Advances in Database Management Systems Laboratory Work

Sl.
No

PROGRAM

Develop a database application to demonstrate storing and retrieving of

01. BLOB and CLOB objects.

02.

Develop a database application to demonstrate the representation of

multivalued attributes, and the use of nested tablesto represent complex
objects. Write suitable queries to demonstrate their use.

Design and develop a suitable Student Database application. One of the

03. attributes to me maintained is the attendance ofa student in each subject for
which he/she has enrolled. Using TRIGGERS, write active rules to do the
following:
a. Whenever the attendance is updated, check if the attendance is less than
85%; if so, notify the Head of the Departmentconcerned.
b. Whenever, the marks in an Internal Assessment Test are entered, check if
the marks are less than 40%; if so, notify theHead of the Department
concerned.
Design, develop, and execute a program in a language of your choice to
04. implement any one algorithm for mining association rules. Run the program
against any large database available in the public domain and discuss the
results.

VIVA QUESTIONS

TABLE OF CONTENT

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Advances in Database Management Systems Laboratory Work

14SCS13

Advances in Database Management Systems Laboratory

Subject Code: 14SCS13
Hours/Week : 03
Total Hours : 42

I.A. Marks : 20
Exam Hours: 03

COURSE OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of the course, the students will be able to
Select the appropriate high performance database like parallel and distributed database
Model and represent the real world data using object oriented database
Embed the rule set in the database to implement data warehousing of mining
Choose and design database for recent applications database for better interoperability
Programs:
1. Develop a database application to demonstrate storing and retrieving of BLOB and
CLOB objects.
2. Develop a database application to demonstrate the representation of multivalued
attributes, and the use of nested tablesto represent complex objects. Write suitable queries
to demonstrate their use.
3. Design and develop a suitable Student Database application. One of the attributes to
me maintained is the attendance ofa student in each subject for which he/she has enrolled.
Using TRIGGERS, write active rules to do the following:
a. Whenever the attendance is updated, check if the attendance is less than 85%; if so,
notify the Head of the Departmentconcerned.
b. Whenever, the marks in an Internal Assessment Test are entered, check if the marks
are less than 40%; if so, notify theHead of the Department concerned.
4. Design, develop, and execute a program in a language of your choice to implement any
one algorithm for mining association rules. Run the program against any large database
available in the public domain and discuss the results.
SJBIT DEPT. OF CSE
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Advances in Database Management Systems Laboratory Work

14SCS13

PROGRAM 1.
Develop a database application to demonstrate storing and retrieving of BLOB
and CLOB object.
Theory:CLOB stands for Character Large Object. It is a datatype used to store and
retrieve large amount of text data in character format. CLOB datatypes are
created by using CREATE commands. It can store Single byte and multiple byte
character data. It supports both fixed width and variable width character set.
A CLOB contains a logical pointer to a CLOB, not the CLOB itself. CLOB
columns are referred as LONG VARCHAR.
BLOB stands for Binary Large object or Basic Large Object. It is a datatype
used to store unstructured binary large objects. It is an array of bytes(byte[])
stored in the database. It is not case sensitive Blobs are used to hold multimedia
objects. BLOBs fields are normally used to store graphics, audio, video, still
images and so on.
Insertb.java
Packagevemana;
importjava.io.File;
importjava.io.FileInputStream;
importjava.io.IOException;
importjava.io.PrintWriter;
importjava.sql.Connection;
importjava.sql.DriverManager;
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Advances in Database Management Systems Laboratory Work

14SCS13

importjava.sql.PreparedStatement;
importjava.sql.SQLException;
importjava.util.logging.Level;
importjava.util.logging.Logger;
importjavax.servlet.ServletException;
importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public class insertb extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet (HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throwsServletException, IOException {
FileInputStream is = null;
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

try {
// Connect to Oracle
out.println("<html>");
out.println("<body>");
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
Connection
con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe" , "hr", "hr");

PreparedStatementps = con.prepareStatement("insert into pic values(?,?,?)

");
ps.setInt(1,3); ps.setString(2,"Java
Logo");

File fBlob = new File

("C:\\Users\\insbins\\Documents\\NetBeansProjects\\BLOBCLOBTrial\\sr
c\\java\\vemana\\Jellyfish.jpg");
is = new FileInputStream ( fBlob ); ps.setBinaryStream
(3, is, (int) fBlob.length() ); ps.executeUpdate();
if (is != null)
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Advances in Database Management Systems Laboratory Work

is.close();
out.println("Image sucessfully inserted into database");
out.println("</body>");

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out.println("</html>");
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
finally
{ out.close(
);

}
}
}
GetBLOB.java
packagevemana;
importjava.io.IOException;
importjava.io.InputStream;
importjava.io.OutputStream;
importjava.sql.Blob;
importjava.sql.Connection;
importjava.sql.DriverManager;
importjava.sql.PreparedStatement;
importjava.sql.ResultSet;
importjavax.servlet.ServletException;
importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public class GetBLOB extends HttpServlet
{
protected void processRequest (HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response)
throwsServletException, IOException
{

try
{
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
Connectioncon=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localho
st:1521:xe", "hr", "hr");

PreparedStatementps = con.prepareStatement("select image from pic

where id = ?");
String id = request.getParameter("id");
ps.setString(1,id);
ResultSetrs = ps.executeQuery();
rs.next();
Blob b = rs.getBlob("image");
response.setContentType("image/jpeg");
response.setContentLength( (int) b.length());
InputStream is = b.getBinaryStream();
OutputStreamos = response.getOutputStream();
bytebuf[] = new byte[(int) b.length()];
is.read(buf);
os.write(buf);
os.close();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.out.println(ex.getMessage());
}
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throwsServletException, IOException
{
processRequest(request, response);
}
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponseresponse)
throwsServletException, IOException
{

processRequest(request, response);
}
Bdisplay.java
packagevemana;
importjava.io.IOException;
importjava.io.PrintWriter;
importjava.sql.Connection;
importjava.sql.DriverManager;
importjava.sql.PreparedStatement;
importjava.sql.ResultSet;
importjavax.servlet.ServletException;
importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
importjavax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public class bdisplay extends HttpServlet
{
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throwsServletException, IOException
{
String id;
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
try
{
out.println("<html>");
out.println("<body>");
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe",
"hr", "hr");
PreparedStatementps = con.prepareStatement("select * from pic");
ResultSetrs = ps.executeQuery();
out.println("<h1>Photos</h1>");

while ( rs.next())
{
id=rs.getString("id");
out.println("<h4>" +id+ "</h4>");
out.println("<img width='160' height='160'
src=GetBLOB?id="+id+"></img><p/>");

}
out.println("</body>");
out.println("</html>");
con.close();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
finally
{
out.close();
}
}
}
Steps for storing and retrieving of BLOB and CLOB object:
Step 1:

Connect to Oracle JDBC driver.

Step 2:

Creating a BLOB.

Step 3:

Inserting image into a BLOB.

Step 4:

Querying a database for a BLOB.

Step 5:

Executing a binary data.

Step 6: Storing and Retrieving of BLOB and CLOB object was displayed successfully.

OUTPUT:

CONCLUSION: - An application for storing and retrieving of BLOB and CLOB object
wasimplemented successfully.

PROGRAM 2.
Develop a database application to demonstrate the representation of multivalued
attributes, and use of nested tables to represent complex objects. Write suitable
queries to demonstrate it.

Theory:-

Nested table is an Oracle data type used to support columns containing

multivalued attributes, in this case, columns that can hold an entire sub-table.
Example:
Create a table with NESTED TABLE column:
SQL>CREATE TYPE my_tab_t AS TABLE OF VARCHAR2(30);
Output:
Type Created.
SQL >CREATE TABLE nested_table (id NUMBER, col1 my_tab_v)
NESTED TABLE col1 STORE AS col1_tab;
Output:
Table created.
Inserting data into table:

SQL >INSERT INTO nested_table VALUES (1, my_tab_v('A'));

1 row created.
SQL >INSERT INTO nested_table VALUES (2, my_tab_v('B', 'C'));
1 row created.
SQL >INSERT INTO nested_table VALUES (3, my_tab_v('D', 'E', 'F'));
1 row created.

SQL >COMMIT;
Commit complete.

Selecting from nested table:

SQL >SELECT * FROM nested_table;
Output:
ID

COL1

MY_TAB_V('A')

MY_TAB_V('B', 'C')

MY_TAB_V('D', 'E', 'F')

SQL >SELECT id, COLUMN_VALUE FROM nested_table t1, TABLE(t1.col1) t2;

Output:
ID

ID COLUMN_VALUE

6 rows selected.
Conclusion: - Application to demonstrate the representation of multivalued attributes,
and use of nested tables to represent complex objects was successfully executed with the
help of above queries.

PROGRAM 3.

Design and develop a suitable student database application .one of the attributes to be
maintained is the attendance of a student in each subject for which he/she has enrolled.
Using TRIGGERS, write active rules to do the following
a)
Whenever the attendance is updated, check if the attendance is less than 85%, if
so notify the head of the department concerned.
b)
Whenever the marks in an internal assessment test are entered, check if the
marks is less than 40%, if, so notify the head of the department concerned.
create table stud_rec(regno varchar(10) primary key,name varchar2(10) not null,major
varchar2(10),mark number(4),attendence number(4));
Table created. SQL>
desc stud_rec;
Name

Null?

Type

REGNO

NOT NULL

VARCHAR2(10)

NAME

NOT NULL

VARCHAR2(10)

MARKS

VARCHAR2(10)

MAJOR

NUMBER(4)

ATTENDENCE

NUMBER(4)

SQL> insert into stud_rec values('&regno','&name','&major',&mark,&atttendance);

Enter value for regno: 001
Enter value for name: pinky
Enter value for major: cse
Enter value for mark: 85
Enter value for atttendance: 70
old

1: insert into stud_rec values('&regno','&name','&major',&mark, &atttendance)

new 1: insert into stud_rec values('001','pinky','cse',85,70)

1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for regno: 002
Enter value for name: john
Enter value for major: cse
Enter value for mark: 30

Enter value for atttendance: 70

old 1: insert into stud_rec values('&regno','&name','&major',&mark,&atttendance)
new 1: insert into stud_rec

values('002','john','cse',30,70)

1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for regno: 003
Enter value for name: arun
Enter value for major: cse
Enter value for mark: 90
Enter value for atttendance: 95
old 1: insert into stud_rec values('&regno','&name','&major',&mark,&atttendance)
new 1: insert into stud_rec

values('003','arun','cse',90,95)

1 row created.
SQL> select * from stud_rec;
REGNO

NAME

MARKS

MAJOR

ATTENDENCE

001

pinky

cse

85

70

002

john

cse

30

70

003

arun

cse

90

95

create TRIGGER trig_attee_mark after update on

stud_rec for each row
begin
if ( :new.attendence < 85 ) then dbms_output.put_line (:new.name || ' bearing REG.NO.
'|| :new.regno || ' has attendence less than 85 ' );
end if;
if ( :new.mark < 40 ) then dbms_output.put_line (:new.name || ' bearing REG.NO.
'|| :new.regno || ' got mark less than 40 ' );
end
if;
end;

Trigger created.
SQL> select * from stud_rec;
REGNO
001

NAME

MARKS

pinky

cse

MAJOR
85

ATTENDENCE
70

002

john

cse

30

70

003

arun

cse

90

95

SQL> update stud_rec set attendence=25 where regno='001';

1 row updated.
SQL> select * from stud_rec;
REGNO

NAME

MARKS

MAJOR

ATTENDENCE

001

pinky

cse

85

25

002

john

cse

30

70

003

arun

cse

90

95

PROGRAM 4.
Design, develop and execute a program in a language of your choice to implement
any one algorithm for mining association rules. Run the program against any large

database available in the public domain and discuss the results.

Theory:Apriori is a classic algorithm for frequent itemset mining and association rule learning
over transactional databases. It proceeds by identifying the frequent individual items in
the database and extending them to larger and larger item sets as long as those item sets
appear sufficiently often in the database. The frequent item sets determined by Apriori
can be used to determine

association rules which highlight general trends in the

database: this has applications in domains such as market basket analysis.

Steps in execution:
STEP 1: Create two notepad files and name them config.txt and transa.txt respectively.
STEP 2: In config.txt file, insert 3 lines of input
line 1 - number of items per transaction
line 2 - number of transactions
line 3 minsup
STEP 3: In transa.txt file, which is the transaction file, where the input is separated by
space.
STEP 4: These two input files belongs to the class AprioriCalculation.Copy these two
input files in the specified path
STEP 5: Run the program in netbeans.

package apriori;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class Apriori {

public static void main(String[] args)

{ AprioriCalculationap = new
AprioriCalculation();
ap.aprioriProcess();
}
}
/*************************************************************** *
Class Name : AprioriCalculation

* Purpose

: generate Aprioriitemsets

***************************************************************/
class AprioriCalculation
{
Vector<String> candidates=new Vector<String>(); //the current candidates
String configFile="config.txt"; //configuration file
String transaFile="transa.txt"; //transaction file
String outputFile="apriori-output.txt";//output file
intnumItems; //number of items per transaction
intnumTransactions; //number of transactions

double minSup; //minimum support for a frequent itemset

String oneVal[]; //array of value per column that will be treated as a '1'
String itemSep = " "; //the separator value for items in the database

/***************************************************************
* Method Name : aprioriProcess
* Purpose

: Generate the aprioriitemsets

* Parameters : None
* Return : None
***************************************************************/
public void aprioriProcess()
{
Date d; //date object for timing purposes
long start, end; //start and end time
intitemsetNumber=0; //the current itemset being looked at
//get config
getConfig();
System.out.println("Apriori algorithm has started.\n");
//start timer
d = new Date();
start = d.getTime();

//while not complete

do
{
//increase the itemset that is being looked at
itemsetNumber++;

//generate the candidates

generateCandidates(itemsetNumber);

//determine and display frequent itemsets

calculateFrequentItemsets(itemsetNumber);
if(candidates.size()!=0)
{
System.out.println("Frequent " + itemsetNumber + "-itemsets");

System.out.println(candidates);

}
//if there are <=1 frequent items, then its the end. This prevents reading through the
database again. When there is only one frequent itemset.
}while(candidates.size()>1);
//end timer
d = new Date();
end = d.getTime();
//display the execution time
System.out.println("Execution time is: "+((double)(end-start)/1000) + " seconds.");
}
/***************************************************************
* Method Name : getInput
* Purpose

: get user input from System.in

* Parameters : None
* Return

: String value of the users input

***************************************************************/
public static String getInput()
{
String input=""; //read
from System.in

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

//try to get users input, if there is an error print the message
try
{
input = reader.readLine();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
17

}
return input;
}
/***************************************************************
* Method Name : getConfig
* Purpose

: get the configuration information (config filename, transaction

filename)
*: configFile and transaFile will be change appropriately
* Parameters : None
* Return : None

***************************************************************/
private void getConfig()
{
FileWriterfw;
BufferedWriterfile_out;
String input="";
//ask if want to change the config
System.out.println("Default Configuration: ");

System.out.println("\tRegular transaction file with '" + itemSep + "'

item separator.");
System.out.println("\tConfig File: " + configFile);
System.out.println("\tTransa File: " + transaFile);
System.out.println("\tOutput File: " + outputFile);
System.out.println("\nPress 'C' to change the item separator, configuration file and
transaction files");
System.out.print("or any other key to continue. ");
input=getInput();
if(input.compareToIgnoreCase("c")==0)
{
System.out.print("Enter new transaction filename (return for '"+transaFile+"'): ");
input=getInput();
if(input.compareToIgnoreCase("")!=0)

transaFile=input;
System.out.print("Enter new configuration filename (return for '"+configFile+"'):
");
input=getInput();
if(input.compareToIgnoreCase("")!=0)
configFile=input;
System.out.print("Enter new output filename (return for '"+outputFile+"'): ");
input=getInput();
if(input.compareToIgnoreCase("")!=0)
outputFile=input;
System.out.println("Filenames changed");
System.out.print("Enter the separating character(s) for items (return
for '"+itemSep+"'): ");
input=getInput();
if(input.compareToIgnoreCase("")!=0)
itemSep=input;
}
try
{
FileInputStreamfile_in = new FileInputStream(configFile);
BufferedReaderdata_in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(file_in));
//number of items
numItems=Integer.valueOf(data_in.readLine()).intValue();

//number of transactions
numTransactions=Integer.valueOf(data_in.readLine()).intValue();

//minsup
minSup=(Double.valueOf(data_in.readLine()).doubleValue());

//output config info to the user

System.out.print("\nInput configuration: "+numItems+" items,
"+numTransactions+" transactions, ");
System.out.println("minsup = "+minSup+"%");
System.out.println();
minSup/=100.0;
oneVal = new String[numItems];
System.out.print("Enter 'y' to change the value each row recognizes as a '1':");
if(getInput().compareToIgnoreCase("y")==0)
{
for(inti=0; i<oneVal.length; i++)
{
System.out.print("Enter value for column #" + (i+1) + ": ");
oneVal[i] = getInput();
}
}
else
for(inti=0; i<oneVal.length; i++)
oneVal[i]="1";
//create the output file
fw= new FileWriter(outputFile);
file_out = new BufferedWriter(fw);

//put the number of transactions into the output file

file_out.write(numTransactions + "\n");
file_out.write(numItems + "\n******\n");
file_out.close();
}
//if there is an error, print the message
catch(IOException e)
{

System.out.println(e);
}
}
/***************************************************************
* Method Name : generateCandidates
* Purpose
*

: Generate all possible candidates for the n-thitemsets

: these candidates are stored in the candidates class vector

* Parameters : n - integer value representing the current itemsets to be created

* Return

: None

***************************************************************/
private void generateCandidates(int n)
{
Vector<String>tempCandidates = new Vector<String>(); //temporary candidate
string vector
String str1, str2; //strings that will be used for comparisons
StringTokenizer st1, st2; //string tokenizers for the two itemsets being compared
//if its the first set, candidates are just the numbers
if(n==1)
{
for(inti=1; i<=numItems; i++)
{
tempCandidates.add(Integer.toString(i));
}
}
else if(n==2) //second itemset is just all combinations of itemset 1
{
//add each itemset from the previous frequent itemsets
together for(inti=0; i<candidates.size(); i++)
{
st1 = new StringTokenizer(candidates.get(i));
str1 = st1.nextToken();
for(int j=i+1; j<candidates.size(); j++)
{

st2 = new StringTokenizer(candidates.elementAt(j));

str2 = st2.nextToken();

tempCandidates.add(str1 + " " + str2);

}
}
}
else
{
//for each itemset
for(inti=0; i<candidates.size(); i++)
{
//compare to the next itemset
for(int j=i+1; j<candidates.size(); j++)
{
//create the strigns str1
= new String(); str2 =
new String(); //create
the tokenizers

st1 = new StringTokenizer(candidates.get(i));

st2 = new StringTokenizer(candidates.get(j));

//make a string of the first n-2 tokens of the strings

for(int s=0; s<n-2; s++)
{
str1 = str1 + " " + st1.nextToken();
str2 = str2 + " " + st2.nextToken();
}

//if they have the same n-2 tokens, add them together
if(str2.compareToIgnoreCase(str1)==0)
tempCandidates.add((str1 + " " + st1.nextToken() + " " +
st2.nextToken()).trim());
}
}

}
//clear the old candidates
candidates.clear();
//set the new ones
candidates = new Vector<String>(tempCandidates);
tempCandidates.clear();
}
/***************************************************************
* Method Name : calculateFrequentItemsets
* Purpose

: Determine which candidates are frequent in the n-thitemsets

* from all possible candidates

* Parameters : n - iteger representing the current itemsets being evaluated
***************************************************************/
private void calculateFrequentItemsets(int n)
{
Vector<String>frequentCandidates = new Vector<String>(); //the frequent
candidates for the current itemset
FileInputStreamfile_in; //file input stream
BufferedReaderdata_in; //data input stream
FileWriterfw;
BufferedWriterfile_out;
StringTokenizerst, stFile; //tokenizer for candidate and transaction
boolean match; //whether the transaction has all the items in an itemset

boolean trans[] = new boolean[numItems]; //array to hold a transaction so that can be

checked
int count[] = new int[candidates.size()]; //the number of successful matches
try
{
//output file
fw= new FileWriter(outputFile, true);
file_out = new
BufferedWriter(fw); //load the
transaction file
file_in = new FileInputStream(transaFile);

data_in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(file_in));

//for each transaction
for(inti=0; i<numTransactions; i++)
{
//System.out.println("Got here " + i + " times"); //useful to debug files that
you are unsure of the number of line
stFile = new StringTokenizer(data_in.readLine(), itemSep); //read a line from
the file to the tokenizer
//put the contents of that line into the transaction array
for(int j=0; j<numItems; j++)
{
trans[j]=(stFile.nextToken().compareToIgnoreCase(oneVal[j])==0); //if it
is not a 0, assign the value to true
}
//check each candidate
for(int c=0; c<candidates.size(); c++)
{
match = false; //reset match to false
//tokenize the candidate so that we know what items need to be present for
a match
st = new StringTokenizer(candidates.get(c));
//check each item in the itemset to see if it is present in the transaction
while(st.hasMoreTokens())
{
match = (trans[Integer.valueOf(st.nextToken())-1]); if(!
match) //if it is not present in the transaction stop checking

break;
}
if(match) //if at this point it is a match, increase the count
count[c]++;
}

for(inti=0; i<candidates.size(); i++)

{
// System.out.println("Candidate: " + candidates.get(c) + " with count: " +
count + " % is: " + (count/(double)numItems));
//if the count% is larger than the minSup%, add to the candidate to the
frequent candidates
if((count[i]/(double)numTransactions)>=minSup)
{
frequentCandidates.add(candidates.get(i)); /
/put the frequent itemset into the output file

file_out.write(candidates.get(i) + "," + count[i]/(double)numTransactions +

"\n");
}
}
file_out.write("-\n");
file_out.close();

}
//if error at all in this process, catch it and print the error
messate catch(IOException e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
//clear old candidates
candidates.clear();
//new candidates are the old frequent candidates
candidates = new Vector<String>(frequentCandidates);
frequentCandidates.clear();

}
}

Input:

Advances in Database Management Systems Laboratory Work

Output:-

14SCS13

Advances in Database Management Systems Laboratory Work

14SCS13

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS

1. What is RDBMS?
Ans. Relational Data Base Management system is system software that stores and
manages access to data held in relational form, laid down by Dr.E.F.Codd
2. What is meant by integrity constraints?
Ans. An integrity constraint is a rule that restricts the values for one or more columns in a
table.
3. Explain the difference between Primary key and unique key?
Ans. Primary key.
1. It doesnt allow NULL and DUPLICATE value
2. Table can have only one primary key
Unique Key.
1.It doesnt allow DUPLICATE value but you can insert any no. of
NULL values
2. Table can have more than one Unique keys.
4. What are responsibilities of a DBA?
Ans.1. Installing and upgrading the Oracle Server and application tools
2. Allocating system storage and planning future storage requirements for the
database system
3. Creating primary database storage structures (tablespaces) after application
developers have designed an application
4. Creating primary objects (tables, views, indexes) once application developers have
designed an application
5. Modifying the database structure, as necessary, from information given by
application developers
6. Enrolling users and maintaining system security
7. Controlling and monitoring user access to the database
8. Monitoring and optimizing the performance of the database
9. Planning for backup and recovery of database information
10.Maintaining archived data on tape
11.Backing up and restoring the database
5. What is SGA?
Ans.System Global Area or Shared Global Area is a group of shared memory structures
that contain data and control information for one instance. If multiple users are
concurrently connected to the same instance, the data in the instance's SGA is
"shared" among the users.
6. What is instance?
Ans.The combination of the SGA and the Oracle processes (Background Process) is
called an Oracle database instance. Instance will start in NOMOUNT stage.
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7. What is DB buffer cache?

Ans.The database buffer cache is a portion of the SGA that holds copies of the data blocks
read from data files. It will maintain two list Least-Recently-Used list (LRU) and
Most-Recently-Used list (MRU).
8. What is Redo log buffer?
Ans.The redo log buffer is a circular buffer in the SGA that holds information about
changes made to the database. This information is stored in redo entries.
9. What is shared pool area?
Ans.The shared pool is an area in the SGA that contains three major areas: library cache,
dictionary cache, and control structures.
10. What are parameters will affect the SGA?
Ans.DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS, DB_BLOCK_SIZE, SHARED_POOL_SIZE, and
LOG_BUFFERS
11. What will be there in Private SQL area?
Ans.A private SQL area is a memory area that contains data such as bind information and
runtime buffers. A private SQL area has a persistent area and a runtime area.
12. What is data dictionary?
Ans.The data dictionary is a collection of database tables and views containing reference
information about the database, its structures, and its users. It will maintain the
following information
a). Names of all tables and views in the database
b) Names and data types of columns in database tables
c) Privileges of all Oracle users
13. What is time out?
Ans.User has waited too long for a resource.
14. What are DBWR, LGWR, PMON, SMON, RECO, CKPT, Dnnn and ARCH?
Ans.DBWR - Database Writer process or Dirty Buffer Writer (DBWR) writes DB
buffers to datafiles
LGWR - Log Writer process (LGWR) writes the redo log buffer to a redo log file
on disk
PMON Process Monitor (PMON) performs process recovery when a user process
fails. PMON is responsible for cleaning up the cache and freeing resources (Lock)
SMON - System Monitor process (SMON) performs instance recovery at instance
start up. SMON is also responsible for cleaning up temporary segments; it also
coalesces contiguous free extents to make larger blocks. In a Parallel Server
environment, SMON performs instance recovery for a failed CPU or instance.
RECO - Recoverer process (RECO) is a process used with the distributed option that
Automatically resolves failures involving distributed transactions and resolves indoubt
transactions also.
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CKPT - When a checkpoint occurs, Oracle must update the header of all data files to
highest SCN to indicate the checkpoint.
Dnnn - Dispatcher processes allow user processes to share a limited number of server
processes.
ARCH - Archiver process (ARCH) copies online redo log files to a designated storage
device once they become full. ARCH is present only when the redo log is used in
ARCHIVELOG mode and automatic archiving is enabled.
15. What is checkpoint?
Ans.When a checkpoint occurs, Oracle must update the headers of all datafiles to indicate
the checkpoint. If you are not enabled CKPT using CHECKPOINT_PROCESS, this
job is performed by LGWR, in oracle 8 CKPT by default enabled.
16. Is checkpoint optional? Then which one will take care of ckpt is not present?
Ans.Yes. Checkpoint is optional. If you are not enabled CKPT using
CHECKPOINT_PROCESS=TRUE, this job is performed by LGWR
17. Which background process you can have more than in an instance?
Ans.Dnnn. You can create multiple dispatcher processes for a single database instance.
18. When the data buffer will be flushed into respective files?
Ans.1. When ever dirty list gets filled.
2. When ever checkpoint is taking place.
19. What is parameter file?
Ans.The parameter file is a text file that contains a list of parameters and a value for each
parameter. This file will read in the NOMOUNT stage. The default parameter file
name is INITORCL.ORA (ORCL is SID).
20. Which parameter cant be changed after the init file has been set?
Ans.DB_BLOCK_SIZE. If you want change the block size you have to recreate the
database.
21. Explain the steps involved in creating new database?
Ans.a) Create the parameter file say INITTEST.ORA made the needful changes
b) Set SID say oracle_sid = TEST
c) Create a password file using ORAPWD utility.
d) Go to SVRMGR tool startup the database in NOMOUNT stage
e) Execute the script CREATE DATABASE which already prepared by DBA.
f) After created the database, run two scripts CATALOG.SQL and CATPROC.sql to
create data dictionary views and PL/sql packages.
22. What is the physical layout of the database?
Ans.One or More Data files, Two or more Log files and one or more Control files.

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23. What is the logical layout of the database?

Ans.Tablespaces (Collection of Segments called Tablespace.)
Segments (Collection of may or may not contiguous Extents called
Segments.)
Extents (Collection of contiguous Blocks called Extents.)
Blocks (Collection of one or more row pieces called Blocks.)
24. What is content of control file?
Ans.Datafile and logfile information (v$datafile & v$log)
Database and Instance information (v$instance & v$database)
Checkpoint information
Loghistory, Tablespace and Archive information.(V$log_history, dba_tablespaces &
v$archive)
25. What is PGA?
Ans.Program Global Area (PGA) is a memory buffer that contains data and control
information for a server process. A PGA is created by Oracle when a server process is
started.
26. What is tablespace and how to create it?
Ans. A database is divided into one or more logical storage units called tablespaces.
A database administrator can create new tablespaces, add and remove datafiles from
tablespaces, set and alter default segment storage settings for segments created in a
tablespace, make a tablespace read-only or writeable, make a tablespace temporary or
permanent, and drop tablespaces.
Syntax to create tablespce:
SVRMGR> CREATE TABLESPACE <TS.NAME> DATAFILE DATA FILE
NAME WITH PATH SIZE 100M;(size can be in terms of kb,mb,gb and etc).
27. What are the different types of segments?
Ans.a) Data segments (tables and cluster)
b) Index segments(Index)
c) Rollback segments
d) Temporary segments
e) Bootstrap segments.
28. How to create rollback segment?
Ans.SVRMGR>CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT <RBS NAME> TABLESPACE <TS
NAME> STORAGE
(INITIAL 2
MINEXTENTS 121
MAXEXTENTS 10240
NEXT 10240
PCT_INCREASE 0);
29. What is OPTIMAL parameter and SHRINK?
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Ans.Shrink:
Using this parameter, you can manually decrease the size of a rollback
segment in Alter statement
Eg.
The following statement shrinks rollback segment RBS1 to 100K:
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rbs1 SHRINK TO 100K;
Optimal:
Using this parameter, you can decrease the size of a rollback segment
Automatically. This parameter you can specify either Create or Alter statement for
rollback segments.
Eg.
The following statement shrinks rollback segment RBS1 to 50K
automatically whenever free extents coming down less than 50k:
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rbs1 storage (OPTIMAL 100K);
30. Explain the functionality of rollback segments?
Ans.1. Rolling back Old Values
2. Providing read consistency and
3. Instance recovery
31. Why temporary segment?
Ans.When processing queries with ORDER BY, DISTINCT, GROUP BY, UNION, and
INTERSECT clause and creating index, oracle requires temporary workspace for
intermediate stages of SQL statement processing. Oracle automatically allocates this
disk space called a temporary segment.
32. When to bring the rollback segment offline?
Ans.i) When you want to take a tablespace offline and the tablespace contains
rollback segments. You cannot take a tablespace offline if it contains rollback
segments that transactions are currently using. To prevent associated rollback
segments from being used, you can take them offline before taking the tablespace
offline.
ii). You want to drop a rollback segment, but cannot because transactions are
currently using it. To prevent the rollback segment from being used, you can take it
offline before dropping it.
Syntax.
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT user_rs_2 OFFLINE;
Note: You cannot take the SYSTEM rollback segment offline.
33. What is deferred rollback segment?
Ans.Deferred rollback segments are rollback segments that were created to hold
rollback entries for tablespaces taken offline until the tablespaces are brought back
online.
34. What is pending offline?
Ans.If you try to take a rollback segment offline that contains rollback data for active
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transactions (local, remote, or distributed), Oracle makes the rollback segment

unavailable to future transactions and the rollback segment's status in the
view V$ROLLSTAT is PENDING OFFLINE.
35. What is private and public rollback segments?
Ans. A private rollback segment is acquired explicitly by an instance when the
instance opens the database.
A Public rollback segments form a pool of rollback segments that any instance
requiring a rollback segment can use.
36. What is rollback and rolling forward?
Ans.Rollback :
Undo the uncommitted transactions.
Rolling forward:
While performing Instance recovery rolling forward will take place for
making rollback segments with committed and uncommitted transactions.
37. When system tablespace and system rollback segment will be made offline?
Ans.System tablespace and system rollback segments cant make offline. Because system
transactions and data dictionary views will take place in the system rollback segments
and system tablespaces.
38. How the extents will grow?
Ans.The extents will grow based on the storage parameters like next and pctincrease i.e.
Next (next*(pctincrease/100)).
39. What is the default value of the growth of tablespace?
Ans.10+(10*(50/100)) k because default value of next=10k,pctincrease=50%
40. What is row migration and row chaining?
Ans.Row migration is, If a row in a data block is updated, so that the overall row length
increases and the block's free space has been completely filled, the data for the entire
row is migrated to a new data block, assuming the entire row can fit in a new block.
Row chaining is Oracle stores the data for the row in a chain of data blocks (one or
more) reserved for that segment. Row chaining most often occurs with large rows.
41. What is pctused and pctfree?
Ans.PCTUSED - After a data block becomes full, as determined by PCTFREE, Oracle
does not consider the block for the insertion of new rows until the percentage of the
block being used falls below the parameter PCTUSED.
PCTFREE parameter is used to set the percentage of a block to be reserved (kept
free) for possible updates to rows that already are contained in that block.
42. What is freelist?
Ans.Specifies the number of free lists for each of the free list groups for the table,
cluster, or index. The default and minimum value for this parameter is 1, meaning that
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each free list group contains one free list.

43. What are maxdatafiles, maxlogfiles and maxloghistory?
Ans.Maxdatafiles - Specifies the maximum number of data files that can ever be created
for the database.
Maxlogfiles - Specifies the maximum number of redo log file groups that can ever
be created for the database.
Maxloghistory - Specifies the maximum number of archived redo log files for
automatic media recovery.
44. What is log sequence number?
Ans.Oracle assigns new log sequence number every time that a log switch occurs and
LGWR begins writing to it.
45. What is SCN?
Ans.Whenever a transaction is committed, LGWR writes the transaction's redo entries
from the redo log buffer of the SGA to an online redo log file, and a system change
number (SCN) is assigned to identify the redo entries for each committed transaction.
46. What is log switch and when it will happen?
Ans.The point at which Oracle ends writing to one online redo log file and begins writing
to another is called a log switch.
A log switch always occurs when the current online redoes log file is completely
filled and writing must continue to the next online redo log file.
47. How to switch logfile manually?
Ans.SVRMGR>ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE;
48. What is mirroring?
Ans.Oracle provides the capability to mirroring an instance's online redo log files to
safeguard against damage to its online redo log files. With mirroring online redo log
files, LGWR concurrently writes the same redo log information to multiple identical
online redo log files.
49. What is paging and swapping?
Ans.Paging: Moving part of the program out of memory.
Swapping: Moving complete program out of memory.
50. What is snapshot?
Ans.A snapshot is a table that contains the results of a query of one or more tables or
views, often located on a remote database. Simply you can say Image of table.
51. What is snapshot refresh?
Ans.Because a snapshot's master tables can be modified, the data in a snapshot must
occasionally be updated to ensure that the snapshot accurately reflects the data
currently in its master tables. The process of updating a snapshot for this purpose
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is called snapshot refresh.

You can use the FAST or COMPLETE options of the REFRESH clause to specify the
refresh mode.
52. What is the error no ORA-1555?
Ans.Snapshot tool old. (Rollback segment too small)
53. When do you get the error ORA-1555?
Ans.This can happen when the database has many transactions that are changing data, then
committing or rolling back. The rollback data can be overwritten if the rollback
segments are too small for the number and size of the changes being made.
54. What are the different kinds of locks?
Ans.General types are exclusive locks and share locks. But further classifications are
row level and table level.
55. What is dead lock?
Ans.A deadlock is a situation that can occur in multi-user systems that prevents some
transactions from continuing work. A deadlock can occur when two or more users are
waiting for data locked by each other.
56. What is two phase commit?
Ans.Prepare phase and commit phase.
The prepare/commit mechanism guarantees that the nodes participating in a
distributed transaction either all commit or all roll back the transaction, thus
maintaining the integrity of the global database.
57. What is striping of database?
Ans.Striping" is the practice of dividing a large table's data into small portions and
storing these portions in separate datafiles on separate disks. This permits multiple
processes to access different portions of the table concurrently without disk
contention.
58. How to create user?
Ans.SVRMGR> CREATE USER <uname>
IDENTIFIED BY <p.word>
DEFAULT TABLESPACE cases_ts
QUOTA 10M ON cases_ts;
59. Explain the role of connect, resource and dba privileges.
Ans.Connect, resource and dba are default roles which are created by oracle automatically.
Connect role having privileges : ALTER SESSION
CREATE CLUSTER
CREATE DATABASE LINK
CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE SESSION
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CREATE SYNONYM
CREATE TABLE and
CREATE VIEW
Recourse roles privileges : CREATE CLUSTER
CREATE PROCEDURE
CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE TABLE and CREATE TRIGGER
Dba roles privileges. : All systems privileges WITH ADMIN OPTION .
60. What are the types of privileges?
Ans.Object privileges and System privileges.
61. What is role and how to create a role
Ans.A role is a set of privileges that can be granted to users or to other roles.
Syntax.
SVRMGR> CREATE ROLE <R.NAME> IDENTIFIED BY <P.WORD>;
62. On what privileges, with admin option cant be given.
Ans.Object privileges. Because with admin option only for system privileges.
63. What is cascading effect?
Ans.If you revoke an object privilege from a user who has granted the privilege to
other users or roles, Oracle7 also revokes the privilege from the grantees.
64. What is auditing?
Ans.Auditing keeps track of operations performed by database users. Audit record
containing this information like user performing the operation, type of operation,
object involved in the operation, date and time of the operation.
65. What is object audit, how to enable it and where will you see the result?
Ans.To audit all successful and unsuccessful DELETE statements on the EMP table,
BY SESSION (the default value), enter the following statement:
AUDIT DELETE ON emp;
SELECT * FROM sys.dba_obj_audit_opts;
66. What is statement audit, how to enable it and where will you see the result?
Ans.To audit all successful and unsuccessful connections to and disconnection
from the database BY SESSION (the default and only value for this option), enter the
following statement:
AUDIT SESSION BY Scott, lori;
SELECT * FROM sys.dba_stmt_audit_opts;
67. What is privilege audit, how to enable it and where will you see the result?
Ans.To audit all unsuccessful SELECT, INSERT, and DELETE statements on all
tables and unsuccessful uses of the EXECUTE ANY PROCEDURE system privilege,
by all database users, BY ACCESS, enter the following statement:
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AUDIT SELECT TABLE, INSERT TABLE, DELETE TABLE,

EXECUTE ANY PROCEDURE BY ACCESS WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL;
SELECT * FROM sys.dba_priv_audit_opts;
68. What is the initparameter to be enabled before auditing?
Ans.Audit_trail=true
69. Where all the audit information will be stored?
Ans.AUD$ table
70. What is the function of archivelog?
Ans.When you run a database in ARCHIVELOG mode, the archiving of the online
redo log is enabled. Information in a database control file indicates that a group of
filled online redo log files cannot be used by LGWR until the group is archived.
71. How to change from noarchivelog to archivelog? Explain all the steps.
Ans.ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG;
Steps:
a. Shut down the database instance.
b. Start up a new instance and mount but do not open the database.
c. In mount Stage say ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG;
d. Open the database;
72. How to change from archivelog to noarchivelog? Explain all the steps.
Ans.ALTER DATABASE NOARCHIVELOG;
Steps:
e. Shut down the database instance.
f. Start up a new instance and mount but do not open the database.
g. In mount Stage say ALTER DATABASE NOARCHIVELOG;
h. Open the database;
73. How to enable automatic archiving?
Ans.To enable automatic archiving of filled groups each time an instance is started,
include the LOG_ARCHIVE_START parameter, set to TRUE, in the database's
parameter file:
LOG_ARCHIVE_START=TRUE
74. How to view the status of archivelog?
Ans.ARCHIVE LOG LIST;
75. What is startup nomount and mount?
Ans.STARTUP NOMOUNT - You might want to start an instance without mounting a
database; this is usually the case only during database creation.
STARTUP MOUNT - You might want to start an instance and mount a database,
but not open the database because you want to perform renaming datafiles, Adding
, dropping, or renaming redo log files, enabling and disabling redo log archiving
options, performing full database recovery operations.
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76. What is startup restricted?

Ans.You might want to start an instance, and mount and open a database in restricted
mode so that the database is available only to administrative personnel who are
all having restricted session privilege (not general database users).
77. What is startup force?
Ans.You can usually solve the problem by starting a new instance (and optionally
mounting and opening the database) using startup force. A database instance should
not be forced to start unless you are faced instance startup problem.
78. How to open the database after mounting is over?
Ans.SVRMGR> ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
79. What is normal shutdown?
Ans.SVRMGR>SHUTDOWN;
Normal database shutdown proceeds with the following conditions:
a). No new connections are allowed after the statement is issued.
b). Before the database is shut down, Oracle7 waits for all currently connected
Users to disconnect from the database.
c). The next startup of the database will not require any instance recovery
Procedures.
80. What is shutdown immediate?
Ans.SVRMGR>SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
Immediate database shutdown proceeds with the following conditions:
a). Current client SQL statements being processed by Oracle7 are terminated
Immediately.
b). Any uncommitted transactions are rolled back.
c). Oracle7 does not wait for users currently connected to the database to
Disconnect; Oracle7 implicitly rolls back active transactions and
Disconnects all connected users.
81. What is shutdown abort?
Ans.Aborting an instance shuts down a database and yields the following results:
a). Current client SQL statements being processed by Oracle7 are immediately
Terminated.
b). Uncommitted transactions are not rolled back.
c). Oracle7 does not wait for users currently connected to the database to
Disconnect; Oracle7 implicitly disconnects all connected users.
d). Its require instance recovery when restart the database.
82. What is user_dump_dest?
Ans.The pathname for a directory where the server will write debugging user trace
files on behalf of a user process.
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83. What is dedicated architecture and MTS?

Ans.Dedicated server - The separate server process created on behalf of each user is a
dedicated server process
MTS - The multi-threaded server configuration eliminates the need for a dedicated
server process for each connection. A single server process may provide service to
more than one connections.
84. What is SQL*NET?
Ans.SQL*Net is Oracle Corporation's latest remote data access software. It enables both
client-server and server-server communications across any network. With SQL*Net,
databases and their applications can reside on different computers and communicate
as peer applications.
85. What are MRU and LRU?
Ans.MRU - Most Recently used list
LRU - Least Recently used list
86. What cache hit and cache miss?
Ans.Fetching data block data buffer cache cache hit
Fetching data from physical disk cache miss
87. What is Rowid?
Ans.ROWID is a pseudocolumn that returns a row's address. ROWID values
contain Information necessary to locate a row:
Which data block in the data file?
Which row in the data block (first row is 0)
Which data file (first file is 1)
ROWID value uniquely identifies a row in the database. However, rows in
different tables that are stored together in the same cluster can have the same
ROWID.
88. What is the importance of backup?
Ans.Backups of the database's datafiles and control files are absolutely necessary as
part of the strategy to safeguard data against potential media failures that can damage
these files.
89. What are the kinds of backups?
Ans.Physical backup Online backup (Hot) and Offline (Cold) backup
Logical backup - Complete, cumulative and incremental backup using export utility.
90. How do you take the backup of control file. Why do you have to take that?
Ans.SVRMGR> ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROL FILE TO TRACE;
Because a control file keeps track of the associated database's physical file
structure, a backup of a database's control file should be made every time a
structural change is made to the database.
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91. What is meant by logical backup?

Ans.If you use Export to backup, all data must be exported in a logically consistent
way so that the backup reflects a single point in time. No one should make changes to
the database while the Export takes place. Ideally, you should run the database in
restricted mode while you export the data, so no regular users can access the data.
92. What is online and offline backups?
Ans.Online Backup:
Online backups are taken while the database is Open. Before you make an
online backup, you must do begin and end backup of tablespace. Online backups
allow you to back up all or part of the database while it is running.
Offline Backup:
Offline backups are taken while the database is shut down. Before you make
an offline backup, you must therefore shutdown server.
93. What is hot backup, when do you take it and how do you take it? Explain the steps.
Ans.Online or HOT backups allow you to back up all or part of the database while it is
running.
Syntax
ALTER TABLESPACE <Tablespace name> BEGIN BACKUP;
.... Operating system commands to copy datafiles...
.... Copy completed...
ALTER TABLESPACE < Tablespace name>END BACKUP;
94. What is cold backup, when do you take it and how do you take it? Explain the steps.
Ans.Offline or COLD backups are taken while the database is shut down. Before you
make an offline backup, you must therefore shutdown server.
Steps.
SVRMGR> Shutdown
SVRMGR> ! (goto o/s level)
C:\.> Copy all the files
C:\.>exit (back to svrmgr tool)
SVRMGR>startup
95. What is export? Where it will be stored?
Ans.Using EXP tool extract the object definitions and table data from an Oracle
database and store them in an Oracle-binary format export file that is located typically
on tape or on disk. Export files can be used to transfer data between databases that are
on machines not connected via a network or as backups in addition to normal backup
procedures. Default export file name is EXPDAT.DMP
96. What are the kinds of export?
Ans.Database, User and Table
97. What is import and how do you import?
Ans.Import extracts the objects from an Export file and puts them into a Database.
Using IMP tool in o/s level.
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98. What is import option Ignore and Destroy?

Ans.Ignore: Specifies how object creation errors should be handled. Specifying
IGNORE=Y causes Import to overlook object creation errors when attempting to
create database objects.
Destroy: Specifies whether the existing data files making up the database should be
reused. That is, the DESTROY option specifies that IMPORT should include the
reuse option in the datafile clause of the CREATE TABLESPACE command.
99. What happens when you issue begin backup and end backup?
Ans.When you say begin backup, checkpoint will take place to update the highest
SCN in the respective Tablespaces datafile header after that datafile header will be
frozen.
When you say end backup, datafile header frozen will be released.
Checkpoint will not take place.
100.What is recovery?
Ans.If hardware, software, network, process, or system failure affects the
operation of a database system, you must usually recover the databases and return to
normal operations as quickly as possible.
101.What are the types of recovery?
Ans.Complete media recovery, Incomplete media recovery and Instance
Recovery.
102.What is point in time recovery?
Ans.Recovering the database to the particular point in time using this syntax.
RECOVER DATABASE UNTIL TIME;
Statement to begin time-based recovery. The time is always specified using the
following format, delimited by single quotation marks: 'YYYY-MM-DD:HH24:MI:SS'.
103.What is media recovery?
Ans.Media recovery restores a database's datafiles to the most recent point-in-time
before disk failure, and includes the committed data in memory that was lost due to
failure
104.What is complete and incomplete media recovery?
Ans.Complete: Complete media recovery recovers all lost changes; no work is lost.
Complete media recovery is possible only if all necessary redo logs (online and archived)
are available.
Different types of complete media recovery are available, depending on the files
that are damaged and the availability of the database that is required during recovery
operations.
i. Closed Database Recovery
j. Open Database-Offline Tablespace Recovery
k. Open Database-Offline Tablespace-Individual Datafile Recovery
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In complete: In complete media recovery is performed to reconstruct the

damaged database to a transaction consistent state before the media failure or user error.
There are different types of incomplete media recovery that might be used,
depending on the situation that requires incomplete media recovery:
i. cancel-based
j. time-based
k. Change-based incomplete recovery.
105.What is tablespace recovery and how do you that?
Ans.TABLESPACE recovery performs media recovery on all datafiles in the
tablespaces listed. To translate the tablespace names into datafile names, the database
must be mounted and open. The tablespaces must be offline to perform the recovery.
Syntax. : SVRMGR> RECOVER TABLESPACE <name>;
106.What is database recovery and how do you that?
Ans.DATABASE recovery performs media recovery on all online datafiles that require
redo to be applied. If all instances were cleanly shutdown, and no backups were restored,
RECOVER DATABASE indicates a no recovery required error.
Syntax : SVRMGR>Recover database;(In mount stage)
107.Why should you tune the system?
Ans.To achieve performance targets of response time, throughput, and constraints
you must tune analysis, design, and implementation.
108.What are the levels of tuning?
Ans.a) Design Level
b) Application level
c) Memory Level
d) I/O level
e) Contention level
109.What is optimizer and its types?
Ans.The optimizer's behavior when choosing an optimization approach and goal
for a SQL statement is affected by these factors:
The OPTIMIZER_MODE initialization parameter
Statistics in the data dictionary
The OPTIMIZER_GOAL parameter of the ALTER SESSION command
Hints in the statement
Types : CHOOSE, COST and RULE.
110.When will you create index? Up to what extend it is worth to index.
Ans.As a general guideline, you should create indexes on tables that are often queried
for less than 2% or 4% of the table's rows. This value may be higher in situations where
all data can be retrieved from an index, or where the indexed columns can be used for
joining to other tables.
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111.What is cluster and how do you create it?

Ans.Clusters are an optional method of storing table data. A cluster is a group of
tables that share the same data blocks because they share common columns and are often
used together.
Syntax.
CREATE CLUSTER <name>(dno NUMBER(2) );
table is similar in
112.What is Normalization?
Ans.Normalization is basic to designing a high-performance system. It is the process
of breaking down all items to their lowest level, making sure that each piece of data can
be uniquely identified and is not duplicated.
113.What is De-normalization?
Ans.In the real world, a world in which performance may be more important than
abstract perfection, you may find that you need to compromise your commitment to
normalize and be flexible about dealing with real data, for that you may need to embrace
the necessary evil of denormalization.
114.When do de-normalize?
Ans.There are number of situations in which you may improve performance by
denormalizing your data. If you find that your application is performing repetitive SQL
table joins and sort/merges on large tables, you may be able to avoid reducing the need
for these operations if you denormalize some part of your database.
115.What are database triggers?
Ans.A database trigger is a stored PL/SQL block that is associated with a table. Oracle
automatically executes a trigger when a specified SQL statement is issued against the
table.
116.How many database triggers available in oracle V7.x and V8.x?
Ans.In oracle 7.x only 12 types of triggers, but in oracle 8.x 14 types of triggers i.e. 12
database triggers plus two instead of triggers.
117.In one table how many database triggers can be invoked in V7.x and V8.x?
Ans.In oracle 7.x a table can have 12 triggers maximum, but in oracle 8.x any number of
triggers can in be invoked to a table.
118.What is parallel server?
Ans.A database can be access through more than one instance. Parallel processing
divides a large task into many smaller tasks, and executes the smaller tasks concurrently
on several nodes. As a result, the larger task completes more quickly.
119.What is disk array?
Ans.Redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID) can offer significant advantages in
their failure resilience features. They also permit striping to be quite easily achieved, but
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do not appear to provide any significant performance advantage.

120.What is parallel query?
Ans.With the parallel query feature, multiple processes can work together
simultaneously to process a single SQL statement. This capability is called parallel query
processing. By dividing the work necessary to process a statement among multiple server
processes, the Oracle Server can process the statement more quickly than if only a single
server process processed it.
121.What is Sql*loader?
Ans.SQL*Loader moves data from external files into tables in an Oracle database.
SQL*Loader loads data in a variety of formats, performs filtering and loads multiple
tables simultaneously.
SQL*Loader can:
. Load data from multiple datafiles of different file types
. Handle fixed-format, delimited-format, and variable-length records
. Manipulate data fields with SQL functions before inserting the data into
database columns
. Load multiple tables during the same run, loading selected rows into each table
. Load data from disk or tape
. Provide thorough error reporting capabilities, so you can easily adjust and load
all records
122.What is remote transaction?
Ans.A remote transaction is a transaction that contains one or more remote statements,
all of which reference the same remote node.
123.What is DDBMS?
Ans.Distributed Database Management Systems:
A distributed database system appears to a user as a single server but is, in fact, a
set of two or more servers. The data on each server can be simultaneously accessed and
modified via a network. Each server in the distributed system is controlled by its local
database administrator (DBA), and each server cooperates to maintain the consistency of
the global database.
124.What is SQL?
Ans.Structured Query Language (SQL), pronounced "sequel," is the set of commands
that all programs and users must use to access data within the Oracle database.
125.What are DDL, DML, TCL and DCL?
Ans.
DDL Data Definition Language; Create, Alter, Drop and Truncate.
DML Data Manipulation Language; Insert, Update and Delete.
TCL - Transaction Control Language; Commit, Rollback and Savepoint
DCL - Data Control Language; Grant and Revoke.
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126.What is Savepoint?
Ans.To identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back.
127.What is truncate command?
Ans.To remove all rows from a table or cluster and reset the STORAGE parameters to
the values when the table or cluster was created.
128.What is PL/sql?
Ans.PL/SQL (Procedural Language/SQL) is set of procedural capabilities that extend
the power of traditional SQL. PL/sql statements can be combined with traditional SQL in
variety of SQL products to increase the ease of application programming, and
considerably overall system performance.
Block Structure:
Declare
<Local declaration>
Begin
<Statements>
Exception
<Error handler>
End;
129.What is ODBC?
Ans.Open Database Connectivity.
A standard protocol for accessing Relational Database around sql.
130.What is referential integrity constraint?
Ans.A referential integrity constraint designates a column or combination of columns
as a foreign key and establishes a relationship between that foreign key and a specified
primary or unique key, called the referenced key. In this relationship, the table containing
the foreign key is called the child table and the table containing the referenced key is
called the parent table.
131.What is stand by database?
Ans.A standby database maintains a duplicate, or standby copy of your primary
database and provides continued primary database availability in the event of a disaster
(when all media is destroyed at your production site).
A standby database is constantly in recovery mode. If a disaster occurs, you can
take the standby database out of recovery mode and activate it for online use. Once you
activate your standby database, you cannot return it to standby recovery mode unless you
re-create it as another standby database.

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