[ DATA STRUCTURES]

Chapter - 06 : Linked List

List
MEMORY ALLOCATIONS IN C
There are two types of memory allocations possible in C:
(a) Static memory allocation (Compile-time allocation using arrays)
(b) Dynamic memory allocation (Run-time allocation using pointers)

Static memory allocation (using Arrays)

In Static memory allocation, the required amount of memory is allocated to the program
elements at the start of the program. Here the memory to be allocated to the variable is fixed and
is determined by the compiler at the compile time (if it is a single integer variable it allocates two
bytes to it, if it is an array of five integer values it allocates ten bytes to it and if it is a single float
type of variable compiler allocates four bytes to it. For example, consider the following
declaration:
int x, y;
float A [5];
When the first statement is encountered, the compiler will allocate two bytes to each
variable x and y of type int. The second statement results into the allocation of 20 bytes to the
array A (5 * 4, where there are five elements and each element of float type takes four bytes).
Note that as there is no bound checking in C for array boundaries, i.e., if you have declared an
array of five elements, as above and by mistake you are intending to read more than five values
in the array A, it will still work without error. For example, you are reading the above array as
follows:
for (i=0; i<10; i++)
{
scanf (%f, &A[i]);
}
Though you have declared size of array 5, you are trying to read ten elements. However,
the problem with this is that the extra elements added as a part of this array A are not allocated
the consecutive memory location after the five elements, i.e. only the first five elements are stored
in consecutive memory locations and the other elements are stored randomly at any unknown
locations in the memory. Thus during accessing these extra elements would not be made
available to the user, only the first five values can be accessible.
The second problem with static memory allocation is that if you store less number of
elements than the number of elements for which you have declared memory, then the rest of the
memory will be wasted (i.e. it is not made available to other applications and its status is set as
allocated and not free). This leads to the wastage of memory.

Dynamic memory allocation (using pointers)

The concept of Dynamic or Run-time memory allocation helps us to overcome this
problem in arrays, as well as allows us to be able to get the required portion of memory at runtime (or we say as the need arises). This is best suited type of allocation where we do not know
the memory requirement in advance, which is the case with most of real-life problems. In other
words, dynamic memory allocation gives flexibility for programmer. As well as it makes efficient
use of memory by allocating the required amount of memory whenever needed, unlike static
allocation where we declare the amount of memory to be allocated statically.
malloc ( ) function
The malloc( ) function allocates a block of memory in bytes. The user should explicitly give
the block size it requires for the user. The malloc( ) function is like a request to the RAM of the
system to allocate memory, if the request is granted (i.e. if malloc( ) function stays successful in
allocating memory), returns a pointer to the first block of that memory. The type of the pointer it
returns is void, which means that we can assign it any type of pointer. However if the malloc( )
function fails to allocate the required amount of memory, it returns a NULL. The syntax of this
function is as follows:
malloc (number of elements * size of each element);
For example,
int *ptr;
ptr= malloc (10 * size of each element);
where size represents the size of memory required in bytes (i.e. number of contiguous
memory locations to be allocated). But the function malloc ( ) returns a void pointer so a cast
operator is required to change the returned pointer type according to our need, the above
declaration would take the following form:
ptr_var = (type_cast *) malloc (size);
where ptr_var is the name of pointer that holds the starting address of allocated memory
block, type_cast is the data type into which the returned pointer (of type void) is to be converted,
and size specifies the size of allocated memory block in bytes.
For example,
int *ptr;
ptr= (int *) malloc (10 * sizeof(int));
After the execution of this statement, a consecutive memory blocks of 20 bytes (size of
integer is 2 bytes, and we are requesting for 10 elements of type integer, therefore, 10 * 2 = 20
bytes) is allocated to the program. The address of first byte of this block is first converted into int
and then assigned to the pointer ptr. Consider another example for type char,
char *ptr;
ptr = (char *) malloc (10 * sizeof (char));
Similarly, for allocation of memory to a structure variable, the following statements are
required:
struct student
{

char name[30];
int roll_no;
float percentage;
};
struct student *st_ptr;
For allocating of memory, the following statement is required:
st_ptr = (struct student *) malloc (sizeof (struct student));
After the execution of this statement, a contiguous block of memory of size 36 bytes (30
bytes for char type name, 2 bytes for integer roll_no and 4 bytes for float percentage) is allocated
to st_ptr;
Note that to check that if the request made through the function malloc ( ) to allocate the
memory is rejected by system RAM (in case if required space is not available), the malloc ( )
function returns a NULL. This can be done as follows:
int *ptr;
ptr = (int *) malloc (5 * sizeof (int));
if (ptr = = NULL)
{
printf (\nThe required amount of memory is not available);
getch ();
exit (0);
}
free ( ) function
The free ( ) function is used to de-allocate the previously allocated memory using malloc ()
functions. The syntax of this function is:
free (ptr_var);
where ptr_var is the pointer in which the address of the allocated memory block is
assigned. The free function is used to return the allocated memory to the system RAM.
Need for Dynamic Data structures
The simplest one of data structures i.e. an array can be used only when their numbers of
elements along with elements sizes are predetermined, since the memory is reserved before
processing. For this reason, arrays are called static data structures. Now, consider a situation
where exact numbers of elements are not known. In such a case, estimates might go wrong. Also
during processing, i.e., either more memory is required or extra free spaces lie in the array.
Another problem associated with arrays is complexity involved in insertions and deletions of
elements.
Linked lists(Dynamic data structures) overcome the drawbacks of arrays as in linked lists
number of elements need not be predetermined, more memory can be allocated or released
during the processing as and when required, making insertions and deletions much easier and
simpler.
Dynamic memory allocation technique facilitates allocation of memory during the program
execution itself using malloc( ) function as and when required. Dynamic memory allocation also

facilitates release of memory using free( ) function, if memory is not required any more. Data
structures like linked lists and trees use this technique for their memory allocation.

LINKED LIST :
A linked list is a linear collection of data elements, called node pointing to the next
nodes by means of pointers.
Each node is divided into two parts: the first part containing the information of the element,
and the second part called the link or next pointer containing the address of the next node in the
list.
Start
1000
Info

Link

Info

10

2000

20

1000
Node-1

Link

Info

Link

3000

30

2000
Node-2

3000
Node-3

OPERATIONS ON LINKED LISTS

The basic operations to be performed on the linked lists are as follows :
1. Creation
2. Insertion
3. Deletion
4. Traversing
5. Searching
6. Concatenation
7. Display
Creation:
This operation is used to create a linked list.
Insertion:
This operation is used to insert a new node in the linked list at the specified position. A
new node may be inserted
At the beginning of a linked list
At the end of a linked list
At the specified position in a linked list.
If the list itself is empty, then the new node is inserted as a first node.
Deletion:
This operation is used to delete a node from the linked list. A node may be deleted from
the
Beginning of a linked list
End of a linked list.
Specified position in the linked list.
Traversing:
It is a process of going through all the nodes of a linked list from one end to the other end.
It we start traversing from the very first node towards the last node, it is called forward traversing.
It we start traversing from the very last node towards the first node, it is called reverse traversing.

Searching:
If the desired element is found, we signal operation SUCCESSFULL. Otherwise, we
signal it as UNSUCCESSFULL.
Concatenation:
It is a process of appending (joining) the second list to the end of the first list consisting of
m nodes. When we concatenate two lists, the second list has n nodes, then the concatenated list
will be having (m + n) nodes. The last node of the first linked list is modified so that it is now
pointing to the first node in the second list.
Display:
This operation is used to print each and every nodes information. We access each node
from the beginning (or the specified position) of the list and output the data stored there.

TYPES OF LINKED LISTS

Basically, we can put linked lists into the following four types:
Singly linked list (Linear linked list)
Doubly linked list
Circular linked list
Circular doubly linked list
1. Singly linked list
A singly linked list is one in which all nodes are linked together in some sequential
manner. Hence, it is also called linear linked list. Clearly, it has the beginning and the end. The
problem with this list is that we cannot access the predecessor node (previous node) from the
current node. This can be overcome by doubly linked lists. A linear linked list is shown in Fig. (1).
Start
1000
Info

Link

Info

10

2000

20

1000
Node-1

Link

Info

Link

3000

30

2000
Node-2

3000
Node-3

Fig. (1). A Singly (Linear) Linked list

2. Doubly linked list
A Doubly linked list is one in which all nodes are linked together by multiple links which
help in accessing both the successor node (next node) and predecessor node (previous node) for
any random node within the list. Therefore, each node in a doubly linked list points to the left
node (previous) and the right node (next). This helps to traverse the list in the forward direction
and backward direction. A doubly linked list is shown in Fig. (2).
Start

Last

1000

3000
Left Info Right
0

2000

1000
Node-1

Left

Info Right

1000 4 3000

Left Info Right

2000

2000
Node-2

3000
Node-3

Fig. (2). A Doubly Linked list

3. Circular linked list

A circular linked list is one which has no beginning and no end. A singly linked list can be
made circular linked list by simply storing the address of the very first node in the link field of the
last node. A circular linked list is shown in Fig. (3).
Start

Last

1000

3000
Info

Link

2000

1000
Node-1

Info

Link

Info

3000

2000
Node-2

Fig. (3). A Circular Linked list

Link

1000
3000
Node-3

4. Circular doubly linked list

A circular doubly linked list is one which has both the successor pointer and
predecessor pointer in circular manner. A Circular doubly linked list is shown in Fig. (4).
Start

Last

1000

3000
Left Info Right
3000

2 2000

1000
Node-1

Left

Info Right

1000 4 3000
2000
Node-2

Left Info Right

2000 6 1000
3000
Node-3

Fig. (4). A Circular Doubly Linked List

OPERATIONS OF SINGLY LINKED LISTS

(A) INSERTION
(I) Algorithm to insert node at the beginning of the singly linked list

Let PTR is the structure pointer which allocates memory for the new node at the
beginning of the singly linked list & NUM is the element to be inserted into the linked list, INFO
represents the information part of the new node and LINK represents the link or next pointer of
the new node pointing to the address of next node. START represents the address of first
node. Initially, before inserting first node in the singly linked list, START=NULL.
Step 1 : Allocate memory for the new node using PTR.
Step 2 : Read NUM to be inserted into singly linked list.
Step 3 : Set PTR->INFO = NUM
Step 4 : Set PTR->LINK=START;

Step 5 : Set START:=PTR

Step 6 : Exit

Function to insert node at the beginning of the singly linked list

void insert_beg()
{
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=(list *)malloc(sizeof(list));
printf("\nEnter the element to be inserted in singly linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;
ptr->link=start;
start=ptr;
}

(II) Algorithm to insert node at the end of the singly linked list

Let PTR is the structure pointer which allocates memory for the new node at the end of
the singly linked list, TEMP is a structure pointer to modify the link part of the previous node &
NUM is the element to be inserted into the linked list, INFO represents the information part of
the new node and LINK represents the link or next pointer of the new node pointing to the
address of next node. START represents the address of first node. Initially, before inserting
first node in the singly linked list, START=NULL.
Step 1 : Allocate memory for the new node using PTR.
Step 2 : Read NUM to be inserted into singly linked list.
Step 3 : Set PTR->INFO = NUM
Step 4 : Set PTR->LINK := NULL
Step 5 : If START = NULL : then
Set START := PTR.
Else
Set TEMP := START;

Repeat while TEMP->LINK !=NULL

Set TEMP := TEMP->LINK.
[End of loop]
Set TEMP-> LINK := PTR.
[End of If Else Structure]
Step 6 : Exit

Function to insert node at the end of the singly linked list

void insert_end()
{
struct list *ptr,*temp;
int num;
ptr=(list *)malloc(sizeof(list));
printf("\nEnter the element to be inserted in singly linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;
ptr->link=NULL;
if (start==NULL)
start=ptr;
else
{
temp=start;
while(temp->link != NULL)
temp=temp->link;
temp->link=ptr;
}
}
(II) Algorithm to insert node at a specific location in the singly linked list
Let PTR is the structure pointer which allocates memory for the new node at a specific
location in a singly linked list, TEMP is a structure pointer to modify the link part of the previous
node & NUM is the element to be inserted into the linked list, LOC is the location of the node to
be inserted, INFO represents the information part of the new node and LINK represents the
link or next pointer of the new node pointing to the address of next node. START represents
the address of first node. Initially, before inserting first node in the singly linked list,
START=NULL, F=0.
Step 1 : Read the location LOC where you want to insert the node.
Step 2 : If LOC > 1 : then
Set TEMP := START.
Repeat loop for I = 1 to LOC 1
TEMP := TEMP->LINK.
If TEMP := NULL : then
Set F :=1 and Exit from loop.
[End of If Statement]
[End of loop]
If (F=1 OR (START=NULL AND LOC>1)) : then
Write : Total nodes in list are lesser than this position.
Write : So Node cannot be inserted. and return.
[End of If structure]
[End of Step 2 If Structure]

Step 3 : Allocate memory for the new node using PTR.

Step 4 : Read NUM to be inserted into singly linked list.
Step 5 : Set PTR->INFO = NUM
Step 6 : If LOC :=1 : then
Set PTR->LINK := START.
Set START := PTR.
Else
Set PTR->LINK := TEMP->LINK.
TEMP->LINK := PTR.
[End of If Else Structure].

Step 7 : Exit

Function to insert node at specific location in the singly linked list

void insert_spe()
{
struct list *ptr,*temp;
int i,num,loc,f=0;
printf("\nEnter the location where you want to store the value : ");
scanf("%d",&loc);
if(loc>1)
{
temp=start;
for(i=1; i<loc-1;i++)
{
temp=temp->link;
if(temp==NULL)
{
f=1;
break;
}
}
if(f==1 || (start==NULL && loc>1))
{
printf("\nTotal nodes in the list are lesser than this position. ");
printf("So node cannot be inserted.\n");
return;
}
}
ptr=(list *)malloc(sizeof(list));
printf("\nEnter the element to be inserted in singly linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;

if(loc==1)
{
ptr->link=start;
start=ptr;
}
else
{
ptr->link=temp->link;
temp->link=ptr;
}
}
(B) DELETION
(IV) Algorithm to delete node from the beginning of the singly linked list
Let PTR is the structure pointer which deallocates memory of the node at the beginning
of the singly linked list & NUM is the element to be deleted from the linked list, INFO
represents the information part of the deleted node and LINK represents the link or next
pointer of the deleted node pointing to the address of next node. START represents the
address of first node.
Step 1 : If START := NULL : then
Write : List is empty and return.
Step 2 : Set PTR := START.
Step 3 : Set NUM := PTR->INFO.
Step 4 : Write : Deleted element from the beginning of the singly linked list : ,NUM.
Step 5 : Set START := START->LINK.
Step 6 : Deallocate memory of the node at the beginning of singly linked list using PTR.

Step7 : Exit
Function to delete node from the beginning of the singly linked list
void delete_beg()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=start;
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nThe deleted element from the beginning of singly linked list is : %d",num);
start=start->link;
free(ptr);
}

(V) Algorithm to delete node from the end of the singly linked list

Let PTR is the structure pointer which deallocates memory of the node from the end of
the singly linked list, TEMP is a structure pointer to modify the LINK part of previous node &
NUM is the element to be deleted from the linked list, INFO represents the information part of
the deleted node and LINK represents the link or next pointer of the deleted node pointing to
the address of next node. START represents the address of first node.
Step 1 : If START := NULL : then
Write : List is empty and return.
Step 2 : If START->LINK := NULL : then
Set PTR := START.
Set START := NULL.
Else
Set TEMP := START.
Set PTR := PTR->LINK.
Repeat loop while PTR->LINK!=NULL
Set TEMP := PTR.
Set PTR := PTR->LINK.
[End of loop]
Set TEMP->LINK := NULL.
[End of Step 2 If Else Structure]
Step 3 : Set NUM := PTR->INFO.
Step 4 : Write : Deleted element from the end of the singly linked list : ,NUM.
Step 5 : Deallocate memory of the node at the end of singly linked list.

Step 6 : Exit

Function to delete node from the end of the singly linked list
void delete_end()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr,*temp;
int num;
if(start->link==NULL)
{
ptr=start;
start=NULL;
}

else
{
temp=start;
ptr=start->link;
while(ptr->link!=NULL)
{
temp=ptr;
ptr=ptr->link;
}
temp->link=NULL;
}
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nThe deleted element from the singly linked list is : %d",num);
free(ptr);
}
(V) Algorithm to delete node from a specific location in the singly linked list

Let PTR is the structure pointer which deallocates memory of the node from a specific
location in the singly linked list, TEMP is a structure pointer to modify the LINK part of previous
node & NUM is the element to be deleted from the linked list, INFO represents the information
part of the deleted node and LINK represents the link or next pointer of the deleted node
pointing to the address of next node. START represents the address of first node.
Step 1 : If START := NULL : then
Write : List is empty and return.
Step 2 : Set PTR := START.
Step 3 : Read the location LOC from where you want to delete the node.
Step 4 : If LOC := 1 : then
START := PTR->LINK
Else
Repeat loop for I = 1 to LOC.
Set TEMP := PTR.
Set PTR := PTR->LINK.
If PTR = NULL : then
Write : Total nodes in the list are lesser than this position.
Write : So node cannot be deleted and return.
[End of If structure]
[End of loop]
Set TEMP->LINK := PTR->LINK.
[End of Step 4 If Else structure]
Step 5 : Set NUM := PTR->INFO.
Step 6 : Write : Deleted element from the singly linked list : ,NUM.
Step 7 : Deallocate memory of the node at the location LOC of singly linked list.

Step 8 : Exit

Function to delete node from a specific location in singly linked list

void delete_spe()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty\n");
return;
}
struct list *ptr,*temp;
int num, loc;
ptr=start;
printf("\nEnter the location from where you want to delete the value : ");
scanf("%d",&loc);
if(loc==1)
start=ptr->link;
else
{
for(int i=1;i<loc;i++)
{
temp=ptr;
ptr=ptr->link;
if(ptr==NULL)
{
printf("\nTotal nodes in the list are lesser than this position. ");
printf("\nSo node cannot be deleted\n");
return;
}
}
temp->link=ptr->link;
}
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nThe deleted element from the singly linked list is : %d",num);
free(ptr);
}

PROGRAM 1 : SINGLY LINKED LIST OPERATIONS

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct list
{
int info;
struct list *link;
};
struct list *start;
void initialize();
void insert_beg();
void insert_end();
void insert_spe();
void traverse();
void delete_beg();
void delete_end();
void delete_spe();
void main()
{
int choice;
initialize();
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf(" IMPLEMENTATION OF LINKED LIST \n");
printf("------------------------------------\n");
printf("1. Insertion at the beginning of list \n");
printf("2. Insertion at the end of list \n");
printf("3. Insertion at the specific location in list \n");
printf("4. Deletion from beginning \n");
printf("5. Deletion from end \n");
printf("6. Deletion from specific location \n");
printf("7. Traverse the list \n");
printf("8. Exit \n");
printf("------------------------------------\n");
printf("\nEnter your choice [1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8] : ");
scanf("%d",&choice);

switch(choice)
{
case 1 : insert_beg();
break;
case 2 : insert_end();
break;
case 3 : insert_spe();
break;
case 4 : delete_beg();
break;
case 5 : delete_end();
break;
case 6 : delete_spe();
break;
case 7 : traverse();
break;
case 8 : exit(0);
default : printf("\nYou entered wrong choice. ");
}
getch();
}
}
// Function to initialize Singly linked list
void initialize( )
{
start=NULL;
}
// Function to insert node at the beginning of the singly linked list
void insert_beg()
{
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=(list *)malloc(sizeof(list));
printf("\nEnter the element to be inserted in singly linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;
ptr->link=start;
start=ptr;
}

// Function to insert node at the end of the singly linked list

void insert_end()
{
struct list *ptr,*temp;
int num;
ptr=(list *)malloc(sizeof(list));
printf("\nEnter the element to be inserted in singly linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;
ptr->link=NULL;
if(start==NULL)
start=ptr;
else
{
temp=start;
while(temp->link!=NULL)
temp=temp->link;
temp->link=ptr;
}
}
// Function to insert node at specific location of the singly linked list
void insert_spe()
{
struct list *ptr,*temp;
int i,num,loc,f=0;
printf("\nEnter the location where you want to store the value : ");
scanf("%d",&loc);
if(loc>1)
{
temp=start;
for(i=1;i<loc-1;i++)
{
temp=temp->link;
if(temp==NULL)
{
f=1;
break;
}
}
if(f==1 || (start==NULL && loc>1))
{
printf("\nTotal nodes in the list are lesser than this position. ");
printf("So node cannot be inserted.\n");
return;
}
}

ptr=(list *)malloc(sizeof(list));
printf("\nEnter the element to be inserted in singly linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;
if(loc==1)
{
ptr->link=start;
start=ptr;
}
else
{
ptr->link=temp->link;
temp->link=ptr;
}
}
// Function to delete node from the beginning of the singly linked list
void delete_beg()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=start;
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nThe deleted element from the singly linked list is : %d",num);
start=start->link;
free(ptr);
}
// Function to delete node from the end of the singly linked list
void delete_end()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr,*temp;
int num;

if(start->link==NULL)
{
ptr=start;
start=NULL;
}
else
{
temp=start;
ptr=start->link;
while(ptr->link!=NULL)
{
temp=ptr;
ptr=ptr->link;
}
temp->link=NULL;
}
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nThe deleted element from the singly linked list is : %d",num);
free(ptr);
}
// Function to delete node from a specific location in singly linked list
void delete_spe()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty\n");
return;
}
struct list *ptr,*temp;
int num,loc;
ptr=start;
printf("\nEnter the location from where you want to delete the value : ");
scanf("%d",&loc);
if(loc==1)
start=ptr->link;
else
{
for(int i=1;i<loc;i++)
{
temp=ptr;
ptr=ptr->link;
if(ptr==NULL)
{
printf("\nTotal nodes in the list are lesser than this position. ");
printf("\nSo node cannot be deleted\n");

return;
}
}
temp->link=ptr->link;
}
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nThe deleted element from the singly linked list is : %d",num);
free(ptr);
}
// Function to traverse singly linked list
void traverse()
{
printf("\nStart : %d",start);
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
ptr=start;
printf("\nTraverse the list : \n");
printf("\nPTR->INFO\tPTR->LINK\tPTR\n");
while(ptr!=NULL)
{
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",ptr->info,ptr->link,ptr);
ptr=ptr->link;
}
}

OPERATIONS OF CIRCULAR LINKED LISTS

(A) INSERTION
(I) Algorithm to insert node at the beginning of the circular linked list
Let PTR is the structure pointer which allocates memory for the new node at the
beginning of the circular linked list & NUM is the element to be inserted into the linked list,
INFO represents the information part of the new node and LINK represents the link or next
pointer of the new node pointing to the address of next node. START represents the address
of first node & LAST represents the address of the last node. Initially , before inserting first
node in the singly linked list, START=NULL, LAST=NULL.
Step 1 : Allocate memory for the new node using PTR.
Step 2 : Read NUM to be inserted into circular linked list.
Step 3 : Set PTR->INFO = NUM
Step 4 : If START = NULL : then
Set START := LAST := PTR
Set PTR->LINK := PTR.
Else
Set PTR->LINK :=START.
Set START := PTR
Set LAST->LINK := PTR

[End of If Else Structure]

Step 5 : Exit
Function to insert node at the beginning of circular linked list
void insertbeg()
{
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=(struct list *)malloc(sizeof(struct list));
printf("\nEnter the element to be inserted at the beginning of circular linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;
if(start==NULL)
{
start=last=ptr;
ptr->link=ptr;
}
else
{
ptr->link=start;
start=ptr;
last->link=ptr;
}
}

(II) Algorithm to insert node at the end of the circular linked list

Let PTR is the structure pointer which allocates memory for the new node at the
beginning of the circular linked list & NUM is the element to be inserted into the linked list,
INFO represents the information part of the new node and LINK represents the link or next
pointer of the new node pointing to the address of next node. START represents the address
of first node & LAST represents the address of the last node. Initially , before inserting first
node in the singly linked list, START=NULL, LAST=NULL.
Step 1 : Allocate memory for the new node using PTR.
Step 2 : Read NUM to be inserted into circular linked list.
Step 3 : Set PTR->INFO = NUM
Step 4 : If START = NULL : then
Set START := LAST := PTR
Set PTR->LINK := PTR.
Else
Set LAST->LINK :=PTR.
Set LAST := PTR
Set PTR->LINK := START

[End of If Else Structure]

Step 6 : Exit
Function to insert node at the end of the circular linked list
void insertend()
{
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=(struct list *)malloc(sizeof(struct list));
printf("\nEnter the element to be inserted at the end of circular linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;
if(start==NULL)
{
start=last=ptr;
ptr->link=ptr;
}
else
{
last->link=ptr;
last=ptr;
ptr->link=start;
}
}

(B) DELETION
(III) Algorithm to delete node from the beginning of the circular linked list

Let PTR is the structure pointer which deallocates memory of the node at the beginning
of the circular linked list & NUM is the element to be deleted from the linked list, INFO
represents the information part of the deleted node and LINK represents the link or next
pointer of the deleted node pointing to the address of next node. START represents the
address of first node, LAST represents the address of the last node.
Step 1 : If START := NULL : then
Write : List is empty and return.
Step 2 : Set PTR := START.
Step 3 : Set NUM := PTR->INFO.
Step 4 : Write : Deleted element from the beginning of the circular linked list : ,NUM.
Step 5 : If START = LAST : then
Set START := LAST := NULL.
Else
Set START := START->LINK.
Set LAST->LINK := START.
[End of If else Structure]
Step 6 : Deallocate memory of the node at the beginning of circular linked list.

Step7 : Exit
Function to delete node from the beginning of circular linked list
void deletebeg()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
ptr=start;
int num=ptr->info;
printf("\nDeleted element from beginning of linked list is : %d",num);
if(start==last)
start=last=NULL;
else
{
start=start->link;
last->link=start;
}
free(ptr);
}

(IV) Algorithm to delete node from the end of the circular linked list

Let PTR is the structure pointer which deallocates memory of the node at the end of the
circular linked list, TEMP is a structure pointer to modify the LINK part of previous node & NUM
is the element to be deleted from the linked list, INFO represents the information part of the
deleted node and LINK represents the link or next pointer of the deleted node pointing to the
address of next node. START represents the address of first node, LAST represents the
address of the last node.
Step 1 : If START := NULL : then
Write : List is empty and return.
Step 2 : Set PTR := START.
Step 3 : If START = LAST : then
Set START := LAST := NULL.
Else
Repeat loop while PTR->LINK != START
Set TEMP := PTR
Set PTR := PTR->LINK.
[End of loop]
Set TEMP->LINK := PTR->LINK.
Set LAST := TEMP.
[End of Step 3 If Else structure]
Step 4 : Set NUM := PTR->INFO.
Step 5 : Write : Deleted element from the end of the circular linked list : ,NUM.
Step 6 : Deallocate memory of the node at the beginning of circular linked list.

Step7 : Exit

Function to delete node from the end of circular linked list

void deleteend()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr,*temp;
int num;
ptr=start;
if(start==last)
start=last=NULL;

else
{
while(ptr->link!=start)
{
temp=ptr;
ptr=ptr->link;
}
temp->link=ptr->link;
last=temp;
}
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nDeleted element from the end of circular linked list : %d",num);
free(ptr);
}

PROGRAM 2 : CIRCULAR LINKED LIST OPERATIONS

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct list
{
int info;
struct list *link;
};
struct list *start,*last;
void initialize();
void insertbeg();
void insertend();
void deletebeg();
void deleteend();
void traverse();
void main()
{
int choice;
initialize();
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf("\nIMPLEMENTATION OF A CIRCULAR LINKED LIST");
printf("\n----------------------------------------");
printf("\n1. Insertion at beginning");
printf("\n2. Insertion at end");
printf("\n3. Deletion from beginning");
printf("\n4. Deletion from end");
printf("\n5. Traverse");
printf("\n6. Exit");
printf("\n----------------------------------------");
printf("\n\nEnter your choice [1/2/3/4/5] : ");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1 : insertbeg();
break;
case 2 : insertend();
break;
case 3 : deletebeg();
break;

case 4 : deleteend();
break;
case 5 : traverse();
break;
case 6 : exit(0);
default : printf("\nInvalid choice");
}
getch();
}
}
// Function to initialize circular linked list
void initialize()
{
start=last=NULL;
}
// Function to insert node at the beginning of circular linked list
void insertbeg()
{
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=(struct list *)malloc(sizeof(struct list));
printf("\nEnter the element to be inserted at the beginning of circular linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;
if(start==NULL)
start=last=ptr->link=ptr;
else
{
ptr->link=start;
start=ptr;
last->link=ptr;
}
}
// Function to insert node at the end of the circular linked list
void insertend()
{
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=(struct list *)malloc(sizeof(struct list));
printf("\nEnter the element to be inserted at the end of circular linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;

if(start==NULL)
{
start=last=ptr;
ptr->link=ptr;
}
else
{
last->link=ptr;
last=ptr;
ptr->link=start;
}
}
// Function to delete node from the beginning of circular linked list
void deletebeg()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=start;
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nDeleted element from beginning of linked list is : %d",num);
if(start==last)
start=last=NULL;
else
{
start=start->link;
last->link=start;
}
free(ptr);
}
// Function to delete node from the end of circular linked list
void deleteend()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr,*temp;
int num;

ptr=start;
if(start==last)
start=last=NULL;
else
{
while(ptr->link!=start)
{
temp=ptr;
ptr=ptr->link;
}
temp->link=ptr->link;
last=temp;
}
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nDeleted element from the end of circular linked list : %d", num);
free(ptr);
}
// Function to traverse the circular linked list
void traverse()
{
printf("\nStart : %d",start);
printf("\nLast : %d",last);
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
ptr=start;
printf("\n\nCircular linked list elements are : \n");
printf("\nPTR->INFO\tPTR->LINK\tPTR\n");
while(ptr->link!=start)
{
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",ptr->info,ptr->link,ptr);
ptr=ptr->link;
}
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",ptr->info,ptr->link,ptr);
}

OPERATIONS OF DOUBLY LINKED LISTS

(A) INSERTION

(I) Algorithm to insert node at the beginning of the doubly linked list

Let PTR is the structure pointer which allocates memory for the new node at the
beginning of the doubly linked list & NUM is the element to be inserted into the linked list, INFO
represents the information part of the new node, LEFT represents the structure pointer of the
new node pointing to the address of previous node and RIGHT represents the structure pointer
of the new node pointing to the address of next node in the list. START represents the address
of first node & LAST represents the address of the last node. Initially , before inserting first
node in the singly linked list, START=NULL, LAST=NULL.
Step 1 : Allocate memory for the new node using PTR.
Step 2 : Read NUM to be inserted into doubly linked list.
Step 3 : Set PTR->INFO = NUM
Step 4 : If START = NULL : then
Set PTR->LEFT := PTR->RIGHT := NULL.
Set START := LAST := PTR
Else
Set PTR->LEFT :=NULL.
Set PTR->RIGHT := START.
Set START->LEFT := PTR
Set START := PTR.

[End of If Else Structure]

Step 5 : Exit
Function to insert node at the beginning of doubly linked list
void insertbeg()
{
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=(struct list *)malloc(sizeof(struct list));
printf("\nEnter element to be inserted in doubly linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;
if(start==NULL)
{
ptr->left=ptr->right=NULL;
start=last=ptr;
}

else
{
ptr->left=NULL;
ptr->right=start;
start->left=ptr;
start=ptr;
}
}
(II) Algorithm to insert node at the end of the doubly linked list

Let PTR is the structure pointer which allocates memory for the new node at the end of
the doubly linked list & NUM is the element to be inserted into the linked list, INFO represents
the information part of the new node, LEFT represents the structure pointer of the new node
pointing to the address of previous node and RIGHT represents the structure pointer of the
new node pointing to the address of next node in the list. START represents the address of
first node & LAST represents the address of the last node. Initially , before inserting first node
in the singly linked list, START=NULL, LAST=NULL.
Step 1 : Allocate memory for the new node using PTR.
Step 2 : Read NUM to be inserted into doubly linked list.
Step 3 : Set PTR->INFO := NUM
Step 4 : Set PTR->RIGHT := NULL
Step 5 : If START = NULL : then
Set PTR->RIGHT := NULL.
Set START := LAST := PTR
Else
Set PTR->LEFT := LAST
Set LAST->RIGHT := PTR
Set LAST := PTR

[End of If Else Structure]

Step 6 : Exit

Function to insert node at the end of doubly linked list

void insertend()
{
struct list *ptr,*temp;
int num;
ptr=(struct list *)malloc(sizeof(struct list));
printf("\nEnter element to be inserted in doubly linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);

ptr->info=num;
ptr->right=NULL;
if(start==NULL)
{
ptr->left=ptr->right=NULL;
start=last=ptr;
}
else
{
ptr->left=last;
last->right=ptr;
last=ptr;
}
}

(B) DELETION
(III) Algorithm to delete node at the beginning of the doubly linked list

Let PTR is the structure pointer which deallocates the memory of the node at the
beginning of the doubly linked list & NUM is the element to be deleted from the linked list,
INFO represents the information part of the node, LEFT represents the structure pointer of the
deleted node pointing to the address of previous node and RIGHT represents the structure
pointer of the deleted node pointing to the address of next node in the list. START represents
the address of first node & LAST represents the address of the last node.
Step 1 : If START := NULL : then
Write : List is empty and return.
[End of If Structure]
Step 2 : Set PTR := START.
Step 3 : If START = LAST : then
Set START := LAST := NULL.
Else
Set START := START->RIGHT.
Set START->LEFT := NULL.
[End of If else Structure]
Step 4 : Set NUM := PTR->INFO.
Step 5 : Write : Deleted element from the beginning of the Doubly linked list : ,NUM.
Step 6 : Deallocate memory of the node at the beginning of Doubly linked list.

Step7 : Exit

Function to delete node from the beginning of the doubly linked list
void deletebeg()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=start;
if(start==last)
start=last=NULL;
else
{
start=start->right;
start->left=NULL;
}
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nDeleted element from the beginning of doubly linked list is : %d",num);
free(ptr);
}
(IV) Algorithm to delete node at the end of the doubly linked list

Let PTR is the structure pointer which deallocates the memory of the node at the end of
the doubly linked list & NUM is the element to be deleted from the linked list, INFO represents
the information part of the node, LEFT represents the structure pointer of the deleted node
pointing to the address of previous node and RIGHT represents the structure pointer of the
deleted node pointing to the address of next node in the list. START represents the address of
first node & LAST represents the address of the last node.
Step 1 : If START := NULL : then
Write : List is empty and return.
[End of If Structure]
Step 2 : Set PTR := START.
Step 3 : If START = LAST : then
Set START := LAST := NULL.
Else
Set LAST := LAST->LEFT.
Set LAST->RIGHT := NULL.
[End of If else Structure]
Step 4 : Set NUM := PTR->INFO.
Step 5 : Write : Deleted element from the end of the Doubly linked list : ,NUM.
Step 6 : Deallocate memory of the node at the end of Doubly linked list.

Step7 : Exit

Function to delete node from the end of the doubly linked list
void deleteend()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=last;
if(start==last)
start=last=NULL;
else
{
last=last->left;
last->right=NULL;
}
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nDeleted element from the end of the doubly linked list is : %d",num);
free(ptr);
}

PROGRAM 3 : DOUBLY LINKED LIST OPERATIONS

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct list
{
int info;
struct list *left,*right;
};
struct list *start=NULL,*last=NULL;
void insertbeg();
void insertend();
void deletebeg();
void deleteend();
void traverse();
void main()
{
int choice;
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf(" IMPLEMENTATION OF DOUBLY LINKED LIST \n");
printf("------------------------------------\n");
printf("1. Insertion at Beginning\n");
printf("2. Insertion at End\n");
printf("3. Deletion from beginning\n");
printf("4. Deletion from end\n");
printf("5. Traverse the list \n");
printf("6. Exit \n");
printf("------------------------------------\n");
printf("\nEnter your choice [1/2/3/4/5/6] : ");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1 : insertbeg();
break;
case 2 : insertend();
break;
case 3 : deletebeg();
break;

case 4 : deleteend();
break;
case 5 : traverse();
break;
case 6 : exit(0);
default : printf("\nInvalid choice");
}
getch();
}
}
// Function to insert node at the beginning of doubly linked list
void insertbeg()
{
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=(struct list *)malloc(sizeof(struct list));
printf("\nEnter element to be inserted in doubly linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;
if(start==NULL)
{
ptr->left=ptr->right=NULL;
start=last=ptr;
}
else
{
ptr->left=NULL;
ptr->right=start;
start->left=ptr;
start=ptr;
}
}
// Function to insert node at the end of doubly linked list
void insertend()
{
struct list *ptr,*temp;
int num;
ptr=(struct list *)malloc(sizeof(struct list));
printf("\nEnter element to be inserted in doubly linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;
ptr->right=NULL;

if(start==NULL)
{
ptr->left=ptr->right=NULL;
start=last=ptr;
}
else
{
ptr->left=last;
last->right=ptr;
last=ptr;
}
}
// Function to delete node from the beginning of the doubly linked list
void deletebeg()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=start;
if(start==last)
start=last=NULL;
else
{
start=start->right;
start->left=NULL;
}
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nDeleted element from the beginning of doubly linked list is : %d",num);
free(ptr);
}
// Function to delete node from the end of the doubly linked list
void deleteend()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}

struct list *ptr;

int num;
ptr=last;
if(start==last)
start=last=NULL;
else
{
last=last->left;
last->right=NULL;
}
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nDeleted element from the end of the doubly linked list is : %d",num);
free(ptr);
}
// Function to traverse the Doubly Linked list
void traverse()
{
printf("\nStart : %d",start);
printf("\nLast : %d",last);
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
ptr=start;
printf("\nTraverse the list : \n");
printf("\nPTR->LEFT\tPTR->INFO\tPTR->RIGHT\tPTR\n");
while(ptr!=NULL)
{
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",ptr->left,ptr->info,ptr->right,ptr);
ptr=ptr->right;
}
}

OPERATIONS OF CIRCULAR DOUBLY LINKED LISTS

(A) INSERTION

(I) Algorithm to insert node at the beginning of the circular doubly linked list

Let PTR is the structure pointer which allocates memory for the new node at the
beginning of the circular doubly linked list & NUM is the element to be inserted into the circular
doubly linked list, INFO represents the information part of the new node, LEFT represents the
structure pointer of the new node pointing to the address of previous node and RIGHT
represents the structure pointer of the new node pointing to the address of next node in the list.
START represents the address of first node & LAST represents the address of the last node.
Initially , before inserting first node in the circular doubly linked list, START=NULL,
LAST=NULL.
Step 1 : Allocate memory for the new node using PTR.
Step 2 : Read NUM to be inserted into circular doubly linked list.
Step 3 : Set PTR->INFO = NUM
Step 4 : If START = NULL : then
Set PTR->LEFT := PTR->RIGHT := PTR.
Set START := LAST := PTR
Else
Set PTR->LEFT :=LAST.
Set PTR->RIGHT := START.
Set START->LEFT := PTR
Set LAST->RIGHT :=PTR
Set START := PTR.

[End of If Else Structure]

Step 5 : Exit

Function to insert node at the beginning of circular doubly linked list

void insertbeg()
{
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=(struct list *)malloc(sizeof(struct list));
printf("\nEnter element to be inserted in circular doubly linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;

if(start==NULL)
{
ptr->left=ptr->right=ptr;
start=last=ptr;
}
else
{
ptr->left=last;
ptr->right=start;
start->left=ptr;
last->right=ptr;
start=ptr;
}
}

(II) Algorithm to insert node at the end of the circular doubly linked list

Let PTR is the structure pointer which allocates memory for the new node at the end of
the circular doubly linked list & NUM is the element to be inserted into the circular doubly
linked list, INFO represents the information part of the new node, LEFT represents the
structure pointer of the new node pointing to the address of previous node and RIGHT
represents the structure pointer of the new node pointing to the address of next node in the list.
START represents the address of first node & LAST represents the address of the last node.
Initially , before inserting first node in the circular doubly linked list, START=NULL,
LAST=NULL.
Step 1 : Allocate memory for the new node using PTR.
Step 2 : Read NUM to be inserted into circular doubly linked list.
Step 3 : Set PTR->INFO := NUM
Step 4 : If START = NULL : then
Set PTR->LEFT := PTR->RIGHT := PTR.
Set START := LAST := PTR
Else
Set PTR->RIGHT := START.
Set PTR->LEFT := LAST.
Set LAST->RIGHT := PTR
Set START->LEFT :=PTR
Set LAST := PTR.

[End of If Else Structure]

Step 5 : Exit

Function to insert node at the end of circular doubly linked list

void insertend()
{
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=(struct list *)malloc(sizeof(struct list));
printf("\nEnter element to be inserted in circular doubly linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;
if(start==NULL)
{
ptr->left=ptr->right=ptr;
start=last=ptr;
}
else
{
ptr->right=start;
ptr->left=last;
last->right=ptr;
start->left=ptr;
last=ptr;
}
}

(B) DELETION
(III) Algorithm to delete node from the beginning of the circular doubly linked list

Let PTR is the structure pointer which deallocates the memory of the node at the
beginning of the circular doubly linked list & NUM is the element to be deleted from the linked
list, INFO represents the information part of the node, LEFT represents the structure pointer of
the deleted node pointing to the address of previous node and RIGHT represents the structure
pointer of the deleted node pointing to the address of next node in the list. START represents
the address of first node & LAST represents the address of the last node.
Step 1 : If START := NULL : then
Write : List is empty and return.
[End of If Structure]
Step 2 : Set PTR := START.

Step 3 : If START = LAST : then

Set START := LAST := NULL.
Else
Set START := START->RIGHT.
Set START->LEFT := LAST.
Set LAST->RIGHT := START.
[End of If Else Structure]
Step 4 : Set NUM := PTR->INFO.
Step 5 : Write : Deleted element from the Circular doubly linked list : ,NUM.
Step 6 : Deallocate memory of the node at the beginning of Circular doubly linked list.

Step7 : Exit

Function to delete node from the beginning of the circular doubly linked list

void deletebeg()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=start;
if(start==last)
start=last=NULL;
else
{
start=start->right;
start->left=last;
last->right=start;
}
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nDeleted element from the beginning of circular doubly linked list is : %d",num);
free(ptr);
}

(IV) Algorithm to delete node from the end of the circular doubly linked list
Let PTR is the structure pointer which deallocates the memory of the node at the end of
the circular doubly linked list & NUM is the element to be deleted from the linked list, INFO
represents the information part of the node, LEFT represents the structure pointer of the
deleted node pointing to the address of previous node and RIGHT represents the structure
pointer of the deleted node pointing to the address of next node in the list. START represents
the address of first node & LAST represents the address of the last node.
Step 1 : If START := NULL : then
Write : List is empty and return.
[End of If Structure]
Step 2 : Set PTR := START.
Step 3 : If START = LAST : then
Set START := LAST := NULL.
Else
Set LAST := LAST->LEFT.
Set LAST->RIGHT := START.
Set START->LEFT := LAST
[End of If else Structure]
Step 4 : Set NUM := PTR->INFO.
Step 5 : Write : Deleted element from the end of the Circular doubly linked list : ,NUM.
Step 6 : Deallocate memory of the node at the end of Circular doubly linked list.

Step7 : Exit
// Function to delete node from the end of the circular doubly linked list
void deleteend()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=last;
if(start==last)
start=last=NULL;
else
{
last=last->left;
last->right=start;
start->left=last;
}
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nDeleted element from the end of the circular doubly linked list is : %d",num);
free(ptr); }

PROGRAM - 4 : CIRCULAR DOUBLY LINKED LIST OPERATIONS

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct list
{
int info;
struct list *left,*right;
};
struct list *start=NULL,*last=NULL;
void insertbeg();
void insertend();
void deletebeg();
void deleteend();
void traverse();
void main()
{
int choice;
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf(" IMPLEMENTATION OF CIRCULAR DOUBLY LINKED LIST \n");
printf("------------------------------------\n");
printf("1. Insertion at Beginning\n");
printf("2. Insertion at End\n");
printf("3. Deletion from beginning\n");
printf("4. Deletion from end\n");
printf("5. Traverse the list \n");
printf("6. Exit \n");
printf("------------------------------------\n");
printf("\nEnter your choice [1/2/3/4/5/6] : ");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1 : insertbeg();
break;
case 2 : insertend();
break;
case 3 : deletebeg();
break;
case 4 : deleteend();
break;

case 5 : traverse();
break;
case 6 : exit(0);
default : printf("\nInvalid choice");
}
getch();
}
}
// Function to insert node at the beginning of circular doubly linked list
void insertbeg()
{
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=(struct list *)malloc(sizeof(struct list));
printf("\nEnter element to be inserted in circular doubly linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;
if(start==NULL)
{
ptr->left=ptr->right=ptr;
start=last=ptr;
}
else
{
ptr->left=last;
ptr->right=start;
start->left=ptr;
last->right=ptr;
start=ptr;
}
}
// Function to insert node at the end of circular doubly linked list
void insertend()
{
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=(struct list *)malloc(sizeof(struct list));
printf("\nEnter element to be inserted in circular doubly linked list : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
ptr->info=num;
if(start==NULL)
{
ptr->left=ptr->right=ptr;
start=last=ptr;

}
else
{
ptr->right=start;
ptr->left=last;
last->right=ptr;
start->left=ptr;
last=ptr;
}
}
// Function to delete node from the beginning of the circular doubly linked list
void deletebeg()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=start;
if(start==last)
start=last=NULL;
else
{
start=start->right;
start->left=last;
last->right=start;
}
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nDeleted element from the beginning of circular doubly linked list is : %d",num);
free(ptr);
}
// Function to delete node from the end of the circular doubly linked list
void deleteend()
{
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
int num;
ptr=last;

if(start==last)
start=last=NULL;
else
{
last=last->left;
last->right=start;
start->left=last;
}
num=ptr->info;
printf("\nDeleted element from the end of the circular doubly linked list is : %d",num);
free(ptr);
}
//Function to display the elements of Circular Doubly Linked list
void traverse()
{
printf("\nStart : %d",start);
printf("\nLast : %d",last);
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("\nList is empty");
return;
}
struct list *ptr;
ptr=start;
printf("\nTraverse the list : \n");
printf("\nPTR->LEFT\tPTR->INFO\tPTR->RIGHT\tPTR\n");
while(ptr->right!=start)
{
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",ptr->left,ptr->info,ptr->right,ptr);
ptr=ptr->right;
}
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",ptr->left,ptr->info,ptr->right,ptr);
}