2008 Marty Hall

2D Drawing

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Servlets, JSP, Struts, JSF/MyFaces/Facelets, Ajax, GWT, Java 5 or 6, etc. Spring/Hibernate coming soon.
Developed and taught by well-known author and developer. At public venues or onsite at your location.

2008 Marty Hall

For live Java training, please see training courses at

http://courses.coreservlets.com/. Servlets, JSP, Struts,
JSF, Ajax, GWT, Java 5, Java 6, & customized
combinations of topics. Spring/Hibernate coming soon.

Taught by the author of Core Servlets and JSP, More

Servlets and JSP, and this tutorial. Available at
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public
venues, or customized versions can be held
Servlets, JSP, Struts, JSF/MyFaces/Facelets, Ajax, GWT, Java 5 or 6, etc. Spring/Hibernate coming soon.
Developed and taught by well-known
developer.
At public venues or onsite at your location.
on-siteauthor
at and
your
organization.

Agenda

Overview
Drawing Shapes
Paint Styles
Transparency
Using Local Fonts
Stroke Styles
Coordinate
Transformations
Requesting
Drawing Accuracy
4

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AWT vs. Java 2D Drawing:

Overview
Java 2D

AWT
public void paint(Graphics g) {
// Set pen parameters
g.setColor(someColor);
g.setFont(someLimitedFont);
// Draw a shape
g.drawString();
g.drawLine()
g.drawRect();
// outline
g.fillRect();
// solid
g.drawPolygon(); // outline
g.fillPolygon(); // solid
g.drawOval();
// outline
g.fillOval();
// solid

public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {

// Clear off-screen bitmap
super.paintComponent(g);
// Cast Graphics to Graphics2D
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
// Set pen parameters
g2d.setPaint(fillColorOrPattern);
g2d.setStroke(penThicknessOrPattern);
g2d.setComposite(someAlphaComposite);
g2d.setFont(anyFont);
g2d.translate();
g2d.rotate();
g2d.scale();
g2d.shear();
g2d.setTransform(someAffineTransform);
// Create a Shape object
SomeShape s = new SomeShape();
// Draw shape

g2d.draw(s);
g2d.fill(s);
5

// outline
// solid

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Java 2D Drawing Process:

Step 1
Cast Graphics object to Graphics2D
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
super.paintComponent(g); // Typical Swing
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
g2d.doSomeStuff(...);
...
}

Note
All methods that return Graphics in Java return
Graphics2D in Java 2 and later
paint, paintComponent
getGraphics
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Java 2D Drawing Process:

Step 2
Set pen parameters

g2d.setPaint(fillColorOrPattern);
g2d.setStroke(penThicknessOrPattern);
g2d.setComposite(someAlphaComposite);
g2d.setFont(someFont);
g2d.translate(...);
g2d.rotate(...);
g2d.scale(...);
g2d.shear(...);
g2d.setTransform(someAffineTransform);

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Java 2D Drawing Process:

Step 3
Create a Shape object.
Rectangle2D.Double rect = ...;
Ellipse2D.Double ellipse = ...;
Polygon poly = ...;
GeneralPath path = ...;
// Satisfies Shape interface
SomeShapeYouDefined shape = ...;

Note
Most shapes are in the java.awt.geom package
There is a corresponding Shape class for most of the
drawXxx methods of Graphics (see next slide)
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Built-in Shape Classes

Arc2D.Double, Arc2D.Float
Area (a shape built by union, intersection, subtraction and xor of
other shapes)
CubicCurve2D.Double, CubicCurve2D.Float
Ellipse2D.Double, Ellipse2D.Float
GeneralPath (a series of connected shapes), Polygon
Line2D.Double, Line2D.Float
QuadCurve2D.Double, QuadCurve2D.Float (a spline curve)
Rectangle2D.Double, Rectangle2D.Float, Rectangle
RoundRectangle2D.Double, RoundRectangle2D.Float

New shapes are in java.awt.geom. Java 1.1 holdovers

(Rectangle, Polygon) are in java.awt. Several classes have
similar versions that store coordinates as either double
precision numbers (Xxx.Double) or single precision numbers
(Xxx.Float). The idea is that single precision coordinates might
be slightly faster to manipulate on some platforms.
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Java 2D Drawing Process:

Step 4
Draw an outlined or filled version of the
Shape
g2d.draw(someShape);
g2d.fill(someShape);

The legacy methods are still supported

drawString still commonly used
drawLine, drawRect, fillRect still somewhat used

10

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Drawing Shapes: Example

Code
import javax.swing.*;
// For JPanel, etc.
import java.awt.*;
// For Graphics, etc.
import java.awt.geom.*; // For Ellipse2D, etc.
public class ShapeExample extends JPanel {
private Ellipse2D.Double circle =
new Ellipse2D.Double(10, 10, 350, 350);
private Rectangle2D.Double square =
new Rectangle2D.Double(10, 10, 350, 350);
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
clear(g); // ie super.paintComponent(g);
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
g2d.fill(circle);
g2d.draw(square);
}
// Code to put JPanel in JFrame omitted.
11

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Drawing Shapes: Example

Output

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Paint Styles in Java 2D:

Overview
Use setPaint and getPaint to change and
retrieve the Paint settings.
Note that setPaint and getPaint supersede the setColor
and getColor methods that were used in Graphics (and
inherited in Graphics2D).

When you fill a Shape, the current Paint

attribute of the Graphics2D object is used.
Possible arguments to setPaint are:

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A Color (solid color--Color implements Paint interface)

A GradientPaint (gradually-changing color combination)
A TexturePaint (tiled image)
A new version of Paint that you write yourself.
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Paint Classes: Details

Color
Has the same constants (Color.RED, Color.YELLOW,
etc.) as the AWT version, plus some extra constructors.

GradientPaint
Constructors take two points, two colors, and optionally a
boolean flag that indicates that the color pattern should
cycle. Colors fade from one color to the other.

TexturePaint
Constructor takes a BufferedImage and a Rectangle2D,
maps the image to the rectangle, then tiles the rectangle.

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Creating a BufferedImage from a GIF or JPEG file is tedious. First load an

Image normally, get its size, create a BufferedImage that size with
BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB as the image type, and get the
BufferedImage's Graphics object via createGraphics. Then, draw the Image into
the BufferedImage using drawImage Java EE training: http://courses.coreservlets.com

Gradient Fills: Example Code

public class GradientPaintExample extends ShapeExample {
private GradientPaint gradient =
new GradientPaint(0, 0, Color.RED, 175, 175,
Color.YELLOW, true);
// true means repeat pattern
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
clear(g);
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
drawGradientCircle(g2d);
}

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protected void drawGradientCircle(Graphics2D g2d) {

g2d.setPaint(gradient);
g2d.fill(getCircle());
g2d.setPaint(Color.BLACK);
g2d.draw(getCircle());
} ...
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Gradient Fills: Example Output

16

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Tiled Images as Fill Patterns

(TexturePaint): Overview
Create a TexturePaint object.
TexturePaint constructor takes:
A BufferedImage (see following pages)
Specifies what to draw

A Rectangle2D
Specifies where tiling starts

Use the setPaint method of Graphics2D to

specify that this TexturePaint object be
used.
Applies to strings and outlines (i.e., draw operations), not
just solid shapes (i.e., fill operations).
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Creating a BufferedImage for

Custom Drawing
Call the BufferedImage constructor with
A width,
A height, and
A value of BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB,

Call createGraphics on the result to get a

Graphics2D that refers to image
Use that Graphics2D object to draw onto the
BufferedImage

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Custom BufferedImage:
Example Code
int width = 32;
int height = 32;
BufferedImage bufferedImage =
new BufferedImage(width, height
BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
Graphics2D g2dImg = bufferedImage.createGraphics();
g2dImg.draw(...); // Draws onto image
g2dImg.fill(...); // Draws onto image
TexturePaint texture =
new TexturePaint(bufferedImage,
new Rectangle(0, 0, width, height));
g2d.setPaint(texture);
g2d.draw(...); // Draws onto window
g2d.fill(...); // Draws onto window

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Creating a BufferedImage from

an Image File
Quick summary
Load an Image from an image file via getImage
Use MediaTracker to be sure it is done loading
Create an empty BufferedImage using the Image width
and height
Get the Graphics2D via createGraphics
Draw the Image onto the BufferedImage

This process has been wrapped up in the

getBufferedImage method of the
ImageUtilities class
Like all examples, code available at
www.corewebprogramming.com
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BufferedImage from Image File:

Example Code
public class ImageUtilities {
public static BufferedImage getBufferedImage
(String imageFile,
Component c) {
Image image = c.getToolkit().getImage(imageFile);
waitForImage(image, c); // Just uses MediaTracker
BufferedImage bufferedImage =
new BufferedImage(image.getWidth(c),
image.getHeight(c),
BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
Graphics2D g2dImg = bufferedImage.createGraphics();
g2dImg.drawImage(image, 0, 0, c);
return(bufferedImage);
}
...
}
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Tiled Images as Fill Patterns:

Example Code
import
import
import
import

javax.swing.*;
java.awt.*;
java.awt.geom.*;
java.awt.image.*;

public class TiledImages extends JPanel {

private String dir = System.getProperty("user.dir");
private String imageFile1 = dir + "/images/marty.jpg";
private TexturePaint imagePaint1;
private Rectangle imageRect;
private String imageFile2 = dir +
"/images/bluedrop.gif";
private TexturePaint imagePaint2;
private int[] xPoints = { 30, 700, 400 };
private int[] yPoints = { 30, 30, 600 };
private Polygon imageTriangle =
new Polygon(xPoints, yPoints, 3);
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Tiled Images as Fill Patterns:

Example Code (Continued)
public TiledImages() {
BufferedImage image =
ImageUtilities.getBufferedImage(imageFile1, this);
imageRect =
new Rectangle(235, 70,
image.getWidth(), image.getHeight());
imagePaint1 =
new TexturePaint(image, imageRect);
image =
ImageUtilities.getBufferedImage(imageFile2, this);
imagePaint2 =
new TexturePaint(image,
new Rectangle(0, 0, 32, 32));
}

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Tiled Images as Fill Patterns:

Example Code (Continued)
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
super.paintComponent(g);
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
g2d.setPaint(imagePaint2);
g2d.fill(imageTriangle);
g2d.setPaint(Color.BLUE);
g2d.setStroke(new BasicStroke(5));
g2d.draw(imageTriangle);
g2d.setPaint(imagePaint1);
g2d.fill(imageRect);
g2d.setPaint(Color.BLACK);
g2d.draw(imageRect);
}
...
}

24

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Tiled Images as Fill Patterns:

Example Output

25

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Transparent Drawing: Overview

Idea
Assign transparency (alpha) values to drawing operations
so that the underlying graphics partially shows through
when you draw shapes or images.

Normal steps
Create an AlphaComposite object
Call AlphaComposite.getInstance with a mixing rule
designator and a transparency (or "alpha") value.
There are 12 built-in mixing rules (see the
AlphaComposite API for details), but you only care about
AlphaComposite.SRC_OVER.
Alpha values range from 0.0F (completely transparent) to
1.0F (completely opaque).
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Pass the AlphaComposite object to the setComposite

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method of the Graphics2D

Transparent Drawing:
Example Code
public class TransparencyExample extends JPanel {
...
private AlphaComposite makeComposite(float alpha) {
int type = AlphaComposite.SRC_OVER;
return(AlphaComposite.getInstance(type, alpha));
}

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private void drawSquares(Graphics2D g2d, float alpha) {

Composite originalComposite = g2d.getComposite();
g2d.setPaint(Color.BLUE);
g2d.fill(blueSquare);
g2d.setComposite(makeComposite(alpha));
g2d.setPaint(Color.RED);
g2d.fill(redSquare);
g2d.setComposite(originalComposite);
}
...

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Transparent Drawing:
Example Code (Continued)
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
super.paintComponent(g);
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
for(int i=0; i<11; i++) {
drawSquares(g2d, i*0.1F); // 2nd arg is transparency
g2d.translate(deltaX, 0);
}

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Using Logical (Java-Standard)

Fonts
Logical font names: use same names
as in Java 1.1.

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Serif (aka TimesRoman)

SansSerif (aka Helvetica -- results in Arial on Windows)
Monospaced (aka Courier)
Dialog
DialogInput.

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Using Local (System-Specific)

Fonts
Local fonts: Lookup Fonts First
Use the getAvailableFontFamilyNames or getAllFonts
methods of GraphicsEnvironment. E.g.:
GraphicsEnvironment env =
GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment();

Then
env.getAvailableFontFamilyNames();

or
env.getAllFonts();
// Much slower than just getting names!

Safest Option:
Supply list of preferred font names in order, loop down
looking for first match. Supply standard font name as
backup.
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Example 1: Printing Out All

Local Font Names
import java.awt.*;
public class ListFonts {
public static void main(String[] args) {
GraphicsEnvironment env =
GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment();
String[] fontNames =
env.getAvailableFontFamilyNames();
System.out.println("Available Fonts:");
for(int i=0; i<fontNames.length; i++)
System.out.println(" " + fontNames[i]);
}
}

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Example 2:
Drawing with Local Fonts
public class FontExample extends GradientPaintExample {
public FontExample() {
GraphicsEnvironment env =
GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment();
env.getAvailableFontFamilyNames();
setFont(new Font("Goudy Handtooled BT", Font.PLAIN, 100));
}
protected void drawBigString(Graphics2D g2d) {
g2d.setPaint(Color.BLACK);
g2d.drawString("Java 2D", 25, 215);
}
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
clear(g);
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
drawGradientCircle(g2d);
drawBigString(g2d);
} ...
32

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Drawing with Local Fonts:

Example Output

33

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Stroke Styles: Overview

AWT
drawXxx methods of Graphics resulted in solid, 1-pixel
wide lines.
Predefined line join/cap styles for drawRect,
drawPolygon, etc.

Java2D
Pen thickness
Dashing pattern
Line join/cap styles

Setting styles

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Create a BasicStroke object

Use the setStroke method to tell the Graphics2D object to
use it
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Stroke Attributes
Normal use: Use setStroke to assign a
BasicStroke. BasicStroke constructors:
BasicStroke()
Creates a BasicStroke with a pen width of 1.0, the default cap style of
CAP_SQUARE, and the default join style of JOIN_MITER.

BasicStroke(float penWidth)
Uses the specified pen width and the default cap/join styles.

BasicStroke(float penWidth, int capStyle, int joinStyle)

Uses the specified pen width, cap style, and join style.

BasicStroke(float penWidth, int capStyle, int joinStyle, float miterLimit)

Limits how far up the miter join can go (default is 10.0). Stay away
from this.

BasicStroke(float penWidth, int capStyle, int joinStyle, float miterLimit,

float[] dashPattern, float dashOffset)

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Lets you make dashed lines by specifying an array of opaque

(entries at even array indices) and transparent (odd indices)
segments. The offset, which is often
0.0,
specifies
where to start in
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Thick Lines: Example Code

import java.awt.*;
public class StrokeThicknessExample extends FontExample {
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
clear(g);
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
drawGradientCircle(g2d);
drawBigString(g2d);
drawThickCircleOutline(g2d);
}
protected void drawThickCircleOutline(Graphics2D g2d) {
g2d.setPaint(Color.BLUE);
g2d.setStroke(new BasicStroke(8)); // 8-pixel wide pen
g2d.draw(getCircle());
}
...
36

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Thick Lines: Example Output

37

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Dashed Lines: Example Code

public class DashedStrokeExample extends FontExample {
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
clear(g);
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
drawGradientCircle(g2d);
drawBigString(g2d);
drawDashedCircleOutline(g2d);
}

38

protected void drawDashedCircleOutline(Graphics2D g2d) {

g2d.setPaint(Color.BLUE);
// 30 pixel line, 10 pxl gap, 10 pxl line, 10 pxl gap
float[] dashPattern = { 30, 10, 10, 10 };
g2d.setStroke(new BasicStroke(8, BasicStroke.CAP_BUTT,
BasicStroke.JOIN_MITER, 10,
dashPattern, 0));
g2d.draw(getCircle());
}
...

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Dashed Lines: Example Output

39

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Join Styles
JOIN_MITER
Extend outside edges of lines until they meet
This is the default

JOIN_BEVEL
Connect outside corners of outlines with straight line

JOIN_ROUND
Round off corner with a circle that has diameter equal to
the pen width

40

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Cap Styles
CAP_SQUARE
Make a square cap that extends past the end point by half
the pen width
This is the default

CAP_BUTT
Cut off segment exactly at end point
Use this one for dashed lines.

CAP_ROUND
Make a circle centered on the end point. Use a diameter
equal to the pen width.

41

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Cap and Join Styles:

Example Code
public class LineStyles extends JPanel {
private int[] caps =
{ BasicStroke.CAP_SQUARE, BasicStroke.CAP_BUTT,
BasicStroke.CAP_ROUND };
private int[] joins =
{ BasicStroke.JOIN_MITER, BasicStroke.JOIN_BEVEL,
BasicStroke.JOIN_ROUND };

42

public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {

super.paintComponent(g);
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
g2d.setColor(Color.BLUE);
for(int i=0; i>caps.length; i++) {
BasicStroke stroke =
new BasicStroke(thickness, caps[i], joins[i]);
g2d.setStroke(stroke);
g2d.draw(path);
...
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} ...

Cap and Join Styles:

Example Output

43

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Coordinate Transformations
Idea:
Instead of computing new coordinates, move the
coordinate system itself.

Available Transformations

Translate (move).
Rotate (spin).
Scale (stretch evenly)
Shear (stretch more as points get further from origin)
Custom. New point (x2, y2) derived from original point
(x1, y1) as follows:

[ x2]
[
[ y2] = [
[ 1 ]
[
44

m00
m10
0

m01
m11
0

m02
m12
1

] [ x1 ]
[ m00x1 + m01y1 + m02 ]
] [ y1 ] = [ m10x1 + m11y1 + m12 ]
] [ 1 ]
[
1
]
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Translations and Rotations:

Example Code
public class RotationExample
extends StrokeThicknessExample {
private Color[] colors = { Color.WHITE, Color.BLACK };

45

public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {

clear(g);
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
drawGradientCircle(g2d);
drawThickCircleOutline(g2d);
// Move the origin to the center of the circle.
g2d.translate(185.0, 185.0);
for (int i=0; i<16; i++) {
// Rotate the coordinate system around current
// origin, which is at the center of the circle.
g2d.rotate(Math.PI/8.0);
g2d.setPaint(colors[i%2]);
g2d.drawString("Java", 0, 0);
} ...
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Translations and Rotations:

Example Output

46

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Shear Transformations
Meaning of Shear
X Shear
If you specify a non-zero x shear, then x values will be
more and more shifted to the right the farther they are
away from the y axis. For example, an x shear of 0.1
means that the x value will be shifted 10% of the distance
the point is away from the y axis.
Y Shear
Points are shifted down in proportion to the distance they
are away from the x axis.

47

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Shear: Example Code

public class ShearExample extends JPanel {
private static int gap=10, width=100;
private Rectangle rect =
new Rectangle(gap, gap, 100, 100);

48

public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {

super.paintComponent(g);
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
for (int i=0; i<5; i++) {
g2d.setPaint(Color.RED);
g2d.fill(rect);
// Each new square gets 0.2 more x shear
g2d.shear(0.2, 0.0);
g2d.translate(2*gap + width, 0);
}
}
...
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Shear: Example Output

49

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Rendering Hints
Default:
Faster drawing, possibly less accuracy

Rendering Hints:
Let you request more accurate (but generally slower)
drawing. Eg:

50

RenderingHints renderHints =
new RenderingHints(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
renderHints.put(RenderingHints.KEY_RENDERING,
RenderingHints.VALUE_RENDER_QUALITY);
...
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
super.paintComponent(g);
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
g2d.addRenderingHints(renderHints);
...
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Summary
General
If you have Graphics, cast it to Graphics2D
Create Shape objects, then call Graphics2Ds draw and
fill methods with shapes as args.

Paint styles
Use setPaint to specify a solid color (Color), a gradient
fill (GradientPaint), or tiled image (TexturePaint).
TexturePaint requires a BufferedImage, which you can
create from an image file by creating empty
BufferedImage then drawing image into it.

Transparent drawing

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Use AlphaComposite for transparency. Create one via

AlphaComposite.getInstance with a type of
AlphaComposite.SRC_OVER.Java EE training: http://courses.coreservlets.com

Summary (Continued)
Local fonts
Look up locally installed fonts with
getAvailableFontFamilyNames. Then supply name to
Font constructor and specify font via setFont.

Stroke styles
BasicStroke lets you set pen thickness, dashing pattern,
and line cap/join styles. Then call setStroke.

Coordinate transformations
Let you move the coordinate system rather than changing
what you draw. Simple transforms: call translate, rotate,
scale, and shear. More complex transforms: supply matrix
to AffineTransform constructor, then call setTransform.

Rendering Hints
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Improve drawing quality or enable

Java EE antialiasing
training: http://courses.coreservlets.com

2008 Marty Hall

Questions?

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