density, distribuon, sex, age),
number of human-wildlife
conicts reported
Number of spill incidences, Bird kills,

Air quality, presence and level of heavy
metals in water and soils, Incidences
of re
Birds numbers, diversity and range
Monitoring Frequency
locaon
Ground counts
UWA, DLG
Annually
Annually
Annually
UWA, PEPD,
NARL, DWRM,
MUIENR
UWA, Nature
Uganda,
MUIENR
UWA, Oil
companies
UWA
Daily
Annually
UWA, PEPD
UWA, WCS,
WWF
NaFIRRI/DFR
Responsible
instuons
Annually
Annually
abstracon
water points
Environmental/ Areas close Quarterly
Biological
to foot print
Type of
monitoring
density, trac volumes, Animal injuries

and kills
Ground counts
heavy metal levels in the food chain,
presence and level of heavy metals in
water and soils
Patrols range
Number and locaon of snares,
based data
poached animals, apprehended
poachers, number of public awareness reported
and educaon meengs
Human and animal demography
(populaon, density, distribuon,
sex, age), number of human-wildlife
conicts reported, Incidences of human
and animal injuries or death, crop raids
and animal poisoning
Number of animal kills or injuries,
vehicle count, stress hormone levels
Infrastructure Mammal numbers and diversity, Mammal numbers and diversity,

2. TERRESTRIAL Flagship
mammal ranges (area),
mammal ranges (area), infrastructure
ECOSYSTEM mammals
ECOSYSTEM
1. AQUATIC
ISSUES
Table 4.4: Valued Ecosystem Components Drivers (contd)
35
Birds demography (populaon,

diversity, density, distribuon,
sex, age), disease among birds
communies
Number and coverage of invasive
species, areas that have changed
from one cover type to another,
number of conicts reported
Populaon, diversity, density,

disease among birds
communies
Area of land cover types, biomass

stocking including regeneraon,
biodiversity, trade in mber and
non-mber products
Infrastructure
Counts of soil BGBD e.g. earth
and human inux worm and beetles
Human Inux
DWRM
Daily
(monthly)
levels
discharge
measurements
River discharge, lake levels,

groundwater levels and rainfall
Water
Abstracon
River discharge, lake levels,

groundwater levels and rainfall
DWRM, DWD
NARL,Faculty
of Agriculture
Makerere
University
NARL, Faculty
of Agriculture
Makerere
University
NFA, PEPD
PEPD
UWA, NFA
Responsible
instuons
Monthly
(Surface
water)
locaon
DO,P,N, Chl-a, BOD, COD, pH,

Laboratory
DO,P,N, Chl-a, BOD, COD, pH,
PHCs, Transparency, conducvity, PHCs, Transparency, conducvity, analysis
hardness, chloride, Nitrates, etc hardness, chloride, Nitrates, etc
Type of
monitoring
Drilling
Counts of soil BGBD at

representave waste disposal or
oil spill sites
Area of land cover types, biomass

stocking including regeneraon,
biodiversity, trade in mber and
non-mber products
Counts of soil BGBD e.g. earth
worm and beetles
Land take, Area of Habitat

destrucon, Number and
coverage of invasive species,
areas that have changed from
one cover type to another,
Incidences of crop raids, human
injuries
Hazardous Waste, Number and quanty of spills,
Number and quanty of spills,
Domesc Waste spaal coverage of spill, response spaal coverage of spill, Quanty
and Oil Spills
me to spills
of waste, Type of waste
Infrastructure
Domesc Waste
Driver
Below
ground
biodiversity (macro
and micro Hazardous Waste, Counts of soil BGBD at
organisms, Domesc Waste representave waste disposal
etc)
and Oil Spills
or oil spill sites
Flagship
oral
ecosystem
components (e.g.
wetlands,
forests,
savannas,
woodlands,
agriculture)
VECS
3. PHYSICAL /
CHEMICAL Water
2. TERRESTRIAL
ECOSYSTEM
ISSUES
36
4. SOCIETY
3. PHYSICAL /
CHEMICAL
ISSUES
Selements
Labour
Migraon
Vegetaon
Clearance
Micro Climate
Seismic tests,
Vehicles,
machinery and
construcon,
Well tests
Oil Spills, Waste
Disposal
Air
Soil
Waste
Driver
Water
VECS
Soil physical,
chemical and
biological
analysis
Responsible
instuons
Department
of Labour and
Occupaonal
Hygiene
Size and composion of labor
force, Available employment
opportunies
Size and composion of labor

force, Available employment
opportunies
DOM
NARL
NARL
Community
Development
Department
in the aected
Districts
Monthly
Bi-Annually
Monthly for DWRM

ground
water and
surface water
Monthly
PEPD, NEMA
locaon
Number of people, composion; Number of people, composion;

Number of selements; Size of Number of selements; Size of
selements, type
selements, type
Area cleared, soil loss per hectare

per year, Species loss
Rainfall, wind,
Rainfall, wind, temperature,
temperature,
pressure, evapo-transpiraon
pressure, evapoand solar radiaon
transpiraon and
solar radiaon
Spill coverage, hydrocarbons

levels, heavy metals, major and
trace elements, ma , porosity,
friability, erosibility, composion,
soils micro-, meso and macro
fauna, soil pH, soil organic
maer, electro-conducvity,
base saturaon, caon exchange
capacity, and soil erosion
Area covered by the spill.

Magnitude and extent of oil
traces, hydrocarbons, heavy
metals, major and trace
elements, ma, porosity, friability,
erosibility, composion, soils
micro-, meso and macro fauna,
soil pH, soil organic maer,
electro-conducvity, base
saturaon, caon exchange
capacity, and soil erosion
Area cleared, soil erosion loss
per hectare per year, Species loss
Land use/cover change
Type of
monitoring
Waste water, biological

Laboratory
indicators, leachate parameters, analysis
heavy metals, PHCs and nutrient
loads
Air Sampling
Noise levels, vibraons,
concentrates of gases (CO2 , SO2,
NO2) and parculate maer
Waste water, biological

indicators, leachate parameters,
heavy metals, PHCs and nutrient
loads
Noise levels, vibraons,
concentrates of gases
(CO2 , SO2, NO2) and parculate
maer
37
4. S0CIETY
ISSUES
Educaon
Industry
Populaon
Available infrastructure (transport,

communicaon, social facilies,
industrial) type, length, purpose,
coverage
Coverage (Number of educaonal
facilies; Number of school-going
age children), literacy rate
Coverage (Number of educaonal

facilies; Number of school-going
age children), literacy rate
Number and type of industries,

Type and quanty of energy used
and quality
Quanty and locaon of mineral

resources, available infrastructure
(transport, communicaon, social
facilies, industrial) type, length,
purpose, coverage
Number and type of industries,

type and quanty of energy used
source by type and quanty, energy source by type and quanty, energy
demand and supply by type; energy demand and supply by type; status
access and status
of energy access
Focus on those
directly or
indirectly
associated by
the Occupaonal
hazards
Number of households using energy Number of households using energy
Populaon
Populaon
Populaon
Producon
Type of
monitoring
Acreage of land under food

producon; Food price index, Food
availability in the region; Household availability in the region; Household
incomes; Number of food storage
incomes, Number of food storage
facilies; Food producon per unit
facilies; Food producon per unit
farmland of priority food crops
farmland of priority food crops
producon; Total food producon
producon; Total food producon
in the country
in the country
Portable water coverage, Distance Water censuses
Portable water coverage (quanty,
type), Distance to nearest safe water to nearest safe water source;
source; Latrine coverage; Number of Latrine coverage;
Number of waste disposal facilies
waste disposal facilies (type)
(type)
Number of cases due to water
borne diseases and morbidity
Number of health facilies, size,
Observaon,
level, etc; Prevalence of diseases;
Tissue sampling
Mortality rate
Mortality rate
post-mortem
Number of deaths by cause;
Number of deaths by cause.
Occupaonal diseases, accidents,
Occupaonal diseases, accidents,
households
Main causes of mortality and
morbidity
Food producon Acreage of land under food

producon; Food price index, Food
and Storage
Driver
Infrastructure Mineral
Development
Energy
Health
Water
and
Sanitaon
Food
VECS
Annually
Quarterly
locaon
Dept of
Educaon in the
aected districts
Dept of Mineral
Development,
MEMD
Dept of Energy,
MEMD, DLGs,
Ministry of Trade
and Industry
UWA, Dept
of Health in
the aected
districts,
Occupaonal
Health
Department
DWD, MoH,
DLGs,
Occupaonal
Health
Department
MAAIF, DLGs
MAAIF, DLGs
Responsible
instuons
38
Migraon
Driver
Species richness and

distribuon
Catch rates (catch per unit of
eort), shing inputs (gears,
boats, landing sites), Prices
Aquac
disturbances
Oil Spills
and Blow outs
Forest cover, mber (volumes,

prices), loggers within and
surrounding areas of the
Alberne Graben, demand and
supply for fuel wood
Trac volume
Timber, sand, stone, bricks,

murram, gravel (prices and
volumes, quarries),
Number and type of structures
Trac volumes, loads , type

(air, road, water, railway etc),
categories
Selements and
Infrastructural
development
Construc- Selements and

Infrastructural
on
Materials development
Forestry
Transport
Agriculture Shis in Economic Sources and levels of income

acvies
for households, type, systems
Fisheries
Number of species and number

of animals;
Number of tourist facility
Number of tourists;
Feedback from tourists
Number of archeological and

cultural sites; Locaon of
archeological and cultural sites
Number of ethnic groups and

languages
Land take/
Clearance,
Infrastructure
Visual Intrusion
Archeolo- Infrastructure
gical and Development
Cultural
Sites
Culture
VECS
5.BUSINESS AND
MANAGEMENT Tourism
4. SOCIETY
ISSUES
10 years
NFA
MoWTC
NFA
MoWTC
Trac volumes, loads , type

(air, road, water, railway etc),
categories
Forest cover, mber (volumes,
prices), loggers within and
surrounding areas of the
Alberne Graben, demand and
supply for fuel wood
Timber, sand, stone, bricks,
murram, gravel (prices and
volumes, quarries),
Number and type of structures
MAAIF
Sources and levels of income for

households, type, systems
Field surveys,
satellite imagery
NaFIRRI/DFR
Quarterly
CAS
UWA
NaFIRRI/DFR
3 years
Quarterly
Tourism
surveys

Mortality rate
Species richness and
distribuon
Catch rates, shing inputs
(gears, boats landing sites),
Prices, Total catch per shed area
3 years
GLSD, Dept of
Community
Development
in the aected
districts
MTWH, Dept
of Community
Development
in the aected
districts
UWA
UWA
Monitoring Frequency Responsible

locaon
instuons
CAS
Tourism
surveys
Type of
monitoring
Number of species and number

of animals
Number of archeological and

cultural sites; Locaon of
archeological and cultural sites
Number of ethnic groups and

languages
Oil testing in the Albertine Graben.

Source: PEPD 2010
39
Gravity and Magnetic data aquisition.

Source: PEPD 2011
42
data collection
and analysis
5.1 AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY
5.1.1 Basis for monitoring/juscaon and indicators
he limnological characteriscs of Lake Albert are unique, but data to assist improved
understanding of the ecosystem is limited. There is need to obtain current and connuous
limnological data to beer understand the ecological funconing of the lake during oil
exploraon and development.
Lake Albert is recognized as an important hotspot, due to its high proporon of endemic sh
species. Introducon of alien aquac organisms via oil exploraon equipment could threaten the
level of endemism in the lake. An unpolluted aquac environment is crucial for sh and other
aquac life. Fish requires good water quality which allows maximum penetraon of sunlight,
favorable temperatures and pH levels, as well as dissolved oxygen and nutrients in appropriate
levels. These condions support primary aquac producon on which sh is dependent.
Currently, the demand for sh is considerably high. As development and producon of oil
and gas begin, large selements will be established, bringing with them a further increase
in sh demand. Equally, new selements will increase polluon from households unless
adequate disposal facilies are provided. Fish biological data (reproducve status, breeding
seasons, spawning and breeding habitat, and size structure of populaons, growth rates and
migratory behavior) is necessary to inform management on the status of the sheries to
ensure sustainability. This data is currently either inadequate or lacking.
In order to assess the impacts of oil industry developments on sh and its aquac habitat, it
is important to track changes in sh diversity and distribuon by monitoring the biological
characteriscs of sh. The key parameters to be assessed will include; a sh diversity index
(abundance and species composion), keystone sh species, condion factor, fecundity, size
at rst maturity and length frequency distribuons of commercial sh species.
As far as sh producon is concerned, inshore shallow water areas (such as Buaba shelf,
deltas and spits) are crical habitats. These areas are prime sites for onshore exploraon and
sensive to impact on water quality from operaonal spills or large scale oil spills. These crical
habitats will need to be mapped and monitored in terms of habitat quality using benthic macro
invertebrates as bio indicators. These biometric indices such as Ephemeroptera-PlecopteraTrichoptera (EPT) Index, Diversity index and dominancy will be computed.
Sampling Design and data collecon

Gill net sampling surveys will be conducted at georeferenced points in both inshore and
oshore waters of the three zones of Lake Albert (North-Wanseko to Tonya; Central-Tonya
43
to Nkondo; and South- Nkindo to Ntoroko) to obtain sh samples from which diversity index
(abundance and species composion), dominancy (Keystone sh species), condion factor,
fecundity, size at rst maturity and length frequency distribuons will be recorded. Total
number and weight of sh catch will be recorded. Fish samples will be sorted by species and
respecve numbers and weights recorded. The individual sh weight and total length will be
measured to derive size structure of sampled sh populaons. Sub-samples will be obtained
and individual shes dissected to examine the gut, fat content and sex in order to establish
diet, condion and reproducve potenal of the sh populaons.
Ponar/Eckman grab will be used to obtain benthic macro invertebrates samples at geo
referenced points in both inshore and oshore waters of the three zones of the lake and will
be used to assess quality and health of aquac habitats. The types and their relave numbers
will be recorded and used to determine EPT Index, Diversity index and dominancy. Baseline
surveys will be undertaken to determine reference points that subsequently will be used as
benchmarks for gauging spaal and temporal changes in the chosen indicators in each lake
zone. Limnological parameters (DO, P, N, pH, Temp, Conducvity and Chl-a) will be measured
at the geo-referenced sites where macro-invertebrates will be taken.
Data analysis
EPT Index will be determined from the number of taxa of observed; Diversity index will be
determined using Shannon-Weaver diversity index. Determinaon of the above parameters
over me and space can help to tell the condion of sh and the health of the aquac
environment. The generated geo-referenced data will be used to make distribuon maps of
the above described parameters on a temporal basis.
Start-up phase (Baseline)

Currently, there are data gaps which need to be lled by a start-up phase (a baseline survey) to
establish the status of aquac habitat and sh resource as a benchmark for subsequent surveys.
Two baseline surveys for both sh and macro-invertebrates coupled with key limnological
parameters (DO, P, N, pH, Temp, Conducvity and Chl-a) will be conducted, one in the dry
season and another in a wet season in the baseline year.
Subsequent phases (Frequency)

Aer baseline year, quarterly surveys will be conducted for both sh and macro invertebrates
as previously described in the sampling design.
Bioaccumulaon of heavy metals and organic compounds in sh and sediments

(Ecotoxicological Studies)
Bioaccumulaon is a process by which the concentraon of toxic substances such as heavy
metals and organic compounds (e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated hydrocarbons)
accumulate in living organisms more than the surrounding environment, posing a threat to
health, life, and to the environment.
The fact that aquac organisms can accumulate pollutants such as metals and organic
compounds from water is well documented. Bioaccumulaon measurements refer to studies
or methods monitoring the uptake and retenon of pollutants like metals or biocides by
organisms such as sh.
These studies will focus on the extent of bioaccumulaon of organic compounds, including
polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated hydrocarbons (PHCs) and heavy metals including
Chromium, Copper, Manganese, Nickel, and Lead in sh and sediments.
44
Some accumulaon levels are likely to exceed WHO recommended limits in sh, making it unt
for human consumpon. As sh constute an important link in the food chain, its contaminaon
by toxic metals causes a direct threat, not only to the enre aquac environment, but also
to humans that ulize it as food. Consequently, close monitoring of metal polluon of Lake
Albert is a must.
Sampling design and Data collecon

Lake Sediments and sh specimens will be quarterly collected using mud grabbers and gill
nets respecvely at selected sample staons on the lake.
Fish samples will be thoroughly ground to powder. One gram (1g) of each ground sample will
be put in a 250ml conical ask and 5ml of concentrated Nitric acid will be added and allowed
to stand for 2 hours for the breakdown of sh protein. Then 1ml of 70% Per chloric acid will be
added, followed by the addion of 1ml of analar grade conc. Sulphuric acid. The mixture will
be swirled gently and heated gently at low to medium heat on a hot plate at 100-105OC.
Start up phase (Baseline)

Some informaon on PHCs in water and sediments collected by NaFIRRI is available for Ngasa,
Kingsher and Pelican oil-prospected areas. During the start up phase, quarterly sampling
surveys will be conducted to establish the status of concentraon levels of heavy metals, PHCs,
and polychlorinated biphenyls in sh and lake sediments in Ngasa, Kingsher and Pelican oil
wells and any other selected sampling sites.
In subsequent studies, sh and sediment samples will be collected and analysed quarterly
to obtain spaal and temporal paerns of polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated
hydrocarbons and heavy metals.
WETLAND ECOSYSTEM
Basis for monitoring
Wetlands are areas of land that are permanently or seasonally ooded with soils that are saturated
with water and have plants and animals adapted to them. Wetlands are important ecosystems that
are valued for a number of services and funcons such as water supply, wastewater puricaon,
ood control, microclimate moderaon, nutrient retenon and they also provide for livelihoods.
The wetlands are very fragile ecosystems that are sensive to any changes in the environment
and therefore their integrity needs to be monitored on a regular basis.
The oil and gas developments are likely to disrupt wetland ecosystem funconing thereby
causing changes in size, quality and quanty of the physical and biological environment. The
indicators that are set to monitor the changes in wetlands include water quality, vegetaon
cover, acreage, water ow, plant species richness and composion. The main drivers in
environmental changes for wetlands related to oil and gas development include waste disposal,
water abstracon, physical presence, noise and vibraons, access and foot print. Below is a
brief discussion on how the drivers aect wetlands in the oil and gas development.
Waste disposal
The oil and gas developments are likely to yield waste which could be disposed of into
wetlands as they occupy lowlands. There are already precedents of waste dumping into
wetlands globally that is why there is need to take precauon through this monitoring plan
for environmental changes. Waste disposal has potenal negave impacts on wetlands as it
leads to changes in water quality, size and biodiversity. Waste that aects wetlands is either
liquid or solid in form.
45
Liquid waste pollutes water in the wetland thereby negavely impacng on aquac life. The
pollutants such as heavy metals bio-accumulate in aquac life and are transferred through the
food chain to impact the primary and secondary consumers whose health is aected.
Solid waste dumping on the other hand takes up space by in-lling and this shrinks the wetland
size, reduces the habitat and leads to biodiversity loss. Acreage of wetland cover therefore needs
to be monitored. In addion, dumping solid waste converts the wetland from aquac to terrestrial
ecosystem thereby aecng its hydrology. The eects are manifested as poor water quality,
habitat loss, biodiversity loss and interference with vercal and horizontal movement of water
in the ecosystem. Reducon in acreage of wetlands may lead to ooding as a result of disrupng
wetland funconing such as ood control. Acreage change can be monitored using Satellite
images of high resoluon and then processed to produce maps and other related informaon.
Water abstracon
The water regime in a wetland ecosystem is important as it is the mainstay of a wetland.
Once the water regime is signicantly changed, it aects the bio-physical and chemical
characteriscs of the wetland. The oil and gas developments will require substanal amount
of water and some of this will be abstracted from wetlands. The wetlands in the area are likely
to be alternave water sources in oils and gas development especially in the selements that
are due to be established. The populaons are not known today but are likely to be on the
increase over me. Water abstracon could be done in excess to deny the wetland water for
ecosystem funconing. The water levels/volume of water in wetlands needs to be assessed
and monitored both on the surface and underground.
Physical presence
Physical presence of oil and gas developments can aect wetland as there will be need to
clear an area for placement of infrastructure. There is likely that some infrastructure due to
oil and gas developments cannot be placed in higher grounds and low lying areas are opons.
The common example is the infrastructure for waste water treatment due to subsidiary
developments resulng from presence of oil and gas industry. These may be growth centres
for the selements of workers or otherwise. The physical presence will aect the wetland
ecosystem by either draining or inlling which interferes with the wetland ecosystem in many
ways. Physical presence would lead to changes in wetland acreage, vegetaon cover, habitat
loss, biodiversity loss and water levels.
Noise/vibraon
Noise/vibraon impacts due to oil and gas development acvies are likely to disrupt wetland
fauna. The fauna that are sensive to noise are likely to migrate such as birds and mammals.
Such fauna which are likely to be disrupted by noise and vibraon due to drilling acvies or
otherwise need to be regularly monitored through populaon counts.
Access/foot print
Wetland reclamaon for infrastructure development leads to alteraon of natural properes of

wetlands. Access through wetlands in oil and gas development is likely to be through construcon
of roads which usually disrupt the ow of water, causes changes in wetland acreage, vegetaon
change, biodiversity loss, changes in species composion and general fragmentaon of the
ecosystem. The impact of infrastructure development is diverse and it will aect the habitat
causing loss of ecosystem funcons mainly water and biodiversity components which need to be
monitored using some of the sampling designs already alluded to above.
46
Sampling Design and data collecon

Sampling design and data collecon in wetlands will mainly be done on the indicators that
have been idened namely; water quality, vegetaon cover, acreage, water ow, plant
species richness and composion.
Water quality sampling

The parameters to measure water quality include; (DO, Chl-a, P, N pH etc,) conducvity,
Temperature, BoD, CoD, TSS and heavy metals. Sampling of these parameters will be in
accordance with established sampling design under the mandate of the Directorate of Water
resources Management (DWRM).
Vegetaon cover and acreage

To determine changes in wetland acreage and vegetaon cover, remote sensing techniques
will be used. This will involve satellite image acquision, processing and producon of maps
which will be analysed to generate changes in wetland acreage and vegetaon cover. There
will be need for frequent acquision of satellite imagery over the Alberne Graben to be able
to carry out monitoring. Mapping the extent of wetlands will be done at the same me when
other oral ecosystems are mapped.
Water level
Water level changes in wetlands will be measured using convenonal methods. The data collecon
will also be done periodically to derive changes depending on impact. Measuring water levels will
be done in accordance with the guidelines established under the mandate of DWRM.
Plant species, richness and composion

Plant species, richness and composion will be done using systemac sampling. Data collecon
will depend on areas that have been impacted upon.
Data analysis
Data analysis for water quality parameters, water level and plant species richness and
composion will be done using standard methods. Data analysis for vegetaon mapping and
acreage will be done in the GIS database using queries.
Baseline data will be collected for each indicator. There will be need to collaborate with DWRM
on water quality and level and with NFA for vegetaon cover and acreage changes. WMD will
engage more on plant species richness and composion. Other stakeholders in the process
will be brought on board as deemed necessary.
Subsequent phases
The frequency of sampling for water quality and water level will be done periodically depending
on the frequency determined by DWRM. Acquision of satellite imagery to analyse changes
in wetland vegetaon cover and acreage will also depend on the frequency agreed upon by
other users of satellite imagery such as NFA. The frequency of sampling for plant species
richness and composion will be done depending on the exisng programmes.
FISHERIES
Basis for Monitoring /Juscaon and indicators
The Lake Albert shery is the third largest in Uganda and it is disncve in being a mulspecies shery. Shallow water areas are much more producve and crical to sheries but
also limited in extent. Numerous shing villages are located along the shores of Lake Albert
47
whose inhabitants directly depend on the lake for subsistence shing and water for domesc use.
The major factors aecng producvity of sheries resources are shing capacity and catch
per unit eort. Other important factors include aquac environmental condions which may
partly be inuenced by shoreline /catchment based acvies.
As oil and gas development acvies become prominent in the Alberne Graben, there is a risk
of water polluon in Lake Albert through oil spills or inadequate waste management. There will
also be interrupons in shing schedules due to physical presence of oil and gas exploraon
operaons in the shing grounds. Furthermore, acvies like oshore seismic surveys and drilling
will generate noise and vibraon which can scare sh and alter spaal sh distribuon paerns.
For these reasons, shing capacity and sh catch rates need to be monitored to assess the
likely socio-economic dynamics associated with oil and gas development in Lake Albert.
Fishing Capacity
Fishing capacity is an extent of eort employed to harvest sh from a water body in a parcular
me. Fishing eort includes all the shing factors (number of shermen, number of sh landing
sites, number and composion of shing boats, their mode of propulsion, number and type of
shing gears and the sh species they target and the kind of facilies at the landing sites).
Fishing capacity varies over me depending on the socio- economic dynamics of a shery.

Fishing capacity is monitored by conducng bi-annual frame surveys. Frame surveys involve
direct and total enumeraon of shing factors and facilies at landing sites.
Before data collecon the following preliminary acvies are done;
1.
Planning meeng to idenfy supervisors, enumerators (data recorders) and required
inputs;
2.
Procurement of inputs, publicity and prinng of Frame Survey materials; and
3.
Training of trainers of enumerators.
Enumerators record data on all the shing factors by lling the frame survey forms/
quesonnaires with details of numbers and sizes of: shing cras and mode of propulsion,
gears and targeted sh species and data on facilies available at landing sites.
Completed quesonnaires are collected from enumerators and returned to the naonal
supervisor for cleaning and coding. Data from the quesonnaires is entered into a central
database.
The entered data is analyzed to generate frame survey report outlining observaons on key
indicators of shing eort.

Currently, there is a data gap on the shing capacity of Lake Albert. A comprehensive frame
survey shall be conducted as startup phase to obtain the baseline informaon on the shing
capacity.

Frame surveys on the lake will be conducted bi-annually.
48
Fish Catch Rates

Fish catch rates are measured by catch per unit of eort to provide informaon on producon
and producvity of water bodies. Catch rates can be aected by shing capacity or aquac
environmental condions of a water body.

The informaon recorded in the frame survey is used to idenfy primary and secondary
sampling sites, and appropriate sampling strata for the sh Catch Assessment Surveys (CAS).
Informaon relang to the total numbers of sampling units (cras belonging to each cragear category) is used to raise sampled catch rates in CAS esmates of total catches.
Before CAS data collecon, the:
a) Enumerators (data recorders) are idened and trained; and
d) Required data collecon inputs are idened and procured.
Enumerators record data on sampled landing sites and boats by lling the CAS forms with
details of number and size of shing cras and mode of propulsion, gears and targeted sh
species by number and weight and average price per kilogram esmated.
Completed CAS forms are collected from enumerators and returned to the naonal supervisor
for cleaning and coding. Data from the CAS forms is entered into a central database.
The entered data is analyzed to generate quarterly CAS reports, describing trends and paerns
of sh catch rates and sh producon esmates.
Start up phase (Baseline)

Currently, there is a data gap on sh catch rates and esmated sh producon on Lake Albert.
In the baseline year, CASs will be conducted on selected landing sites to obtain informaon on
the catch per unit eort and producon esmates.

CASs will be conducted twice in a sampling month per quarter per year.
5.2
TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY
5.2.1 Animals (Mammal, birds, below ground biodiversity)

5.2.1.1 Basis for monitoring
Animals occur in both protected and outside protected areas though most concentraons
are found in protected areas. Oil and gas acvies may aect animal distribuon, numbers,
diversity, ranges and breeding paerns. Key drivers of change in animal distribuon and
behavior that arise from oil and gas acvies are described below:
Infrastructure density
Petroleum industry is associated with high Infrastructural development. Infrastructure fragments
wildlife habitats and interrupts with migraon paerns, thus increasing human-wildlife conicts,
animal stress, in-breeding and other behavioral changes that eventually lead to reduced wildlife
producvity. Infrastructure development in sensive ecosystems also disrupts the feeding and
nesng behaviors of avian species. It also directly destroys their habitats and increases mortality.
Infrastructure development and human inux aects the feeding and breeding sites of belowground species. It also directly destroys their habitats and increases mortality.
49
Trac volumes
Increase in vehicular trac oen leads to increased wildlife kills and injury which aects animal
behavior, ranging paerns and populaon.
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste aects mammals especially through food chain. Hazardous waste may arise
from contaminated soils due to oil spills and the dierent chemicals that are used in the drilling
and processing of oil and gas.
Poaching
Although poaching is one of the illegal acvies taking place in most protected areas, oil acvies
may lead to its increase. Poaching reduces animal populaons and may cause species exncon.
Human inux
With the increase of oil and gas acvies in the Alberne Graben, many people are likely to
be aracted to the area to get jobs and other associated benets. Human inux increases
human-wildlife conicts, poaching and illegal trade in wildlife and wildlife products.
Domesc Waste
Domesc waste originates from workers camps and includes both solid and liquid waste.
Domesc waste enhances the risk of human, wildlife, and livestock disease transmission. It
also aects animals through their food chains.
5.2.1.2 Sampling design and data collecon

Mammal numbers, diversity and range
Data collecon within protected areas is carried out periodically (every 3 years) while outside
protected areas it is collected according to need. Data collecon on mammals can be either by
aerial surveys or ground counts. Aerial surveys involve ights along a transect and counts are
carried out according to UWA standard methods.
During ground counts, data is collected within plots along a transect. Sampling intervals are
determined based on the dominant vegetaon type found in the landscape. Distances between
plots range from 250 M in closed tropical high forest to 1 Km in open savannah landscapes.
Plot size of 40 M radius is oen used. Outside protected areas, data is collected along transects
at intervals of 1 Km. For mammal ranges, Ranger Based Data Collecon (RBDC) will be used to
determine ranges of animals. However, for some mammals (e.g. lions, elephants, golden cats),
informaon on their ranges will be collected using radio collars.
Bird numbers, diversity and range

Birds occur in both protected and outside protected areas though most concentraons are
in protected areas. Data collecon within protected areas is carried out periodically (every 3
years) while outside, it is according to need. Data on birds is collected at the same plots where
mammal counts are carried out and along the transects from one point to the other. However,
annual bird counts are also done on permanent sample plots established in the country. Bird
species occurring in the area and the abundance of each species are recorded.
Below ground biodiversity numbers and species

Below ground biodiversity includes worms, insects etc. Sampling will involve physical
observaon for those that can easily be seen while for the minute organisms lab analysis will
be carried out. Species diversity and numbers (where applicable) will be recorded.
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Data on key drivers of change

In order to assess impacts of oil and gas development on animals, data on drivers will be
collected.
Infrastructure: locaon and spaal extent of the various infrastructure facilies.
Vehicles: Counts of vehicles passing specic roads or aeroplanes landing or taking o from a
specic airstrip carried out for a specied period.
Number of spill incidences: Spill incidence informaon obtained from records kept by
companies and protected areas management.
Heavy metal levels in the food chain: Data is obtained from animal and plant ssues. For
sampling plants, purposeful sampling is carried out at sites where an oil spill may have
occurred, at drilling sites or at dumping sites. For animals, random sampling is carried out
within a determined range from the oil spill area, drilling site or dumping site, according to
their suscepbility. Informaon obtained will be compared with the standard minimum levels
of the dierent heavy metals.
Number and locaon of snares, and Poached animals: The current RBDC will be used to
determine the number and locaon of snares as well as the dierent species poached.
Apprehended poachers: The number of apprehended poachers will be obtained from records
of the courts of law.
Number of public awareness meengs: Public awareness among the surrounding communies
around Protected Areas (PA) is an ongoing process. Records of these meengs will be extracted
from the Protected Area management data. Where they do not exist, a system will be set up
to start keeping such records.
Human demography: A bi-annual census will be conducted to determine number, density,
distribuon, sex and age of the people living on the landscape.
Number of human-wildlife conicts reported: Incidences of human and animal injuries or
death, crop raids and animal poisoning will be recorded to determine the trend.
Infrastructure and human inux: Counts of below-ground species such as earth worms and
beetles and their abundance.
Hazardous Waste and Oil Spills: An inventory of animal species, including birds that visit the
waste pits will be carried out. Species occurring in the area and the abundance of each species
will be recorded. In order to determine the level of waste contaminaon in the animals, ssue
samples will be collected from selected species. Counts of below ground species and their
abundance at representave waste disposal or oil spill sites will also be carried out.
Domesc Waste: Number and species of animals, including birds, which visit the waste pits
where food remains are deposited will be recorded. Those that may have massively died due
to consumpon of contaminated food will also be collected. In order to determine the level of
waste contaminaon in the animals, ssue samples will be collected from selected species.
Animal kills: Number and species of animals killed along the road, drowned in the waste pits
and those that may have massively died due to consumpon of contaminated food will be
collected. In order to determine the level of waste contaminaon in animals, ssue samples
will be collected from selected animal species including birds.
Incidences of re: oil spill is a potenal for re outbreaks. The re incidences originang from
oil spills will be recorded. These will be compared to re from other sources over the same
period. Overall re incidences over a period will be compared to re over previous periods.
5.2.3 Data analysis

Animals: To generate the required informaon, collected data will be analyzed using standard
data analysis methodologies e.g. biodiversity indices and total species counts used for species
richness. Baseline data will be compared with data obtained during or aer a specic acvity.
In addion to analysis of species variaon, analysis of the impacts of the drivers of change on
species will also be carried out.
51
Analysis of drivers of change

Infrastructure: With the availability of spaal layers of infrastructure coverage and the area of the
landscape, infrastructural density will be calculated using Geographic Informaon System (GIS).
Trac volumes: The total number of vehicles counted aer the determined period will be
analyzed for an average number of vehicles per day. This will be related to the animal injuries
or kills counted within the same period. The results obtained will provide a basis on how
responsible instuons will guide the oil companies on the best way to reduce or manage
trac in order to minimize its impact on wildlife.
Number of spill incidences: Spill incidence records obtained from companies and protected
area management will be analyzed to generate informaon on spill occurrence variaon over
specic periods.
Heavy metal levels in the food chain: Laboratory analysis of ssue samples will be carried
out to determine the level of waste contaminaon in the animals including birds. Informaon
obtained will be compared with the standard minimum levels of the dierent heavy metals.
Number and locaon of snares, and poached animals: MIST and other analysis methods will
be used for processing the RBDC data to determine the number and locaon of snares as well
as the dierent species poached over a specic period.
Apprehended poachers: The number of apprehended poachers will be analyzed using standard
stascal measures to obtain informaon on variaon in numbers over the determined period.
Number of public awareness meengs: For every area where awareness meengs have taken
place, analysis of the impact of these meengs will be carried out.
Human demography: The census data will be analyzed using standard stascal analysis
methods to determine populaon density, distribuon and age segments. This will be done in
order to assess the impacts of human inux.
Number of human-wildlife conicts reported: Incidences of human and animal injuries or
death, crop raids, property destrucon and animal poisoning will be analyzed.
Incidences of re: Oil related re incidence data will be analyzed and results compared to re
from other sources over the same period.
Mammals: Data collected in the subsequent phases will be analyzed using standard analysis
methods and then compared to the previous data. Changes in areas where petroleum acvies
have taken place will be compared to those where there have not been any acvies in order
to establish the actual impact of the acvies.
Infrastructure: Any added infrastructural layers over the period since the last data collecon
will be added to the already exisng spaal layers of infrastructure. Infrastructure density
analysis will then be calculated using GIS.
Trac volumes: Roads where counts were made in the previous study will be revisited and
vehicles counted. This should be either during the same season or when a similar acvity
is taking place. Data obtained will be analyzed and compared with the informaon of the
previous survey. For the new roads that have been constructed since the last survey, a few will
be selected for trac volume survey.
Hazardous waste
Number of spill incidences and heavy metal levels in the food chain: Data obtained during
this phase will be analyzed using the same standard methods and compared to the previous
informaon.
Poaching
Number and locaon of snares, and poached animals: Data collected aer the earlier survey
will be analyzed using MIST and other analysis methods and it will be compared to the results
obtained from the earlier survey.
Apprehended poachers: Data collected aer the earlier survey will be analyzed and compared
to informaon obtained from results obtained from the previous survey.
52
Number of public awareness meengs: Current awareness impact levels will be compared to
impact levels obtained in the previous survey.
For the rest of the indicators, obtained data in the subsequent surveys will be analyzed and
compared to results obtained from the earlier survey analysis.
Relaonships between the animals and the drivers will also be explored to idenfy possible
impacts of the drivers on the animals.
Start-up phase
Compilaon of exisng baseline data on animal distribuon, numbers, diversity, ranges,
breeding paerns and any other relevant datasets will be done. Idencaon of data gaps and
recommendaon of studies/acons to be carried out to ll these gaps will be undertaken. In
addion, baseline will be compiled on human populaon and inux, infrastructure, poaching
incidences, hazardous waste,
Monitoring of animal distribuon, numbers, diversity, ranges, breeding paerns and drivers
of change to assess status and trends will be carried out in the subsequent phases using
established monitoring protocols.
Collected data will be stored in databases within responsible instuons and accessed by
partner instuons on request.
The data obtained will be analyzed, a report prepared and availed to the public. Reports will
be prepared periodically according to the agreed period.
Subsequent phases
For the subsequent phases data collecon on the above variables and drivers of change will
be done according to the agreed me intervals as reected in the monitoring matrix. The data
will be analyzed using standard analysis methods and then compared to the previous data.
Changes in areas where petroleum acvies have taken place will be compared to those where
there have not been any acvies in order to establish the actual impact of the acvies.
If negave impacts are observed concerning any of the above variables, measures would be
recommended to reverse or stabilize the situaon.
Floral Ecosystem Components (e.g. forests, savannas, woodlands, agriculture)

Land Cover Mapping
Basis for monitoring (juscaon, indicators)
The objecve of monitoring agship oral ecosystem is in the rst place to establish a
baseline and later detect any changes that may be caused by acvies related to oil and gas
exploraon and producon. The indicators that will be monitored are change in area of land
cover classes.
Sampling design and data collecon

Floral ecosystems will be monitored through remote sensing, by means of land cover mapping
using satellite images. Mapping will cover the whole Alberne Graben since all the parts of
the Graben are part of the ecosystem. Although wetlands are aquac ecosystems, their extent
will be mapped at this stage along other oral ecosystems. Satellite images will be interpreted
to produce a land cover/use map based on the NBS methodology and classicaon. The land
cover map will be ground truth to ensure that the interpreted map is accurate. Ground truthing
will be done in those areas where land cover change is suspected to have taken place.
Data Analysis
The land cover map will be overlaid with administrave boundaries and protected areas.
Therefore the aribute table of the shape le will have names of the administrave unit
53
they fall under and whether they are protected or not. For the protected areas, the type of
protecon will be indicated; namely Central Forest Reserve, Local Forest Reserve, Naonal
Park, Wildlife Reserve or Community Conservaon Areas.
Area stascs will be produced for each land cover types grouped by the categories of
administraon and protecon.
When the second land cover map is produced aer about ve years, it will be overlaid with
the rst one for change analysis. Before overlay, a eld idenfying the year of the map will
be created for each land cover map. Aer the overlay, the resultant shape le will have two
elds showing land cover class of the previous mapping and one of the new mapping. Analysis
can therefore be done to determine whether the class of the polygon remained the same or
whether it changed into a new one and if so to what class.
Start-up phase
The start-up phase will be focused on producing a land cover map that will serve as baseline
for reference as subsequent maps are produced. It will require acquiring satellite imagery of
medium resoluon for interpretaon. In some cases, high resoluon may be required to carry
out detailed mapping. ERDAS IMAGINE, an image processing soware and its licenses will be
required.
Subsequent phase
Subsequent phases of mapping will produce maps using similar methodology and classicaon
that will be compared with the baseline to see if any changes have taken place. The tools used
in the start-up phase can sll be used in this phase. However, satellite imagery will have to be
obtained for every mapping phase.
Biomass Monitoring
Basis for monitoring (juscaon, indicators)
The objecve of biomass monitoring is to determine the quanty on agship elements of
the ecosystems including numbers, physical size and distribuon of plant species in wetlands,
forests, savannas, woodlands and on agricultural farms. This will form a baseline for monitoring
the impact of oil acvies. The indicators of change to monitor are:
1.
Number and coverage of invasive species;
2.
Biomass stocking;
3.
Plant regeneraon; and
4.
Plant biodiversity.
Biomass monitoring will be done using the Naonal Biomass Study methodology. In this
methodology, 50 by 50 meter plots are established systemacally on a 5x10km grid. A cluster
of 3 plots is located at each intersecon of the grid. In high priority areas, plots are established
at each grid intersecon. In medium priority areas, plots are located at every other intersecon
and in low priority areas; plots are located at every third intersecon. Priority depends on the
complexity of the oral ecosystem. For example, tropical high forests are high on the priority
list while sparse grasslands are low on the list. All the trees in the plot whose diameter at
breast height (dbh) is 3 cenmeters or more will be measured.
In addion, within the plot, a smaller plot of 5 by 5 meters will be demarcated for more
detailed study. The plot will also be measured originang from the Global Posioning System
(GPS) point of the plot which is the south western corner of that plot. In this plot, saplings will
be counted and recorded and grass species present will be recorded.
54
All plots are geo-referenced with a GPS for easy idencaon during subsequent visits.
Data Analysis
Field data will be entered in a computer and volumes of trees will be calculated. The NBS
allometric system will be used. Plot data will be extrapolated and results will be presented on
per hectare basis. Analysis will also be done on species to determine their numbers, diversity,
size, regeneraon and distribuon.
Start-up phase
The start up phase will involve establishing sample plots and geo-referencing them. Data
will be collected to establish baseline biomass stocks, species numbers, diversity, size and
distribuon.
It will require new mensuraon equipment (measuring tools). These include distance tapes,
diameter tapes, callipers, range nders, hypsometers, clinometers, GPSs, ranging poles,
staonary and others. It will also need a short phase of refresher training as most of the
technicians will need orientaon in biomass monitoring.
Subsequent phase
The subsequent phase will involve revising the plots aer a period of 2-3 years and carry out
re-measurements. The procedure is quite the same as in the start up phase except that this
me no new plots are established. Data collected will be compared with that collected in the
start up phase. Comparison will be done at regional level and at plot level.
5.3
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT
Water Quality (juscaon, indicators)

Basis for Monitoring
Fresh water of adequate quality is a key factor for socio-economic development. Fresh water
resources are essenal components of the hydrosphere and an indispensable part of all
terrestrial organisms. The water resources of the Alberne Graben consist of the following
water bodies; Lake Albert, Lake Edward, Lake George and their river systems. Groundwater
exists in both fractured aquifers and regolith overlying bedrock.
Oil and gas development processes have a number of drivers which are likely to lead to
atmospheric polluon. Atmospheric polluon has an impact on fresh water resources and their
availability. The main drivers that will impact water resources are briey outlined below.
Drill cungs may contain heavy metals e.g. lead as well as high concentraon of Ba, K, Ca, Cl,
etc. which are likely to pollute water bodies if not well disposed of. Poor disposal of industrial
and domesc waste also pollutes water resources which is harmful to health.
The area around cungs pits has been sampled to ensure that heavy metals and other elements
do not get into water bodies. Roune water quality monitoring is carried out in areas where
euent is discharged into water bodies. The permit holder carries out daily monitoring for
D.O levels and submits the data to DWRM on a quarterly basis.

Physio-chemical parameters such as heavy metals and organic micro pollutants will be sampled
at collecon, treatment, euent discharge and receiving water body.
55
Operaonal and euent monitoring will follow guidelines spulated in the Naonal Water
Quality Strategy.
Data collecon will be carried out following convenonal water quality guidelines.
Data analysis
Data from monitoring programs will be analysed using convenonal water quality analycal
methods and stored in the naonal water quality data base.
Start-up phase (baseline)

It is important to understand the chemical composion of both the drilling muds and
drilling cungs before the parameters to be monitored can be decided. There is need to
drill piezometers around waste consolidaon areas to monitor inltraon of pollutants into
groundwater systems.
Subsequent phases (frequency)

Parameters for municipal waste water, euent and receiving water body will be monitored on
a monthly basis.
DWRM will also carry out compliance monitoring to ensure that the processes are not pollung
water bodies.
Water Quanty (juscaon, indicators)

During oil producon, large volumes of water will be required to maintain pressure in the wells.
Oil producon is not the only water user in the Graben. In order to avoid water user conicts,
monitoring ground water, rivers and lakes levels as well as river discharge and compliance to permit
abstracon condions will be carried out to ensure sustainable water resources ulisaon.

Surface water staons already exist in each of the sub basins in the Alberne Graben. Water
level data is collected by observers from both groundwater and surface water staons on a
daily basis. Discharge measurements are also carried out by sta from DWRM on a quarterly
basis following guidelines in the water resources data collecon manual.
The data from these staons is digized and stored in the naonal databases from where it
can be retrieved for further analycal purposes.
Data analysis
Analysis of data is carried out using convenonal hydrological and hydro-geological
techniques.

The Nile Decision support system will be used to esmate the available water and to allocate
water to dierent users. Each user will then be required to install water monitoring instruments
and submit data from their staons to DWRM on a quarterly basis.

Subsequent phases will involve roune monitoring of water levels, water discharge quanes
and compliance to EIA and permit condions.
56

Oil exploraon and producon is associated with various types of waste such as hazardous
waste, domesc waste and oil spills. If not well treated they can be dangerous to humans,
animals and the environment in general.
With regards to oil spills, the objecve of this monitoring is aimed at idenfying number and
quanty of spills, their spaal coverage as well as quanty and type of waste. Data to be
collected will be the date, locaon of the waste using a GPS and esmang the volume of
the waste. On hazardous waste, the monitoring will cover locaon, type and quanty of the
waste. Parameters to monitor will include:
1.
Locaon of spill or waste;
2.
Quanty;
3.
Spaal coverage; and
4.
Response me to spill.
Further oil development will lead to urbanizaon and therefore domesc waste will be a big
issue and its proper disposal should be well monitored to avoid negave environmental and
health impacts. Monitoring will be done in urban centres and the following will be monitored.
1.
Quanty in tons;
2.
Collecon centres;
3.
Waste disposal conveyance facilies (vehicles and containers); and
4.
Dumping centres.
Data Analysis
Data Analysis will be based on generated frequency tables of spills, types of wastes and trends.
In GIS, proximity analysis will be done to show spaal relaonship of wastes and spill with
other social infrastructure.
Start-up phase
The start-up phase will involve:
1.
Establishing a data collecon mechanism wastes on oil spills; and
2.
Establishing a database.
Subsequent phase
The Subsequent phase will involve roune collecon of data and analysing trends and
reporng.
Soil Quality (juscaon, indicators)

As part of the oil development acvies, vegetaon is cleared in order to construct drilling
pads, oil renery, seismic surveys and other infrastructure. This leads to exposure of the soil
to erosion and its related impacts. Soils are important components of the ecosystem and
act as a major sink for various wastes. It is important that their buer capacity for various
constuents of the waste is not exceeded.
If waste is poorly disposed, it leads to polluon of soils through accumulaon of heavy metals,
chemical and other compounds to toxic levels. Soils are major sources of plant nutrients, heavy
metals and other toxic compounds will be taken up by plants, thus entering the food chain
with negave consequences. Furthermore, some elements when taken up by plants in excessive
amounts become toxic, resulng in poor plant growth thus aecng the producvity of the
ecosystem. Oil spills are known to aect soil permeability, porosity, water inltraon, aeraons
oil biota, availability of plant nutrients which will signicantly aect soil quality hence reducing its
producvity. Oil spills also pollute the soil and hence aect basic soil nutrients and soil biota.
57
Soil monitoring is very important for sustaining soil quality and thus ecosystem sustainability.
It involves soil sampling and analysis using internaonally recommended methods. Field
observaons and tests will also be carried out to complement the soils chemical, biological
and physical analysis. The results from these acvies will enable assessment of the impact of
the oil and gas acvies on the soils ability to support plant growth and also perform essenal
ecosystem funcons and services. This requires seasonal/annual sampling of soil and analyzing
the parameters.
The indicators that will be used for monitoring soil quality include area covered by the spill,
magnitude and extent of oil traces, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, major and trace elements,
porosity, friability, erosibility, composion, soils micro, meso and macro fauna, soil pH, soil
organic maer, electro conducvity, base saturaon, caon exchange capacity, and soil erosion.
Monitoring of compliance to EIA condions in regard to oil spill response strategy is also
recommended.

The sampling design and data collecon will follow convenonal soil sampling methods.
Transects will be used to monitor both the movement of various compounds and all sampling
points will be geo-referenced.
Data analysis
Soil analycal data will be analysed using standard methods to determine the impact of oil
and gas acvies on soils ability to support plant growth and perform essenal ecosystem
services and funcons.

Base line soil quality data (for all parameters to be monitored) will be collected around Oil and
gas acvies and also proposed waste consolidaon areas.

Inspecon of locaons where oil spills have occurred must be done to ensure adequate clean-up.
Monitoring of compliance to EIA condions in regard to oil spill response strategy is also
recommended.
Air Quality (juscaon, indicators)

Oil producon and processing use equipment that generate noise, parculate maer and
gaseous emissions. These constute air quality pollutants. If the air quality is not controlled,
it can aect both plant and animal life in the polluted area. Air polluon and to some extent
water polluon is trans-boundary and will aect areas beyond the area where polluon
started. Apart from aecng plant and animal life, it also aects human beings within and
outside the source of polluon area.

Air pollutants are quaned by using both portable and staonary scienc equipment and
laboratory analysis.
Data analysis
This involves determining the concentraon of the air quality pollutants and comparing them
with naonal and internaonal standards.
58

It is recommended that air quality is monitored for over 24 hours for at least 30 days and then
the averages obtained compared with the acceptable levels. The results should determine
concentraon exposure as per Time Weighted Average (TWA).

Roune measurement of ambient noise by portable devices and equipment noise audits can
be done as a means of monitoring noise polluon. In addion, standardized noise/vibraon
measurements must be done for all equipment, where possible, vibraon insulators and
silencers should be used.
5.4
SOCIETY
Basis for monitoring

Monitoring is the measurement through me that indicates the movement toward the
objecve or away from it. Monitoring will provide informaon about the status and trends
of society or communies. Monitoring is thus a means of checking on progress as well as a
tool for improvement. Without it, there is no way of knowing if our management acons are
working and how they should be changed to be more eecve.
Discovery and subsequent exploitaon and development of petroleum resources will greatly
inuence the society through:
Changes in populaon hence; expansion and new selements;
Food in terms of producon and storage due to increased demand;
Water and sanitaon;
Health;
Energy;
Infrastructure;
Educaon; and
Culture and archaeology.

Selements
Selements are inuenced by changes in populaon due to migraon of people in search of
labour or business opportunies. These can be monitored by the use of populaon census
which are done every ten years or as when it is deemed necessary for a specic area or
purpose. The data to be collected is number of selements, populaon (number, age, gender,
employment, educaon).
Food
Food and Agriculture census is carried out every 10 years covering the enre country. So as
to ensure food security, one will have to monitor the demand for food, food producon and
the area under agriculture.
Water and Sanitaon

Due to the increased populaon, there will be need for more or expanded facilies to meet
the increased demand. Therefore, it will be necessary to monitor the following:
1. Portable water coverage;
2. Latrine coverage;
3. Number of waste disposal facilies;
4. Distance to nearest safe water source;
59
5. Time taken to collect water from nearest water source; and

6. Number of cases due to water borne diseases.
Health
The health facilies and situaon in the area will be monitored regularly as to ensure adequacy.
The factors that will be monitored will include the following:
1. Number of health facilies (locaon, size and capacity);
2. Prevalence of diseases;
3. Mortality rate; and
4. Number of deaths by cause.
Infrastructure
The Petroleum Industry will require new infrastructure to enable the exploitaon and
development of oil and gas among others. It is also expected to trigger o a number of other
mineral developments which will in turn need their own infrastructure so as to understand
the scope of development and to be in inline with the progress we shall need informaon on
the following:
1. Quanty of mineral resources;
2. Locaon of mineral resources; and
3. Available infrastructure (roads, pipeline, mines).
Educaon
This is going to be an acve area which will aract many families with school-going members.
In order to provide for them, it will be necessary to have adequate knowledge on the educaon
infrastructure. Therefore, the following will be important to study regularly:
1. Number of educaon facilies (locaon, size and capacity);
2. Number of school-going age children; and
3. Literacy rate.
Archaeological and cultural sites

It is important to know where these sites are and their signicance before they are destroyed
or disturbed by the new developments. They could also be important areas for tourism. The
following will be important to study:
1. Number of cultural sites (locaon, size and purpose);
2. Number of ethnic groups and languages;
3. Number of the archaeological sites;
4. Locaon of archaeological sites; and
5. Available infrastructure.
Start-up phase
Review and document the exisng informaon and methods of data collecon in the country
by the various instuons. This will assist in the actual data available for the Alberne Graben
region. This will also help us to idenfy data collecons centers.
Subsequent phase
Regular monitoring and updang of available data will be done. Standard stascal methods
will be used.
5.5
MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS
5.5.1 Tourism
The Alberne Graben has a high tourism potenal as it contains a number of PAs. Ugandas
60
tourism is nature based with about 80% of tourists coming to look at the wildlife and scenery.
Most of the PAs are located within the Alberne Graben and specically around Lake Albert.
This area that contains high biodiversity has been found to contain petroleum potenal with
most of the wells drilled so far occurring in protected areas.
The discovery of oil in high biodiversity area, which is a prime tourism area in Uganda, poses a
challenge on how to balance the two acvies. Oil acvies may negavely impact on tourism
through among others land take that reduces habitat for animals, increase in infrastructure,
increase in polluon and visual intrusion. In order to assess the impacts of oil acvies on
tourism, number of species, number of tourists, tourism revenue and habitat quality will need
to be monitored.

Data on tourist numbers, revenue and lodge occupancy will be compiled from UWA, PA
managers and lodge owners. A quesonnaire will be designed to assess the impact of oil
operaons on tour operators acvies. A tourism survey will be carried out to assess the
tourist atudes towards oil acvies in protected areas.
Data analysis
Data collected over a specic period will be analyzed to assess variaon in tourist numbers,
revenue and lodge occupancy. The results will also be compared to values of previous years
before oil acvies started. The analysis should take into consideraon other prevailing
condions that could have aected tourism within that period.
The data obtained from the quesonnaire from tour operators and tourists will be analyzed
using stascal methods and the results compared with the previous records.
Start up phase
Exisng records at various stakeholders locaons will be compiled to know their status. Where
data collected is not sucient, instuons/operators will be advised on beer methods of
capture and storage.
Subsequent phase
Data collected at the determined me aer the start-up phase will be analyzed and compared
with outputs from the start-up phase. Changes in levels of tourism related acvies where
petroleum acvies have taken place will be compared to those where there have not been
any petroleum acvies in order to establish their actual impact.
If there is a negave impact on tourism, measures would be recommended to reverse the
situaon.
Trade in mber and non-mber forest products

Infrastructure development, populaon increase and urbanizaon are likely to increase demand
for mber and non mber forest products. Increased extracon of these products can impact on
the environmental health of forests in and around the Alberne Graben. It is important therefore
to monitor trade in these products. The indicators to be monitored will be:
1.
Volume of mber; and
2.
Numbers of non-mber products.
Producon and trade in forest products is regulated through licenses and permits issued by
NFA and District Forestry Services. Data on forest products will be got from district forest
oces in the Graben area and NFA Headquarter permit and license records. There is illegal
extracon of mber and non-mber forest products in many parts of Uganda. In these areas,
there will be need to conduct surveys to verify data collected from ocial records.
61
This will be done by monitoring movement of products on selected routes for specied period
such as a week.
Data Analysis
Data collected will be analysed to establish type, quanty and source of forest products.
Start-up phase
The start-up phase will involve establishing data sources and data integrity. Districts that are
not keeping records on mber and non-mber products will be assisted to record and store
such data. The whole methodology of collecng, storing, analysing data and reporng on
these products will need to be established and tested.
Subsequent phase
The Subsequent phase will involve collecng similar data and comparing them with previous
ones.
Figure 5: National Parks and Wildlife Reserves in the Albertine Graben

Source: PEPD 2011
62
data management
framework
6.1
DATA MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES FOR THE AG EMP
sing environment informaon is central to all planning and decision making processes.
The collecon, analysis, storage and disseminaon of reliable informaon relang to
environmental issues are recognized in the Naonal Environment Policy 1994. This was
further strengthened in 1995 by the Naonal Environment Act, Cap 153 that put in place the
instuonal framework that established the Naonal Environment management Authority
(NEMA).
Through its mandate, NEMA manages environmental informaon in the country. Environmental
Informaon Network (EIN) was established in 2001 with the main objecve of enhancing the
capability of key data producers to exchange and share informaon in compable formats
at minimal me and cost. All the key data holders are organized in the EIN and the data
management framework for the AG EMP will be part of this framework. The implementaon
of AG EMP will strengthen the collaboraon between instuons in informaon sharing and
management.
A key objecve of the Alberne Graben Monitoring Program (AG EMP) is to create a publicly
accessible, ecient, and transparent plaorm. This framework will be instrumental in
updang and documenng the status of key environmental parameters on a regular basis.
The framework provides the need to deliver informaon using eecve and exible reporng
formats to facilitate enhanced decision-making at various levels.
Key stakeholders will be responsible for supporng data management and contribuons from
their individual monitoring networks and according to their mandate. The AG EMP will focus
data management eorts on building mechanisms to access and integrate the data across
instuons and networks as well as promong a common, standardized data management
approach at a naonal level.
It is idened as a need within the EIN to address ownership of data properly. Proper
management will increase quality of data, for example, the Environmental Sensivity Atlas
3rd edion, and will also enable using the same data source and data sets in environmental
assessments, management, monitoring, research and other data needs. Data sources, formats,
and subjects vary widely across the research and monitoring community. The currently
available data published in the Environmental Sensivity Atlas 2nd edion keeps a signicant
dierence in detail, quality, accuracy, coverage, authors, documentaon and legal status.
One challenge is to access, aggregate and publish biodiversity data from the contributors
involved in this monitoring plan. Furthermore, it is crical to deliver this informaon and
knowledge using eecve and exible reporng formats to facilitate decision making at
various scales (local to naonal). Meeng these challenges will signicantly improve policy and
63
management decisions through beer understanding and mely access to current, accurate,
and integrated informaon on biodiversity trends and their underlying causes. Data distribuon
could sll be hindered by the lack of infrastructure, soware, hardware or knowledge on how
to use the data. There is need for competence raising and investments in infrastructure to be
able to implement the monitoring plan, both in the stakeholder instuons and at NEMA.
The task of aggregang, managing and integrang data from dierent stakeholders is an arduous
task, but the ambion in this plan, is to be able to publish readily accessible informaon via a
web-based data portal. The Arcc Marine Biodiversity Monitoring plan, a data portal system
exemplied with this link to a portal on terrestrial system www.cbmp.is could serve as an
example.
A common web-based portal will act as a joint entry point for at the Environmental data
clearinghouse at NEMA. A secretariat funcon and a dedicated Data Manager should be
established to coordinate the harvesng of meta-data and serve as a focal point for policy and
decision makers, sciensts and the interested public and in long run support, the development
of common database structures. It is important to emphasize that each organizaon or data
custodian maintains their own specialist data in their local databases. For future management
of data, the ambion should be development of a web-based distributed system.
Step 1: There should be delivered products and copies of aggregated data and dataset on a
regular basis to the EIN Data Clearing House.
Step 2: there should be developed direct access to many decentralized and distributed
databases. The development of distributed databases may need both infrastructure and
competence investments at the stakeholder instuons. Development of such distributed
system will necessitate the adopon and use of standard storage and query protocols, good
metadata and web servers (spaal and tabular).
The common denominator will be spaal geo-referencing, with conversion of the data into GIS
databases. Spaal resoluon will enable a wide range of complex levels of geographical and
themac overlay and integraon for trend analyses and the research of the root causes of the
loss in biodiversity.
Timelines for implemenng this data management approach can be found in Chapter 8. An
overview of exisng databases, storage and future responsible instuons for management of
collected data can be found in the Appendix.4.
6.2 PURPOSE OF DATA MANAGEMENT

Eecve and ecient data management is fundamental to the success of the AG EMP. A key
measure of success will be the ability to eecvely connect individual partners, networks, and
indicator-development eorts. This coordinated data-management eort facilitates data access
and eecvely communicates biodiversity status and trends to a wide range of audiences and
stakeholders. If executed correctly, data management can fulll the following funcons:
i)
Quality assurance: ensures that the source data sets and indicator development
methodologies are opmal and that data integrity is maintained throughout
processing;
ii)
Consistency across parameters and networks: encourages the use of common
standards and consistent reference frames and base data sets;
iii)
Eciency: reduces duplicate eorts by sharing data, methodologies, analysis, and
experience;
64
iv)
v)
Sustainability: ensures archiving capability and on-going indicator producon; and

Enhanced credibility: provides transparency with respect to methodologies, data
sets, and processes.
Implementaon of the AG EMP relies on parcipaon from various instuons. An ecient

and user-friendly metadata and data management system will facilitate this collaboraon. It
will oer unique opportunies for monitoring instuons to exchange data, draw comparisons
between data sets, and correlate biodiversity data using a common web-based plaorm. There
should be a more specic roadmap developed for data management to guide the management
and access of metadata and data amongst AG EMP networks.
6.3 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR DATA MANAGEMENT

The Environmental data clearinghouse and a web-based portal
Monitoring involves a multude of stakeholders producing informaon in diverse formats
with minimal integraon. While much informaon is produced by these networks, much of it
is inaccessible, not reported, or in user-unfriendly formats. New, web-based data management
tools and new computaonal techniques provide an opportunity for innovave approaches to
data management.
The EIN network resolved to develop an Environmental Data Clearing-House, situated at
NEMA. This mechanism for environmental data will be useful for the AG EMP, as well as other
assessment processes within the petroleum industry in Uganda. The clearing house should
be the rst port of call for informaon about the environment in Uganda. It should provide
prospecve data users with enough informaon to nd and possibly also download datasets
for use in assessments and analysis. The clearing-house mechanism will rely on EIN guidelines
for data sharing. It is suggested to establish a secretariat funcon to coordinate the harvesng
of metadata and products (data sets deemed relevant and publishable). The secretariat
should also coordinate funding for revision of relevant data sets according to agreements in
the guidelines.
Figure 6: Clearing House Mechanism for environmental data hosted by NEMA, the EIN Data Sharing
Focal Point.
65
A server and ArcGIS server soware are already available at NEMA. This soware can be set up
for publishing data in a web-based portal, however there is also need for metadata handling
soware. A prerequisite for using ArcGIS is a long term (5 year) soluon for license fees. An
alternave to ArcGIS could be the open source soluon Geoserver.
The AG EMP suggests the development of a simple, web-based and geo-referenced informaon
portal, that access and displays informaon on a common plaorm. Geo- Network is an exisng
open source system inially made by the Food and Agriculture Organizaon of the United
Naons (FAO) which could also t the bill.
The data portal represents a distributed data management structure where data holders
retain ownership, control, and responsibility for their data. As well as providing a focal point
for AG biodiversity informaon, the data portal should provide a simple approach for experts
to share informaon through the web therefore allows integraon and analysis of mulple
data sets.
A future ambion for the monitoring of Alberne Graben should be the development of a
distributed database system, based on a web service and a common database structure for
both spaal and tabular queries. Development of this distributed system will necessitate
the adopon and use of exisng and widely accepted standards for data storage and query
protocols, along with high-quality and standardized metadata and web servers (spaal and
tabular). Because this requires development of an IT infrastructure within all the stakeholders
instuons, it is suggested as a rst step to base the sharing of data on copy data (products,
processed, analyzed) to the NEMA clearing house. Exisng storage format could be excel or
access. A documentaon of exisng storage and monitoring is enclosed in appendix. When
implemenng the AG EMP, a lot of new databases need to be established, preferably based on
future distributed technology.
Much of the inial work in the implementaon phase of the AG EMP will involve aggregang
exisng data sets to create understandable data layers carried out by the EIN expert groups
annually or more frequently if needed. Users (e.g., sciensts, decision-makers, and the public)
will have controlled access to the data outputs via the AG EMP Data Portal. The life cycle of the
data, from collecon to presentaon, is shown in Figure 7.
CollectionR
aw data
responsibleins
titutions
Aggregation
EINexpertgroups
Analysis&
Synthesis
EIN
expertgroups
Presentation
Data portal publishing
Figure 7: A simplied overview of the steps involved in accessing, integrating, analyzing, and presenting
biodiversity information via a web-based data portal.
66
Geo-referencing to standardize and coordinate systems will be crical to the successful integraon
of disparate data sets. Techniques will be devised to convert data into a standard format for
integraon. These technical issues will be addressed during the implementaon phase.
Albertine Graben Sensitivity Atlas - Concept Demo
Shows the use of Geoserver and Open Layers combined with Albertine Graben Sensitivity Atlas data
Figure 8: Use of Geoserver and Open layers combined with the Albertine Graben Atlas data.
Web-based portals provide a convenient common entry point allowing for a broad spectrum of
users (sciensts, decision-makers, and the public) worldwide and controlled access to data outputs.
The web-based portal will serve two purposes for the AG EMP. First, it will provide access to georeferenced informaon from within partner networks, as well as providing a common plaorm with
mulple entry points for controlled data access, integraon, harmonizaon, and delivery. Secondly,
it will enable a wide range of user groups to explore trends, synthesize data, and produce reports
with relave ease.
6.4
DATA STORAGE
A decentralized data storage system is proposed for the AG EMP web portal since it oers a soluon
to concerns over data ownership and copyright.
For all indicators developed under the AG EMP, a database of the me series of reviewed and
published indicators should be maintained at the responsible instuon. All relevant metadata
should be consistently available, along with informaon about the associated methodology, quality,
and interpretaon. The AG EMP Meta-Data Archive will be linked to other clearing-house mechanisms
for access and disseminaon. The specic data sets will be contributed by partners to the monitoring
plans as they are developed and published.
67
6.5
DATA POLICY
6.5.1 Ownership and custodianship

The responsibility for and ownership of the data will always remain with the data collector
or holder. At all mes, ownership of the data remains with the original collector, who bears
responsibility for any changes or amendments to the data.
Data collectors could transfer their rights to a data archive, or maintain their rights and store
their data with a data archive or any other data holder who uses their data. It is also possible
to release data condionally (e.g., based on requested input and acknowledgements when
data are used). This exible model embraces all opons from free public data to strict data
control, and is a feature that will likely prove popular with web portal users and contributors.
6.5.2 EIN - guidelines for sharing of environmental data

A guideline for sharing of environmental data is suggested. The following principles aim at
explaining the relaons between EIN members with regard to data sharing.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The Environmental Informaon Network (EIN) consists of governmental bodies,

NGOs and other stakeholders commied, able and willing to provide environmental
data to regional and naonal level management tasks.
The members of EIN all represent ownership of spaal and non-spaal data
important for the management of Ugandas Environment. One of the tasks of EIN
has been to prepare maps and spaal analysis for ocial and public use.
Products are original data sets, derived data sets either directly or as a combinaon
from two or more data sets or products.
The ownership of products should be agreed upon among the EIN members.
All products shall be documented according to an agreed upon subset of properes
according to the ISO 19115 standard.
All shared data, metadata, and products being free of charge or no more than cost of
reproducon within the EIN and for purposes under EIN related projects.
A clearing house is established under NEMA. The sharing point makes meta-data
available for the general public. Open and restricted products are made available
through the focal point. Restricted products are only accessible for EIN members.
Members may only distribute their own products.
A yearly meeng is held to review the data sharing guideline and to ensure that the
EIN members agree upon priories under the guidelines.
The data sharing focal point accepts funding from third pares. Yearly meeng
decides on priorizaons.
When gathering primary spaal data the following standards are preferred;
Principles of data sharing and disseminaon of data is based on the main principles of the Rio
Declaraon (Agenda 21, World Summit on Sustainable Development Plan of Implementaon
(2002), UNGA) on access to environmental informaon, public parcipaon and access to
environmental jusce. The Uganda Constuon (Arcle 41) spulates that every cizen
has a right of access to informaon in the possession of the State or any other organ or
agency of the State except where the release of the informaon is likely to prejudice the
security or sovereignty of the State or interfere with the right to the privacy of any other
person. Arcle 5 on access to informaon of 2005 include; promoon of ecient, eecve
and transparent government, giving eect to Arcle 41 of the Constuon, protecng
disclosing persons, promong transparency and accountability, empowering the public to
scrunize and parcipate in government decisions. The Environmental Legislaon, Naonal
68
Environment Act, Cap 153 (NEA) Secon 85, spulates that every person has freedom of
access to any informaon relang to the implementaon of the Act submied to NEMA or
a lead agency, apply to NEMA or the lead agency and pay prescribed fees in order to access
the informaon. Establishment of a policy for pay/fees for data should be included in EIN
guidelines. Legislaon should be taken into account to create frameworks for implementaon
of making environmental informaon user friendly and accessible.
To be achieved by the guidelines, all AG EMP parcipants would agree that their data can
be ulized, within specied terms, in broader analyses and collecons by idened users.
All products including value-added products (e.g. GIS layers, reports, analyses) idened
and released under the management of NEMA and the AG EMP, will have appropriate
acknowledgement secured.
The AG EMP will create a safe and reliable data network, making high-quality digital data
available to users online. Restricted data would be agged accordingly (e.g., in the metadata)
and only released for specic usage or by specic users with password access. The technical
set-up implemented will allow achievement of this goal and protecon to the data holder.
Data collectors, holders, and providers will have full freedom to specify the level of detail that
they wish to make available.
6.6
DATA RELEASE CODE
All AG EMP parcipants would agree that their data can be ulized, within specied terms, in
broader analyses and collecons by idened users within the AG EMP. All products including
value-added products (e.g., GIS layers, reports, analyses) idened and released under the
management of NEMA and the AG EMP, will have appropriate acknowledgement secured.
This can be achieved by the registraon of the data user and through a request to sign or
agree with basic condions of use. These protocols should not pose a constraint to free data
release to the public.
The AG EMP will create a safe and reliable data network, making high-quality digital data
available to global users online. Restricted data would be agged accordingly (e.g. in the
metadata) and only released for specic usage or by specic users with password access. The
technical set-up implemented will allow achievement of this goal and protecon to the data
holder. Data collectors, holders, and providers will have full freedom to specify the level of
detail that they wish to make available.
6.7
DATA AND METADATA STANDARDS
In order for the various networks involved in implemenng the Monitoring Plan to collaborate,
input, and share data and metadata, common data and metadata standards need to be chosen.
The EIN has chosen to base their metadata scheme at the ISO 19115 standard for Geographic
informaon.
A revival in the awareness of the importance of geography and how things relate spaally,
combined with the advancement of electronic technology, have caused an expansion in
the use of digital geographic informaon and geographic informaon systems worldwide.
Increasingly, individuals from a wide range of disciplines outside of the geographic sciences
and informaon technologies are capable of producing, enhancing, and modifying digital
geographic informaon. As the number, complexity, and diversity of geographic datasets
grow, a method for providing an understanding of all aspects of this data grows in importance.
Digital geographic data is an aempt to model and describe the real world for use in computer
69
analysis and graphic display of informaon. Any descripon of reality is always an abstracon,
always paral, and always just one of many possible views. This view or model of the
real world is not an exact duplicaon; some things are approximated, others are simplied,
and some things are ignored. There is seldom perfect complete and correct data. To ensure
that data is not misused, the assumpons and limitaons aecng the creaon of data must
be fully documented. Metadata allows a producer to describe a dataset fully so that users
can understand the assumpons and limitaons and evaluate the datasets applicability for
their intended use (ISO 19115 p 8, 2003). Data that lack metadata are virtually unusable. e.g.
Projecon standards, ownership, quality descripons and limitaons are important.
There is need to develop a meta-database system (Clearing House - Data Catalogue) to house
the metadata, allowing for simple and ecient access to a large and constantly updated,
web-based, searchable, geo-referenced data. The chosen indicators idened as core to the
implementaon of the monitoring plan will be input into this meta-database. It might be
necessary to implement a more suitable metadata standard for non-spaal data.
Part of the Oil and Gas Montoring team in the Albertine Graben.
Source: NEMA 2011.
70
reporting
his chapter describes the reporng requirements associated with the Alberne Graben
Environmental Monitoring Plan (AG EMP). The ancipated schedule for reporng is
presented in Chapter 8.
Several levels and reporng formats are ancipated to address the requirements of dierent
audiences. Some reports will focus on the scienc results of the plan, while others will focus
on implementaon or review. The reporng outputs from the Monitoring Plan will also include
regular assessments based on the baselines dened in the Start-up Phase (Chapter 5).
The methods used to report and communicate will vary, depending on the recipient (or target)
audience.
7.1
AUDIENCES
Regular reporng will be required to the Government of Uganda, as well as to oil companies
acve in the area, local community residents, the scienc community (e.g. through peerreviewed scienc publicaons), and to other stakeholders and development partners. It
is also ancipated that reports and/or communicaons material will be needed for public
audiences, such as non-government organizaons and the public.
7.2
TYPES OF REPORTING
Dierent reporng formats are ancipated, depending on the audience. Table 7.1 below
summarizes reporng formats according to audience. Table 7.2 provides ancipated melines for
producing these reports. Dierent reports will be useful to dierent categories of audiences.
Table 7.1 Types of reporng by audience
Type of Report
State of Alberne Status of

Graben
VECs
Environment
Report, including
themac issues
status reports
Primary Target
Audience
Government of
Uganda (Central
and Local
Government)
Oil companies
Local Communies
Science Community
Development
partners and other
stakeholders
NGOs and the public
71
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Independent Review Scienc

Performance Various
of indicators,
publicaons reports and summaries
parameters,
work plans and other
sampling
communicaons
approaches, data
material
management
approach, analysis
and reporng
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Table 7.2 Timelines for reporng

Type of Reporng
Timing/Frequency
State of Alberne Graben Environment Report, including themac

issues status reports
Status of VECs
Independent Review of indicators, parameters, sampling approaches,
data management approach, analysis and reporng
Scienc publicaons
Performance reports and work plans
Various summaries and other communicaons material
(Informaon Educaon Communicaon (IEC) materials)
Every 3 years, starng 2013

Every two years, starng 2013
Every 5 years, starng 2016
Ongoing
Annually, starng in 2012
Ongoing, starng 2013
The results that are reported will depend, ulmately, on the focus of the start-up and
subsequent phases of the AG EMP.
7.3
REPORTING RESULTS
7.3.1 State of the Alberne Graben Environment Report

The rst State of Alberne Graben Environment Report, which could be a revised version of
the Environmental Sensivity Atlas for the Alberne Graben, is targeted for producon in
2013 based on the baseline studies in the start-up phase of the AG EMP. It will describe the
following:
1)
the baseline condions for Valued Ecosystem Components;
2)
temporal changes that have occurred since the baselines were set, in addion to
historical trends, where data permits;
3)
dierences that may have occurred spaally within the area; and
4)
recommendaons.
The results (e.g. trends, spaal dierences, and changes in variability) will be described and
interpreted, to the extent possible, both stascally and from a biophysical perspecve.
Emphasis will be placed on the implicaons of these changes for the environment. It will be
important to discuss the stascal signicance, spaal representaveness, and condence
levels of the results.
Subsequent reports are planned every ve years, and will include an analysis of how changes
of the environment may be linked to the petroleum acvies in the plan area.
7.3.2 Status of VECs

The VECs and their indicators used to illustrate the status and trends in the Alberne Graben
environment (see Chapter 5) will be updated every two years and published on the Monitoring
Programs Data Portal (see Chapter 6). This will allow site users to view changes in the environment
between the State of Alberne Graben Environment Reports, and scienc publicaons.
7.3.3 Independent review

Aer the rst three years a review will be conducted of the parameters, indicators, sampling,
data management, and analysis and reporng used in the Alberne Graben Environmental
Monitoring Plan (AG EMP).
The AG EMP will be adjusted and updated on the basis of this review and in response to the
results obtained about the Alberne Graben environment during the rst three years.
72
7.3.4 Scienc publicaons

It is ancipated that several types of scienc publicaons will be produced. It is expected that
scienc arcles will be published by discipline, as well as along muldisciplinary lines. For the
purposes of the AG EMP, the intenon is for these publicaons to address the baseline status and
changes to the environment of the plan area. The muldisciplinary publicaons, especially, are
expected to provide insights about changes occurring in the broader environment of the area.
7.3.5 Performance reports and work plans

A requirement of the program, once implementaon begins, will be to develop and submit
annual performance reports and work plans to NEMA on behalf of the Government for
approval. The performance reports will describe progress with implemenng and managing
the Plan, while the work plans will outline work ancipated for the following year, along with
deliverables, budget, etc.
7.3.6 Various summaries and other communicaons material

A variety of other reporng materials will be developed for non-specialist and non-technical
audiences, especially local community residents, and organizaons interested in the Alberne
Graben environment.
The AG EMP will use the exisng mul-media communicaons network of the Government
and related media (e.g. newsleer, press releases, websites, publicaons, etc.) to provide
regular informaon access/distribuon and feedback on program progress and results to the
target audiences. This will also enhance the monitoring and evaluaon of the AG EMP and
related acvies.
73
Signpost to Oil wells in the Albertine Graben.

Source: NEMA 2011.
74
ADMINISTRATION AND
IMPLEMENTATION
OF THE MONITORING
PROGRAM
he implementaon of this monitoring plan will involve a number of Governmental

authories, research instutes, private companies and business, local communies, etc.,
which are already engaged in relevant monitoring in the plan area. However, monitoring
capacity is limited and will have to be increased to fulll the plan. The challenge is to develop
a simple and cost-eecve structure that ensures eecve implementaon, ongoing data
integraon, analysis and assessment, and regular review of the monitoring plan. It is also
important that the implementaon structure allows for a cross-sectorial cooperaon.
8.1 GOVERNING STRUCTURE

The governing structure for implementaon of the monitoring program involves the
Environmental Informaon Network1 (EIN) coordinated by NEMA. NEMA will need to establish
a monitoring oce (secretariat) for the coordinaon of the Alberne Graben Environmental
Monitoring Plan (AG EMP). EIN is composed of representaves from the relevant stakeholders
of the plan area. Each representave of EIN will be responsible for ensuring that the monitoring
program is implemented within their own sector of relevance, and therefore need to establish
close connecons or networking with the relevant agencies and experts within their sector.
EIN will establish a separate monitoring unit or steering commiee to follow up its funcons
of the program. EIN will also play a key role in providing direcon to the evolving monitoring
program as a whole. Together with NEMA secretariat, EIN will be responsible for the overall
coordinaon and implementaon of the monitoring program.
To facilitate the work of the monitoring plan, the EIN representaves will be responsible for
adopng and implemenng the plan for their specic Valued Ecosystem Components. This will
involve data aggregaon, analysis, and management (see Chapters 5 and 6). EIN will review
program implementaon, produce regular reports, publicaons and assessments, and adjust
the monitoring approach where necessary. Each representave of EIN will work with their
respecve experts to ensure that the monitoring program is being implemented consistently
for their sector and disciplines.
EIN will also be responsible for managing the overall output of the monitoring plan by
providing value-added services and integraon through the development of and access to
data management (web portal and Environment Data Clearinghouse), communicaons
products and reporng (regular assessments) tools and will establish analysis outputs via the
Environment Data Clearinghouse (see Chapter 6).
See Appendix 4 for members of the EIN
75
8.2 PROGRAM REVIEW

A full program review will be conducted every ve years to evaluate whether the program
is meeng its objecves. This will include a review of the parameters, indicators, sampling
approaches, data management, and reporng outputs. Power analysis will be conducted to
determine if the sampling approaches are sucient to detect trends within a specic me
frame. The focus of the review will be to determine if the program is meeng its performance
objecves (below) and is operang opmally and as cost-eecvely as possible. Where
deciencies are encountered, adjustments will be made. If adjustments in the sampling
approach or data protocols are needed, it will be important to iniate a period of calibraon
where the new methods are conducted concurrently with the old methods.
Table 8.1: Performance measures for determining if the Plans objecves have been met
Objecve
Performance Measure(s)
Idenfy a suite of common parameters and indicators

to monitor change in the Alberne Graben environment
Idenfy key a-bioc parameters, relevant to the Alberne
Graben environment, that need connual monitoring
Idenfy opmal sampling schemes, making ecient use
of exisng monitoring capacity
Address priority gaps (elemental, spaal and/or temporal)
in coverage
Idenfy exisng datasets and informaon that can be
aggregated to establish baselines and retrospecve trends
in the Alberne Graben environment
Provide regular and reliable assessments on key elements
of the Alberne Graben environment that respond to
reporng requirements
Common parameters and indicators in use by 2013

(Phase I)
Relevant a-bioc monitoring and a-bioc data is
being correlated with data showing trends in biota
(Phase I)
Opmal sampling schemes and coordinated
monitoring in place by 2013 (Phase I)
Priority gaps idened and forwarded to EIN
(Phase I)
Indicators developed and reported on by 2013
(Phase I)
Indicators developed and reported on by 2013.
The state of environment report for the Alberne
Graben produced in 2013 (Phase I)
8.3 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE AND BUDGET

For an annual average investment of 5-600 000 US$, the AG EMP can greatly increase the
value of current monitoring eorts and add new monitoring acvies as deemed necessary
for an overall, ecient and coordinated environmental monitoring of the possible impacts of
the petroleum acvies in the area. It is crical that monitoring of core components of this
monitoring plan receive sustained funding. The following tables outline the implementaon
schedule and budget for the AG EMP, focusing on the coordinaon and integraon of the
monitoring, data management and reporng.
76
Acvies & Deliverable
77
Jan - March EIN
c. EIN funcon for

the AG EMP (Steering
Group - SG)
5. Data
management
structures
established
(Clearing House
4. Establish
coordinated
monitoring
Jan - March NEMA
b. NEMA monitoring
oce AG EMP
(Secretariat)
3. Governing
structure
established and
acvated
a. Local databases
Data (nodes and
hosts, data-entry
and data standards
b. Sector authories
adopt parameters and
sampling approaches
(see issues WPs)
a. Developing
monitoring manuals
(see issues WPs)
Apr - June
Apr - June
5,500
DN
1,000
1,500
EIN/Sector
+ DN
10,000
EIN/Sector
47,000
10,000
25,000
NEMA/EIN 1,000
Jan - March EIN/Sector
All year
Jan - March
a. Policy approval
and kick-o meeng
- coord. with SEA
2. Work plans
d. Norwegian technical
support and advise
Oct - Dec
Overall annual WP
- annual meeng
NEMA
Feb 2011
c. Prinng of nal plan
NEMA
NEMA
1,500
1,000
10,000
1,500
1,000
10,000
1,500 1,500
1,000 1,000
10,000 10,000
7,500
55,000
5,000
50,000
82,000
25,000
5,500
5,500
Responsible Administrave
Total
& overall costs Aquac Terrestrial Phys./Chem. Social Man. cost/US$
& Bus.
Dec 2011
Dec 2011
Timeline
b. Plan technically
prepared, copy edited
and layout
1. Plan published a. Final plan (dra

version), work plan and
budget 2012 endorsed
by Waiswa
Milestone
Appendixes
APPENDIX 1: BUDGET FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL

MONITORING PLAN
Subtotal adm. &

overall 1-8
(except 6 and 7f)
Subtotal baseline
and data collecon
(6 + 7f)
OVERALL TOTAL
8. Program review
and adjustment
7. Reporng and
coordinaon
5. Data
management
structures
established
(Clearing House in
NEMA and advise
to local databases
- see separate
project and
budget)
6. Data
collecon
Milestone
a. Independent review
of parameters, sampling
approaches, data mgmt
approach, analysis, and
reporng (every 5 years)
e. Informaon at other
events
f. Meeng with oil
companies and other
stakeholders
g. Making an informaon
brochure
2015
Oct - Dec
When
necessary
When
necessary
EIN
9,000
3,000
NEMA
28,000
5,000
NEMA
40,000
50,000
25,000
1,500
1,000
345,808
7,500
Total
cost/US$
78
517,808
464,423
22,000
1,000
118,615
10,000
7,000
22,500
1,500
Man.
& Bus.
10,000
14,615
73,000
1,500
Social
10,000
7,000
152,308
1,500
Phys./Chem.
10,000
1,000
NEMA
EIN/Sector
EIN
NEMA
Oct - Dec
When
necessary
d. Sector coordinaon and When
informaon
necessary
(see issues WPs)
NEMA
Oct - Dec
73,000
EIN/Sector
Apr - June
See issues WPs
a. Annual performance
reports and workplans
b. State of environment
report for the Alberne
Graben
c. General
communicaons
d. Meeng of the EIN SG
1,500
Administrave
& overall costs Aquac Terrestrial
EIN/Sector
+ DN
Responsible
Apr - June
Timeline
a. Local databases
Data (nodes and hosts,
data-entry and data
standards established
for each sector)
Acvies & Deliverable
APPENDIX 1: BUDGET FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL

MONITORING PLAN (contd)
79
Consider bids
Metadata architecture
Clearinghouse system
DM_1_4
DM_1_5
DM_1_6
Data hosng
Clearinghouse technical revisions
DM_1_9
DM_1_10
DM_2_2
DM_2_1
standards and databases
SEA Advice on themac data
EMP Advice on themac data
Data management support
Launching of the Clearinghouse
training (workshop)
Data disseminaon preparatory
DM_1_8
DM_1_7
Requirements /ToR
DM_1_3
development
Geoserver /open layers training
meeng/workshop
DM_1_2
DM_1_1
Clearinghouse requirements
Work
DM_0_2
Clearing house
Travel
DM_0_1
Administraon
Data quality, management and disseminaon
$52,650 $
$200
$28,000
$15,000
$1,000
$5,000
$6,950
$2,000
$10,000
15,000
$10,000
$20,000
$0
$1,500
$0
$0
$20,000
Costs 2012
Costs 2012
$0
Norway
Uganda
1
10
11
12
APPENDIX 2: Budget for Data Quality, Management and Disseminaon
GIS/administraon assistant
DM_2_5
DM_3_2
DM_3_1
TOTAL
Visit to Norway
Experience sharing
EIN members
Workshop (MoU update/signing),
(NEMA Lawyer)
Legal analysis and preparaons
Policy for sharing data
Datamanagement
managementpolicies
policies
Data
Bi-annual revision
SA Advice on themac data
DM_2_4
DM_2_3
Data management support
Data quality, management and disseminaon
$49,000
kr 294,000
kr 551,100
$0
$14,000
$91,850
$32,000
$12,000
$10,000
$10,000
$7,200
$7,200
Costs 2012
Costs 2012
$2,000
Norway
Uganda
1
10
11
12
APPENDIX 2: Budget for Data Quality, Management and Disseminaon (contd)
80
81
Compilaon of the atlas
Compilaon of the data on

line in the clearinghouse
Review by stakeholders
Final copy development
Technical and copy eding
Graphic layout
Prinng
Publish data on the

Clearinghouse website
Adversing/adverts
SA_1_3
SA_1_4
SA_1_5
SA_1_6
SA_1_7
SA_1_8
SA_1_9
SA_1_10
SA_1_11
$28,000
$18,000
Preparaon, analysis and

standardizaon
SA_1_2
$0
Costs 2012
Costs 2012
Incepon and planning

meeng with EIN members $10,000
Norway
Uganda
SA_1_1
Report
Sensivity Atlas
10
11
12
APPENDIX 3: Budget for Sensivity Atlas
FISHERIES
Topic
Gill net surveys

data
Trawl Surveys data
Hydro acousc
Survey data
Catch Assessment
Survey data
Frame Survey Data
Data Type
Equipment at all landing sites
Catch Assessment data
Hydro acousc data
Trawl Surveys data
Gill net surveys data
Fish Markeng Data
Fish producon data
Monitoring Control & Surveillance (MCS) data
Fish Export data
Other sheries data sets on wish list
(Not currently documented)
Obtained from complete enumeraon of shers and their shing
equipment at all landing sites
Collected biannually to determine indicators of shing eort; and
generates the following datasets;
Number of shers
No. shing cras, their mode of propulsion
No. types and sizes of shing gears and the sh species they target
No. of sh landing sites
Supporve infrastructure and services related to the sheries
sub sector
Generated from quarterly sampling surveys from FS sampling frame
to determine;
Fish catch rates by gear - Catch per Unit Eort (CPUE)
Indicave sh beach price values
Fish producon esmates. (Quarterly, Annual)
Generated from biannual Hydro acousc assessments to generate the
following datasets
Fish biomass
Fish stocks density
Fish species spaal distribuon and composion
An alternave method to Hydro acousc surveys.
Collected biannually to obtain
Fish biomass,
Fish species composion and distribuon
Fish biology informaon
Collected quarterly to obtain
Fish biology data (total and standard length, gut content, species
and sex composion/distribuon and age at rst maturity
Data Required
NaFIRRI / DFR
Responsible
Instuon
Dr. Ssekiranda &
Bakunda Avenno
Contact Person
APPENDIX 4: Exisng Databases, Storage and Future Responsible

Instuons for Management of Collected Data
82
83
UBOS
BIOMASS/NFA
OTHER LAYERS
FISHERIES
Topic
Biomass
Land cover
(Not currently documented)
Other sheries data

sets on wish list
Monitoring Control
& Surveillance (MCS)
Data
Fish Export Data
Fish Producon Data
Fish Markeng Data
Data Type
Generated from issuance of Fish movement permits to sh
traders/transporters
Required for traceability of sh distribuon/markeng and sh safety
and quality management
Collected daily at all designated and gazeed landing sites to generate
informaon on;
Source and desnaon of marketed sh
Quanty and value of sh marketed
Fish quality and safety
Ideally recorded daily from all shing boats
However, logiscal and personnel limits it to sampling days - monthly
and raised to Annual total sh producon esmates by weight (tonnes)
by sh species and beach value in Shs.
Generated from monthly returns submied by sh processing plants to
DFR and compiled into:
Annual sh export data by weight (Tons) and value (US $)
(See Table 2)
Compiled from roune MCS patrols throughout the year and compiled as:
No. of conscated and destroyed illegal shing gears
No. of culprits successfully prosecuted in courts of law over shing
illegalies
Kg/Tons of contraband (immature) sh destroyed or distributed to
public on court order
Aquaculture (Fish farming) data
Data on Fish breeding/nursery areas
Data on shing grounds
Rivers
Roads
Administrave boundaries
Protected areas
Contours
Woody biomass Data
Data generated from Landsat imagery
Africover data set of 2000-2001 imagery

Land cover change
Deforestaon in THF and Woodlands
Data generated from Landsat imagery
1990 and 2005 data sets
UNHS, UCA, UPHC, Livestock census, UDHS, UNPS, CSD, ABI
Data Required
NFA
NFA
(Naonal Forestry
Authority)
NaFIRRI / DFR
Responsible
Instuon
Flavia Naiga Oumo
Diisi John
Diisi John
Dr. Ssekiranda &

Bakunda Avenno
Contact Person

Instuons for Management of Collected Data (contd)
WATER
RESOURCES
WETLANDS
LANDUSE
SURVEYS
AND MAPPING
Topic
Data Type
Topographic
1: 2,500
1: 10,000
1: 50,000
1:250,000
Control
1: 2,500
1: 10,000
1: 50,000
1:250,000
Cadastral
1: 2,500
1: 10,000
1: 50,000
Themac
1: 125,000
1: 500,000
70 Surface water staons in Uganda

30 Groundwater staons
Surface water quanty data collected daily
River discharges are measured at least once a quarter
Water Quality monitoring
Wetland Areas
Wetland biodiversity
Physical Plans for Urban Areas
Maps
Data Required
Wetlands Management
Department
Physical Planning
Department
Surveys and Mapping
Department
DWRM and DWD
Responsible
Instuon
Kitaka John
Namakambo Norah
Wafula Caroline
Contact Person

Instuons for Management of Collected Data (contd)
84
APPENDIX 5: Sensivity Atlas Standard Guidelines for Maps
Grid:
Projecon:
Spheroid:
Unit of measurement:
Meridian of Origin:
Latude of Origin:
Scale factor of Origin:
False Coordinates of Origin:
Datum:
General Layout:
UTM Zone 36N

UTM
Clark 1880
Meters
33O00 East of Greenwich
Equator
0.9996
500,000m Easng
0m Northing
ARC 1960
(see map on page 95)
The new frame for clipping all maps is given above and all maps should have the outline of
the country also as given.
All maps should be exported as : TIFs 300 dpi
All maps should have the major water bodies, rivers and internaonal boundaries.
85
Figure 9: Albertine Graben: Threatened Bird Species.
86
APPENDIX 6: Metadata Structure

Idencaon Informaon (includes data and service idencaon) s. 48
Name/Title
Originator
Publicaon date
Online Linkage
Abstract
Status
Code list s. 100
progression code
Topic (Theme)
Name of the dataset

It is recommended that you indicate the party responsible for the data set.
While that is most commonly the organizaon that developed the data set, in some
cases, it is not. For example, if a county planning department hires a contractor to
build a street centerline road le, the planning department, not the contractor
should be idened as the Originator.
The date that the data was published or otherwise made available.
Remember format: DDMMYYYY
As repeatable elements, Online Linkage (Citaon Informaon) and
Network_Resource_Address (6.4.2.2.1.1.1) are used to provide access to a variety
of data download, data clearinghouse, and web-mapping services.
Use this eld to fully represent your geospaal data access and distribuon
capabilies by providing complete URLs and necessary informaon to indicate the
nature of the web link using the following style guidance:
OGC Web Map Service (WMS) links include a get map request with a layer name,
version, preferred image format, and preferred SRS, at a minimum:
hp://www.fgdc.gov/metadata/documents/MetadataQuickGuide.pdf
April 2006 Vers. 2; hp://server/service?REQUEST=getmap&VERSION=1.1.0&
LAYERS=roads&FO; RMAT=image/gif&SRS=EPSG:4326
Brief narrave summary of the content of the resource
Status of the resource code list: completed, historical Archive, obsolete,
ongoing, planned, required, underdevelopment
O/M
M
M
M
O
M
M
Topic Category code List: farming, biota, boundaries environment (s. 28).
Code List at page 103
Point of contact
Contact Info idencaon of, and means of communicaon with, persons
and organizaons associated with the resources
Phone
Address
Online Resource
Keyword
Commonly used words or formalized words used to describe the subject
Filename
Name of the le that contains a graphic that provides an illustraon of the
dataset
File Type
Spaal Representaon Type Code vector, grid, text Table, n ..
Geographic Bounding Box (west bound Longitude, east bound, south bound, north bound)
Constraint informaon (includes legal and security) s. 54
Use Limitaon
the data should not be used at a scale larger than 1:50000
Restricons for use, and scale limitaons
Resource format
- ex ArcInfo export version 9.1 - ploed maps, geodatabase
Resource Specic Usage
used to supply government, industry and the general public with an
up-to-date status of xxxxx throughout the country
Spaal resoluon
Mandatory for the raster layers
Data quality element informaon
Data Quality Informaon
Completeness Omission
Topological Consistency
Posional Accuracy
Themac Accuracy
Text describing overall
Reference System Info
Maintenance Informaon
Maintenance and update frequency with which changes and addions are made to the resource
Frequency
aer the inial resource is completed
Date of next update
scheduled revision date for resource
Content informaon (includes feature catalogue and coverage descripons)
Feature types
Subset of feature types occurring in dataset
Aribute descripon
Descripon of the aribute described by the measurement value
Reference system informaon
Projecon
Identy of the projecon used
Distribuon informaon (s. 81)
Distributor
Provides informaon about the distributor
Distribuon format
87
Provides a descripon of the format of the data to be distributed
O
M
M
M
O
O
O
O
O
M
M
O
M
M
M
M
Figure 10: Albertine Graben Landcover (2010).
88
RERERENCES
Beanlands, G. 1988. Scoping methods and baseline studies in EIA . - Wathern, P. (ed.).
Environmental Impact Assessment: Theory and Pracce. Routledge, London.
Internaonal Organizaon for Standardizaon ISO 19115 Geographic Informaon - Metadata,
ISO 2003
Kitutu, K. Mary Gore. 2011. Background Paper for Development of Indicators for
Monitoring Environmental Changes in Alberne Graben. Dra report edited by a
project Editorial Commiee. Republic of Uganda, Naonal Environment
Management Authority (NEMA) 2011. 25 pp.
NEMA 2011. Basic criteria for selecng indicators (aer EEA 2005 and Background paper).
NEMA. 2010. The Environmental Sensivity Atlas for the Alberne Graben, 2nd edion 2010.
Thomassen, J., Lvs, S.M. & Vefsnmo, S. 1996. The Adapve Environmental Assessment and
Management (AEAM) in INSROP - Impact Assessment Design. INSROP Working Paper
No. 31 - 1996. 45 pp.
Thomassen, J., & Hindrum, R. 2011. Environmental Monitoring Programme for the Alberne
Graben, Uganda. Results from an ecosystem indicator scoping workshop in Kasese,
Uganda, April 2011. - NINA Report 706. 118 pp
Thomassen, J., Mumbi, C. T. & Kaltenborn, B. P. (eds.) 2003. Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) training course as part of the TAWIRI NINA collaborave
programme in capacity building. NINA Project Report 25: 34pp.
89
90
UR
IN
EN
E NS
National Environment Management Authorityy
SU
S TA I
NABLE D
E
EV
LO

NEMA House Plot 17/19/21 Jinja Road
P.O. Box 22255 Kampala Uganda
Tel: +256-414-251064/5/8
Fax: +256-414-257521
E-mail:[email protected]
http://www.nemaug.org

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THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

National Environment Management Authorityy

ROYAL NORWEGIAN GOVERNMENT

for a living planet*

Copyright 2012 NEMA

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NEMA)

AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Makerere University Instute of Environment and Natural Resources

Design, layout and print producon

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND....................................................................1

VALUED ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS, INDICATORS AND PARAMETERS..................15

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS.......................................................................43

The Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Albertine Graben 2012-2017

DATA MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK.....................................................................63

ADMINISTRATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MONITORING PROGRAM.......75

Adapve Environmental Assessment and Management

he Alberne Graben region in western Uganda is widely known

Dr. Tom O. Okurut

Chapter 3, Selecng Valued Ecosystem Components, Indicators and Parameters,

Chapter 4, Valued Ecosystem Components, Indicators and Parameters, specically looks

The Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Albertine Graben 2012-2017

Chapter 6, Data Management Framework, looks at approaches of creang a mely,

Chapter 8, Implementaon Framework of the Monitoring Programme discusses the

The Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Albertine Graben 2012-2017

OVERALL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE ALBERTINE GRABEN

SCOPE OF THE ALBERTINE GRABEN ENVIRONMENTAL

The Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Albertine Graben 2012-2017

The Giant Lobelia found

The Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Albertine Graben 2012-2017

ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF THE ALBERTINE GRABEN

Ecosystems and Biodiversity

The Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Albertine Graben 2012-2017

LAND USE AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS

STATUS AND PROJECTION OF OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIES IN THE

The Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Albertine Graben 2012-2017

STATUS OF LICENSING IN THE ALBERTINE GRABEN OF UGANDA

Petroleum Exploration and Production Department (PREPD)

Figure 1: Status of Licensing in Albertine Graben

The Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Albertine Graben 2012-2017

EXPECTED INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENTS

Butiaba Oil Rig

The Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Albertine Graben 2012-2017

Figure 2: Bathymetry Map

PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING COMPONENTS,

3.1.1 Background paper and workshop process

3.1.2 Workshop process

3.1.3 Scoping process

The Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Albertine Graben 2012-2017

3.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PARAMETERS AND INDICATORS

The Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Albertine Graben 2012-2017

Environmental Monitoring Indicators

Policy relevance in accordance with environment and development policy and

The Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Albertine Graben 2012-2017

Box 1: SMART Indicators

- It should be exact, distinct and clearly stated;

- Does it measure the result?;

Time-bound - It should be achieved in a stated time-frame.

The Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Albertine Graben 2012-2017