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Histogram Equalisation Slides PDF

The document describes the process of histogram equalization to improve image contrast. It involves: 1) Calculating the cumulative distribution function of the image histogram. 2) Deriving an intensity mapping to make the cumulative function a straight ramp. 3) Mapping each pixel intensity in the original image to a new intensity in the transformed image to equalize the histogram and improve contrast.

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rphmi
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views

Histogram Equalisation Slides PDF

The document describes the process of histogram equalization to improve image contrast. It involves: 1) Calculating the cumulative distribution function of the image histogram. 2) Deriving an intensity mapping to make the cumulative function a straight ramp. 3) Mapping each pixel intensity in the original image to a new intensity in the transformed image to equalize the histogram and improve contrast.

Uploaded by

rphmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Histogram Equalisation

The algorithm

4
3
3
3
4

Given an image as below, derive the intensity mapping that will as best
as possible equalise the image histogram. The image histogram is as
shown on the right. There are 8 possible grey scale levels from 0 to 7.

4
4
5
4
4

4
5
5
5
4

4
4
5
4
4

4
3
3
3
4

I
0 1
f(I) 0 0

2
0

3
6

4 5
14 5

6
0

7
0

Step 1: calculate the cumulative


frequency distribution
I
f(I)
Cuf

0 1
0 0
0 0

2
0
0

3
6
6

4 5 6 7
14 5 0 0
20 25 25 25

Idea is to derive an intensity mapping that will make the CuF


turn into
a straight ramp.

Step 2: Compare with the CuF of


an equalised histogram
I
f(I)
Cuf
Feq

0
0
0
3

1
0
0
3

2
0
0
3

3
6
6
4

4
14
20
3

5
5
25
3

6
0
25
3

7
0
25
3

In this case the Equalised (ideal) histogram needs to have 25/8


pels in each bin = 3.125 but only integer numbers of pels are
possible (its frequency after all). So Ive added in one to make
it ok.

Step 2: Compare with the CuF of


an equalised histogram
I
f(I)
Cuf
Feq

0
0
0
3

1
0
0
3

2
0
0
3

3
6
6
4

4
14
20
3

5
5
25
3

6
0
25
3

7
0
25
3

CuFeq

3 6

13 16 19 22 25

Step 2: Design the mapping


I
f(I)
Cuf
Feq

0
0
0
3

1
0
0
3

2
0
0
3

3
6
6
4

4
14
20
3

5
5
25
3

6
0
25
3

7
0
25
3

CuFeq

3 6

13 16 19 22 25

For each intensity in the original image, find an intensity in the


transformed image that has as close as possible, the same amount
of Cumulative frequency.

Step 2: Design the mapping


I
f(I)
Cuf
Feq

0
0
0
3

1
0
0
3

2
0
0
3

3
6
6
4

CuFeq

3 6

13 16 19 22 25

4
14
20
3

5
5
25
3

6
0
0
3

7
0
0
3

So for intensity 0, this has Cuf 0, and the closest in the xformed image
Is a CuFreq of 3. So Intensity 0 in input maps to intensity 0 in output

Step 2: Design the mapping


I
f(I)
Cuf
Feq

0
0
0
3

1
0
0
3

2
0
0
3

3
6
6
4

CuFeq

3 6

13 16 19 22 25

4
14
20
3

5
5
25
3

6
0
25
3

7
0
25
3

Intensity 1 in input maps to Intensity 0 in output.


[Sometimes you can decide not to map into previously used
intensities]

Step 2: Design the mapping


I

0 1

f(I)

0 0

14 5

Cuf

0 0

20 25 25 25

Feq

3 3

CuFe
q

3 6

13 16 19 22 25

Input I

Output I

For each intensity in the original image, find an intensity in the


transformed image that has as close as possible, the same amount
of Cumulative frequency.

Step 2: Design the mapping


I

0 1

f(I)

0 0

14 5

Cuf

0 0

20 25 25 25

Feq

3 3

CuFe
q

3 6

13 16 19 22 25

4 -> 5

Input I

Output I

Step 2: Design the mapping


I

0 1

f(I)

0 0

14 5

Cuf

0 0

20 25 25 25

Feq

3 3

CuFe
q

3 6

13 16 19 22 25

5 ->7

Input I

Output I

Step 2: Design the mapping


I

0 1

f(I)

0 0

14 5

Cuf

0 0

20 25 25 25

Feq

3 3

CuFe
q

3 6

13 16 19 22 25

Input I

Output I

And so on

The new histogram


I

1 2

f(I)

0 0

14 5

Cuf

0 0

20 25 25 25

Feq

3 3

CuFeq

6 9

13 16 19 22 25

F(EQ)

6 0

14 0

Cu(EQ)

6 6

20 20 25

Input I

Output I

Output histogram only uses


4 bins!

The result
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3
3
3
4

4
4
5
4
4

4
5
5
5
4

Original

4
4
5
4
4

4
3
3
3
4

Input I

Output I

5
1
1
1
5

5
5
7
5
5

5
7
7
7
5

5
5
7
5
5

Equalised

5
1
1
1
5

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