PAPER 2: STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

QUESTIONS
Index Futures
1.

Mr. Careless was employed with ABC Portfolio Consultants. The work profile of Mr.
Careless involves advising the clients about taking position in Future Market to obtain
hedge in the position they are holding. Mr. ZZZ, their regular client purchased 100,000
shares of X Inc. at a price of $22 and sold 50,000 shares of A plc for $40 each having
beta 2. Mr. Careless advised Mr. ZZZ to take short position in Index Future trading at
$1,000 each contract.
Though Mr. Careless noted the name of A plc along with its beta value during discussion
with Mr. ZZZ but forgot to record the beta value of X Inc.
On next day Mr. ZZZ closed out his position when:
Share price of X Inc. dropped by 2%
Share price of A plc appreciated by 3%
Index Future dropped by 1.5%
Mr. ZZZ, informed Mr. Careless that he has made a loss of $114,500 due to the position
taken. Since record of Mr. Careless was incomplete he approached you to help him to
find the number of contract of Future contract he advised Mr. ZZZ to be short to obtain a
complete hedge and beta value of X Inc.
You are required to find these values.

2.

Mr. X, is a Senior Portfolio Manager at ABC Asset Management Company. He expects to

purchase a portfolio of shares in 90 days. However he is worried about the expected
price increase in shares in coming day and to hedge against this potential price increase
he decides to take a position on a 90-day forward contract on the Index. The index is
currently trading at 2290. Assuming that the continuously compounded dividend yield is
1.75% and risk free rate of interest is 4.16%, you are required to determine:
(a) Calculate the justified forward price on this contract.
(b) Suppose after 28 days of the purchase of the contract the index value stands at
2450 then determine gain/ loss on the above long position.
(c) If at expiration of 90 days the Index Value is 2470 then what will be gain on long
position.
Note: Take 365 days in a year and value of e0.005942 = 1.005960, e0.001849 = 1.001851.

3.

Sensex futures are traded at a multiple of 50. Consider the following quotations of
Sensex futures in the 10 trading days during February, 2014:

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

PAPER 2: STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

63

Day
High
Low
Closing
4-2-14
3306.4
3290.00
3296.50
5-2-14
3298.00
3262.50
3294.40
6-2-14
3256.20
3227.00
3230.40
7-2-14
3233.00
3201.50
3212.30
10-2-14
3281.50
3256.00
3267.50
11-2-14
3283.50
3260.00
3263.80
12-2-14
3315.00
3286.30
3292.00
14-2-14
3315.00
3257.10
3309.30
17-2-14
3278.00
3249.50
3257.80
18-2-14
3118.00
3091.40
3102.60
Abshishek bought one sensex futures contract on February, 04. The average daily
absolute change in the value of contract is ` 10,000 and standard deviation of these
changes is ` 2,000. The maintenance margin is 75% of initial margin.
You are required to determine the daily balances in the margin account and payment on
margin calls, if any.
Foreign Exchange Risk Management
4.

Sun Ltd. is planning to import equipment from Japan at a cost of 3,400 lakh yen. The
company may avail loans at 18 percent per annum with which it can import the
equipment. The company has also an offer from Osaka branch of an India based bank
extending credit of 180 days at 2 percent per annum against opening of an irrecoverable
letter of credit.
Additional information:
Present exchange rate

`100 = 340 yen

180 days forward rate

`100 = 345 yen

Commission charges for letter of credit at 2 per cent per 12 months.

Advice the company whether the offer from the foreign branch should be accepted.
5.

An exporter requests his bank to extend the forward contract for US$ 20,000 which is
due for maturity on 31st October, 2014, for a further period of 3 months. He agrees to pay
the required margin money for such extension of the contract.
Contracted Rate US$ 1= ` 62.32
The US Dollar quoted on 31-10-2014:Spot 61.5000/61.5200
3 months Discount -0.93% /0.87%
Margin money from banks point of view for buying and selling rate is 0.45% and 0.20%
respectively.

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FINAL EXAMINATION: MAY, 2015

Compute:

6.

(i)

The cost to the importer in respect of the extension of the forward contract, and

(ii)

The rate of new forward contract.

Columbus Surgicals Inc. is based in US, has recently imported surgical raw materials
from the UK and has been invoiced for 480,000, payable in 3 months. It has also
exported surgical goods to India and France.
The Indian customer has been invoiced for 138,000, payable in 3 months, and the
French customer has been invoiced for 590,000, payable in 4 months.
Current spot and forward rates are as follows:
/ US$
Spot:
0.9830 0.9850
Three months forward: 0.9520 0.9545
US$ /
Spot:
1.8890 1.8920
Four months forward:
1.9510 1.9540
Current money market rates are as follows:
UK:
10.0% 12.0% p.a.
France:
14.0% 16.0% p.a.
USA:
11.5% 13.0% p.a.
You as Treasury Manager are required to show how the company can hedge its foreign
exchange exposure using Forward markets and Money markets hedge and suggest
which the best hedging technique is.

Security Valuation
7.

Suppose Mr. A is offered a 10% Convertible Bond (par value ` 1,000) which either can
be redeemed after 4 years at a premium of 5% or get converted into 25 equity shares
currently trading at ` 33.50 and expected to grow by 5% each year. You are required to
determine the minimum price Mr. A shall be ready to pay for bond if his expected rate of
return is 11%.

8.

The following data is related to 8.5% Fully Convertible (into Equity shares) Debentures
issued by JAC Ltd. at ` 1000.
Market Price of Debenture
Conversion Ratio
Straight Value of Debenture
Market Price of Equity share on the date of Conversion
Expected Dividend Per Share

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

` 900
30
` 700
` 25
`1

PAPER 2: STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

65

You are required to calculate:

(a) Conversion Value of Debenture
(b) Market Conversion Price
(c) Conversion Premium per share
(d) Ratio of Conversion Premium
(e) Premium over Straight Value of Debenture
(f)

Favourable income differential per share

(g) Premium pay back period

Financial Services
9.

A Ltd. has an export sale of ` 50 crore of which 20% is paid by importers in advance of
dispatch and for balance the average collection period is 60 days. However, it has been
observed that these payments have been running late by 18 days. The past experience
indicates that bad debt losses are 0.6% on Sales. The expenditure incurred for efforts in
receivable collection are ` 60,00,000 p.a.
So far A Ltd. had no specific arrangements to deal with export receivables, following two
proposals are under consideration:
(i)

A non-recourse export factoring agency is ready to buy A Ltd.s receivables by

charging 2% commission. The factor will pay an advance on receivables to the firm
at an interest rate of MIBOR + 1.75% after withholding 20% as reserve.

(ii)

Insu Ltd. an insurance company has offered a comprehensive insurance policy at a

premium of 0.45% of the sum insured covering 85% of risk of non-payment. A Ltd.
can assign its right to a bank in return of an advance of 75% of the value insured at
MIBOR+1.50%.

Assuming that MIBOR is 6% and A Ltd. can borrow from its bank at MIBOR+2% by using
existing overdraft facility determine the which of the two proposal should be accepted by
A Ltd. (1 Year = 360 days).
Capital Rationing
10. JHK Private Ltd. is considering 3 projects (not mutually exclusive) has no cash reserves,
but could borrow upto ` 60 crore @ of 10% p.a. Though borrowing above this amount is
also possible, but it shall be at a much higher rate of interest.
The initial capital outlay required, the NPV and the duration of each of these project is as
follows:
Initial Capital Outlay (` Crore)

NPV (` Crore)

Duration (Years)

Project X

30.80

5.50

Project Y

38.00

7.20

Project Z

25.60

6.50

Indefinite

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FINAL EXAMINATION: MAY, 2015

Other information:
1.

Cost of capital of JHK is 12%.

2.

Applicable tax rate is 30%.

3.

All projects are indivisible in nature and cannot be postponed.

You are required to:

(a) Comment whether given scenario is a case of hard capital rationing or soft capital
rationing.
(b) Which project (or combination thereof) should be accepted if these investment
opportunities are likely to be repeated in future also?
(c) Assuming that these opportunities are not likely to be available in future then and
Government is ready to support Project Y on following terms then which projects
should be accepted.
(i)

A cash subsidy of ` 7 crore shall be available.

(ii)

50% of initial cash outlay shall be available at subsidized rate of 8% and

repaid in 8 equal installments payable at the end of each year.

Mergers and Acquisitions

11. M plc and C plc operating in same industry are not experiencing any rapid growth but
providing a steady stream of earnings. M plcs management is interested in acquisition of
C plc due to its excess plant capacity. Share of C plc is trading in market at 4 each.
Other date relating to C plc is as follows:
Particulars

M plc

C plc

Combined Entity

Profit after tax

4,800,000

3,000,000

9,200,000

Residual Net Cash Flow per year

6,000,000

4,000,000

12,000,000

Required return on Equity

12.5%

11.25%

12.00%

Balance Sheet of C plc

Assets
Current Assets
Other Assets

Amount
()

Liabilities

27,300,000 Current Liabilities

5,500,000 Long Term Liabilities

Property Plants & Equipments 21,500,000 Reserve & Surplus

Share Capital
(5 million common shares
@ 1 each)
54,300,000

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Amount
()
13,450,000
11,100,000
24,750,000
5,000,000

54,300,000

PAPER 2: STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

67

You are required to compute:

(i)

Minimum price per share C plc should accept from M plc.

(ii)

Maximum price per share M plc shall be willing to offer to C plc.

(iii) Floor Value of per share of C plc. Whether it shall play any role in decision for its
acquisition by M plc.
12. Hanky Ltd. and Shanky Ltd. operate in the same field, manufacturing newly born babiess
clothes. Although Shanky Ltd. also has interests in communication equipments, Hanky
Ltd. is planning to take over Shanky Ltd. and the shareholders of Shanky Ltd. do not
regard it as a hostile bid.
The following information is available about the two companies.
Hanky Ltd.

Shanky Ltd.

` 6,50,00,000

` 2,40,00,000

50,00,000

15,00,000

Percentage of retained earnings

20%

80%

Return on new investment

15%

15%

Return required by equity shareholders

21%

24%

Current earnings
Number of shares

Dividends have just been paid and the retained earnings have already been reinvested in
new projects. Hanky Ltd. plans to adopt a policy of retaining 35% of earnings after the
takeover and expects to achieve a 17% return on new investment.
Saving due to economies of scale are expected to be ` 85,00,000 per annum.
Required return to equity shareholders will fall to 20% due to portfolio effects.
Requirements
(a) Calculate the existing share prices of Hanky Ltd. and Shanky Ltd.
(b) Find the value of Hanky Ltd. after the takeover
(c) Advise Hanky Ltd. on the maximum amount it should pay for Shanky Ltd.
13. A Ltd. (Acquirer companys) equity capital is ` 2,00,00,000. Both A Ltd. and T Ltd.
(Target Company) have arrived at an understanding to maintain debt equity ratio at 0.30 :
1 of the merged company. Pre-merger debt outstanding of A Ltd. stood at ` 20,00,000
and T Ltd at ` 10,00,000 and marketable securities of both companies stood at
` 40,00,000.
You are required to determine whether liquidity of merged company shall remain
comfortable if A Ltd. acquires T Ltd. against cash payment at mutually agreed price of
` 65,00,000.

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FINAL EXAMINATION: MAY, 2015

International Capital Budgeting

14. XY Limited is engaged in large retail business in India. It is contemplating for
expansion into a country of Africa by acquiring a group of stores having the same line
of operation as that of India.
The exchange rate for the currency of the proposed African country is extremely volatile.
Rate of inflation is presently 40% a year. Inflation in India is currently 10% a year.
Management of XY Limited expects these rates likely to continue for the foreseeable
future.
Estimated projected cash flows, in real terms, in India as well as African country for
the first three years of the project are as follows:
Cash flows in Indian ` (000)
Cash flows in African Rands
(000)

Year 0

Year 1

Year 2

Year - 3

-50,000

-1,500

-2,000

-2,500

-2,00,000

+60,000

+80,000

+1,00,000

It evaluates all investments using nominal cash flows and a nominal discounting rate.
The present exchange rate is African Rand 6 to ` 1.
You are required to calculate the net present value of the proposed investment
considering the following:
(i)

African Rand cash flows are converted into rupees and discounted at a risk
adjusted rate.

(ii)

All cash flows for these projects will be discounted at a rate of 20% to reflect its
high risk.

(iii) Ignore taxation.

PVIF @ 20%

Year - 2
.694

Year - 1
.833

Year - 3
.579

Portfolio Management
15. Following data is related to Company X, Market Index and Treasury Bonds for the current
year and last 4 years:
Company X

Market Index

Average
Share Price
(P)

Dividend
Per Share
(D)

2010

` 139

` 7.00

1300

3%

7%

2011

` 147

` 8.50

1495

5%

9%

2012

` 163

` 9.00

1520

5.5%

8%

Year

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Average
Market
Index

Market
Dividend
Yield

Return on
Treasury
Bonds

PAPER 2: STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

2013
2014 (Current Year)

69

` 179

` 9.50

1640

4.75%

8%

` 203.51

` 10.00

1768

5.5%

8%

With the above data estimate the beta of Company Xs share.

16. The rates of return on the security of Company X and market portfolio for 10 periods are
given below:
Period

Return of Security X (%)

Return on Market Portfolio (%)

20

22

22

20

25

18

21

16

18

20

17

19

10

20

11

(i)

What is the beta of Security X?

(ii)

What is the characteristic line for Security X?

Economic Value Added

17. ABC Ltd. has divisions A,B & C. The division C has recently reported on annual operating
profit of ` 20,20,00,000. This figure arrived at after charging ` 3 crores full cost of
advertisement expenditure for launching a new product. The benefits of this expenditure
is expected to be lasted for 3 years.
The cost of capital of division C is `11% and cost of debt is 8%.
The Net Assets (Invested Capital) of Division C as per latest Balance Sheet is ` 60 crore,
but replacement cost of these assets is estimated at `84 crore.
You are required to compute EVA of the Division C.
Equity Beta
18. The total market value of the equity share of O.R.E. Company is ` 60,00,000 and the
total value of the debt is ` 40,00,000. The treasurer estimate that the beta of the stock is
currently 1.5 and that the expected risk premium on the market is 10 per cent. The
Treasury bill rate is 8 per cent.
Required:

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FINAL EXAMINATION: MAY, 2015

(1) What is the beta of the Companys existing portfolio of assets?

(2) Estimate the Companys Cost of capital and the discount rate for an expansion of
the companys present business.
Venture Capital Financing
19. TMC is a venture capital financier. It received a proposal for financing requiring an
investment of `45 crore which returns `600 crore after 6 years if succeeds. However, it
may be possible that the project may fail at any time during the six years.
The following table provide the estimates of probabilities of the failure of the projects.
Year

Probability of Failure

0.28

0.25

0.22

0.18

0.18

0.10

In the above table the probability that the project fails in the second year is given that it
has survived throughout year 1. Similarly for year 2 and so forth.
TMC is considering an equity investment in the project. The beta of this type of project is
7. The market return and risk free rate of return are 8% and 6% respectively. You are
required to compute the expected NPV of the venture capital project and advice the
TMC.
20. Write a short note on
(a) Arbitrage Pricing Theory
(b) Conglomerate Merger
(c) Takeover Strategies
(d) Factors affecting investment decision in portfolio management
(e) Role of Investment Banks in Private Placement
SUGGESTED ANSWERS/HINTS
1.

Let the number of contract in Index future be y and Beta of X Inc. be x. Then,

100,000 22 x - 50,000 40 2
=- y*
1,000
* Negative (-) sign indicates the sale (short) position
2,200,000x 4,000,000 = -1,000y
Cash Outlay (Outflow)

Purchase of 100,000 shares of X Inc. at a price of $22

(100,000 22)
Sale of 50,000 shares of A plc for $40 (50,000 40)

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

2,200,000
2,000,000

PAPER 2: STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

71

Short Position in Index Futures (1,000 y)

Net

-1,000y*
200,000 1,000y

* Negative (-) sign indicates the indicates inflow due to sale (short) position
Cash Inflow

Sale of 100,000 shares of X Inc. (100,000 22 0.98)

Purchase of 50,000 shares of A plc (50,000 40 1.03)

2,156,000
2,060,000

Long Position in Index Futures (1,000 y x 0.985)

Net

-985y
96,000 985y

* Negative (-) sign indicates the indicates outflow due to purchase (long) position
Position on Close Out

(200,000 -1,000 y) (96,000 - 985y) = 114,500

y=-700
Thus number of future contract short is 700
Beta of X Inc. can be calculated as follows:
2,200,000x 4,000,000 = -1000 700
2,200,000x = 3,300,000
x = 1.5
Thus Beta of X Inc. shall be 1.5
2.

(a) The Forward Price shall be = S0en(r y)

Where
S0 = Spot price
n = period
r = risk free rate of interest
y = dividend yield
Accordingly,
Forward Price = 2290 e90/365(0.0416 0.0175)
= 2290 e0.005942
= 2290(1.005960)
= 2303.65
(b) Gain/loss on Long Position after 28 days

= 2450 2290 e28/365(0.0416 0.0175)

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FINAL EXAMINATION: MAY, 2015

= 2450 2290 e0.001849

= 2450 2290(1.001851)
= 2450 2294.24
= 155.76
(c) Gain/loss on Long Position at maturity

= Sn S0en(r y)
= 2470.00 2303.65 = 166.35
3.

Initial Margin

= + 3

Where

= Daily Absolute Change

= Standard Deviation

Accordingly
Initial Margin = ` 10,000 + ` 6,000 = ` 16,000
Maintenance margin = ` 16,000 x 0.75 = ` 12,000

4.

Day

Changes in future Values (`)

4/2/14

Margin A/c (`)

Call Money (`)

16000

5/2/14

50 x (3294.40 - 3296.50)= -105

15895

6/2/14

50 x (3230.40 - 3294.40)= -3200

12695

7/2/14

50 x (3212.30 - 3230.40)= -905

16000

4210

10/2/14

50x(3267.50 - 3212.30)= 2760

18760

11/2/14

50x(3263.80 - 3267.50)= -185

18575

12/2/14

50x(3292 - 3263.80) =1410

19985

14/2/14

50x(3309.30 - 3292)=865

20850

17/2/14

50x(3257.80 - 3309.30)=-2575

18275

18/2/14

50x(3102.60 - 3257.80)=-7760

16000

5485

(1) WorkingsOption I (To finance the purchases by availing loan at 18% per annum):
Cost of equipment

3400 lakh yen at `100 = 340 yen

Add: Interest at 18% (on `1000 lakhs) for 6 months
Total outflow in Rupees

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

` in lakhs
1,000.00
90.00
1,090.00

PAPER 2: STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

73

Option II (To accept the offer from foreign branch):

Cost of letter of credit
At 1 % on 3400 lakhs yen at `100 = 340 yen
Add: Interest
(A)

` in lakhs
10.00
0.90
10.90

Payment at the end of 180 days:

Cost

3400.00 lakhs yen

33.53 lakhs yen

Interest at 2% p.a. [3400 2/100 180/365]

3433.53 lakhs yen

Conversion at `100 = 345 yen [3433.53 / 345 100] (B) = `995.23 lakhs
Total Cost: (A) + (B)

= 1006.13 lakhs

Advise: Option 2 is cheaper by (1090.00 1006.13) lakh or 83.87 lakh. Hence, the
offer may be accepted.
5.

(i)

The contract is to be cancelled on 31-10-2014 at the spot selling rate of US$ 1

= ` 61.5200
Add: Margin Money 0.20%

=`

0.1230

= ` 61.6430 or ` 61.64
US$ 20,000 @ ` 61.64

= ` 12,32,800

US$ 20,000 @ ` 62.32

= ` 12,46,400

The difference in favour of the Customer

=`

13,600

(ii) The Rate of New Forward Contract

Spot Selling Rate US$ 1

Less: Discount @ 0.93%

= ` 61.5000
= ` 0.5720
= ` 60.9280

Less: Margin Money 0.45%

= ` 0.2742
= ` 60.6538 or ` 60.65

6.

Exposure

Since Columbus has a receipt ( 138,000) and payment of ( 480,000) maturing at the
same time i.e. 3 months, it can match them against each other leaving a net liability of
342,000 to be hedged.
(i)

Forward market hedge

Buy 3 months' forward contract accordingly, amount payable after 3 months will be
342,000 / 0.9520

= US$ 359,244

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FINAL EXAMINATION: MAY, 2015

(ii)

Money market hedge

To pay after 3 months' Columbus shall requires to borrow in US$ and translate to
and then deposit in .
For payment of 342,000 in 3 months (@2.5% interest) amount required to be
deposited now
( 342,000 1.025)

= 333,658

With spot rate of 0.9830 the US$ loan needed will be

= US$ 339,429.

Loan repayable after 3 months @3.25% interest

[$339,429 (1+0.0325)] will be

= US$ 350,460.

In this case the money market hedge is a cheaper option.

Receipt

Amount to be hedged

= 590,000

Now we Convert exchange rates to home currency

4 months forward
(i)

1.9510 1.9540

Forward market hedge

Sell 4 months' forward contract accordingly, amount receivable after 4 months will
be
( 590,000 X 1.9510)

(ii)

= US$ 1,151,090

Money market hedge

For money market hedge Columbus shall borrow in and then translate to US$ and
deposit in US$
For receipt of 590,000 in 4 months (@ 5.33% interest) amount required to be
borrowed now
(590,000 1.0533)

= 560,144

With spot rate of 0.5294 the US$ deposit will be

= US$ 1,058,073

deposit amount will increase over 3 months (@3.83% interest) will be [$1058073 X
1.0383]
= US$ 1,098,597
In this case, more will be received in US$ under the forward hedge.
7.

First we shall find the Conversion Value of Bond

CV = C (1+g)nx R
Where:
C = Current Market Price
g = Growth Rate of Price

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

PAPER 2: STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

75

R = Conversion Ratio
n = No. of years
Accordingly, CV shall be
= ` 33.50 x 1.054 x 25 = ` 33.50 x 1.2155 x 25 = ` 1017.98
Value of Bond if Conversion is opted = ` 100 x PVAF (11%, 4) + ` 1017.98 PVF (11%,4)
= ` 100 x 3.102 + ` 1017.98 x 0.659
= ` 310.20 + ` 670.85 = ` 981.05
Since above value of Bond is based on the expectation of growth in market price which may
or may not as per expectations. In such circumstances the redemption at premium still shall
be guaranteed and bond may be purchased at its floor value computed as follows:
Value of Bond if Redemption is opted = ` 100 x PVAF (11%, 4) + ` 1050 PVF (11%,4)
= ` 100 x 3.102 + ` 1050 x 0.659
= ` 310.20 + ` 691.95 = ` 1002.15
8.

(a) Conversion Value of Debenture

= Market Price of one Equity Share X Conversion Ratio

= ` 25 X 30 = ` 750
(b) Market Conversion Price

Market Pr ice of Convertible Debenture ` 900

=
= ` 30
Conversion Ratio
30

(c) Conversion Premium per share

Market Conversion Price Market Price of Equity Share

= ` 30* ` 25 = ` 5
` 900

= ` 30
*
30

(d) Ratio of Conversion Premium

Conversion premium per share ` 5

=
= 20%
Market Price of Equity Share
`25

(e) Premium over Straight Value of Debenture

Market Price of Convertible Bond

Straight Value of Bond

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

1 =

` 900
1 = 28.6%
`700

76

FINAL EXAMINATION: MAY, 2015

(g) Favourable income differential per share

Coupon Interest from Debenture - Conversion Ratio Dividend Per Share

Conversion Ratio

`85- 30 `1
= ` 1.833
30
(h) Premium pay back period

=
9.

Conversion premium per share

Favourable Income Differntial Per Share

`5
= 2.73 years
`1.833

Working Notes:

Total Annual Export Sales

` 50 crore

Cash Received in Advance (20%)

` 10 crore

Balance on 60 days credit (80%)

` 40 crore

Bad Debts 0.6% x ` 40 crore

` 0.24 crore

Average Export Debtors ` 40 crore x

78
360

` 8.67 crore

Proposal I Factoring Services

Due to non-recourse factoring agreement there will be saving of bad debt. A Ltd. can
choose one option out of these options:
(a) Using Factoring Services (Debt Collection) only.
(b) Using Factoring and Finance Services i.e. above services in combination of cash
advance.
Since, cash advance rate is lower by 0.25% (2.00% - 1.75%), A Ltd. should take
advantage of the same.
Particulars

Amount (`)

Annual Factoring Commission (2% x ` 40 crore)

(0.80 crore)

Saving of Administrative Cost

0.60 crore

Saving of Bad Debts

0.24 crore

Interest Saving on 80% of Debtors (` 8.67 crore x 80% x 0.25%)

0.01734 crore

Net Saving to A Ltd.

0.05734 crore

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Proposal II Insurance of Receivables

Particulars

Amount (`)

Insurance Premium (0.45% x ` 40 crore)

(0.180 crore)

Saving of Bad Debts (85% x ` 0.24 crore)

0.204 crore

Interest Saving on 75% of Debtors (0.5% x 75% x ` 8.67 crore)

0.03251 crore

Net Saving to A Ltd.

0.05651 crore

Since saving in Factoring is marginally higher it should be accepted.

10. (a) Hard Capital Rationing is a situation is due to factors external to the orgnaisation. In
other words It implies a situation where in an entity could not raise funds beyond a
certain point due to external circumstances. On the contrary, when an entity is
unable to raise funds beyond a certain limits due to reasons internal to the
organization is the case of Soft Capital Rationing. These limitations may be due to
any reason such as budgetary ceiling, difficulty in planning and control etc. Since in
the given case the limitation of loan upto ` 30 crore is due to unwillingness to take
loan at expensive rate, it will be a case of Soft Capital Rationing.
(b)

Computation of Equivalent Annuities

Project X

Project Y

Project Z

5.50

7.20

6.50

NPV (` Crore) (1)

Duration (2)

6 years

7 years

Indefinite

PVAF@12% (3)

4.111

4.564

8.33

Equivalent Cash Inflow (` Crore) [(1)/(3)]

1.34

1.58

0.780

II

III

Ranking

Since equivalent cash inflow is maximum in case of Project Y, same should be

accepted.
(c) If the projects are not repeated in the future it shall be decided on the basis of NPV
as follows:

Combinations

Initial Investments
(` Crore)

NPV
(` Crore)

Possible/Not
Possible

Ranking

30.80

5.50

Possible

IV

38.00

7.20

Possible

II

25.60

6.50

Possible

III

XY

30.80+38.00 = 68.80

12.70

Not Possible

YZ

38.00+25.60 = 63.60

13.70

Not Possible

XZ

30.80+25.60= 56.40

12.00

Possible

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FINAL EXAMINATION: MAY, 2015

Thus combination XZ should be accepted as it results in maximum NPV.

Now let us consider the aspect of Government support to evaluate the project Y
using Adjusted Present Value (APV) approach as follows:

Base NPV = ` 7.20 Crore + ` 7 crore = ` 14.20 crore

Present value of side effect of financing

1.

Grant of Cash Subsidy

` 7.00 crore

2.

Subsidized Loan

50% (` 38 crore - ` 7 crore) = ` 15.50 crore

Present Value of Side Effect of Financing

` Crore

Tax benefit on Interest (` 15.50 crore x 8% x 30%)

0.372

Saving on Interest (` 15.50 crore x 2%)

0.310

Tax benefit foregone on Interest (` 15.50 crore x 2% x 30%)

(0.093)
0.589

PVAF @ 10% for 8 years

5.335

Present Value of Side Effect of Financing (0.589 x 5.335)

3.1423

APV = Base NPV + Present Value of Side Effect of Financing

= ` 14.20 crore + ` 3.1423 crore = ` 17.3423 crore
Since APV of Project Y is more than combination XZ same should be
accepted.
11. Working Notes:

Value of C plc =

Residual Cash Flow

k -g
e

Value of per share of C plc =

0.1125- 0

5,000,000

5,000,000

k -g
e

12,000,000
0.12- 0

= 35,555,556

= 7.11

29,750,000

Residual Cash Flow

Value of Combined Entity =

4,000,000

35,555,556

Book Value of per share of C plc =

Value of M plc =

= 5.95

6,000,000
0.125- 0

= 48,000,000

= 100,000,000

Value of Synergy = Value of Combined Entity Individual Value of M plc and C plc

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Value of Synergy = 100,000,000 (48,000,000 + 35,555,556) = 16,444,444

(i)

Minimum price per share C plc should accept from M plc is 5.95 (current book
value).

(ii) Maximum price per share M plc shall be willing to offer to C plc shall be computed
as follows:
=
=

Value of C plc as per Residual Cash Flow + Synergy Benefits

No. of shares
35,555,556 + 16,444,444
5,000,000

52,000,000
5,000,000

= 10.40

(iii) Floor Value of per share of C plc shall be 4 (current market price) and it shall not
play any role in decision for the acquisition of C plc as it is lower than its current
book value.
12. (a) Existing share price of Hanky Ltd.

g=rxb
r = 15%
b = 20%
g = 0.15 x 0.2
= 0.03
Ex dividend market value =

Next year' s dividend

ke g

6,50,00,000 x 0.8 x1.03

Value of one share =

0.21 0.03

= ` 29,75,55,556

`29,75,55,556
= ` 59.51 per share
5000000

Existing share price Shanky Ltd.

g=rxb
= 0.15 x 0.8 = 0.12
Ex dividend market value =

Next year' s dividend

ke g

2,40,00,000 x 0.2x1.12
= ` 4,48,00,000
0.24 - 0.12

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FINAL EXAMINATION: MAY, 2015

` 4,48,00,000
= ` 29.87 per share
1500000

Value of one share =

(b) Value of Hanky Ltd. after the takeover

Care must be taken in calculating next years dividend and the subsequent growth
rate. Next years earnings are already determined, because both companies have
already reinvested their retained earnings at the current rate of return. In addition,
they will get cost savings of ` 85,00,000.
The dividend actually paid out at the end of next year will be determined by the new
35% retention and the future growth rate will take into account the increased return
on new investment.
Growth rate for combined firm, g = 0.17 x 0.35 = 0.06
New cost of equity
Next years earnings

= 20%
= ` 6,50,00,000 x 1.03 + ` 2,40,00,000 x 1.12 + ` 85,00,000

= ` 10,23,30,000
Next years dividend

= ` 10,23,30,000 x 0.65
= ` 6,65,14,500

Market value

` 6,65,14,50 0
= ` 47,51,03,571
0.20 - 0.06

(c) Maximum Hanky Ltd. should pay for Shanky Ltd.

Combined value

= ` 47,51,03,571

Present Value of Hanky Ltd.

= ` 29,75,55,556

= ` 17,75,48,015
13.

`
Debt capacity of merged company (2,00,00,000 0.30)

60,00,000

Less: Debt of A Ltd and T Ltd.

30,00,000
30,00,000

Add: Marketable securities of both companies

40,00,000
70,00,000

Since the combined liquidity of merged company shall remain comfortable, it shall be
feasible to pay cash for acquiring the T Ltd. against tentative price of ` 65,00,000.

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PAPER 2: STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

14.

81

(000)

Calculation of NPV

Year
Inflation factor in India
Inflation factor in Africa
Exchange Rate (as per IRP)
Cash Flows in ` 000
Real
Nominal (1)
Cash Flows in African Rand 000
Real
Nominal
In Indian ` 000 (2)
Net Cash Flow in ` 000 (1)+(2)
PVF@20%
PV

0
1.00
1.00
6.00

1
1.10
1.40
7.6364

2
1.21
1.96
9.7190

3
1.331
2.744
12.3696

-50000
-50000

-1500
-1650

-2000
-2420

-2500
-3327.50

-200000
-200000
-33333
-83333
1
-83333

60000
84000
11000
9350
0.833
7789

80000
156800
16133
13713
0.694
9517

100000
274400
22183
18855.50
0.579
10917

NPV of 3 years = -55110 (` 000)

15. First of we shall calculate expected return from share of Company X

(i)

Average annual capital gain (%)

Let g = average annual capital gain, then:

` 203.51(1+g) = `139
Then g = (203.51/139) -1 = 0.10 i.e. 10%
(ii)

Average annual dividend yield (%)

Year
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014 (Current Year)

Dividend/Share Price
`7.00/`139
`8.50/ `147
`9.00/ `163
`9.50/ `179
`10.00/ `203.51

Dividend Yield
0.050
0.058
0.055
0.053
0.049
0.265

Average Yield = 0.265/5= 0.053 i.e. 5.3%

Thus with this data expected return of share of Company X can be given as follows:
E(rX) = Average Annual Capital Gain + Average Annual Dividend
= 10% + 5.3% = 15.3%

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FINAL EXAMINATION: MAY, 2015

Then we shall calculate expected return from market index as follows:

(i)

Average annual capital gain (%)

1300 (1+g) = 1768
Then g = (1768/1300) -1 = 0.08 i.e. 8%

(ii)

Average annual dividend yield (%)

3% + 5% + 5.5% + 4.75% + 5.5% = 23.75%/5 = 4.75%
Thus expected return on Market Index E(rM) = 8% + 4.75% = 12.75%
Average annual risk-free rate of return (Treasury Bond Return)
7% + 9% + 8% + 8% + 8% = 40%/5 = 8%
Now with the above information we compute Beta () of share company X using
CAPM as follows:
E(rX) = rf + [E(rM) - rf]
15.3% = 8% + [12.75% - 8%]
= 1.54

16. (i)

Period R X R M R R X R R M
M
X

(R

)(

R X RM RM

) (R

RM

20

22

10

50

100

22

20

56

64

25

18

10

60

36

21

16

24

16

18

20

24

64

-5

-20

-4

80

16

17

-6

-18

-36

324

19

-7

-28

49

-7

-22

-6

132

36

10

20

11

-1

-5

357

706

150 120
R X R M
R X = 15 R M = 12

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(R X R X )(R M R M ) (R M R M )

PAPER 2: STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

RM RM

= 706 = 70.60
n
10

Cov X M =
Beta x =
(ii)

83

R X R M R M

= 357
n
10

= 35.70

Cov X M m 35.70
= 0.505
=
70.60
2M

R X = 15 R M = 12
y = + x
15 = + 0.505 12
Alpha () = 15 (0.505 12)
= 8.94%
Characteristic line for security X = + RM
Where,

RM = Expected return on Market Index

Characteristic line for security X = 8.94 + 0.505 RM

17. First necessary adjustment of the data as reported by historical accounting system shall
be made as follows:

`
Operating Profit
Add: Cost of unutilized Advertisement Expenditures

20,20,00,000
2,00,00,000
22,20,00,000

Invested Capital (as per replacement cost) is ` 84 crore.

Accordingly,
EVA = Operating Profit (Invested Capital x Cost of Capital)
= ` 22,20,00,000 ` 84 crore x 11%
= ` 22.2 crore ` 9.24 crore
= ` 12.96 crore
18. (1)

V
V
company = equity E + Bdebt D
V0
V0
Note: Since debt is not given it is assumed that company debt capital is virtually
riskless.

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FINAL EXAMINATION: MAY, 2015

If companys debt capital is riskless than above relationship become:

company = equity

VE
V0

as debt = 0

Here equity = 1.5;

VE = ` 60 lakhs.
VD = ` 40 lakhs.
V0 = ` 100 lakhs.
company assets= 1.5

` 60 lakhs
` 100 lakhs

= 0.9
(2) Companys cost of equity = Rf + A Risk premium

Where

Rf = Risk free rate of return

A = Beta of company assets

Therefore, companys cost of equity = 8% + 0.9 10 = 17% and overall cost of

capital shall be
= 17%

60,00,000
100,00,000

+8%

40,00,000
100,00,000

= 10.20% + 3.20% = 13.40%

Alternatively it can also be computed as follows:

Cost of Equity = 8% + 1.5 x 10 = 23%

Cost of Debt = 8%
WACC (Cost of Capital) = 23%

60,00,000
1,00,00,000

+ 8%

40,00,000
1,00,00,000

= 17%

In case of expansion of the companys present business, the same rate of return i.e.
13.40% will be used. However, in case of diversification into new business the risk
profile of new business is likely to be different. Therefore, different discount factor
has to be worked out for such business.
19. Impact of Financial Restructuring

(i)

First we shall find out the probability the venture capital project survives to the end
of six years.

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PAPER 2: STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

Year

85

Probability Project survives

(1 0.28) = 0.72

(1 0.28)(1 0.25)=0.72 0.75=0.54

(1 0.28)(1 0.25)(1-0.22)=0.72 0.75 0.78=0.4212

(1 0.28)(1 0.25)(1 0.22)(1 0.18)=0.72 0.75 0.78 0.82=0.3454

(10.28)(10.25)(10.22)(10.18)(1 0.18) = 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.82

0.82 =0.2832

(1 0.28)(1 0.25)(1 0.22)(1 0.18)(1 0.18) (1 0.10) = 0.72 0.75 0.78

0.82 0.82 0.90=0.255

Thus, probability of project will fail = 1 0.255 = 0.745

(ii)

Next using CAPM we shall compute the cost of equity to compute the Present Value
of Cash Flows
Ke= Rf + (Rm Rf)
= 6% +7 (8% 6%) = 20%

(iii) Now we shall compute the net present value of the project
The present value of cash inflow after 6 years
(`600 Crore PVIF 20%)

` 201 Crore

Less:- Present value of Cash outflow

` 45 Crore
`156 Crore

Net Present Value of project if it fails

Hence, expected NPV = (0.255)(156) + (0.745)(-45)

(` 45 Crores)
`6.255 Crores

Since expected NPV of the project is positive it should be accepted.

20. (a) Unlike the CAPM which is a single factor model, the APT is a multi factor model
having a whole set of Beta Values one for each factor. Arbitrage Pricing Theory
states that the expected return on an investment is dependent upon how that
investment reacts to a set of individual macro-economic factors (degree of reaction
measured by the Betas) and the risk premium associated with each of those macro
economic factors. The APT developed by Ross (1976) holds that there are four
factors which explain the risk premium relationship of a particular security. Several
factors being identified e.g. inflation and money supply, interest rate, industrial
production and personal consumption have aspects of being inter-related.

According to CAPM, E (Ri) = Rf + i

Where, is the average risk premium [E (Rm) Rf]

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FINAL EXAMINATION: MAY, 2015

In APT, E (Ri) = Rf +

1i1 + 2 i2 + 3 i3 + 4 i4

Where, 1, 2 , 3 , 4 are average risk premium for each of the four factors in the

model and i1 , i2 , i3 , i4 are measures of sensitivity of the particular security

i to each of the four factors.
(b) Such mergers involve firms engaged in unrelated type of business operations. In
other words, the business activities of acquirer and the target are neither related to
each other horizontally (i.e., producing the same or competiting products) nor
vertically (having relationship of buyer and supplier).In a pure conglomerate merger,
there are no important common factors between the companies in production,
marketing, research and development and technology. There may however be some
degree of overlapping in one or more of these common factors. Such mergers are in
fact, unification of different kinds of businesses under one flagship company. The
purpose of merger remains utilization of financial resources, enlarged debt capacity
and also synergy of managerial functions.
(c) Normally acquisitions are made friendly, however when the process of acquisition is
unfriendly (i.e., hostile) such acquisition is referred to as takeover). Hostile
takeover arises when the Board of Directors of the acquiring company decide to
approach the shareholders of the target company directly through a Public
Announcement (Tender Offer) to buy their shares consequent to the rejection of the
offer made to the Board of Directors of the target company.

Take Over Strategies: Other than Tender Offer the acquiring company can also use
the following techniques:

Street Sweep: This refers to the technique where the acquiring company
accumulates larger number of shares in a target before making an open offer.
The advantage is that the target company is left with no choice but to agree to
the proposal of acquirer for takeover.

Bear Hug: When the acquirer threatens the target to make an open offer, the
board of target company agrees to a settlement with the acquirer for change of
control.

Strategic Alliance: This involves disarming the acquirer by offering a

partnership rather than a buyout. The acquirer should assert control from
within and takeover the target company.

Brand Power: This refers to entering into an alliance with powerful brands to
displace the targets brands and as a result, buyout the weakened company.

(d) Factors affecting Investment Decisions in Portfolio Management

(i)

Objectives of investment portfolio: There can be many objectives of making an

investment. The manager of a provident fund portfolio has to look for security
(low risk) and may be satisfied with none too higher return. An aggressive

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87

investment company may, however, be willing to take a high risk in order to

have high capital appreciation.
(ii)

Selection of investment
(a) What types of securities to buy or invest in? There is a wide variety of
investments opportunities available i.e. debentures, convertible bonds,
preference shares, equity shares, government securities and bonds, income
units, capital units etc.
(b) What should be the proportion of investment in fixed interest/dividend
securities and variable interest/dividend bearing securities?
(c)

In case investments are to be made in the shares or debentures of

companies, which particular industries show potential of growth?

(d) Once industries with high growth potential have been identified, the next step
is to select the particular companies, in whose shares or securities
investments are to be made.
(iii) Timing of purchase: At what price the share is acquired for the portfolio
depends entirely on the timing decision. It is obvious if a person wishes to
make any gains, he should buy cheap and sell dear i.e. buy when the shares
are selling at a low price and sell when they are at a high price.
(e) The investment banker's work involved in a private placement is quite similar to sellside M&A representation. The bankers attempt to find a buyer by writing the private
Placement Memorandum (PPM) and then contacting potential strategic or financial
buyers of the client.

Because private placements involve selling equity and debt to a single buyer, the
investor and the seller (the company) typically negotiate the terms of the deal.
Investment bankers function as negotiators for the company, helping to convince
the investor of the value of the firm. Fees involved in private placements work like
those in public offerings. Usually they are a fixed percentage of the size of the
transaction.

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