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A P P E N D I X

Tables

Table A-1 The error function.

x

x
erf
2

x
erf
2

x
erf
2

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

0.00000
0.02256
0.04511
0.06762
0.09008

0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84

0.71754
0.73001
0.74210
0.75381
0.76514

1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58
1.60

0.96841
0.97059
0.97263
0.97455
0.97636

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.11246
0.13476
0.15695
0.17901
0.20094

0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94

0.77610
0.78669
0.79691
0.80677
0.81627

1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68
1.70

0.97804
0.97962
0.98110
0.98249
0.98379

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.22270
0.24430
0.26570
0.28690
0.30788

0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.04

0.82542
0.83423
0.84270
0.85084
0.85865

1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.80

0.98500
0.98613
0.98719
0.98817
0.98909

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.32863
0.34913
0.36936
0.38933
0.40901

1.06
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.14

0.86614
0.87333
0.88020
0.88079
0.89308

1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.90

0.98994
0.99074
0.99147
0.99216
0.99279

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.42839
0.44749
0.46622
0.48466
0.50275

1.16
1.18
1.20
1.22
1.24

0.89910
0.90484
0.91031
0.91553
0.92050

1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98
2.00

0.99338
0.99392
0.99443
0.99489
0.995322

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.52050
0.53790
0.55494
0.57162
0.58792

1.26
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.34

0.92524
0.92973
0.93401
0.93806
0.94191

2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50

0.997020
0.998137
0.998857
0.999311
0.999593

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.60386
0.61941
0.63459
0.64938
0.66278

1.36
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.44

0.94556
0.94902
0.95228
0.95538
0.95830

2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00

0.999764
0.999866
0.999925
0.999959
0.999978

0.70
0.72
0.74

0.67780
0.69143
0.70468

1.46
1.48
1.50

0.96105
0.96365
0.96610

3.20
3.40
3.60

0.999994
0.999998
1.000000

649

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Aluminum:
Pure
Al-Cu (Duralumin),
9496% Al, 35%
Cu, trace Mg
Al-Si (Silumin,
copper-bearing),
86.5% Al,
1% Cu
Al-Si (Alusil),
7880% Al,
2022% Si
Al-Mg-Si, 97% Al,
1% Mg, 1% Si,
1% Mn
Lead
Iron:
Pure
Wrought iron, 0.5% C
Steel
(C max 1.5%):
Carbon steel
C 0.5%
1.0%
1.5%

Metal

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K/PMS 293
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0.452
0.46

7,897
7,849

0.465
0.473
0.486

0.892
0.130

2,707
11,373

7,833
7,801
7,753

0.854

0.867

2,659

2,627

0.883

0.896

kJ/kg C

cp

2,787

2,707

kg/m3

54
43
36

73
59

177
35

161

137

164

204

W/m C

1.474
1.172
0.970

2.034
1.626

7.311
2.343

7.172

5.933

6.676

8.418

m2 /s

105

87

36.9

144

119

126

215

148 F

100 C

55
43
36

73
59

175
35.1

157

137

159

202

32 F

0 C

52
43
36

67
57

189
33.4

168

144

182

206

212 F

100 C

48
42
36

62
52

204
31.5

175

152

194

215

392 F

200 C

45
40
35

55
48

29.8

178

161

228

572 F

300 C

42
36
33

48
45

249

752 F

400 C

35
33
31

40
36

1112 F

600 C

Thermal conductivity k, W/m C

31
29
28

36
33

29
28
28

35
33

31
29
29

36
33

1472 F 1832 F 2192 F

800 C 1000 C 1200 C

11/7/2008

Properties at 20 C

Table A-2 Property values for metals.

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Nickel steel
Ni 0%
20%
40%
80%
Invar 36% Ni
Chrome steel
Cr = 0%
1%
5%
20%
Cr-Ni (chromenickel): 15% Cr,
10% Ni
18% Cr, 8% Ni
(V2A)
20% Cr, 15% Ni
25% Cr, 20% Ni
Tungsten steel
W = 0%
1%
5%
10%
Copper:
Pure
Aluminum bronze
95% Cu, 5% Al

Metal

0.452
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.452
0.46
0.46
0.46

0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.452
0.448
0.435
0.419
0.3831
0.410

7,897
7,865
7,833
7,689

7,865
7,817
7,833
7,865
7,897
7,913
8,073
8,314
8,954
8,666

kJ/kg C

cp

7,897
7,933
8,169
8,618
8,137

kg/m3

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83

386

73
66
54
48

16.3
15.1
12.8

19

73
61
40
22

73
19
10
35
10.7

W/m C

2.330

11.234

2.026
1.858
1.525
1.391

0.444
0.415
0.361

0.527

2.026
1.665
1.110
0.635

2.026
0.526
0.279
0.872
0.286

m2 /s

105

407

87

148 F

100 C

386

16.3

73
62
40
22

32 F

0 C

379

17

67
55
38
22

212 F

100 C

374

17

62
52
36
22

392 F

200 C

369

19

55
47
36
22

572 F

300 C

363

19

48
42
33
24

752 F

400 C

353

22

40
36
29
24

1112 F

600 C

Thermal conductivity k, W/m C

27

36
33
29
26

31

35
33
29
29

36

1472 F 1832 F 2192 F

800 C 1000 C 1200 C

11/7/2008

Properties at 20 C

Table A-2 Property values for metals (Continued).

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652

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0.2340
0.2340
0.2265
0.1344
0.3843

10,524
10,525
7,304
19,350
7,144

0.4459

8,906
0.444
0.444

1.00
0.251

1,810
10,220

8,666
8,314

1.013

1,746

0.394

8,618
0.410

0.385

8,522

8,922

0.385

0.343

8,714

8,666

kJ/kg C

cp

419
407
64
163
112.2

17
12.6

90

66
123

171

22.7

24.9

111

61

26

W/m C

17.004
16.563
3.884
6.271
4.106

0.444
0.343

2.266

3.605
4.790

9.708

0.612

0.733

3.412

1.804

0.859

m2 /s

105

114

419
419
74

104

138

178

21

19.2

88

148 F

100 C

417
410
65.9
166
112

17.1
12.3

93

52
125

171

59

32 F

0 C

415
415
59
151
109

18.9
13.8

83

62
118

168

22.2

31

128

71

212 F

100 C

Adapted to SI units from E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.

Bronze 75% Cu,

25% Sn
Red brass 85% Cu,
9% Sn, 6% Zn
Brass 70% Cu,
30% Zn
German silver 62%
Cu, 15% Ni,
22% Zn
Constantan 60%
Cu, 40% Ni
Magnesium:
Pure
Mg-Al (electrolytic) 68% Al,
12% Zn
Molybdenum
Nickel:
Pure (99.9%)
Ni-Cr 90% Ni,
10% Cr
80% Ni, 20% Cr
Silver:
Purest
Pure (99.9%)
Tin, pure
Tungsten
Zinc, pure

Metal

kg/m3

412
374
57
142
106

20.9
15.6

73

74
114

163

26

40

144

392 F

200 C

360
126
93

133
100

24.6
18.0

59

109

48

147

752 F

400 C

362

22.8
17.1

64

83
111

157

45

147

572 F

300 C

112

22.5

106

1112 F

600 C

Thermal conductivity k, W/m C

76

102

99

92

1472 F 1832 F 2192 F

800 C 1000 C 1200 C

11/7/2008

Properties at 20 C

Table A-2 Property values for metals (Continued).

Hol29362_appA
14:57

Hol29362_appA

11/7/2008

14:57

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-3 Properties of nonmetals.

Substance

Temperature
C

k
W/m C

kg/m3

c
kJ/kg C

107
m2 /s

Structural and heat-resistant materials

Acoustic tile
Aluminum oxide,
sapphire
Aluminum oxide,
polycrystalline
Asphalt
Bakelite
Brick:
Building brick,
common
Face
Carborundum brick
Chrome brick

Diatomaceous earth,
molded and fired
Fireclay brick
Burnt 2426 F
Burnt 2642 F

Missouri

Magnesite

Cement, portland
Mortar
Coal,
anthracite
Concrete, cinder
Stone, 1-2-4 mix
Glass, window
Corosilicate
Graphite, pyrolytic
parallel to layers
perpendicular to
layers
Gypsum board
Lexan
Nylon
Particle board,
low density
high density
Phenolic
Plaster, gypsum
Metal lath
Wood lath

30
30
30
2055
30

20
600
1400
200
550
900
200
870
500
800
1100
500
800
1100
200
600
1400
200
650
1200
23
30
23
20
20
3075
30

0.06

290

1.3

46

3970

0.76

150

36
0.740.76
0.23

3970

0.76

120

1200

1.6

1.2

0.69
1.32
18.5
11.1
2.32
2.47
1.99

1600
2000

0.84

5.2

3000

0.84

9.2
9.8
7.9

2000

0.96

5.4

2300

0.96

5.8

2600

0.96

4.0

0.24
0.31
1.04
1.07
1.09
1.28
1.37
1.40
1.00
1.47
1.77
3.81
2.77
1.90
0.29
1.16
0.26
0.76
1.37
0.78 (avg)
1.09
1900

1.6

1.13

1500

1300

1.25

1.6

19002300
2700
2200

0.88
0.84

8.26.8
3.4

2200

0.71

12,200
36

30
30
30
30

5.6
0.16
0.2
0.16

2200

0.71

1200
1100

1.3
1.6

1.3
0.9

30
30
30
20
20
20

0.079
0.17
0.03
0.48
0.47
0.28

590
1000
1400
1440

1.3
1.3
1.6
0.84

1.0
1.3
0.13
4.0

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654

11/7/2008

14:57

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-3 Properties of nonmetals (Continued).

Substance

Temperature
C

k
W/m C

kg/m3

c
kJ/kg C

107
m2 /s

1200
960
1150
1000
1700
1200
3150

1.5
2.1
1.9
1.3
1.1
2.0
0.68

1.1
1.64
0.73
1.1
0.48
0.62
2290

2640
2500
25002700
21602300

0.82
0.90
0.80
0.71

818
5.65.9
1013.6
11.211.9

1.05
0.7

Structural and heat-resistant materials

Plexiglass
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystrene
Polyvinylchloride
Rubber, hard
Silicon carbide
Stone:
Granite
Limestone
Marble
Sandstone
Structural concrete
low density
light weight
medium weight
normal weight
Teflon
Titanium dioxide
Wood (across the grain):
Balsa, 8.8 lb/ft3
Cypress
Fir
Maple or oak
Yellow pine
White pine

30
30
30
30
30
30
30

100300
40

0.2
0.33
0.16
0.14
0.09
0.15
490
1.733.98
1.261.33
2.072.94
1.83

30
30
30
30
30
30

0.21
0.65
0.75
2.32
0.35
8.4

670
1570
1840
2260
2200
4150

30
30
23
30
23
30

0.055
0.097
0.11
0.166
0.147
0.112

140
460
420
540
640
430

1.5
29

2.72
2.4
2.8

0.96
1.28
0.82

Insulating materials
Asbestos:
Loosely packed

Asbestos-cement
boards
Sheets
Felt, 40 laminations/in

20 laminations/in

Corrugated, 4 plies/in

Asbestos cement
Balsam wood, 2.2 lb/ft3
Cardboard, corrugated
Celotex
Cork, regranulated
Ground
Corkboard, 10 lb/ft3

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Title: Heat Transfer 10/e

45
0
100
20

0.149
0.154
0.161
0.74

51
38
150
260
38
150
260
38
93
150

32

32
32
32
30

0.166
0.057
0.069
0.083
0.078
0.095
0.112
0.087
0.100
0.119
2.08
0.04
0.064
0.048
0.045
0.043
0.043

Pg. No.654

470570

0.816

3.34

1.88

25.3

35

45120
150
160

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14:57

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-3 Properties of nonmetals (Continued).

Substance

k
W/m C

Temperature
C

kg/m3

c
kJ/kg C

107
m2 /s

Insulating materials
Diamond, Type IIa,
insulator
Diatomaceous earth
(Sil-o-cel)
Felt, hair
Wool
Fiber, insulating board
Glass fiber,
duct liner
Glass fiber,
loose blown
Glass wool, 1.5 lb/ft3
Ice
Insulex, dry

30

2300

0.509

12,900

0
30
30
20

0.061
0.036
0.052
0.048

320
130200
330
240

30

0.038

32

0.84

14.1

30
23
0
32

16
24
910

0.84
0.7
1.93

32
22.6
12.6

900

1.2

1.1

Kapok
Magnesia, 85%

30
38
93
150
204

0.043
0.038
2.22
0.064
0.144
0.035
0.067
0.071
0.074
0.080

Paper (avg.)
Polyisocyanurate sheet
Polystyrene, extruded
Polyurethane foam
Rock wool, 10 lb/ft3
Loosely packed

30
30
30
30
32
150
260
23
32
32
30
23

0.12
0.023
0.028
0.017
0.040
0.067
0.087
0.059
0.024
0.033
0.025
0.059

Sawdust
Silica aerogel
Styrofoam
Urethane, cerllular
Wood shavings

3500

270

160
64

140

Adapted to SI units from A. I. Brown and S. M. Marco, Introduction to Heat Transfer, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958.

Other properties from various sources.

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11/7/2008

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A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-4 Properties of saturated liquids.

T , C

kg/m3

cp
kJ/kg C

, m2/s

k
W/m C

, m2/s

Pr

, K1

Ammonia, NH3
50
40
30
20
10

703.69
691.68
679.34
666.69
653.55

4.463
4.467
4.476
4.509
4.564

0.435106
0.406
0.387
0.381
0.378

0.547
0.547
0.549
0.547
0.543

1.742107
1.775
1.801
1.819
1.825

2.60
2.28
2.15
2.09
2.07

0
10
20
30
40
50

640.10
626.16
611.75
596.37
580.99
564.33

4.635
4.714
4.798
4.890
4.999
5.116

0.373
0.368
0.359
0.349
0.340
0.330

0.540
0.531
0.521
0.507
0.493
0.476

1.819
1.801
1.775
1.742
1.701
1.654

2.05
2.04
2.02
2.01
2.00
1.99

2.96
2.46
2.22
2.12
2.20

2.45 103

Carbon dioxide, CO2

50
40
30
20
10

1,156.34
1,117.77
1,076.76
1,032.39
983.38

1.84
1.88
1.97
2.05
2.18

0
10
20
30

926.99
860.03
772.57
597.81

2.47
3.14
5.0
36.4

0.119106
0.118
0.117
0.115
0.113

0.0855
0.1011
0.1116
0.1151
0.1099

0.4021107
0.4810
0.5272
0.5445
0.5133

0.108
0.101
0.091
0.080

0.1045
0.0971
0.0872
0.0703

0.4578
0.3608
0.2219
0.0279

2.38
2.80
4.10
28.7

14.00 103

Sulfur dioxide, SO2

50
40
30
20
10

1,560.84
1,536.81
1,520.64
1,488.60
1,463.61

1.3595
1.3607
1.3616
1.3624
1.3628

0.484106
0.424
0.371
0.324
0.288

0.242
0.235
0.230
0.225
0.218

1.141107
1.130
1.117
1.107
1.097

4.24
3.74
3.31
2.93
2.62

0
10
20
30
40
50

1,438.46
1,412.51
1,386.40
1,359.33
1,329.22
1,299.10

1.3636
1.3645
1.3653
1.3662
1.3674
1.3683

0.257
0.232
0.210
0.190
0.173
0.162

0.211
0.204
0.199
0.192
0.185
0.177

1.081
1.066
1.050
1.035
1.019
0.999

2.38
2.18
2.00
1.83
1.70
1.61

1.94 103

Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon-12), CCl2 F2

50
40
30
20
10

1,546.75
1,518.71
1,489.56
1,460.57
1,429.49

0.8750
0.8847
0.8956
0.9073
0.9203

0.310106
0.279
0.253
0.235
0.221

0.067
0.069
0.069
0.071
0.073

0.501107
0.514
0.526
0.539
0.550

6.2
5.4
4.8
4.4
4.0

0
10
20
30
40
50

1,397.45
1,364.30
1,330.18
1,295.10
1,257.13
1,215.96

0.9345
0.9496
0.9659
0.9835
1.0019
1.0216

0.214106
0.203
0.198
0.194
0.191
0.190

0.073
0.073
0.073
0.071
0.069
0.067

0.557107
0.560
0.560
0.560
0.555
0.545

3.8
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5

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Table A-4 Properties of saturated liquids (Continued).

T , C

kg/m3

cp
kJ/kg C

k
W/m C

, m2/s

, m2/s

Pr

, K1

Glycerin, C3 H5 (OH)3
0
10
20
30
40
50

1,276.03
1,270.11
1,264.02
1,258.09
1,252.01
1,244.96

2.261
2.319
2.386
2.445
2.512
2.583

0.00831
0.00300
0.00118
0.00050
0.00022
0.00015

0.983107
0.965
0.947
0.929
0.914
0.893

0.282
0.284
0.286
0.286
0.286
0.287

84.7103
31.0
12.5
0.50 103
5.38
2.45
1.63

Ethylene glycol, C2 H4 (OH)2

0
20
40
60
80
100

1,130.75
1,116.65
1,101.43
1,087.66
1,077.56
1,058.50

2.294
2.382
2.474
2.562
2.650
2.742

7.53106
19.18
8.69
4.75
2.98
2.03

0.242
0.249
0.256
0.260
0.261
0.263

0.934107
0.939
0.939
0.932
0.921
0.908

615
204
93
51
32.4
22.4

0.65 103

Engine oil (unused)

0
20
40
60
80

899.12
888.23
876.05
864.04
852.02

1.796
1.880
1.964
2.047
2.131

0.00428
0.00090
0.00024
0.839104
0.375

0.147
0.145
0.144
0.140
0.138

0.911107
0.872
0.834
0.800
0.769

100
120
140
160

840.01
828.96
816.94
805.89

2.219
2.307
2.395
2.483

0.203
0.124
0.080
0.056

0.137
0.135
0.133
0.132

0.738
0.710
0.686
0.663

47,100
10,400
2,870
1,050
490

0.70 103

276
175
116
84

Mercury, Hg
0
20
50
100
150

13,628.22
13,579.04
13,505.84
13,384.58
13,264.28

0.1403
0.1394
0.1386
0.1373
0.1365

0.124106
0.114
0.104
0.0928
0.0853

8.20
8.69
9.40
10.51
11.49

42.99107
46.06
50.22
57.16
63.54

0.0288
0.0249
0.0207
0.0162
0.0134

200
250
315.5

13,144.94
13,025.60
12,847

0.1570
0.1357
0.134

0.0802
0.0765
0.0673

12.34
13.07
14.02

69.08
74.06
81.5

0.0116
0.0103
0.0083

1.82 104

Adapted to SI units from E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.

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Table A-5 Properties of air at atmospheric pressure.

The values of , k, cp , and Pr are not strongly pressure-dependent
and may be used over a fairly wide range of pressures

T ,K
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500

kg/m3

cp
kJ/kg C

105
kg/m s

106
m2 /s

k
W/m C

104
m2 /s

Pr

3.6010
2.3675
1.7684
1.4128
1.1774
0.9980
0.8826
0.7833
0.7048
0.6423
0.5879
0.5430
0.5030
0.4709
0.4405
0.4149
0.3925
0.3716
0.3524
0.3204
0.2947
0.2707
0.2515
0.2355
0.2211
0.2082
0.1970
0.1858
0.1762
0.1682
0.1602
0.1538
0.1458
0.1394

1.0266
1.0099
1.0061
1.0053
1.0057
1.0090
1.0140
1.0207
1.0295
1.0392
1.0551
1.0635
1.0752
1.0856
1.0978
1.1095
1.1212
1.1321
1.1417
1.160
1.179
1.197
1.214
1.230
1.248
1.267
1.287
1.309
1.338
1.372
1.419
1.482
1.574
1.688

0.6924
1.0283
1.3289
1.5990
1.8462
2.075
2.286
2.484
2.671
2.848
3.018
3.177
3.332
3.481
3.625
3.765
3.899
4.023
4.152
4.44
4.69
4.93
5.17
5.40
5.63
5.85
6.07
6.29
6.50
6.72
6.93
7.14
7.35
7.57

1.923
4.343
7.490
11.31
15.69
20.76
25.90
31.71
37.90
44.34
51.34
58.51
66.25
73.91
82.29
90.75
99.3
108.2
117.8
138.6
159.1
182.1
205.5
229.1
254.5
280.5
308.1
338.5
369.0
399.6
432.6
464.0
504.0
543.5

0.009246
0.013735
0.01809
0.02227
0.02624
0.03003
0.03365
0.03707
0.04038
0.04360
0.04659
0.04953
0.05230
0.05509
0.05779
0.06028
0.06279
0.06525
0.06752
0.0732
0.0782
0.0837
0.0891
0.0946
0.100
0.105
0.111
0.117
0.124
0.131
0.139
0.149
0.161
0.175

0.02501
0.05745
0.10165
0.15675
0.22160
0.2983
0.3760
0.4222
0.5564
0.6532
0.7512
0.8578
0.9672
1.0774
1.1951
1.3097
1.4271
1.5510
1.6779
1.969
2.251
2.583
2.920
3.262
3.609
3.977
4.379
4.811
5.260
5.715
6.120
6.540
7.020
7.441

0.770
0.753
0.739
0.722
0.708
0.697
0.689
0.683
0.680
0.680
0.680
0.682
0.684
0.686
0.689
0.692
0.696
0.699
0.702
0.704
0.707
0.705
0.705
0.705
0.705
0.705
0.704
0.704
0.702
0.700
0.707
0.710
0.718
0.730

From Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Circ. 564, 1955.

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Table A-6 Properties of gases at atmospheric pressure.

Values of , k, cp , and Pr are not strongly pressure-dependent for He, H2 , O2 , and N2
and may be used over a fairly wide range of pressures

T, K

kg/m3

cp
kJ/kg C

, kg/m s

v, m2/s

k
W/m C

, m2/s

Pr

0.5275104
0.9288
1.3675
2.449
3.716
5.215
6.661
8.774

0.70
0.694
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72

Helium
144
200
255
366
477
589
700
800

0.3379
0.2435
0.1906
0.13280
0.10204
0.08282
0.07032
0.06023

5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200

125.5107
156.6
181.7
230.5
275.0
311.3
347.5
381.7

37.11106
64.38
95.50
173.6
269.3
375.8
494.2
634.1

0.0928
0.1177
0.1357
0.1691
0.197
0.225
0.251
0.275

Hydrogen
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
700
800
900

0.16371
0.12270
0.09819
0.08185
0.07016
0.06135
0.05462
0.04918
0.04469
0.04085
0.03492
0.03060
0.02723

12.602
13.540
14.059
14.314
14.436
14.491
14.499
14.507
14.532
14.537
14.574
14.675
14.821

5.595106
6.813
7.919
8.963
9.954
10.864
11.779
12.636
13.475
14.285
15.89
17.40
18.78

34.18106
55.53
80.64
109.5
141.9
177.1
215.6
257.0
301.6
349.7
455.1
569
690

0.0981
0.1282
0.1561
0.182
0.206
0.228
0.251
0.272
0.292
0.315
0.351
0.384
0.412

0.475104
0.772
1.130
1.554
2.031
2.568
3.164
3.817
4.516
5.306
6.903
8.563
10.217

0.718
0.719
0.713
0.706
0.697
0.690
0.682
0.675
0.668
0.664
0.659
0.664
0.676

Oxygen
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550

2.6190
1.9559
1.5618
1.3007
1.1133
0.9755
0.8682
0.7801
0.7096

0.9178
0.9131
0.9157
0.9203
0.9291
0.9420
0.9567
0.9722
0.9881

11.490106
14.850
17.87
20.63
23.16
25.54
27.77
29.91
31.97

4.387106
7.593
11.45
15.86
20.80
26.18
31.99
38.34
45.05

0.01367
0.01824
0.02259
0.02676
0.03070
0.03461
0.03828
0.04173
0.04517

0.05688104
0.10214
0.15794
0.22353
0.2968
0.3768
0.4609
0.5502
0.641

0.773
0.745
0.725
0.709
0.702
0.695
0.694
0.697
0.700

0.01824
0.02620
0.03335
0.03984
0.04580
0.05123
0.05609
0.06070
0.06475
0.06850
0.07184

0.10224104
0.22044
0.3734
0.5530
0.7486
0.9466
1.1685
1.3946
1.6250
1.8571
2.0932

0.747
0.713
0.691
0.684
0.686
0.691
0.700
0.711
0.724
0.736
0.748

Nitrogen
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200

1.7108
1.1421
0.8538
0.6824
0.5687
0.4934
0.4277
0.3796
0.3412
0.3108
0.2851

1.0429
1.0408
1.0459
1.0555
1.0756
1.0969
1.1225
1.1464
1.1677
1.1857
1.2037

12.947106
17.84
21.98
25.70
29.11
32.13
34.84
37.49
40.00
42.28
44.50

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7.568106
15.63
25.74
37.66
51.19
65.13
81.46
91.06
117.2
136.0
156.1

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Table A-6 Properties of gases at atmospheric pressure (Continued).

Values of , k, cp , and Pr are not strongly pressure-dependent for He, H2 , O2 , and N2
and may be used over a fairly wide range of pressures

T, K

kg/m3

cp
kJ/kg C

, kg/m s

v, m2/s

k
W/m C

, m2/s

Pr

0.010805
0.012884
0.016572
0.02047
0.02461
0.02897
0.03352
0.03821
0.04311

0.05920104
0.07401
0.10588
0.14808
0.19463
0.24813
0.3084
0.3750
0.4483

0.818
0.793
0.770
0.755
0.738
0.721
0.702
0.685
0.668

0.0220
0.0270
0.0327
0.0391
0.0467

0.1308104
0.1920
0.2619
0.3432
0.4421

0.90
0.88
0.87
0.87
0.84

0.0246
0.0261
0.0299
0.0339
0.0379
0.0422
0.0464
0.0505
0.0549
0.0592
0.0637

0.2036104
0.2338
0.307
0.387
0.475
0.573
0.666
0.772
0.883
1.001
1.130

1.060
1.040
1.010
0.996
0.991
0.986
0.995
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.019

Carbon dioxide
220
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600

2.4733
2.1657
1.7973
1.5362
1.3424
1.1918
1.0732
0.9739
0.8938

0.783
0.804
0.871
0.900
0.942
0.980
1.013
1.047
1.076

11.105106
12.590
14.958
17.205
19.32
21.34
23.26
25.08
26.83

4.490106
5.813
8.321
11.19
14.39
17.90
21.67
25.74
30.02

Ammonia, NH3
273
323
373
423
473

0.7929
0.6487
0.5590
0.4934
0.4405

2.177
2.177
2.236
2.315
2.395

9.353106
11.035
12.886
14.672
16.49

1.18105
1.70
2.30
2.97
3.74

Water vapor
380
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850

0.5863
0.5542
0.4902
0.4405
0.4005
0.3652
0.3380
0.3140
0.2931
0.2739
0.2579

2.060
2.014
1.980
1.985
1.997
2.026
2.056
2.085
2.119
2.152
2.186

12.71106
13.44
15.25
17.04
18.84
20.67
22.47
24.26
26.04
27.86
29.69

2.16105
2.42
3.11
3.86
4.70
5.66
6.64
7.72
8.88
10.20
11.52

Adapted to SI units from E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.

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Table A-7 Physical properties of some common low-melting-point metals.

Metal

Melting
point
C

Normal
boiling
point
C

Bismuth

271

1477

Lead

327

1737

Lithium

179

1317

Mercury

39

357

Potassium

63.8

760

Sodium

97.8

883

Sodiumpotassium:
22% Na

19

826

56% Na

11

784

Lead-bismuth,
44.5% Pb

125

1670

Temperature
C

Density,
103
kg/m3

Viscosity
103
kg/m s

Heat
capacity
kJ/kg C

Thermal
conductivity
W/m C

316
760
371
704
204
982
10
316
149
704
204
704

10.01
9.47
10.5
10.1
0.51
0.44
13.6
12.8
0.81
0.67
0.90
0.78

1.62
0.79
2.40
1.37
0.60
0.42
1.59
0.86
0.37
0.14
0.43
0.18

0.144
0.165
0.159
0.155
4.19
4.19
0.138
0.134
0.796
0.754
1.34
1.26

16.4
15.6
16.1
14.9
38.1

0.014
0.0084
0.024
0.016
0.065

8.1
14.0
45.0
33.1
80.3
59.7

0.027
0.0084
0.0066
0.0031
0.0072
0.0038

0.49
0.146
0.58
0.16

0.946
0.883
1.13
1.04

24.4

0.019

25.6
28.9

0.026
0.058

1.76
1.15

0.147

10.7

0.024

93.3
760
93.3
760
288
649

0.848
0.69
0.89
0.74
10.3
9.84

Prandtl
number

Adapted to SI units from J. G. Knudsen and D. L. Katz, Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958.

Table A-8 Diffusion coefficients of gases and vapors in air at 25 C and 1 atm.
Substance

D, cm2 /s

Ammonia
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Water
Ethyl ether
Methanol
Ethyl alcohol

0.28
0.164
0.410
0.206
0.256
0.093
0.159
0.119

Sc =

0.78
0.94
0.22
0.75
0.60
1.66
0.97
1.30

Substance

D, cm2 /s

Formic Acid
Acetic acid
Aniline
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
Propyl benzene

0.159
0.133
0.073
0.088
0.084
0.077
0.059

Sc =

0.97
1.16
2.14
1.76
1.84
2.01
2.62

From J. H. Perry (ed.), Chemical Engineers Handbook, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963.

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Table A-9 Properties of water (saturated liquid).

Note: Grx Pr =

32
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
350
400
450
500
550
600

0
4.44
10
15.56
21.11
26.67
32.22
37.78
43.33
48.89
54.44
60
65.55
71.11
76.67
82.22
87.78
93.33
104.4
115.6
126.7
137.8
148.9
176.7
204.4
232.2
260
287.7
315.6

g 2 cp
k


x 3 T

cp

kJ/kg C

kg/m3

kg/m s

W/m C

4.225
4.208
4.195
4.186
4.179
4.179
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.179
4.179
4.183
4.186
4.191
4.195
4.199
4.204
4.216
4.229
4.250
4.271
4.296
4.371
4.467
4.585
4.731
5.024
5.703

999.8
999.8
999.2
998.6
997.4
995.8
994.9
993.0
990.6
988.8
985.7
983.3
980.3
977.3
973.7
970.2
966.7
963.2
955.1
946.7
937.2
928.1
918.0
890.4
859.4
825.7
785.2
735.5
678.7

1.79103
1.55
1.31
1.12
9.8104
8.6
7.65
6.82
6.16
5.62
5.13
4.71
4.3
4.01
3.72
3.47
3.27
3.06
2.67
2.44
2.19
1.98
1.86
1.57
1.36
1.20
1.07
9.51105
8.68

0.566
0.575
0.585
0.595
0.604
0.614
0.623
0.630
0.637
0.644
0.649
0.654
0.659
0.665
0.668
0.673
0.675
0.678
0.684
0.685
0.685
0.685
0.684
0.677
0.665
0.646
0.616

Pr
13.25
11.35
9.40
7.88
6.78
5.85
5.12
4.53
4.04
3.64
3.30
3.01
2.73
2.53
2.33
2.16
2.03
1.90
1.66
1.51
1.36
1.24
1.17
1.02
1.00
0.85
0.83

g 2 cp
k
1/m3 C

1.91 109
6.34 109
1.08 1010
1.46 1010
1.91 1010
2.48 1010
3.3 1010
4.19 1010
4.89 1010
5.66 1010
6.48 1010
7.62 1010
8.84 1010
9.85 1010
1.09 1011

Adapted to SI units from A. I. Brown and S. M. Marco, Introduction to Heat Transfer, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958.

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A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-10 Normal total emissivity of various surfaces.

Surface

T , F

Emissivity 

4401070
212
299940
100

0.0390.057
0.09
0.200.31
0.216

476674
494710
530
70
120660
1002000

0.0280.031
0.0330.037
0.030
0.038
0.22
0.080.36

242
212
77
4401160

0.023
0.052
0.78
0.0180.035

212
8001880
72
16201810
4501950

0.066
0.140.38
0.44
0.600.70
0.200.32

68
212
17002040
75

0.61
0.31
0.870.95
0.80

240440
75
390
5301520

0.0570.075
0.28
0.63
0.550.20

13404700
212
3901110

0.0960.202
0.071
0.410.46

212
12002290

0.072
0.590.86

212
1201830
120930
4401160

0.059
0.650.79
0.950.98
0.0540.104

4401160
100700

0.0200.032
0.0220.031

Metals and their oxides

Aluminum:
Highly polished plate, 98.3% pure
Commercial sheet
Heavily oxidized
Al-surfaced roofing
Brass:
Highly polished:
73.2% Cu, 26.7% Zn
62.4% Cu, 36.8% Zn, 0.4% Pb, 0.3% Al
82.9% Cu, 17.0% Zn
Hard-rolled, polished, but direction of polishing visible
Dull plate
Chromium (see nickel alloys for Ni-Cr steels), polished
Copper:
Polished
Plate, heated long time, covered with thick oxide layer
Gold, pure, highly polished
Iron and steel (not including stainless):
Steel, polished
Iron, polished
Cast iron, newly turned
turned and heated
Mild steel
Iron and steel (oxidized surfaces):
Iron plate, pickled, then rusted red
Iron, dark-gray surface
Rough ingot iron
Sheet steel with strong, rough oxide layer
Lead:
Unoxidized, 99.96% pure
Gray oxidized
Oxidized at 300 F
Magnesium, magnesium oxide
Molybdenum:
Filament
Massive, polished
Monel metal, oxidized at 1110 F
Nickel:
Polished
Nickel oxide
Nickel alloys:
Copper nickel, polished
Nichrome wire, bright
Nichrome wire, oxidized
Platinum, polished plate, pure
Silver:
Polished, pure
Polished

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664

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A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-10 Normal total emissivity of various surfaces (Continued).

Surface

T , F

Emissivity 

212
4501725
76

0.074
0.540.63
0.043 and
0.064
0.39
0.23

Metals and their oxides

Stainless steels:
Polished
Type 301; B
Tin, bright tinned iron
Tungsten, filament
Zinc, galvanized sheet iron, fairly bright

6000
82

Refractories, building materials, paints, and miscellaneous

Alumina (8599.5%, Al2 O3 , 012% SiO2 , 01% Ge2 O3 );
effect of mean grain size, microns (m):
10 m
50 m
100 m
Asbestos, board
Brick:
Red, rough, but no gross irregularities
Fireclay
Carbon:
T-carbon (Gebrder Siemens) 0.9% ash, started with
emissivity of 0.72 at 260 F but on heating changed to
values given
Filament
Rough plate
Lampblack, rough deposit
Concrete tiles
Enamel, white fused, on iron
Glass:
Smooth
Pyrex, lead, and soda
Paints, lacquers, varnishes:
Snow-white enamel varnish on rough iron plate
Black shiny lacquer, sprayed on iron
Black shiny shellac on tinned iron sheet
Black matte shellac
Black or white lacquer
Flat black lacquer
Aluminum paints and lacquers:
10% Al, 22% lacquer body, on rough or smooth
surface
Other Al paints, varying age and Al content
Porcelain, glazed
Quartz, rough, fused
Roofing paper
Rubber, hard, glossy plate
Water

0.300.18
0.390.28
0.500.40
0.96

74
70
1832

0.93
0.75

2601160

0.810.79

19002560
212608
212932
1832
66

0.526
0.77
0.840.78
0.63
0.90

72
5001000

0.94
0.950.85

73
76
70
170295
100200
100200

0.906
0.875
0.821
0.91
0.800.95
0.960.98

212

0.52

212
72
70
69
74
32212

0.270.67
0.92
0.93
0.91
0.94
9.950.963

Courtesy of H. C. Hottel, from W. H. McAdams, Heat Transmissions, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954.

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A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-11 Steel-pipe dimensions.

Nominal
pipe
size, in

OD, in

1
8

0.405

1
4

0.540

3
8

0.675

1
2

0.840

3
4

1.050

1.315

1 12

1.900

2.375

3.500

4.500

5.563

6.625

10

10.75

Schedule no.
40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80
160
40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80
120
160
40
80
40
80

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Wall
Thickness, in
0.068
0.095
0.088
0.119
0.091
0.126
0.109
0.147
0.113
0.154
0.133
0.179
0.145
0.200
0.281
0.154
0.218
0.216
0.300
0.237
0.337
0.258
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.280
0.432
0.365
0.500

Pg. No.665

ID, in

Metal
sectional
area, in2

Inside crosssectional
area, ft2

0.269
0.215
0.364
0.302
0.493
0.423
0.622
0.546
0.824
0.742
1.049
0.957
1.610
1.500
1.338
2.067
1.939
3.068
2.900
4.026
3.826
5.047
4.813
4.563
4.313
6.065
5.761
10.020
9.750

0.072
0.093
0.125
0.157
0.167
0.217
0.250
0.320
0.333
0.433
0.494
0.639
0.799
1.068
1.429
1.075
1.477
2.228
3.016
3.173
4.407
4.304
6.122
7.953
9.696
5.584
8.405
11.90
16.10

0.00040
0.00025
0.00072
0.00050
0.00133
0.00098
0.00211
0.00163
0.00371
0.00300
0.00600
0.00499
0.01414
0.01225
0.00976
0.02330
0.02050
0.05130
0.04587
0.08840
0.7986
0.1390
0.1263
0.1136
0.1015
0.2006
0.1810
0.5475
0.5185

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A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-12 Conversion factors. (See also inside cover.)

Length:
12 in = 1 ft
2.54 cm = 1 in
1 m = 106 m = 104 cm
Mass:
1 kg = 2.205 lbm
1 slug = 32.16 lbm
454 g = 1 lbm
Force:
1 dyn = 2.248 106 lbf
1 lbf = 4.448 N
105 dyn = 1 N

Energy:
1 ft lbf = 1.356 J
1 kWh = 3413 Btu
1 hp h = 2545 Btu
1 Btu = 252 cal
1 Btu = 778 ft lbf
Pressure:
1 atm = 14.696 lbf /in2 = 2116 lbf /ft2
1 atm = 1.01325 105 Pa
1 in Hg = 70.73 lbf /ft2
Viscosity:
1 centipoise = 2.42 lbm /h ft
1 lbf s/ft2 = 32.16 lbm /s ft
Thermal conductivity:
1 cal/s cm C = 242 Btu/h ft F
1 W/cm C = 57.79 Btu/h ft F
Useful conversion to SI units

Length:
1 in = 0.0254 m
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 mi = 1.60934 km
Area:
1 in2 = 645.16 mm2
1 ft2 = 0.092903 m2
1 mi2 = 2.58999 km2
Pressure:
1 N/m2 = 1 Pa
1 atm = 1.01325 105 Pa
1 lbf /in2 = 6894.76 Pa
Energy:
1 erg = 107 J
1 Btu = 1055.04 J
1 ft lbf = 1.35582 J
1 cal (15 C) = 4.1855 J
Power:
1 hp = 745.7 W
1 Btu/h = 0.293 W
Heat flux:
1 Btu/h ft2 = 3.15372 W/m2
1 Btu/h ft = 0.96128 W/m
Thermal conductivity:
1 Btu/h ft F = 1.7307 W/m C
Heat-transfer coefficient:
1 Btu/h ft2 F = 5.6782 W/m2 C

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Volume:
1 in3 = 1.63871 105 m3
1 ft3 = 0.0283168 m3
1 gal = 231 in3 = 0.0037854 m3
Mass:
1 lbm = 0.45359237 kg
Density:
1 lbm /in3 = 2.76799 104 kg/m3
1 lbm /ft3 = 16.0185 104 kg/m3
Force:
1 dyn = 105 N
1 lbf = 4.44822 N

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