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Introduction To Fluid Mechanics - Whitaker

This text presents the topic of fluid mechanics rigorously using mathematical and physical intuition. Those who do not have a solid background in introductory and vector calculus and differential equations will have a tough time understanding the text. Moreover, though possible to completely understand everything with mathematics, readers must comprehend the physical processes taking place. It is quite easy to get lost in the proofs and developments in the book if the subject is treated with a passing glance. In short, though this is a very good book, reading and understanding will take a bit of effort. However, the intellectual gambits the author uses are well worth it.

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756 views236 pages

Introduction To Fluid Mechanics - Whitaker

This text presents the topic of fluid mechanics rigorously using mathematical and physical intuition. Those who do not have a solid background in introductory and vector calculus and differential equations will have a tough time understanding the text. Moreover, though possible to completely understand everything with mathematics, readers must comprehend the physical processes taking place. It is quite easy to get lost in the proofs and developments in the book if the subject is treated with a passing glance. In short, though this is a very good book, reading and understanding will take a bit of effort. However, the intellectual gambits the author uses are well worth it.

Uploaded by

fabio1199
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IN Te PRYSICAE AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCES Introduction to eA. Avaton one, of Mie Fluid Mechanics somone * Universidod Nacional de Sota roms An sus iy BIBLIOTECA Bn Certo new... 14053. Ficha pe 1NGetso 6-8 3g PROCEDENCIA, ucscon 935 ZS wera { san he of mt ta Chery of Cifras Dons PRENTICE-HALL. INC carr ee a eee a ae ee tpt 8 See Y ( aga emer ‘ma ‘rm. Suey 158 yt I ‘ge Ck Ags roared No ut of bok my Sicpeienin tly mary any corn ping ike of Cog Catalog Cat Nae Preface “This book is intended for we in anntaducory ounein Mi mechanics ‘The student is expected to have competed two eur of eolege matematis and (oe Tamia ith edna dierent equations, partial llerentation, Imlile ineras, Taylor serie and the basic clement of Yetor anal “The books based primarily om a common core id mechanics course in which the author participated whi at Northwestern Universty. There, ch depurteat (with the excepson of Flere Enginering) fered ‘vanced undergraduate courses tn Mud mechani, ands wan necesary fo provide a rigorous foundation in the common eore course. The Hist ‘pit chapers are the rest of experens in teaching that coe, They im be covered sais in approximately 40 etre, and ths can Be ‘edi ier thre ameter cove o& furan quartet courte ‘Chapters 9,10 and 11 were aed to provide xb for how persons ‘who may wish fo we the Book ia terminal couse. Under thse sou Stancsit maybe necessary to dete ome materi in Chapes 1-8: however, {Srlain sections mnt be covered subsequent materia fo be understod. ‘These sections ar marked wi an ser "Vector notation sed ely thoughost te text, not beau eas to ‘legaes or igor but simply because Fundamental eonceps re Best expesed inform whieh tempts o connec thew with real "A variety of people contributed in innumerable ays to the competion of ths teats thay Rave the authors thanks. Special appreciation de Professor Joh © Satery of Northwestern Uninet, fr te ong ofthe text ets atgly on amen seis of consersatons with Rin regarding the problems of teaching Hud mechanic ounderradutes. Dau, Calfrnia ‘repay Woarakan ecciiiauiaets Contents 4 te comin pot, 3.'* 1p of for, 3. ° The maa of fon pr tt 18. Pld pe 12. Ycoe 2. Fig States and One Dimensions Laminar Flow ited red fas, 8. yy for 38. nee! iene 3. Kinematics deepen iharom, 8." The anspor them, th» Cone in pt oa a I Po, a Se ced wih a i mnt be coe unt mt 2 8 Sees in 2 Fld he ses wr, The astm, ID. * Smo of he ‘so 3. The oe of Pt, 1 The Diferanti Equation of Motion ne Sor wees SEE ho apes ‘Terbulns Flow 196 h ase assy) 2» Imomieion chp Although nota id are desert exaly by the Bagham mode, sever ft the model rearonaly well Ordinary paint tehaves somewhat like Bingham fi. The characteris fe ene, for ie means tat tees & ‘rica ln thickness blow which pint wil longer Sow unde he ation ‘trai, llonng to be applied over walls witout excessive ro ‘The Orewald-de Wael model (power taw” Bad) Fluids for wich the apparent viscosity detesses with increasing shear tate are cil pendepase, When te apparent viscosity irene Wilk ‘her rat the de cal iltnt, This ip of bhasior ay Be deseTbo by “, te), = m| Se a Tam ml eS ass) ‘Boot Moe. Panera oy Te st oven “ Rite Kec 3 Tote [Enamel oy oes aaa closets io FincrvsuepuneQeaat tab tyson stot Meer rPum® SNE Se scan toe ‘When = 1, this equation reduces to Newt's aw of viscosity with fmt, dscebes a peudoplstic Mid, and I'm > I the behavior is distant. Some representative values of he Bingham model parameters and ‘the Oxwaldde Was! model porameters ae pven in Tabs 5 and 4 Compton by Wes id Peet tenet aie) apn ntrne ie is aaa Pep : oat 3s Sec 15 Pd ropa, “Te material present in ths ection hasbeen brit but suet ‘mation has been ven forthe stent ole some simple non-Ne laminar Now probes, Several sources are availble which prove thorough dicdson of non Newtonian fue Sarfce eon For two phase fom, he src esion «may bean mportant pyc pope once tao wee rice eon pst wi ‘ot be covered in stent Eton, tis worthwhile to dus he subject wet “The molecules at an nett batwecn two Mids exit in sate dierent ‘rom thit ofthe molecules in the Inter ofthe fid. At an ainsi interface, for example, the water molecules are (on beara) strounded by water molclesen-only onesie, where the ine moles are ‘imple sutounded. Cosegoenty, the configurational energy of the Surface molcles fers fom that ofthe intrir molecule and he srace {sists ina sate of tension. This tesion is knowa as these o interacial {mon and has unis of fore pet length. force balance onthe sphescl Arop shown ia Fig. 15nd tht he presen the tro of the drop ! ' 4 eee Te fale 57. Fore ba on pe op 9. A.B Mane Adee Cat En (New York Acie Ps PR WE. Start an Nihon, Zour emer Yr {om Wie sn Som ne 00, Cage 13 pa et pt pir of Rte ess C8, 3s 2 Immdoion Op. piven by nent as where Py * ambient pesure dis ofthe deop For an star surface it can be shown! tht the presure “jmp” or ‘Secon is sena(ted win by Profesor LTreeten™ whic both edoeaional and entertaining. ‘Under some condone Ai pressure can become es han the vapor ‘presre pay and eivittion may suse, The most common cise ae i Eipespeed pps and'in the wake ofa laff body, such st that shown i Fig U8 The cavitation aunber, Nx is eid a, waa DaB sia int se) And an inprto parmterinestabbing the probity tht aviation wl occur Figure La shows «mise which bs bea Inchd ander ster and hs ut etd th sure. The evi nombersrane om Tote 0034s the revtsndste tht we cm expert eer cvintion for tis peo fow when Ns etm 010, Sse vation cam ray ScWeopersing evar oft ential pump and edt sro otro, Loose th vapor pre of fad a importa aco in pump design and opera. 16 Vectors The tsk of describing the complex wold that surrounds ws in terms of atiract symbols isan mente one In adressingourves ots prble, al By Tr aud he ae tis of Pa Me (ens Tioyttetnepeemestsde oF s0uain and eke tie La0sme (sen Yo TMs Copy, 00, Cap. ‘Sse soe NAVWEFS Report 78, Pu, aes Behar of itis wise to use symbols which contin at mach nfrmaton as pose and Which relate thi information to te phys word as closely ap posi Inasmuch as velo quay having bith magitude and dcon vector), we choo = notation which eybolis thi Tat and epesent the Yeloity as Instead of ng hosfice type o representa veto, me could jist as well place an atrow oer the synba,& or mark wth an ates, 5, ee. Use of Boldface type the tional method of communicating ™ eroteoe Cg lnfomation, and ke Plow’ dogs, me respond oa symbol ia boldface ype wid the tought “I vector” ‘Our pial otion ofa etor is that of iretd ne segment, sch | ‘oat illstated in Fg, Ll, Te vst v may Be represented nero thee ala components = fy and bythe elaine eth, con where, nd kare the three it ase vectors. The thre scl components Is the jeojetions of onthe thee coondicateaaee The saa (ord) roduc butwen Io vectors, A and Bis defined as Aedes 52) where 4 and are the magitder of the tro vectors, and sth ange {etwec tem, The salar product ofan srbitary vector anda uit vector elds the projection ofthe vector on & line defined bythe wit vestor, For Sample, vl roo ee 063) wheels the angle Between the vector ¥ and the ais Sec Veet Fy sie from the physical significance of ¢ dete lin segment, vector ‘ns certain dente transformation progsties. These are fest examined in twordipenional form bean the slgebrie efor tected with fly ‘veedimesionalottion can obscure the anit. Avestan nto diene soni shown in Fig 112, andthe salar eomponat re noted for both the Fie U6. Tamfomton oe sxrsoordnate stem, and the rotted coordinates. The four anges ‘stoi with the ansormation are given by the felling expresions 1s dyes angle between the scvoriate aus andthe -oordinate axis; 2 do, angle betwen the y-cordinate xi nd the cordial a 3. Og angle betwen th coordinate ais and the "coordinate ais 4 dy, ange bewen the cordate ais and the ycnordinate a ‘The subscripts of @ obviously have a definite meaning, and they will be tpl im constucing compat formlaton sf the tamformation Iw forvectors. By the cotsrucion shown a Fig. 1.62 we may wee, 064) a6) % Invtuain —cap Subsituon of Ey. 1.65 ato Bg. 164 yields B= Reco 8,608 1660) An expression for may be derived in a simlar mane 2) tee ey + 8605 Pyy i) ‘The extension of this result fo three dimensions i+ srighforwacd bet Asdios; we sal it nly theresa 08} 08 + Hee (LTR) B= Heo Oe + ec08 By + Hcl, LET) sie sreot dae + econ - (579) “The ters, cs 8, 68 Oy te ate called the dietion cosines forthe fotion, 2-29-27 Wenate in thee equation an ordre arrange: ‘ment of subsp, the Ast alvays identical to the subipt on the velocity mponent inthe sj, = stem, and the second lays identical tothe weit on the velo in the 2 stem. Ths order wil allow us 10 fxprem Ege 167 ia a much more compact form if we make we of ides ‘ottlon rite than Gis notation ‘Tradionlly, we denote the thee coordinate axes of «rectangular ‘Cate coorinte sem aj, ad and the the scala components the velocky vector yt, td rt woud be Jost satiny C0 eno the coordinate aes ay dy and the sale component as ‘hota ty Slay the bas estore can be expe st eat ro) cond (1s) enh (1680) Using this notation, me may expres the vector vas Vahey Renn Fear b ew — 65) se of rumercl subsp illows us to execs vestorin terms of it sealar ‘components and base vetors ae v= Boum 6.10) Fuster simpleton resus if we aeept the convention hat repeated utsrpe (or nds, te saber fare cle) are summed fom 103. ‘This scaled the unmation onenton, sp allows us to wre Eg 16-10 35 y= eats asi fee Yee ” Index notation is most wf in detng ditt withthe sar components fet, Forex te of mera asp allow or spo Ege 167 a ee = Heo moor la6088y (L628) HA HCOF E+ HOO + C044 (LEI) Him Hc08 + roel + 606m (LEE) where it i unerstod thatthe second subsrpt on 9 refers othe primed (cordate stem. The summation convention can be wd tree Ege L612 0 more compat form, (613) (16135) 6139 Although was ied asthe repeated index in eich ase, any inder—such as [jem ete—could have ben wed to obtain thesame eu Sine repetad Index may be represented by any ltr, tis often called danny tens A single, o unvepente, inden ale fe de, and tay suey vale from Ito 3. Using the convention fra re index, we can singly Egy 1 farther by waking B= nom, a6) Certainty Eq, 1.614 far nore compact epreseatton of he infomation presente ia Eg. 6-12; nowever, ou objets nintodusing ths notation [Snotto produce aust” method of writing equations, Inthe testment stress (Chap 4}, in Newtons aw of vicouty (Chap. 3} and in the esha ‘ney equition (Chap. we shall nd index notation nalbl, primarily ‘casei saves sam geting bogged down ina ponderous algebenc foe Tn Gibbs notation, the velocity vector would be expresed a ¥; however, Jndet notation maybe used to expres the sue Veto as The plat to be remembered hee is tat the symbol ¥ repens thse salar components Felveothex-=cooriate stem, nd me can represent tee te saat omponents jot as well by the symbl (or ty te). The advantage af {Givbs otation i tht by tation (certainly aa by logit gives he feting ofa directed quantity, while index notation gives the eng of a sroupof| three numbers The frer i more closely related to our psc inition, Whe the ters ezemety waa in resting complex estar operations, we jump ahead by to Chap, 7, wend hat In Gide notation the ‘seus dsp io ater energy i rprseted by Uv: Tt whe the rte san cc pe shee ps 2” Imveduion hp. of surice wok per unit yolume is V-(7-7). These two abstract symbols ‘epreenivo ery ierent physical phoaomendabditisbelpfl tothe dent that hese symbol actully ook diferent. In index notation, hese terms ae repeated Gn om oma respectively. Although the symbol re indeed diferent and therefore rep Scot dernt quanti, the dilerence i not 50 apparent, no So ea ‘sped by the eaderintnt on assembling a stream of information nto some ‘oherent whole Althoph index notation lacks something in gic visual communication, it ican entemely powerful ot for eayng ut complex wetor and tensor ‘pertons Therefore, we may sometines Begin analysis in Gibbs oaton sich to index notation when the going gett tough, snd then ‘xpress fal rest in Gibbs otton. This swithg of soaion should tot dtr the stoden, fort done a flor: to inpeove the exposition. ‘rdgman” har pointed out that "mathematics merely prc veral- “ation and even the soamateratisan is aware that some Tangeages {Gotan are more suabl than other for expressing cersin thoughts ot Mess. Fr example, the opera singer prefer tong ia alan because of te ‘aft vowel endings. while the decian prefers Engh for its scope and ‘rity of meaning Thos, the oper singer may perform in Talla but {any out hicontactneptations in Englsh. Sia, we wil se Gite oaton for quick vst communistion and index notation Tor the more ‘iil analyte spe Alough Index notation i rely wonecesary ual we each Chap. 4, etampls and problems wil be sve thoughout the est, thre ehapter in order to acct he sadet Li PRosLens “he “wept” of an objet he os in pounds) xed apt clic eed on ap vis te atl eto one? Ls 12 a Exes in treo angers he prose Ars 184 10-4 15.9. We gan, Te Nae of Pema Canis, Man Hana Ustrty P, therein Ce sn 9 125 pound Protas » (© Esgrs in square coins per second he Ki wony = Lev t0- pote Ane ex (© Rapes in cube fet par wcond the volumetric ow rae = 120 eli, 00257 0 iene allowing condos fr Bow a pip, 2p = 10s cal the Rede nb Amt 66% 108 14. One samt tt oe Cote coe Som Fi ‘nie, ted the vacant pin re. enh othe saat ‘on, abd mangle ve). 15, Ge that Tex cont fo he line Cote Sow Sa in soe EG LS mj whe bundy Conon BE) to deine the velcy dition a he elatnsip been Tan 146. Iie sits fr Bingham ai i 1058 and he ty {7 compate tein i ck hat wou i i el ssereappiod 0s ert wal 117 Asan approsinato, he Bid moto tht sry when ed aomobe fesse on «we ave mgt he oe Compuai ot le i in eS te cn cai at eh dh ven 48 nan the watering fre ‘Bered on te almobie as anon coy psn at FRatonsip is val ve we ap haging compu te inn tance Fae fora 200 ato dsc ra ph 8p Use O01 oe for coat oft Rework Pob 15 oF the case where hetero dtibtion in the “ 6) » mdoion Cap. and he voy ed othe epee by nen) eating ret wih suet tthe bouay codon, Peat Geno Yo Sone inten rec eon weting RT og 1 and "ing 77 he on the vals 00,01, 03,and D3 1.9, What the ge Btnen the ver, A= 11 Shand the ast 110, Gienacouierockwe ration ‘to around te aus shown fo ig, exe abd Fe E sermaot and 7 awe Sy 4 yee 11, The the alpen eguons can be expe ina sng oqoton at eons = by rsp — sy abd 2 Lt the vals of the ne ems ep ‘Raed by ai teste peste 8, re = 10. =, and ner 1:2, Wie out he ths sar components of the Yor A+R, Epes the pion eee nnd oan 118. The vt Ci et ar a sat, ines he tor B Ti othe sal compos of te ete Cand exes ie in 1.14, apes the scale = €-(A Bin inden notation, 1.15, Glen second order yt ay sh tt Fluid Statics and One-Dimensional 2 Laminar Flow In this chapter we shal examine the wo simplest ypes of uid motion: fie at rest and cay, one-dimensional laminar Row. This wil eve to Introduce the student to ome of the fandarental concepts of fid mechanics, thot geting involved inthe mathemati denis required to examine Iany of the more somplex flows enountered in peace. We wil fst presents genral formalin ofthe ner momentum plnciple apd then we The en to derive the earns of dts, which are simply 2 special Fon the more general suns of moe tobe presented in Chaps and $."The seeond tpi covered in thi chape,opeimensionl fmt Bow, is anther example of spc form ofthe general equations of motion "2.1 The Material Volume ‘As prevouly disused the near momentum poi tates that (tent oc) ~ ont bay) aun The “ody” refered to in Eq. 211 conte of some Bed quanti of ‘materi sch as a ste all moving under the action ofthe earth's rate ional fel, or all the asparagus and bute sauce contained in sealed polveiyens bag, or a weather ballon id with belum being bound ‘ound athe turbulent atmosphere. The materi witha these thee System, forbes, remains the same: therefore, the) maybe called materi Ylumes. 1 flows immeditly from the principle of coservation of mae tht the ‘as of s mater yolume conta. applying Eq 21-1 to Bid some conceptual dius ate, If we deine out system a some ie, ¢ = 0, a al the teil Within a spere of radi we might imapne dat at some ether tine we could not ate the system ith a smoth closed sutice, owing to the random motion ofthe ‘molecule. Ite wishto work within the realm of continuum mechan, ad Seo, we mus eur carer to ces whee ths random molar ‘motion canbe negletd. Ar we mentioned i Chap. we may do ro when {he gross dimensions ofthe system under consideration are noch args than ‘he mean fe path ofthe molecules in the id. Under thee conditions, we ‘may correct speak ofa mater volume which may becomtousy changing Sic and shape bt exchanging no mass white stroundings, We dnote # ‘materi vlume as ¥ (} and te surface of meal volume af). “The subscript m reid us that we are icusing a "tera” woe and ‘rfc, both of which maybe funtons of time, Later nthe ext we sal Ive obeason 10 dcuss volumes fed in-spice, designated by 7, and olumes which move trough space in aa atrary mune, designated by 40) The sara ses stows with these volumes ae indicted by of fed af{) spectively These volumes andthe srfces associated with hem fre designated by capital script ltrs fo alert the stodent to thei pei flgifcance. Inston, allows uo se the symbal t indate eros Sectional areas and pions of cowed sufares, while closed sures are scly iingsied hy thease of 9, of), and of). “The lnc omencum principle [Consider sow the dierent volme of uid AY strated ia Fig. 21-4 “the mas dif contained in ths dierent yume piven By a= pay a and the omentum (mast dines veloc) of the diferent element i tert, a av ny Py i Sie One Sen Laine Row hp. 2 raid ue Wemay now wite the momentum ofthe mater volume! a, monet fhe mative = [pra 8) and Eg, 21-1 may be writen ” emt any ‘The derivative, D[Dr, ical the tril derivative and wil be dss in eal long with the fort and pri tme dere in Chap. 3. For the resents sfklent oa the material derivative simply indtes that we Ne taking the tine rate of change ofa material vole, “Te fore ating on mater volume of uid eons of body Forces such a¢ giana, clesrostti, and eeetromagaet ores—that tet on ‘he mat ara whole ad surface frees that ct onthe bounding sara ofthe ‘material wome. Ifthe body orc per unit mae i represented by, the ‘oul body Tre is fess" Jaw e168, same the mone cht hone coneaton Pat Set Tan voone 8 ‘We shall conser ony the gravitational body oer wil heer epeent {he gravity vector. Tn treating the surface force it wil be pproprit to Work in tems ofthe ss. vecor, ty defined by Eq 217 ern (2) ro) whee AP isthe force exerted by the soundings onthe area A Tn general a scl or a vector canbe specie simply in terms of te spatial coordinates and tine; however the not the eave wih the sexe ‘tr, for tao depends onthe sition (pen bythe gral ver») in question. The subscript) i thus used ln denoting the ies vector. Asan example of thi dependence upon m we might comer {he solid bar under compression lata in Fig 212. Tee appenpit 0 Ask the following question. What ithe temperate inthe be a point? ‘What i the velo a pola a? What i he density at point a? However, {he quesion What i the sigs at pont ais incomplete, We must sk ‘What isthe sires at pat fora surface having amoral a? "To ilstat this point, meal conser the wste of stress Tor the plane point ahavings sormal rj the ttl compres oe acting onthe bar Is Fand the costo re ofthe bar i then theese verona plat {fora surface having nora 5 pen by toy = 23(8) ey, whee the pls or mins sign on the righthand side of Eg, 2.148 wed py and the groge presi = path) en anometeralelton “Theda the tank a parand» mercury manometer used to measure the pressure. The reading on the manometer ae 3258) nasil 1 Ini ese uy eng neglect ee, or hh) = 1928 “ ‘Sed One Denon Laine ow i? “The dent of mercury 613.5 glo and the guge presses rea [e3seow a2 20) “(eRe CIC “To dnnguish gauge pressure fom absolute pressr (i) we wet 1.2 psig (pounds per square inch pus) » "25 Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces [Now that we ave lered to dtemine the presse eld fra Mid at eden can Set ou ateton to the cond problem noted in Se. 2.2, {EeLeicinton ot forces on submerged sufoes. According to our previous {Rbatdon the force hich he surrounding exert on sem fre pe te (oe en) wish cuandy dete it oma obese, Th ota fe PESEE Senator asad ce FH [tae tw nap fora tuidatret 2541) [maa say ‘where mst be remembered that ms the outwardly diet nit ora for Tata our contention i that mis the unit ormal directed into the ‘ace nsh exe the fore. Theat step in calating the oc and mom EX the gate shown in Fig. 25-15 wo termine the pesmure in he Sid tp eeu the diferent equation » a Cy andthe boundary condition act easy esp, on Sterge Fin Sri « ig 26 Sr fa an net ona ge “The net sure force etd the pt, Fa costs tye gud sd byte suncundingemospbee mee eed ores faves oso ‘he uni outardly dinted normal in the sounding snoop, mis jis egal nd oppose tom and wey write Ey 288 = nmaa esa 1 be wit ofthe ate i then Abd ere is he dance measured along tl SESE ase meme along he at om he hg. Te met Fett sb dy 258) none tert ing we ms eer pt temo inher cocneie BLE Fyn Fae andthe fore becomes ————:—__x- — « thy Sta One Dmeton “Te uit normal an be expres in ems of its components nek esi) tom ig 252 ha component heb eee eatin asim (osito 1 nyninscos We/2+Oh= = We mu ‘Tent fe may bese echt (1, 512) Faas —ne + ng (26) (1 : nate compre ae Get si am rot Se esimy pon —ncnn(i- fee Tete 0 ins te ses ren [Peary ess Sec 26 Fro Seared Curd rent ° ‘The positon vectors best represated in terms os unit angeat vector to ‘he at, and the antance meatured alo the pts r= esis) Sine. and are othogoil, we may write rena on esi6) 084. 2814tte thorn F=ifo-rondy e517 Putig the pesuredlitrene p~ pin ers of» ad interaing, we ave Ie isten coment to represent a distributed fore in terms ofa singe revlan force. Fortis resultant free to describe prope the dintibued Fore sytem, t must ata point which ives re to the sie tong te tbe sinibate force system. When dscaning hydovatis tems, me call ht ‘ointhe ene of presare and denote tb t. The pion vector locating ‘he ener of pressures determined by slung the ejuation Feros es here 7 is the torque owing tothe dstibted force system and F is the estan fore, Leting roa san) and subatitting Eas 25.9 and 218 ito Eq 2619, we locate the center ‘ot pressure onthe hing gute esa "26 Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces We st examine the problem of forse on curved submerged surfs by coosiering the force onthe arbitrary race shown in Fig, 2. The foe fn the rac is Fa —Japaa 261) Pont ate 2) ig 24a. Fore co ptt we rae Core Sec si Sie th projection ofthe surface are clement dd onthe thee coordinate plans i bend maa, 2623) jena = da, 262) Kenat = a4, 262) ‘he surface area may be expressed in ems ofthe projected areas as Add 1d, + 5a, + kd, een ‘The fore acting on the solid surface may be writen ates of the rote sens to el a6) We do this because the prssre is always given in erm ofthe, y, and = oon; therefore, it essary to perform the tration Ine of thse coordinates rather than in ern of the srlace ares, To ila he application ofthese ideas, we cose he sytem showa in Fig. 262. The owe thatthe fds exert onthe spe Fo -fane—[nnvaa assy wherem and gar the uit nema rected into Buds 1 an 2, espetvy ‘The psu ia the two Buds ae nen by a Me pss) 266 pall —2) een ‘Subsittion of Eqs. 266 and 267 nto Eg, 26 and taking the sale prod with the uit stor he a= PoP fie pathy oem “ eon [t+ pets — Dem aa ‘Upon eainng Fi 263, we tat an ess nda, asin Subsitetion of Es. 26-9 and 26-10 into Eg. 268 and puting both terms ——————EE=_-e- ig. 23, Poteet fr pr win sate neti ren[ov erate of tnt ator Home Since “ a= yee Ae fre may be writen at pein ee r, Ula = pb +0 wed | ben VE Imation with ropes 7 Se which we my tgeat in ern f give y= llpils— pads +(e pe Jide paesin- nen=O=T ei 56027 tna eet 2 we add and sb yom he ghd side and earange the ems we obala ™ * Fe =y putly — Ole Int pst Oe 2616) “Ths he resing force may be writen in tes of the mean peste ating ‘on the surface mulpe byte projected te ofthe sures nthe detion ‘ofthe force. We may use this result o quickly determine forsee which act Trendy othe privet proved the presen fenton "27 Buoyancy Forces ‘The resultant force exert on x body by fd atts called the buoyant free The principle that we wish to prove bere is ltsbuied to ‘Archimedes 247-212), who supposely discovered the phenone aon whe ‘rterng the pool of » able bath The prince ste tat body buoyed upby' force gual tothe might ofthe dpsed ud" Wecan cay [roe this by applying Ea. 261 tothe rtd body ated ia Fig. 271, Tn {Ss cue tte std ay wih may beep at to poe ‘curve along which ° en ‘Thos, the normal to the soli uric lesin they plane along this euve. “The analysis can be easly extended to more complex shapes simply by ving the volun ato several wections we designate the pion of the ‘Upper sufce by 2p and the lor sure by, Eg. 26-1 maybe spared Io to parts o ge Pe-fosleats [areata ag pte 22a te rk ret kere ra—f rhea hdd flea kd 73) Sinem: ks the rjecion ofthe sie atone plane, ne ms change the variables of integration to. a * Kemdd— dd, upper region era) Kem dd = di, lowe region 74) el fomasn tay of mie ee Yo Do An Py ht Sti nd Ove Oman Lain i 271 Bonny oe oe here wl and Bg. 273 becomes Ta —[ati frat a9 Putting both terms under the same integral ign, and noting that Phen — Plone = ates = HD 76) “ Qn) pute cmt nde ef el Ft oflee-s004 ans andthe sid ody is buoyed wp bythe “weight” of the displaced i Farah a7) S027 suey Foces e Fie 272, Sl ay fog tan nt ‘The results not iu to extend to the case af sol body a the interface between to fds. Thi station fst in Fig. 272 sod he poo Se tothe stent. ‘The bydrometer A hydrometer uses the buoyancy principle t determine the ratio of ens of to fis. In general, one thse Mads water andthe rao ‘of desis, pony ale he spec gaviy a en, ‘A ydrometer ating iin water and then in some other Mud is shown ia Fig 2.73. the massa the bydrometeie M andthe desi ofthe i above ‘he liquid is 0 small hat the air coneribter a negligible stouat to toe ‘buoyancy fre, then Achmed pice ede Me put 0 enn Me= patYas an here Vig and Vaya the volumes of he apaced water and i espe {vely. ison of bg. 27-1 by Eg. 2.711 gies (es) ony se gic tet ta ons —— 3 rot tr snd One Dine tamiar Flow Chm? ie.279, Arysemee, fe crostitonal ares ofthe graduate sft then ot Aah en) snd = en, mF) ‘ener to know both the crostsetional aren and the volume Vig We ermine The area Aca be eased esl and Yayo 43 TS sree rm Ege.7-1 since the ensty of wae smell wn ae te dete Hyrometrb messuredcasly. Knowing Aan Vows ws 10 neta ale om te sem ofthe hyromeer giving the spe Bai ‘Sic. 28 One-Dimensional Laminar Flows I nly singe component ofthe velsty vet is nonzero the Heat monet pene easy to apply, provided the Bow is amina andthe eties eight The subj of Streamlines wil be dss im etal Se now tl st a hat for tend flow seule ae ea ani Rowe s Fi. | eaty Fg 2 Lanna Soria cris ion es acd om by pete of Ri, Ths he rane in te tow raed ing Bat = Sader ony acon ors i pute woul move tight ie pred otha start the nals wih the near momentum guaion D EI naraf mars foes which is to be cae ‘section sz edit na 282. Thissecin of fui it a ate volum re contaonsy Setrming ower fey fa pai kvl een [ence es) Fe 282, iil eat vole hn, nnuch a thet rate of change ofa constant vectors zr, Eq, 28+ aes the fom Jreorsfiaae on “Tiseutisidetea otha frst is, butin hiv ease he tes vest Teeth normal (esa) and tenes (er) components We are oly FMtreed inthe component of Eq. 23, which may be oped to the difrenta volume yd Om (92078, —(p26r Aad Tae + bute 89, + (ru 2arAalnad Posese es vex iit sin convention i td with he shee tes, On the ‘Avicd ing an outrarey ted sonal nthe poste rcton, the SESE lgpesned ss scing in the pote z-ecton. On BES havag en eutwarly deed normal the nega econ, {Me lhtrsuen repeating in tbe epee ection, The Seer of the ser ae wl Spend on te pee pole under seetetuon,Foretamps ith fow te tide mere revered thedecton vi primar secs ould erty be revere. formating roles sciatic tothe sgn coven ht poste ber es atin the We tinue dirion on pte aces} and i the neete Fess don on negovesfce Thin heme 6 psec (0 ee Sho aves or oposte sds of deel thin she of ioTactin oppose dest which ofcourse inivey obo: A Aisi been in Cap wher ses sted in eta ‘Ding. 284 or rc sndtaking thei > Dand az 0, ei Bie 086) ae rae + pote sre we eta he sun ag eal wets pling in he posi ere den $66.28 Onin ana Hows » Equation 286 called the sess gutin interme ofthe velit pact f Newer ao sy PE 3's aw of sony wa iow 1s vy sme t the eto rae In Chap. 5, Newton's law. orn the pent, we mt repr ehtoship between the sents Srolartke ex sel b(5) he sltion of i is egiton regis some carl agune fe finn depends of ytd. Rea al es {Mi purl ast move in tae slong he be ite ee {is ow is constant, the volume Bow rate tos sy ses ‘Eurema comin (ich los rom at hase ee Seid hl ay wats ate at {hat the ow is ansymmetit only Tuncion ote MH The pressure will be a function of and 0 omic : Paromylaete P1682) ng eravitaiona eft, and e810) Honest of gai yu on the pressure gradient will not de "inom ‘dependence of dp/az may be expressed a went estn SITIES, 288i ee oh angen et he ‘8 function of z while the right-hand si neton of esping tind hat rds anne sony tl 1 See Binot plate ative hypothesis IV, Sec.13. “ ef o Sint One Dien Lair ow Ch tot ies of. 288 mut cota ewe 14 (fu) 82 eu ral) —t rte purities have ean yal eras sich He strand pene een sas ese by Mbp, where p= rae Alee eu Mutiptaton of 5, 2812 yd vison yw andntegrain se 2 pe) ac, esi This ‘ising by» and ieterating ati, we bave at exreson fo te vel pee fy asin (2 +emree e (a “The boundary conditions for this fow a6 Bet 1, iste for OS <6 esis) Be. 2 0 e816) Joh condone derived rom hie tha the i continu: sae ttre conta anton. The rt boundary onion a tthe loyal specie at some pints ssc nt vats, Boundary coon ofthe Fe ae fe {EE ao ge, nde erie olen of tounary tale robles, Apicaton of Ta Sain | reqors that Cy bebe lar—> 87 “boca conan’ ells a8 expen fr Co --iee etm eras eng) ini yt “The rpm pened re ae in uit and oul be pin at cod Sine teen hp en C3 nD Lani Fs “ 14,2418 ia very wl ret frit allows ust cat the fo ate ite dnewions ofthe en, the price Sop, and evel The volumetric ow rte gen by ° ae 7 ‘This reltinsip tects the volume Bow ie, prese grate Spit led te Hagen Poel Ena, Hage, an th pya Pol tae is reslin the ry pro the tent ee _ Nesey Eg. 2819 ha the fow ste very seve to ebanges inthe eras al ror in sng pe sn to apes {rin he ow rae or pesre dap: Fors gon fow tae act sakes fusion ote pen rp ie the fp) ad pe ust Se made onan economic bast ffs saltiete pe eae ost fhe pipe sl ut he otf the pump srg, ec constant Be convoned wih robin of tape nh eg a Seonomic const be pled Se dred es er genes fiero eed oF, 218, The mex ‘velocity, romans OCCU at r = O and has the value ne =H) oa The same conduits ar ofa we to cary fee oar i in oder hat pining nt emi nd pipigyous snp. Tnsashensene aes {2k how lnpt wi ake terete ui lg romped eta rode rine te Te nn vey et ed one {he “bekiugh time. The aap cyt ened se ‘tie ow rate dvd by We cotseon wer ecg o-$-(OG) quant for seng pipetine reactors, reaction depends on the ine the aid spn ed the average residence ine andi nen by the miu r ad the lew Ia Bono ofthe ls, who experimentally The average velit is ofen «useful sine the extent of chemi nthe reactor. Tit ine sverap resins tme = -Arplcaton ofthe Hagen-Poiscule lw iste ste ther, ne mus be sre at he Now nde conv 1 lamina ows np at tbe. {Tho te ean ect) il Be ed es th eae olen » “ ye ————————_—_ caeutatonof tbe flow ate souldaleaysbe accompniod bya sternination Stibe Reynolds number, to be sre tha itis ese than te cite, 2100 Ma encase tito foramina wna abr issometines ered. Roweng Eg. 286 nthe form Lond “(ir and iertig, we have are oe =a css ee -zhos tbe constant of integration C, 20, and the aber stress Hoe iinconotr te phe net hat i neatv isin Keeping with onion, ease he ea rant the sie having posite outward ced normal Se at he neve drotin ithe Mid lowing in the pos tive sdreton. Sunpleeklton of presore drop arin» eyo 0 at ad wy of 13 ln oe epi a eth ant Gamer 208, ny hohe dopa room ow to 10 she, Restranging Eq 2419 aves s ubsitutiog the approprit vals and the neces ee suet enn, ry conversion factors, we (9) poise 1001910000 Guyloiny amnesson (FN(G 19 10" dyfon? o a ao) an 1 we wish the ansye h the answer intr of poundefore per sguae inch we write p= fist amos (8 216 bint “To complete the Slain, we need to vei noseamaesate fy that the Bow seminar. The a= [08th fotrnmeis ma) * (Gao ‘Caying oo the computation, we have “Thus, thew i amin. Nontewonin fow bewean two fat ples Figure 283 itt the dow o Pen ncn nung am th hon ey ol nde to apts “point fa Aton E4, 285 othe dftretal volume shown in Fig TES toctaag = (ord Acdy de I. The veloc ag foe FOAL pAyAsloa} Tne Gs 25) + Cre Atel + reel) Se Dividing by Ay As nd aking he init as before, we get rnb Hee = e825) “in =e BPS nee ho Sin nd One Dine Lami Flow On. ig 283. Foe toe ot pls seer gs ben replace by gin 0, Each iit presenta esate, and The ting proses es ws ° 0-22 4 casey pesno 24.2 tots fow cobain We may a apy the pcomponet of x. 283 = — pros 2 e828) Anteration of Eg, 228 gies an expression forthe preset hs 3) =~ raycos + CO) hich tad to the consision tht pi independent of y. Rearaning Eg, 2427 int the form ase) } 2 _ pesino esa ae of inegetion,” which | ea nn uae Sth oe tpentes ane S28 Cue. Dimanl Laine ons 6 emote tht the le -hand side isindependet of. Fr oneimeaioal ow ‘re dependent of x, thus both se of E4230 meat Be equ o 2 Sanat. tegration i then strihtforwar, and we obs (Be enind)yse easy The bundy sda tv nih ag ee de ot ot iMegtn tha be he oe So et ment asm ‘The cast way to demonstrate the vali of ti condton so apply Ey, 283 tothe dierent volume shown in Fig 28-4 Now that ees yao Fg.284. Share a anf yt, slreses ay — 4p and y= —Ay ae bth sting inthe sme diction following the astumprio a symmetry abot the plane y 0, es = easy Ballon of he wea B33 ee Om eeseas Apts ye nSybsh.— 2089 Spa SES easy i “ thd ase an One Dien Lamin ow chm 2 tweet cand Az remit andallow Ay to gotozero,Eq 28-34 ret Ardyaes 0 e839) and it follows thatthe sete ster attheplane of symmetry mus e 28 SAI Giftco andthe sess distbution 22 + pesind)s e836) te sear ses or pera fd oedema flow is en PY eee 155) - eg" (de) 837) sl G) sete fw tame bout y= 0, ened oi eat he Si atthe wc gent wily eee a ts. || 2 e839 ool cantina op 2836, 2857 82898 Ye tun om[fel (Breese am tng ty mand aing bth 1 he In POE, | (Ee!) asp a = og £9 2838s (AP + pein” «) (Ee) z xan “pis equation maybe iterated, subject to the Boundary conion pe cae as to obtain the vot disibstion Terr aie ey") cnn 118 on nn o em owt pera wh yi neat (AP 4. ppsin o\"" patel yp nw Thee eloity prot is somewhat es Ties ero examine if the velocity is made i By ving y the average vel. ‘viens fe ENG — penny a7 (ier aan where Y= 2y/h, a dimensions dance. Several Ft tom 8,848 eth nig 388 PN me TEAS vcs ote pone i vn en 2. be hme ow efron i ae et pa er on eee (ent esa pro) il "Wea oil cpa es wilt ao dew dena quate Ir we compare Bg. 28-37 with Newtons aw of wsosy, we se that the apparent nonin by 7 cz) “thas, ite <1 the apparent vneonity dresses with increasing shear re TTA fig is cated peudopisnt. Since the sbeae rate 270 at he Sitting and maximom atthe wal the apparent vscoy esomes {toring sale near te wal nd the fow retembles ease whore there might bei tthe wll, Notes Ea. 28-4 tht as becomes smal he ‘eBenic Now rate bevomes mre seonive Yo the channel dep, In ovking with highly poeudoplsti fis we must be extremely coef when Jpeg pie dameters chal depth, fora smal error in geometry can {Beat sage err inthe fw rate a ven pressure drop. a th aparet vgs incener with increasing shear rate; hus, ‘the tld appent tobe more vacos next te walls, anlar: propetion Ue fo takes place inthe cntal elon of the channel. Fd which ene inthis manner ae called ditt abd are not nearly as commen 38 ‘reodopastie Ris Ta eb iis Newtonian and we eeplace m with. The velo rot is pra and the volumeti ow fate per unt wid is given By JE (AP op sin 41) =e nest) oxen “hspot ows sonst trl pe Poiil fo Se asl sowed se some en sin ene mse er eet aren esate Mo en brandon Doe PROBLEMS 21, tthe des of hid 62.4 af ao te deny of 268 BE dae eemure inthe tank shown i ig 2, Assunta he ‘sy rp a npc eo anne A 204 i 1:4, Arinple Utube manometer ante wad ocr te ssi aly 7 SHEN cheered tan wae the ranges Mate ig 23: Dave an expen orn ems fy 08 2 25, Fo this wth ey Emi eso deri Fein ory ates yl tat ta, ns te ost shown hn he ci re Bethe » hi Sia nd One Dinan tam Flow Oa uae air an beet aan els ad te temperate fe ao it teary wah bog abve te eat ernean expen forthe pre Se Seep and terran of ear. 2.5 Tow us ate conned by » ngs te eso 0 Fig 28 ee Ta Ba a eel pei ay oF 08, Serie he Moment pe ot wt about Fn vin Moret pe nit wh 4 x TOBE ‘16, Awooden spore (p~ $b?) oti at an aeatrnteris, Wat ‘monde snared” Save Oy ft dering Asie re Sean arated wa Sud ner. 24. Rote pln of deity ol amin a ag a tnoment about pt “A? ‘Ln. cine oth th eins an vert components of be fre pr wi Dr onthe ced ge shown i Fig 28. Use Ea SF eth ef a ae 2 See nial hei aon he whee [iar aes Psa see ‘ao, Work Pos 28 fae th case whe the deny ear fasion eee (ea) ee 2 th Protas eae 0 um. sng he acc eee Saosin ione oe loos Janam Ome Presta A rt Sn nd One a te ho in F242, i ann sun Deernine ete he conc dm stwy n 21, Dac ei mst tps aunt et me as eet hee ‘sete squint cater ost the vente deny soa aie | ms Prox the lowing 4x0 -BUCxA) CAD) fu device forazurt OAx@xo- 2s, The miomananeeriteate a Fg 213 7 x0 I nO aA sar —cA-m Sona pero Si a at ae heh sal er Ato peop Abe th re tae, derive an expres OF Px ~ Pa YAS 3 ee neat RaIcocink enc ————=_ ™ i St One emo 1.16 Demoustate ta th eros rags, A Bean Be writen in ems of the ‘Seon! tae a4 A oa 2.1. Show hat AAD 60 Kinematics 3 ie Sow tht th ron product rue maybe expese in inex ottion af cine te TARE 29, rove at vageee hs tcf he gate of lr no, To oh 17x (op ad era the aa come 2. Deum te ey polos ow oar ‘region ilastrated in Fig, 220. i Neto aid in tbe ‘Petr tnt eos Thee oe ese sore geal feel eentony of moto acl rae ei neon on Nero et nhac ma ae ovefupousimn | tet Teenie he om fuses amet eon 221, Deve te ome, prerreco esoship frh of Fa 2S st be cable of derbng ie dma E Bittencourt be aceite den ef an tow hit natn tough st Toe Ea ere) ‘rents ey ep twtr aha a jnerson! ania ow na tate — The student is encouraged not to damit flrs forthe Save tena rsp iret eats Cn. 3) of ema Ielaces (Chap. 7) canto be applied fo praca prolons ai ee nc ules the devon is undera And te detnaien ces ee desood ule the matemac! tok wed ie Seen 3.1, Material and Spatial Coordinates an undentanting of maa! ‘oar ebjecive in hs son devo a andetanding of maa crv ni tn has at is fe tne motion 2 Bo Th erm "spat cowie ds See ena oodles in which al pots my be aa the cabnce tsa cordate sem follows om he sun ‘St spc Even, Tse eno poems ong SeuMving Sparc of as, wich may Be defo as «let ce ne Comet, Fy ve tbe tanbhingy sal ume Sshch come oe sne mn oae, Atvoe igtty seer hc pon of ui pers intr oft cooritom 8, sear is mane, all a parte ay be fc in es of th Zea tedtesand ine. At some eles tine, cose — OT Bunt ach poston oy id prt can be sped 8 Kak yo rem mmo ‘Ac some oer ine, > 0, the positon ofthis parte may be expres f(a oui9 rf Qa on) safe on Fox by mailing tose ‘We may put tise in more compet vector form by multi ‘oes elton by jan k, respectively and then adding to obtain ronal (4 a ox a where = be + y+ be Rau yir sez “We sal al the pial poston sector, Deaus it oes he Mid patie ‘paste Rib calle the marr aston rector bean i represents (pe cordinaes wid to "ag or Kena a given parte, Noe thatthe feo22 Tee esiasee ” materi coordinates do ot representa coordinate system which move nd Aefrms with the Mud they simply repent aspect of spatial “coordinates—namly, those which the ld patel cred w the reference Ue, = 0. Size ao two ad partes can acupy te sme sat! poston A the sume tine, the materat postion vet uniquely dees 9 Bald Pile Equation 3.-2 may be writen se 18,9) ony which simply express the fit that ee spi coords fa id partie {va uncon o times the mata cordate? ™ “hetine ate of cane ofthe pt oslo vas fr paral id pari the voy of hat parle Sne th ne dee canted ‘ih th material coordinates held onsale materia ernie Te hecping with the nomenclature to be tase in Se, 3.2, we wate le) _ De (a) oe? or "32. Time Derivatives ‘The time derinatine of an arbitrary salar function, $= Ss, 9,5) sivea by Satin ani ere the spatial dependence of Sis understood. For the spas eae where Sis funcuon af ine ony thi definition ofthe derivative unasbiguns However, fsa funcon othe spatial coordinates, he deratv expel ty Bq. 32-1 is ot wel defined ntl some statment ema aout the pot in apace at which Sf measured forthe tvo tines, and 3t 'As our fist example, we shal consider a sytem of parties moving tbeouph space, eting x reprset the ordinate of th th partie as ‘Masato in Fig, 321. Aesording to Bg. 32-1, we wie acean=a oxy 5p gg PAUL AD — ns 1 Wah] oo) a the vay of hep pte in the acton {Dating he fad tin in nf the ei coro det seers arta covers ed i tar Pig 341, Main fpr in pe ‘The drvtingven by Fa. 3.22 ime tf tangs of al which rmsd ew he price we mime an ose dogo te pce ad control obicing i ption along he |SCovndinate. This pe of derivative, eacountredprevitly nthe soy artcle dyamiy, ale 9 mater derivative and denoted by oe Gwe mare sie es azine re et “oh tna smears ‘the tompeatre of heh partie, yp [THEE 8D = 14) eal itis obvioaly a materi dervative seu ea anes scout insti te tine a of chang ofthe tempersture of Tui. The divine yg [MEAD =) 35 oo ais ‘meanings unl we pity wherein space, sessed Inthe previous uample, we messred the enperstare while moving witha partie hone er the temperate of Md maybe mesard «pint odin poe oy 8 thermocouple oe some other device I the spel sordinats er bald ‘onsun fo he iting pros we wet SD (AB) — jim [TE AD = TH 2.6) am ESa™ | o26 27 et pr dete, pia tr pc ce as Mie rn is a cape re Sac Sec aca 9 a hue me es aon gens ae See est Toemereespl cam nn dae, igi leet erate ett ag ante tiene fa (a7) «(2 2a) (ar= GF oa The allows himsl to i wih the curent while measures the tne rate of change of temperature, the materi devtines eternal -(2) 628) the skin dive i energetic and moves about wth a velcty w e measures the total deere, Tar, which depends on the spatial vations of te ‘eosy wand the pct dervtive wih respect tie, ‘We would now ie fo formulate thee en it mathematical tems, The {emperature is anton ofthe spatial soorinaes and me, aad weap this functional dependence as rate 629) we Kinemis Op. 3 ee ae ced andy mms T= m6) = MAB 02 a), ing cont ei ix ined (i, RIGA ENG 2p where he chin ee has been ws to obtain the fst thre terms. This top TIRE. set some diets an fay belo consider i fre. Arne feadent ns had a couse i ehermodyaarics, bei fami with Thon of several variables, For example, consider te Gibbs fee eet, re ta be eaprened ap function ofthe temperature, vole, and umber of les “The total destatve is Gar. Y.9) en ao~ FF ‘tere i ome crows notation asocated with thermodynamic which Thy cocoumeredeowhere—Le, the wse of stbsxps on the pat Bewahes to indie which varales are being Held constant Ta some ‘ipo ti stem superfans, Decase prt derivative imps cat "eft mucienn vars sve constant” during theliiting proces Hosen inthermodgnamic thst a wide oie of indepenent variables, Tet hetero wed a reminder hat the independent aviabesae(in thi ctample) Fs and HT, and are fntons of ime, Eq 321 tay be vied by dt obtain 2-2) 2), 6, om \ are 4G = Gime, 0.00 + en ‘which is very sr othe functional dependence of in Fg. 32-10 when R TASS UERutne The only cfleree ie tat the temperate, , depends cai upon tine a adiion tote Spc time dependence vin (0, Yad 4, a Return i Ho Co Fa. 3.21, cooing tom 22-11, we ne hat he dats fhe ‘Sorin tld eosan athe compo oe ah a a (2) vr ODE) 068) ean bee eer oan Noting te rpettion of 9, nd au try Knew ote a one soto 226 ee ee si ime owing tothe maton othe se maine iso he nto the in der th mt oe ee med of Eq, 3211 me wet “ws 1 i B80 om TNE GS ad le the component of te vei vee w ‘motion. Investor form, Eq, 3219 Rome 22 9.01 ana ter G22) “This eval i he most general ype of Fane Mo er ype of tine dre we hal encour RRR RI bose aansalese (ew york 3 ether The syver 32.20, tus considera sky hemomee instead hs aie Tatnw SS ————————~_ °°» ns ena Oe where a= 5% 10-*F}f and Eg, 32-29 rede to ar a = @2m) tothe fice stags the shy diver’ velocity i about 200 mph, Hess, = (SEENCS atall0r and he experince rap sein temperature, After the parachutes oped aad ee acces to about mph andthe rate of femperature rs eed to ony DOSE es, “The vly Feld ta the study of ld movin, we wl be concerned wit id seseation ane heh he tie tt, Thee rate of change of vel of {usd price te acseation even by 22) “The idea of accertion is mot easly raped if we pitrou 8 Tae es ih copter smd continuo sting he ate a Which ut vey moving ample cacao Is ily expres as we rail 1 RE nt tophgh i hgh poncred, tne sports ca, Une Fa a etna we can both ice” the ecelration (Oy Obsving 08 vase hanging poston and "ete aceleraton Gn terms ofthe foes ‘eiuied to produ Pron ponon fred inspceobsving our port carat moves av ratte mopoghe ie mek more ie for hint gt he el of sree eibaton ter hecan only note the velo ad th ae at whieh the Selosy i chaning with dita Fence ately in deebng Mid aceaton rom te pat of seas hand suave forte sclraton sot expoed "te ime et cana the velo” Let wh expand te iahcand sie of Ea Sw expres the aeleaton 3 0229, vit 8 ere we ee that he acaleration const ftmo tems. The isi the ate ofa ty apni e larin smagitee ofthe elosty andthe vlety pedits ne ventana iri de ie xs of nl vector, a the ed cer would ote the oly he Iain hang fy, ante ly pu, nd om fais e woud dee the sccatin, Note hatte fom aay ies¥ isnt function of ime Eq 5229s hat he nl tod seco a ‘ . we Asan example of steady, accerating owe conse the fon gaunt oh Recs parts ics Se 12a pe in Fig 322, Asa fui pace moves fom = 10 + As tong the QQ fae yeas x. Silat, the ol compovents {Goprimet ean bevel othe new component (primed) by noel 233) ‘Not thatthe and in thse two equations could be replaced hy any index ES IN) rpeued or dummy indices. Inada, te 1a, being eS ada cou te represented by any Teer The only requirement here That nde wt repented thre ines, or the expression ary Is obviously ambiguous. Espesing theses veto for eotaton of as pe fi aay [Appcation of Eg, 42-19 gies an expesion in terms f the tes tensor fi the soaal mT = Tien 239 In ght of By 42.3, we a expres the normal vestor 8 maaan 4236) Substation of 4, 42.36 nto Eq, 4238, and placement of Both terms on fhe lethand side f the equation ve us NIT — Taare) =0 23 ‘esau arbitrary andthe terms inte bracket are dependent of ny {Bey moa be acto. The teafomation law for enor esas T= Tiras 4239) tn Chap. 1, we pointe out that the mathematical defsiion of @ vector Teac ony tht be a group of thee salar quantities which obeyed a us cectain transformation law. The éefiiton oft up of ine lar quate hit obey the aw frase eet oe foe * by the lw of tantoration gen by "43. Symmetry of the Stress Tensor Soar we ie condo ove east be now te nto ina soning hs near nonatm pen aap en ‘som Nec i may epg tsa oe the steno, we fin pve lac ete oe ae PE ‘eve em tu al pot ee be ital ae se Rr re Fe 4, Sos on i te, ‘aerial volume, the angola momentum equation is Bfexmar-[oxmarsfextra assy Provided alongs are the momento forces, thee te 0 lca stress mo stoanina ad Ot coupe sting onthe sure) Onc gin we eps te mati veumese Xf AOE 432) an ppy he an valu hore oth lune tera in E43 Be pe ntlh = x AOE > «es sepa san inl 4, arte gh tw rect og Sein ean Soe ae costa eau pment She Te acest etre Beye ont | exeoae ase os ta peice ene rodent oc erate mola gc sla Lai fete Ogi pe ome rer ogg alte] “alee ei) + Pelee] fle] oe 9 ere th aeragng backs) have been topped to simp notation. “Tees anaced terms mete only ones which donot satel a 0; Tre amin tthe nated von by Cand taking te Hit, We Bin Fe Tea = 8 ce) al s a7) 4. D.W, Conf an J $Date, Fal Meal Asecs of Aaya Se 44 Tn Euan eatin vat ‘By examining the other wo salar components of Ey 434, we an aio show T=, 43.7) Tun Tn 379) Tin index notation, these esate are convene expres as aay) "44 The Stress Equations of Motion obese ee ito drive the drial equations of moto for any continua ints ofthe components of the sts tena. We sa ith qt and kep the maths as free efor te cl roc of 4-1 mh an ary coms vecory, Renenbe ta is tows the ser components by and to take on tn tle povided thy einen the pt ort nd ne Fo hs oo, ‘anbeaen nein sige and fecal operators whee nea tnd Eq. 4-1 may be writen av ™ ” A Efmcvaraferers[eerst aun fc cnn wi aisha dt ring ‘ieee hs er a sph Seif win tnoe fs can 8p ab me me feces oe Sati a act aps ae ee stmt Se ceo ea a San Sten eae an ‘ot ae te me cenit aerictne ols transport theorem ‘8 Wermay this wots avo: wav ac badd (442) ei te es ern me bee son ven oben) as) seiner afalvars[bryaa aan cy sivweina tht “Te re intra may now be transformed ta volume inter by the diver ‘Proce core a al tere ca be pat uber the tne tga en Jeger-ma-vcvjano uss sic etn neptont tay ign ot ey Sa et tn te bene > Paced) ped TMT. ae Dow = ot » aso, ‘We now wis lminate he itor bt obtain the general eto form ofthe Shes cutis of moon. “Factor Bean be removed etsy fom the fist two terms in Ea. 446; honour remova om the ls rvs rie new mathemati opera on ih dverpece of eso) abd we toed perfor hs ep cael Tat odie vetor hy te uation, Ve(tem afd aan [ote that he operation Tbh been previously defined ad il vector “The inrgence ofa esto [afar operation; tho, he ecband ie of Ee Ang wet dened andi follows that the ctor is determine, Fllon- ing the eu given by Eg. 4225, we expres the ters T= Das Wade + Tad * Tod.) = HiT Tabet Tadd ay SMT, + Toby + Tab) “Tehing the divergence of hs vvtor and sting i equa tof, we get t 2 ae, . Betas + Tabs + Todd L Tab) Seba bby tid, 4) 2 rb +B te 2 er +t, Bctabe + Tabs Tabd cazyng oat te ierentiton (remembering that bby, ad ate costa) ‘Sod puting lhe terms he ethan we, me Base (Ge +See) ap. [Gee / [e Se. 44 TS Sino atin cy nasi t l scr components of are aria ech erm in rackets Inst be zo. The cle component of tvs fav tse dled Ey 4410. Tocooe as ach oman a pote we dente tr £85 the symbol WF and we * “ We may now rerange Ba, 446 at the form [mvt] ‘Onc agin the em in rchts mus ber esate bisarbtay and sre equtios of motions oad, rants aay bo rp ateT ee Here we ee that our elt isnt cis nothing more than an expression of the near "momentum pine nit value. Te ti val fo ay comm, stadent may ell ive seen the sighchand side of Eq 413 ia a ‘ous on sli mechanic or"srength of mattis” io Remebe hat we srt or aay ith th gral or maces forma the ee onium nip Gx E41), Th egeton li for ny mater volume anybody moving and deforing spe and time. Use ofthe Reynolds anspor theorem lowed so put he Matra death le te nepal i, ad repent te sue ne in terms of theses tensor permitted thea itera tobe tan food ole teal All tn th gation col thn be pot dete sme volun gala te diferei or mex eguton | ra strain ld Op PROBLEMS “4 suring with 441, ne inde staion ate spel form of the eyo rrp tcven gn y Hy. devetde srs eaons ‘of tatn. Not: Mae we he es in feow-Zee ren ba cota etn, 42 How many dict components ae therein asymm esor? (Rew smc tor on for ih (t) How many ditt component ae here ina shew nme or? 463A ses tsbaton body stor and gen by Te= SO0pi Ty =O Tp 1000p Toa ~ T= 100,14 Ty shat sth rma ste Te te plane ABCD of the pari shown ahem Ari 6 pia Prete os 4 thecomponsns of ss Ts Tp Tin to, the ses tition tno nena sd is ale “fae me" Ginn the allowing secs 2 = Toe ~ 00 psa Ty = =p Ty T= 80,0 nthe plane (sigated ym) spon wk he oral se asin Cadas 8210-7) dhe plane (gst by upon white teil (rsa) see Caden 4-7) Nowe that Asay =0, Hin: Let my = co ad y= sin an we the ‘ipnamec ene cot Seon) sot = 10 ~ e082) i020 — ain ened Ant 9 = 163 fo mas een es = 6°51 fr maxima sca se 45 Lael he sees shown in Fig. with alpha and muera ob ‘stip ad indate whee they ar ove repeat et Sgreomention tee any es red Pa 4 Cumerockise 30° about the Sutras ges tt fee aero Te fey Ty Wi owed soins , 1 len se deen Scoaenge rey , ‘oponn en we bg 4218 Shek ya abe Te CMtong we Fame Ta er , ress Do rata : te an wr vs, th ay edn tes ig TERASALEhon td regoopng he ems vty rag he ‘Scena oe ~~ rn i each eum oon, No tt pie ssa corto mye or tec he mas thc ia const, Limwinaray 448, Anns raion) Bai on tht ener noah ett ‘er etn gen oy = mp or am vi al Repeat Poh 4 for hit case nd gener he eso he reson to = ee) the postion vc, roe that Up + oe 10.10 Bonnard 4411, tgs onto vector what form mat the salar aes tate = — 047 412 IFF = WS, prorat Wx F = 6, Le, theca the pai fs ear 4413. The Komeda ha here ey slo ta wan 1p ‘in te ou te ed ie a. ‘£14. Show that a0 abirary esor Boab pao a yee and shew symm y ring It By = Hy + By) Hy — 9) “415, Ginen he dept bore for aver {rew-Jo ada dev the rpms thie for a teor, [rade fa tA by leting G = b-A. Ue his esto dete te ws oem ofthe rs "tos of meton without forming he salar rode ots le oe ‘atm tation with he srbiay conan wee ‘+16 Rade, 42:1 by ft mig spat and section foe alison th tetrahaton shown ln Fig 431 ade able te {0 ain an expesion fo ar The Differential 5 Equations of Motion In the previous ehapee we dtved he thre stress equations of motion by Pr get “With the coninty uation B vgn-o % ve Je fou equations which govern Aud motion. Honors, ete ae ntnona component owe and ee wow component of es; da ees ne depndetvanables nd ol fur equations ‘Serone tis ec of sakaowns by introducing cna pation tng testes the prose nd te est ae heey eg Te UMEece te four gress aod the tes componsnts of vl 45,1 The Viscous Stress Tensor son san empl clanship hat temps to ete ne amas leu te mec in whick We mater deformed. va Se I TeV St Tee he ‘The statement “sressisalnese function of rin” yields constitutive equ ton Tor solids obeying Hooke’ law. "Thess uvays acs normal to 8 surface” i statement leading to a conte equation or fav id nd “ses i linear funtion of the rate of sin” yids contiane ‘quition fo Newtonian ids. Constituvesetions ithe fou fundamen {a postulates dacs ia Chap. ar developed on the bs of experiment sbsersation; however, the wie a the word "is Gin Hooke law ad [Newtons law of veo) ro describe there ress unrtanate, The wo laws of mechanics andthe is of conservation of eer) sind mass apy 1 ail cotnus, while const equations apply only to parila mane ‘under limits circumstances Ins ens, thee ae 8s'manyconstue ‘untion as there are specie materia, “The first pin formating aconsttatine equations to make we of some ‘very dete eas we have reprding the tate of ses fo ny fat et ‘As we indizated in Chap. 2, Tis rst expeienee only rma see hich is independent of orientation, We cal this seu the presute aad inasmuch sit atin dteion opposite tothe cuwaedy ected nit ty oat Aap, fortis at rx ou \Wesoteoneeapin thatthe ios sign ng. 51-1 ress fom ou onvention that sepetents the free exerted hy the scroundings an hese, Ie Wl be hell in this development to spt the sense into 90 ‘ets the fis sepetenting the pesre sree andthe soa representing {estes arising fom the deformation of the fi To da this we must ie a symmeti uni tensor, which bas the property aw here A is estor. Given Fg. 51-2 as the dfton of Ith sla om Ponens canbe spied onthe ass ofthe pono dvd equation for the dot produ between a vctor and tenon. The esl i a= a= a= lige heg= 0 (139) a tg ho 6135) bana rere ‘Thas,the offdagonl componcats ae zr, and the thet diagonal com ponents are ui Ta tei form, th ui sor my be eps 100 een er 0 01 110 ‘he es Egon ton Che sing index ooation fads othe coalson hat the sa componets Ce gaa gen by the rook des, abd BG S-2 eS where oy We now dfn the vcous rss tensor by the equation Taaplee 616, where the eowition stated by Bg. equts that 0, for fis at est on cause T and 1 are symetitensors, its neesay that «be symmete eg bane al the ofagonal terms of ple zero the of-agonal ters OPv and rare el, Ty = tH Te ot in index na 14 ery ation 516i the it esr equation ensure in hit ot fre ome Ato quinn 4 wa 0 cost 8 ‘erGeserintrmaton shou eoueto an gpoyig amount fale. ome lr eanon oe a 19) What this equation means it obvious: sequal to B, Consider a vestor auton ofthe P= a ‘su which means that the salar components of Aare equal to the sear com ponents afB. For rctangular coordinates we obtain AaB 4-8, AaB, ‘Use of vector notation allows 1o express heels thes equations as 2 ‘gle oytion Smal A sad B are tnsos, the tesor equation oun) rent Se 51 The Vic So Ter br represents the nine sale equtions, Aa Bae Ay =By Aaa Ba, AB ke ena Ao- Be A= By Tn matsis form, we wold sepresea them as An Any An\\ [Bg Bog be tn dn) = (ae a (11) en Ay Ad Nt my Bd ete cement fe emir te ate tecopondingenetef ti Bama ns moon pee eae Sul, rove * naman Anne ous eteig aw 1B, 51-6 e who ie is geo fr te ‘oa tes ior into theses uation of motion Wo obaa be omg VGd 4 Ve cy oloing 5 441 © ie deaf te we we ‘] ee ufZv.0+Z0t0+2on0] ean ] Inasmuch a the ofigonal elements ofthe unit tensor are ze andthe igonal elements are unt, ths equation becomes 2 on + Zeno +2 (Boras foo Digs aafZors 204 dor von 20, 20s 42h ae tip the = Ue 116 Substiton of Eq. 51-16 into Bq. $.-14 and expansion ofthe materia eva give the earns eiatons of moon AeeW)— wpe ier Gun hoe cin cle in Tabs S11 51, and 5.1. for estan ‘eylindrical, and spherical coordinates. ‘sin ne the a tne aon Ch 5 seer weft and pop te sear cfc of eo he Sa yi acral. Im pci, we eter oan 8 ta or ep avin.” esse Te ate of in stg nan of he lt ean a 10. 2 ‘ angle) G ‘Acetie desivtion of this rests presented in Se. 52 fond by 8 unt Seon fe ne inn Se 53, The flo renee Sate Smclopmet sage compared fo the beets rnp om aa en des ay wah toi tho econ 880 ech ay ray may do ns mbt dient he ty of i et bower a ste! with gid bckound 9 a sau eves sia ery qua sould J 8. 19) 52. Newton's Law of Viscosity Newton's law of viscosity i sed on a nar relatonship beeen de a esther of sain. La Chap. 1, Newtons tw of West Jae are Jimenstonl fw is intedved in the form of Soe (ee ponel othe sts tenor bing gel the coon of sear isosty timer slo paint, renneoo() eo sresctneatna” yen conngnne st sec est Saipan merrier i aes oe Se Sen once Se guenemrny soe ttt ee swaststgetoe cme snd the derivation ofthe Nave Stokes uation by Nair (1821, Pison arp sy stoke (185)? es ony tra, the, thatthe des dese * Yoana eine far teen nr an at oc aera erties sha ec Th al orn ep, Rely “Pe Main Coney a of Pi yas nT Hea Deepen he may 9 aut Se, 2 232 ty bs in this section wil be dieu to understand, reuiting eta ert by the ae eared eer cna ae ee my me ‘The re ofa celta tein the tof nin on it ince cenit of nh embed ath a i321, Pand Q ate marl pits andthe mit \ \ sos clones ett omg tem te id ee moving een va ant natch tg ead oe Cage ome fe indent rho hort ea en Se eee andthe of cng: gh Awol ee meal he ‘West at at ny ol in pe, we could visa meaty uate a nie number ving aiferen tion ig whee ‘tangent vector to the line element “ * ae a= gn (@) 629 he mem gnu ation Che S stn” denotes change eng per sit ne rand al th ae of eae gh "We timenber that cach he sleet ran spue ny te anderging dere me se cere we dboe teat of in In solid mechanics, he wo denih, We wl fo tis nomensat tng the rate of sa fring through partic rin, dpending 0 ts ston: Ste folowing manne fact 629, aes nanecFe scene san re wena gion nia 2 We STADE Ieee sae of 0 oi a TL) “esa FESS) sel) Gedoie”) tn the following tps, wl be undestood that we intend tke the iit Avo. By Ba. S24 we obtain We, arr} 626) Diferetation f the protus is il 2c) ch) Biarnan arg tan 29 ‘By symmetry, we may wre the righthand ie 8 1/1) cay 1 lav, 2 cara 62) 168309 =galor 500) valet eee aan wewnt (5.240) snd $24 tm etsn ake? S652. Neen of caty ‘7 $emenberig i te mtr dere oft postion estore, Yb\eane iss eam Now, represents the change inthe velosity vector between Q and sand’ Taylor sis expansion of ey about the point ges an= Gas 6219) Her, we hive dropped the higher order ein ntiption of taking the la Aro. Noting hat Sey Ar we may Tearang Eq 2°12 the yen Gye) ow Substitution ofthis sul ito Eq 52-5 and ws of the nit As yi (EaS|- Ge) eo tt sy a a sted en ae reais mt guise i mlttamecagss anaes oat mT eRS n way 6215) In this development, we find that the “state of ate of sin” i determined by the tensor ds, and the rate of srl ona surface bavig normal 2 in the dretion igen by Eq 3213, “he tensor ns) may be venanged by ada and subg te conjgaes 2x, to ein eh aoe “ m7) +4@-2) (a) alas,” a) 1 Way ep renter fom hsm rm tan chs Gam ‘whereas the deplacement vector. - (a) be ‘parent gion ton hap 5 “The fst term onthe righthand sie called the ate f sri tens0, dy tnd i symmets 1 ft HE) a a0 he component of for tang, pn and pera cores 7 eal he vortety ponent ‘elmed i Tae 52-1. The second tm in Eg, 3. {enor fy and skew symmetric yeu _3 os 0-4-2 ou) ‘We now wish to show thatthe voristy tensor 2, makes no contibaton to MAE0RE Sasa Laer ne soll show thatthe Components ofthis enor represent te sotstioal mation ofthe id Tecuring Ey, 3.215 and taking se ofthe diitos given by Eas satband S219, we obtain (ees dehy + OA 229 “whee the unit gent ecto 2, completly arbitrary, Ween show teas rei ghtchand eof Eq 5200 tobe Mensa zero by crying vt {Below summation ad suitably serouping the tess however, the proof seseetfateairifwe sete tecnigue of reali the repented or my Teac We ist spt the term into v0 pa, Diy = Ad + Mads 22 sand inthe cond tr onthe ightand sie we reabel jandj 8/10 bin Diy = ds + MAA, 622) ‘Changing the order of milton by Zand allows us expres his la Aid) = HO, + 240s 6229) ecase 4 skew symmeti we know hat (Oy + 4) filly 220 the proof soba. yi =O 622) ‘Our expression forthe at of ein sao given entity in erms of the rte sstenin tensor fees aad, 6225) 2 Newton wt cnty r Newaons aw of veoety ‘We bein ur task of formulating a constueeguton for fis ty suming tht he ison tes tenor ition ofthe ate fata say We en et one os nea, ope pede oe ‘St ot sain to cbt Newton's of rizony. We geal alow 2 Sr cen eng when oars cn of the Hain tensor, then reste aol oie, toe ds pendencon the stato chan Hook's aw “eorenee 10 The ira Ensen Cap ‘our staring pat i then, ru fda) 6225) “Thus, we have eur fncton of tensor a8 ou stp in formulating a onoltuive equation, This ea undoabledy new to the student andi fst to back pa tit to tein atthe Belanng, We sal consider first & abr fmctonsfesins ‘say We have init here tht the deasy is» function of the temperature ‘This fonton easly pote a peru T; devas are edilyMeatied {he slope of his cre apd tga as the aren under thi care ‘Nett ne shal conser «sar incon of tein, pm ses) 6225) Ween eet eye of be pai corn day tor yuo) tp were Independent of oe ofthe coordinates, we ‘Shu plo tas 8 function of, to obtain a surface in Space. Deiatives {fe understood a the slopes of tangents to thi surface an ftegrals 8 vO timer ander the surface We tight sk, “What of tector jinton of @ fe) 5229) Ccerinly tis iden i ely acceptable a simply sates that each salar ‘Gimponeat of the veloc depends onthe spt coordinates. He fGwten) of meena) 6230) Beasties) of = 678) 62308) se) (52-86) [Atough we may fel gut confortable with such Fnction, we cannot raw pete” oft easiys so we mi rly on mathemati formalism, Kr it mre To or ee fant of esr tate moe expen what tis temineogy meas. 1m words, me coud ty tat eo SShyporcat ofr, a Tuncon ofall the components of dy Symbol, wwemay te fist OF 8 sn ful aa an ad 2318) sie fide dan i i) 62318) ‘owing tothe yet f at and, we ave only equation repre ‘Seng the dependence of on the sds! vot of dy ving ebuod wat we mean by a tensor function of a tenoe, we rect ony te down the na for of hs elatoshp and rue io Be Garou obtain Newton’ of Yacoy. ‘The mow general near form OF Fg, 5.26 subj othe esto that cya 0 when dy is given bythe allowing st equations: to Cathe + City + Cote + Can + Cr+ Cathe (52-38) Su Cala + Cathy + Cat + Cathy + Cole + Cathe (52536) tum Catan + Caey + Cat Can + Cath + Cay (52°36) t= Cathe + Cat, + Cat + Caan * Cathy + Calle (52-38) = Cat + Cy + Cate + Cay + Ga + Gar (62330) ta Cag + Cen * Cat + Cay + Cate + Cathe S233) ‘Wee that the genta linear elatonsip gives sto 36 unknown constants, Bure in his array isthe spel form of Newton's aw of vison deus in Se 15 fora simple shtrng ow “Ley oe 6299) which simply a spec form of 52-38. From experiments of the dsc in Se 13 we can edu that = Cane 6239) ‘We can now show tat by esting thie Hoes relationship to be so twos only 2 ofthe 38 coeficens in Eqs. 5.233 are disint. The condition ‘of tony for Ea. 52.261 expressed os ty filled 6236) where and are the viscous stretand rate of stra tenors in some Fotated coordinate stem >» Equation 52-3 states thatthe Fnctional ‘eationhipbaween rand dis independent ofthe coordinate tem. The det of hotrpy is sometimes diel to gas, and we should explore i urter before we appy this etston to spying Egy 323, Let ws consider tno observer fated in the and coordinate sans, respectively. Each observer is oing to perform a siple shearing Now ‘experiment on th same body ff Only singe componeat othe viscous Sts or andthe rat of sain er le nono thy Egy 3233 ‘will reduce to Ee 6232) ' Fn Cul inthe xecordimatesytem (52:17) Yin Chilan inthe x-coortinate item (52.38) [Now ifthe fui is atopic me expat the observe in the x ‘hunts wanafonmation shown it Fig 3.2, we obtain Ca Ce Ce 9 9 0 a) Ce Cu G2 0 0 oo 0 uO 0 eas 0 0 0 0 GO 00 0 0 0 Gy ‘We obtain or fn! simpiftion ofthe aay by wing the cordate TDasation sown in Fig, 826, which lows ust prove tt 629) a= Cut Cn 6250 (ae inal form of Eg. 52-3 1s Toe Cag + Calle hy dad 62929 t= Cay + Clit d+ dad 62300) The Cadet Cade = dy + dd 625%) Cues 6299, Cutie (25%) Cada 2s) cxpresed at Ca= tea) 625 whee is cle te sefient of Butt itosty: Exprening 9p 2.52 In index nto tad inonportiag the coetiets of waco. we be cu ye tay howe 6250 thsegecon aero | | 0.52 Newt aw iene Ms | SER ie mene em 85 nt mene This result i ted in Tables 5.22, 3, an Te edn Tales 522, 3 an ort, nl ant Recap Coste 18) ra “ern quot avon hip cpotinl omni. © » o @ © © Se.53 Que ucriptn ste Rf en w 53. Qualitative Description of the Rate of Strain Wile our treatment of Newton's law of viscosity i esetlly complete, ‘he analysts presented inthe previo sevtion hasbeen ate abstracts and it wl be wort to dca the sajet further. Lets now enamine te Fie Ra ffi or pln out foe, tate of rin forthe the ie elements usted in Fig, 53-1, The salar components ofthe velo vector fr this ow are 6319) yen 3.15) For each ofthe tre cates, we with o compte the ae of sain sing the sgution, Lee fra a= EWA G9) here the anit tangent vector ie given by oa aa i oy (Cast 1: The uni tangent vector has only one nonzero component 0) ve he omer geo a Men chp $ nt S32 toto Pad deo oo) from Tite 521 wet ain next da ite a be rile Da 36, Fey De “Tis sult should te neil obvios crane unt tangent vector again bas single nonzero component ie wn and we obtain Ty pits = dak = do oa) rom the sults in Table 521, Bg, 538 becomes 1 a BF lisa) =H =0 35) Ba = ay > ‘once agi, the rest shouldbe inutvely obvi, fr although the Hae ‘ment dy tating, ceil no forming: "Coach components ofthe unt ange vetr for this a art food, bet j= Be fein 6, t=? 6310) to (gta and the ate of stain i ven by coe 8 aco 9 Diddy mere oun, Bag DI dys 6080 desi? 8 Noting that i symmetic and using the rests of Table $21, we set adm QB) ots (eB) tant + Ge) wee ‘which immediately reduces to on Jeooans eo 52 atone Beery he Rn Sin ro Leting 0st nto ie or ss and 2 espe thes The masimam rt of sain css Fr ie Seen eed ang of «tun * “ee EP thy (4 0 Tg itn 3G) ae ‘shpon te ptain tency opto nr fret det mint age me ete SEP enn ok eo The et or quan sao a ad Fi 532. Solty nota, Let comer, som, te wecimninsl motion sated in 532 ofa smal isonet which smog formation Tee ‘tions const of pre ams sod stato and may beer fo ‘old bey moto, The leat may under exten (or compreson), 2 Stown nig 5.33 or itmay te jet o wha sknowa pre shor Sour ne 234 No tt toasts dee maton for an fcompresibie ow by reguing he vole othe id coe ‘he anal gen acon Cag § — 7 Fe 523, Eoin sein coat. We my ely visi thatthe pre shar shown in Fi SSE could be obtained by superpostion of the atensons shown ia Fe, 533. Por etson i the aston the ate f sain dpe one ‘irene between the vlity atx =O and (oie ratesen bere reeesents the incremental ecease in length per wit ine, Simi Ian, forthe yeareton, we obtain Se. 53 Quai Deion ofthe ate Sn Ist We canot vss the rate of trainin pe shear inthis spe anes we are theeore forced either to examine bq. $15 or Bg $16 under ‘oordnate wansformation (elation through 45, of retura to the wie of Eq 5.32, Plone seri stated i Fig. 535, which shows (apically, ‘not analy tha it actually compesed of pure shear ps sli Body + 35, Pane sha rotation, If we remember hat viscous stress eat oly fom the deforma ‘Ho ofthe id and not from any sold body mation, sould apps reason ‘ble thatthe shear sess yo plane Code Now (plane she) sell ‘proportional Lo the rte of sin slong the 4 ine (pare she). Rotation We an kar something about te rtational motion of fuids by examin fg the tie rate of ange ofthe angle «and shown n Fig. 3.36. We

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