ns-2 Introduction

Dr Osman Ghazali

Credits
Some of this material is based on,
variously:
ns-2 documentation
NS2 Online Tutorial

Any mistakes certainly comes from

me

Outline
Background
Usage
Simulation
Fundamentals
Infrastructure
Debugging

Outline
Background
Links. Purpose. History. Components.
Status.

Usage
Simulation
Fundamentals
Infrastructure
Debugging
4

Useful links

ns-2 web page

http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/

nam web page

http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/nam/

ns-2 tutorial [ns-2.29/tutorial/]

http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial/index.html

ns-2 workshops

http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-tutorial/index.html

ns-2 manual

http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-documentation.html

ns-2, the Network Simulator

A discrete event simulator modelling
network protocols
Packets, links, queues, protocols
Visualizer (NAM)
Trace playback
Error models

There are alternatives!

Experimentation
Analysis
Other simulators
6

detail
expense, scale
understanding
limited detail
detail within niche
niches, limited reuse

History
1989: REAL by Keshav
1995: ns by Floyd, McCanne at LBL
1997: ns-2 by the VINT project
(Virtual InterNetwork Testbed) at
LBL, Xerox PARC, UCB, USC/ISI
Now: ns-2.29 maintained at USC/ISI
ns-2.30 pending release
7

Components

ns-2.29

tcl

ex

examples

tcl8.4.11

doc

test

test cases

tk8.4.11

ns-tutorial

lib

core code

models

otcl-1.11

tclcl-1.17

C++
OTcl

nam-1.11

and, of course,
your simulation script!

Components
ns-2, the simulator itself
Specify simulation, generate traces
Depends on Tcl/Tk, OTcl, TclCL

nam, the network animator

Animate traces from simulation
GUI for constructing simple simulations

Pre-processing
Traffic, topology generation

Post-processing
Analyse trace output with awk, etc
9

Status
ns-2.34 (Pending), October 2008
~330 kLOC C/C++, ~250 kLOC Tcl/OTcl
~100 test suites and 100+ examples
~400 pages of ns manual

Platform support
FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, Windows, Mac

User base
>1k institutes (50 countries), >10k users
~300 posts/month to [email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
subscribe ns-users yourname@address
10

Outline
Background
Usage
Process. Split object model. Languages.
Tcl/OTcl. Linkage.

Simulation
Fundamentals
Infrastructure
Debugging
11

Using ns

Define
problem

Simulation
model

Extend
simulator
Post-process
results

12

Execute
simulation

Using ns
Create simulation
Describe network, protocols, sources, sinks
Interface via OTcl which controls C++

Execute simulation
Simulator maintains event list (packet list), executes
next event (packet), repeats until done
Events happen instantly in virtual time but could take
arbitrarily long real time
Single thread of control, no locking, races, etc

Post-process results
Scripts (awk, perl, python) to process text output
No standard library but some available on web

13

Languages
C++ for data
Per-packet processing, the core of ns
Fast to run, detailed, complete control

OTcl for control

Simulation description
Periodic or triggered actions
Manipulating existing C++ objects
Faster to write and change
14

Basic Tcl
# Variables:
set x 10
set x
puts x is $x

# Procedures:
proc pow {x n} {
if {$n == 1} { return $x }
set part [pow x [expr $n-1]]

# Functions and expressions:

set y [pow x 2]
set y [expr x*x]
# Control flow:
if {$x > 0} { return $x } else {
return [expr -$x] }
while { $x > 0 } {
puts $x
incr x 1
}
for {set i 0} {$i<10} {incr i} {
puts $\i == $i
}
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return [expr $x*$part]

}
# Files:
set file [open nstrace.txt w]
set line [gets $file]
puts nonewline $file hello!
close $file

Basic OTcl
Class Person
# constructor:
Person instproc init {age} {
$self instvar age_
set age_ $age
}

# subclass:
Class Child -superclass Person
Child instproc greet {} {
$self instvar age_
puts age $age_ kid: Wassup!
}

# method:
Person instproc greet {} {
$self instvar age_
puts age $age_: Hello!
}

set a [new Person 45]

set b [new Child 15]
$a greet
$b greet

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C++/OTcl Linkage
OTcl creates objects in the simulator
Evaluate strings in

interpreter
Objects are shared between OTcl and C++
by default
Access the OTcl interpreter via class Tcl
Tcl &tcl = Tcl::instance();
tcl.eval(); tcl.evalc(); tcl.evalf(,);
tcl.result(); res = tcl.result();

ns2 also keeps hashtable of every TclObject

Return
results to interpreter
Access results from interpreter
tcl.enter()/.lookup()/.remove()

Variables are, by default, unshared

object instance variable t_rtt_
PureCouple
C++ C++
or OTcl
variables
with OTcl object instance variable rtt_
Bindings can be established by the compiled constructer
bind(); bind_delay();
{ bind(rtt_, &t_rtt_); t_rtt_ = 10; }

17

C++/OTcl Linkage
Commands and methods
For all TclObject, ns creates cmd{} instance
procedure to access compiled methods
Consider $o distance? <agentaddr>
Invokes distance?{} instance procedure of $o

If this doesnt exist, call parent TclObject

unknown{} method
which calls $o cmd distance? <agentaddr>
which calls C++ <T>::command() method

18

C++/OTcl Linkage
struct hdr_ping {
char ret; double send_time; double rcv_time; int seq;

Header management

static int offset_; // required by PacketHeaderManager

inline static int& offset() { return offset_; }
inline static hdr_ping* access(const Packet* p) { return (hdr_ping*) p->access(offset_); }
};
class PingAgent : public Agent {
public:
PingAgent();
int seq;
// a send sequence number like in real ping
virtual int command(int argc, const char*const* argv);
virtual void recv(Packet*, Handler*);
};

Constructor,
with bound variable

PingAgent::PingAgent() : Agent(PT_PING), seq(0) { bind("packetSize_", &size_); }

int PingAgent::command(int argc, const char*const* argv) {
if (argc == 2) {
if (strcmp(argv[1], "send") == 0) {
Packet* pkt = allocpkt();
hdr_ping* hdr = hdr_ping::access(pkt);
hdr->ret = 0; hdr->seq = seq++;
hdr->send_time = Scheduler::instance().clock();
send(pkt, 0); // Agent::send()
return (TCL_OK);
} else if { /* etc */ } else { /* etc */ }
}
return (Agent::command(argc, argv));
}

19

send method invoked in

simulation; result returned

Outline
Background
Usage
Simulation
Model. Class hierarchy.

Fundamentals
Infrastructure
Debugging

20

From Network to Simulation

App1

App2

App1

Application,
Agent & Node

App2

App1

App2

Agent1 Agent2

Agent1 Agent2

Agent1 Agent2

Node

Node

Node

Link

Link

Node

Link

Link

Node
Agent1 Agent2
App1

21

App2

Link

Link

Node

Link

Node

Node

Link

Link
Node

Node

Agent1 Agent2

Agent1 Agent2

App1

App2

App1

App2

Class Hierarchy (partial)

TclObject

Receive packets and transmit to target_

Basis for Agents and Links (~Queue + Delay)

NsObject

Connector

Queue

Classifier

Delay

Agent

Trace

AddressClassifier

DropTail
Deq
Drop
Table of n RED
slots each TCP
pointing to aEnq
TclObject
classify() identifies destination slot for packet
AddressClassifier, PortClassifier found within Nodes
Reno
22

SACK

Outline
Background
Usage
Simulation
Fundamentals
Applications. Agents. Nodes. Links.
Packets. A simple topology.

Infrastructure
Debugging
23

Components
Four major types
Application
Communication instigator

Agent
Packet generator/consumer

Node
Addressable entity

Link
Set of queues
24

Applications (Ch.36, p.323)

Poke the agent to which theyre attached
Introduction of Process class
C.f. documentation!

Models any entity that is capable of receiving,

requesting or processing data

Two basic types:

25

class Process : public TclObject

[ns-2.29/common/ns-process.h]

class Application : public Process

[ns-2.29/apps/app.h]

class TrafficGenerator : public Application

[ns-2.29/tools/trafgen.h]

Applications
Application
Assumes attached to a TCPAgent
start(), stop(), send(), recv()
E.g. class TelnetApp
[ns-2.20/apps/telnet.h]
Schedule agent_->sendmsg() calls based on
exponential interarrival timer

TrafficGenerator
Assumes attached to a UDPAgent
init(), next_interval()
E.g. class POO_Traffic
[ns-2.29/tools/pareto.cc]
Schedule bursts of packets (Pareto on-off source)
26

Agents
TCP/UDP stacks
timeout(), send(), etc
Allocate and schedule packets

recv(), etc
Callback to app_ to notify of data

Subtype of Connector
class Agent : public Connector
[ns-2.29/common/agent.h,
/tcl/lib/ns-agent.tcl]
class TcpAgent : public Agent
class FullTcpAgent : public TcpAgent

class UdpAgent : public Agent

27

Nodes
Addressable entity
built from classifiers

Simplest unicast case

has address and port
classifiers, others may
have more

dmux_

entry_

Node, LanNode, etc derived

from ParentNode
[ns-2.29/common/{parentnode,node}.h]

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classifier_

Distributes incoming
data to agents
Distributes outgoing
data to links

agents_
Agent
Agent
Agent

Link
Link

Links (Ch.6, p.62)

An OTcl amalgam of C++ objects

[ns-2.29/tcl/lib/ns-link.tcl]

More complex links may have complex link delay/bw characteristics

[ns-2.29/link/delay.h]

class SimpleLink superclass Link

Simulator instproc duplex-link { n1 n2 bw delay type args }

class LinkDelay : public Connector

and multiple queue_ elements

[ns-2.29/queue/{queue.h,red.h,}]

class Queue : public Connector

class RedQueue : public Queue

head_

enqT_

queue_

drophead_

deqT_

drpT_
Tracing

29

link_

ttl_

rcvT_

Links
n0

n1

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 5Mb 2ms DropTail

head_

enqT_

queue_

drophead_

deqT_

drpT_
Tracing

30

link_

ttl_

rcvT_

Packets
next_

next_

hdrlen_

hdrlen_

data_
bits_

accessdata()
userdata()
access(int)
bits()

data_
IP header
TCP header
RTP header

Packet
31

bits_

Packets
Derived from base class Event
Other derived class is at-event (OTcl)

Packets are set of headers plus data

foreach cl [ PacketHeader info subclass ] { puts "$cl [$cl set hdrlen_]" }

Default is to include all headers of all types in

all packets, giving >3kB per-packet!
Turn off unnecessary headers before creating
simulator object (common always required)

foreach cl [PacketHeader info subclass] { puts $cl }

remove-packet-header AODV ARP , or

remove-all-packet-headers
add-packet-header IP TCP

32

33

foreach cl [ PacketHeader
info subclass ] { puts "$cl
[$cl set hdrlen_]" }

PacketHeader/LRWPAN 216

PacketHeader/Encap 4

PacketHeader/XCP 64

PacketHeader/HttpInval 4

PacketHeader/Lms 56

PacketHeader/MFTP 64

PacketHeader/PGM 16

PacketHeader/SRMEXT 8

PacketHeader/PGM_SPM 8

PacketHeader/SRM 16

PacketHeader/PGM_NAK 16

PacketHeader/aSRM 8

PacketHeader/Pushback 4

PacketHeader/mcastCtrl 20

PacketHeader/NV 8

PacketHeader/CtrMcast 12

PacketHeader/LDP 40

PacketHeader/rtProtoDV 4

PacketHeader/MPLS 20

PacketHeader/GAF 8

PacketHeader/rtProtoLS 8

PacketHeader/Snoop 24

PacketHeader/Ping 32

PacketHeader/SCTP 8

PacketHeader/TFRC 56

PacketHeader/TCPA 16

PacketHeader/TFRC_ACK 64

PacketHeader/TCP 80

PacketHeader/Diffusion 192

PacketHeader/IVS 32

PacketHeader/RAP 24

PacketHeader/RTP 12

PacketHeader/AODV 808

PacketHeader/Message 64

PacketHeader/SR 720

PacketHeader/Resv 16

PacketHeader/TORA 32

PacketHeader/TCP_QS 12

PacketHeader/IMEP 512

PacketHeader/UMP 16

PacketHeader/ARP 32

PacketHeader/Src_rt 76

PacketHeader/MIP 32

PacketHeader/IP 28

PacketHeader/IPinIP 4

PacketHeader/Common 104

PacketHeader/LL 32

PacketHeader/Flags 9

PacketHeader/Mac 40

A Simple Topology
Application

n0

n1

Agent

Agent

0
1
0

0
1

head_

enqT_

queue_

drophead_

deqT_

drpT_

Link
n1 n0

34

link_

ttl_

rcvT_

Outline
Background
Usage
Simulation
Fundamentals
Infrastructure
Addressing. Routing. Dynamics. Maths.
Tracing.

Debugging
35

Addressing
Two modes: default and hierarchical
[ns-2.29/tcl/lib/ns-address.tcl]

Default: 32 bits address, 32 bits port, 1 bit

multicast
Hierarchical: default and specific
Default: 3 levels, 10/11/11 bits per level
Specific:
$ns set-address-format hierarchical <nlevels> <bits in level1>+

Nodes are automatically assigned

addresses
But if you want to generate e.g. simulations
with subnet structure, do it yourself
36

Routing (Ch.27, p.243; Ch.30, p.274)

Links have assigned weights
Default to 1
$ns cost $n0 $n1 $cost

Three supported types:

Static
Simple Dijkstra, computed at start-of-day

Session
Simple Dijkstra, computed at each topology change

Distance Vector (DV)

RIP-like: periodic & triggered updates, split horizon,
poison reverse

Link state highly experimental

[ns-2.29/linkstate/]
37

Routing
For dynamic (session) routing, need
a failure model: there are four
$ns rtmodel Trace <config_file> $n0 $n1
$ns rtmodel Exponential {<params>} $n0 $n1
$ns rtmodel Deterministic {<params>} $n0 $n1
$ns rtmodel-at <time> up|down $n0 $n1

You can also define your own

38

Maths
Support classes [ns-2.29/tools/]
class Integrator
Simple linear interpolation integrator

class Samples
Tracks set of sample points (count, sum, sum2, mean, var)

class Random, <type>RandomVariable

Wrapper around RNG
Uniform, exponential, pareto, normal, lognormal generators

class RNG
Implementation of pseudo-random number generator with a
period of 231-2
MRG32k3a proposed in P. LEcuyer, Good parameters and
implementations for combined multiple recursive
random number generators, Operations Research,
47(1):159164, 1999.

39

(possibly; documentation and rng.h disagree on this point)

Tracing (Ch.24, p.223)

Packet tracing and event tracing
Objects that are inserted between nodes
Insert from OTcl using trace{} method
$ns trace-all $file, or
[$ns link $n0 $n1] trace $file

Monitoring
Record counters of interest for all
packets or on a per-flow basis

or roll your own

40

Tracing
ns and nam trace file formats
ns also supports show_tcphdr_ variable controlling
display of TCP flags

ns format
op

ts

prevhop

nexthop

type

size

flags

flowid

src

dst

seqno

pktid

1.102

tcp

40

0.0

1.0

Enque [+], dequeue [-], receive [r], drop [d]

Types are
Flags are
ECN-CE [E], -ECT [N], -CE [C], -CWR [A]; plus
priority [P] and TCP fast start [F]
41

Outline
Background
Usage
Simulation
Fundamentals
Infrastructure
Debugging

42

Debugging
Split object model is a PITA
Use Don Libs Tcl Debugger and gdb
See the ns-2 documentation for details
Use call Tcl::instance().eval() to
bounce between C++ and OTcl
$ns gen-map{}, prints all objects

Memory debugging is probably the

biggest issue
Use dmalloc
43

Debugging
OTcl leaks: it does not garbage collect

set ns [new Simulator]

for {set i 0} {$i < 500} {incr i} {
set a [new RandomGenerator/Constant]
}

This will generate ~500 objects

Free things yourself (delete $a)

Conservation
Avoid $ns trace-all $f

44

Allocates trace objects on all links, 14kB/link

Remove unnecessary packet headers

Use arrays for sequences
Avoid naming objects unnecessarily
Use delay_bind() rather than bind() in C++ objects

Debugging
OTcl leaks: it does not garbage collect

set ns [new Simulator]

for {set i 0} {$i < 500} {incr i} {
set a [new RandomGenerator/Constant]
}

This will generate ~500 objects

Free things yourself (delete $a)

Conservation
Avoid $ns trace-all $f
Remove unnecessary packet headers

Reduces from ~3kB/packet to ~100B/packet

Use arrays for sequences

Avoid naming objects unnecessarily
Use delay_bind() rather than bind() in C++ objects
45

Debugging
OTcl leaks: it does not garbage collect

set ns [new Simulator]

for {set i 0} {$i < 500} {incr i} {
set a [new RandomGenerator/Constant]
}

This will generate ~500 objects

Free things yourself (delete $a)

Conservation
Avoid $ns trace-all $f
Remove unnecessary packet headers
Use arrays for sequences

for {set i 0} {$i<500} {incr i} {set n$1 [$ns node]}

vs.

for {set i 0} {$i<500} {incr i} {set n($1) [$ns node]}

Saves ~40B/variable

Avoid naming objects unnecessarily

Use delay_bind() rather than bind() in C++ objects
46

Debugging
OTcl leaks: it does not garbage collect

set ns [new Simulator]

for {set i 0} {$i < 500} {incr i} {
set a [new RandomGenerator/Constant]
}

This will generate ~500 objects

Free things yourself (delete $a)

Conservation
Avoid $ns trace-all $f
Remove unnecessary packet headers
Use arrays for sequences
Avoid naming objects unnecessarily

Saves ~80B/variable

Use delay_bind() rather than bind() in C++ objects

47

Debugging
OTcl leaks: it does not garbage collect

set ns [new Simulator]

for {set i 0} {$i < 500} {incr i} {
set a [new RandomGenerator/Constant]
}

This will generate ~500 objects

Free things yourself (delete $a)

Conservation

Avoid $ns trace-all $f

Remove unnecessary packet headers
Use arrays for sequences
Avoid naming objects unnecessarily
Use delay_bind() rather than bind() in C++ objects

48

Changes memory requirements to per-class rather than

per-instance

Summary
Background
Links. Purpose. History. Components. Status.

Usage
Process. Split object model. Languages. Tcl/OTcl.
Linkage.

Simulation
Model. Class hierarchy.

Fundamentals
Applications. Agents. Nodes. Links. Packets. A simple
topology.

Infrastructure
Addressing. Routing. Dynamics. Maths. Tracing.

Debugging
49

Thank You

50