@ conditionals/ Wishes/Unreal Past If-clause (hypothesis) Main clause (result clause) Use Type 1 If + any present form Future/Imperative true oF likely to real present (Present’S., Present Cont. can/may/might/must/should happen in the or Present Perfect) ‘+ bare inf/Present Simple —_present or future If the weather Is nice, we will go on an excursion. It you have done your homework, you can watch TV. It you have a headache, take an aspirin. Type2 It + Past Simple would/could/might + bare untrue in the unreal or Past Continuous Infinitive present; also used present to give advice If | were you, | wouldn't speak to him again. (advice) It he didn’t eat so many sweets, he wouldn't have a problem with his teeth. (but he eats a lot of sweets - untrue in the present) Type 3 If + Past Perfect or would/could/might + have imaginary situation unreal Past Perfect Continuous —_+ past participle contrary to facts in past the past; also used to express regrets or criticism if she had known how to use the mixer, she wouldn't have broken it. ‘© When the if-clause precedes the result clause, we separate the two clauses with a comma. If he | hhad been more careful, he wouldn't have caused the accident. but: He wouldn't have caused the accident if he had been more careful. (no comma) | ‘© Conditionals are usually introduced by if. Other expressions are: unless (=if not), providing, provided (that), as long as, In case, on condition (that), but for + -ing form/noun, otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, only it. Unless you work more efficiently, you'll be fred. | wll do it only if you promise not to tell anyone. © After “i” we normally use were instead of was for all persons in conditionals type 2 in formal English. If! were/was you, | would tell her everything. | © We do not normally use will, would or should in if-clauses. /f you want this, you can have it. (not-#you | -wil-want) However, will, would oF should can be used in if-clauses to make a request or express, | annoyance, doubtiuncertainty or insistence. if he should come, show him in, (doubtiuncertainty - | doubt that ne will come ..)f you wilwould be more patient, I'l be with you in @ minute. (request - Wi | you please be more patient?) TD. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, then identify the types of conditionals. 1 you ...don't put up... (notfput up) this shelf, you won't have anywhere to put your books. (Tet type) 2 Ithe.... s-s (Change) jobs, he would be a lot happier. 3 fl were you, I. snes (tll) her how you feel 4 If you continue to shout so loudly, you soso (Wake Up) the baby. 5 Evenifhe.. snes (@8K) them, they wouldn't have agreed to come. 6 Unless you . (feel) any better, you can take the rest of the day off | 7 Hshe... (notithreaten) him, he wouldn't have left BF sven (nottTUst) him if were you. 9 you're patient for a few minutes, | 3 (be able) to finish this. 10 He svsumnesee (NOLGO) With her if he had known she would behave so irresponsibly.re ie _____ 8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past 11 | wouldn't have been able to do it unless she . (help) me. 12 Sometimes if you sens (KO) @ Chance, it pays off. 13. ithe ... (wake up) earlier, he wouldn't have been late for work. 14 If they will go on making so much noise, |... (have to) punish them. 15 itwe. (intend) to spend the day in London, we would have bought a day pass. 16 Keep your voice down in c8S€ NE sin. . (Overhear) us. AT WSHE ee .. (be) more experienced, she would be more likely to get the job. 48 If the food ... .. (not/be) 80 bad, we wouldn't have complained. 49. Sales will increase provided that the advertising campaign «0 (be) successful 20. Ityou "snes. (8Pend) less on clothes, you would be able to save some money. ABO. Rewrite the following as conditional sentences. 1. You need to go to Egypt to see the Sphinx, If ..you go to Egypt, you can see the Sphinx. 2 John didnt eave eary so he didnt get there en me, es ie 3 She used factor 12 suntan lotion as she gets sunburnt easily. I. 4 The fax machine is broken so I'l have to send it by POSt, Hf nn 5 Calling her might make her feel better tt 6 Therelll be an election if the president resigns. Providing 7. More tickets need to be sold, otherwise the concert will be cancelled if 8 Youll have trouble selling your house if you ‘re not brepares te to accept a lower offer Unless. i 9 He cancelled his trip because he tt 2 10. Tom didn't wear a coat and caughh a cold, " 44. You need to study to pass this exam. Unless 42. You really ought to go somewhere sunnier to get a suntan. Unless ... run out of money, Complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Wl were world leader, | 1) ..would try... (try) to stop the destruction of the earth and | 2)... cnussse (take) the world a better place for all people. If the world’s problems had been tackled sooner, the quality of life 3) " (improve) long ago. First ofall, ! would try to bring about peace in the world. As long as there is fighting between nations, millions of people 4)... (continue) to suffer and die. If wars continue, children 5) om (be left) without parents and 6)... (grow up) in a world of misery and fear. But as long as people disagree over land and possessions, the fighting 7)... (go on). Therefore, | would ensure that all people were freated as equals and given the same opportunities in life It would also help if all countries 8). (stop) producing arms so there would no longer be the weapons with which to fight. In addition, | would introduce laws to reduce pollution. t pollution levels had been controlled earlier, life 9) (not/become) so unbearable. If! 10) (have) the power, | would ban all cars from city centres and increase public transport. If there were more trees, the air we breathe 1). (be) cleaner. Unless measures are taken soon, it 12) snes (D2) 400 late both for ourselves and our children. 234EE _ LLEE—L—EEE——————————— es 8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past AE repicase the following in as many ways as possible using the words from the list below. only if, otherwise, as long as, unless, providing, on condition that, if 1 Should you go to Rome, you must see the Colosseum. You can swim but there must be an adult with you Drive carefully so that you won't have an accident. He will get a bonus if productivity increases. "Il end you the money, but you must pay me back soon osen {can be omitted in if-clauses. In this case should, were and had (Past Perfect) come before the subject. If he should win the race, ho'l be very happy. = Should he win the race, he'll be very happy. #1 were you, | wouldn't tel him. = Were | you, | wouldn't tel him. If Thad known the truth, Po have called the police. = Had I known the truth, Id have called the police. BBE rewrite the following sentences omitting “if”. 1 If were you, | would think twice before accepting his offer. .Were | you, | would think twice before accepting his offer. 2. If you had brought more money with you, we could have gone on holiday. If were you, I'd leave an hour earlier to be sure of getting there on time, H you get through to the theatre, could you res tickets for tonight's performance? o If you had paid the telephone bill on time, your phone wouldnt have been cut off All types of conaltionals can be mixed. Any tense combination is possible ifthe context permits it Itelause Main clause \ Type 2 if they were working all day, __they will be tired now. Type 1 (They were working all day so they are tired now.) tt] were you, I would have accepted the job. (You are not me 30 you didn't accept the job ) Type 2 I he were a better ariver, he wouldn't have crashed the car. Type 3 (He is not a good driver 80 he crashed the car.) Type 3. It she had finished earlier, she would be going to the party tonight. (She didn't finish earlier 80 she isn't going to the party.) Type 2 QED aso ts totais acs cnumiSiar acacia al example: 1 He is not an honest person so he didn't tell the truth. sulf he were an honest person, he would have told the truth. 2 They were awake all night so they are tired now. pis8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past 3. You didn't tell me earlier so we are not going to the cinema tonight. 4. She didn't cancel the milk so the milkman keeps delivering I 5 The ship left Plymouth yesterday soit will bein Spain now. 6 They were painting the house all day so they are covered in paint now. 7. She didn’t do her homework so she's in trouble with her teacher. 8 She is so disorganised that she missed the deadiine. 9. The children were playing in the garden all day 80 they are very dirty now. 10. He doesn't take his job serouly ao he waso tpoomta 193 gs Complete the following sentences with an appropriate conditional clause. ‘Should you go to London, you ... must visit the Houses of Parliament... if he doesn't practise more, he a ne Unless you get permission, ... Only if we ban the hunting of whales If could afford it, ifyou had booked a table in the restaurant Should you meet George, . i Were she in my shoes, The fire wouldn't have started if. 10 But for his money, she 11. Had you followed my advice, .. 42 Only if we stop cutting down trees 13 Were she more sincere, ... 14 Ifyou had watered the plants, .. AZS: compicte the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1. | would have lent you my car but | didn't know you needed to borrow it. had Hf. had known you.. needed to borrow my car, | would have lent it to you. 2. As long as you are very careful, you can use my CD player. provided You can use my CD player .. ss . very careful 3. there isn't an interpreter at the conference, she won't be able to understand the speakers. unless She won't be able to understand the SPeAKErS «1... sone at the conference. 1234i 8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past a 4. He didn’t get the job because he was late for the interview. would Ihe hadn't been late for the interview, he ..... jb, 5 only learnt to drive because you taught me. never. ne .» drive if you hadn't taught me. 6 You'd better see a doctor. were It. see a doctor. 7 Tim willbe able to operate the machine but somebody must show him how. only Tim will be able to operate the machine .. aetna snes NOW, 8 She didn't take an umbrella so she got completely so: have if she had taken an umbrella, she... . soaked, 9 Iwill buy a new car but I must save enough money first. save Provided : sna .. first, I will buy a new car. 10. She broke her leg so she couldn't go skiing, broken If . leg, she could have gone skiing. 11 Kay can't be at home, otherwise she would have answered the phone. would — If Kay 12. | would be grateful to receive any information you may have. could I would be grateful 13. Karen can make the pie but she must have the r long Karen can make the pie 14 Ifyou see Miles, can you ask him to contact me immediately? ‘see Should .. vs. @8k him to contact me immediately? 15 Chris wants to phone his boss but he hasn't got the number. would — If Chris ... have answered the phone. v any information you may have, .. the recipe. .. phone his boss. wish (it only) + Past tense wish/regret about a present. (wish/regret about the present) situation we want to be different | wish (if only) + could + bare infinitive wish/regret in the present (wish/regret about the present) ‘concerning lack of ability I wish (if only) + Past Perfect (regret about the past) wish (if only) — + subject + would + bare inf ie sare (i (a. “wish” and “would” should have unlikely to ha @ future change) if {Is used to express the speaker's hope lack of hope or disappointment = S ‘© After! wish we can use were instead of was In all persons. ! wish she were/was more pationt, pi8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past ee Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Write sentences as in the example: 1. You felt sick and you missed your friend's birthday party. wish | hadn't felt sick. If | hadn't felt sick, | wouldn't have missed my friend's birthday party. 2. You got up late and you missed the train. 3 You werent offered the job because you weren't quaitied 4. You're not a senior staff member so you can't use the car park 9 You like chocolate but you're on a diet. 40 You enjoy playing tennis but you have twisted your ankle. BS. complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1 It's a pity I can't go to the beach today, but | have to stay at home and study. could I wish ...! could go to the beach ... today, but | have to stay at home and study. 2 Itit weren't raining, we could go on a picnic. stop I wish .. ij sans 80 W@ COUld go On a picnic. 3 It's a shame we didn't see the exhibition. had ‘We wish ... ‘ coe the exhibition. 4 George needs a new car but he can't afford fo buy one. could George wishes anew car. 5 It's a pity Jenny wasn't invited been Jenny wishes... is to the party. 6 I've been offered a job in Paris but | can't speak French. speak | wish because I've been offered a job in Paris. urd7 George never arrives on time when we arrange to go out. Only Hn sans vw ON time when we arrange to go out. 8 I would really like to be lying on the beach now. WED assnnsn ‘ .. on the beach now. WD. put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form, Mary was telling Julie about her planned trip to a tropical island. it sounded wonderful. “If | were you, | 1) ...would be... (b@) 80 excited,” Julie said. “I am,” replied Mary,* but | wish you 2) 0.0. (come) with me. We 3)... .. (hava) such fun!” "I know. Hf only | 4)... (know) earl- er, 15) . (nol/spend) all my money on redecorating the kitchen, Anyway, what clothes are you planning to take with you?” “Well, 'm hoping to buy some new ones. If you 6) (finish) work early today, we 7) sss (QO) Shopping in town.” “If | 8) (be) you, 'd make sure | took light clothes and lots of insect repellent. What 9) (you/do) when you get there?” “Sunbathe, swim and go for long walks on the beach.” "Make sure you 10) .. (send) me a postcard and take lots of pictures.” “Don't worry, | will” 19) Rewrite the letter using wishes or if-clauses as in the example: Dear Christine, | just had to drop you a line and let you know what a terrible day I've had today Well, first of all, thought | would let the canaries out of their cage to fly around for a while. What a mistake! They flew straight out of the open window and | haven't seen them since! Then | decided to surprise my husband by putting up some new bookshelves in the lounge. Oh dear! | drilled a hole straight into the wiring in the wall and cut off the whole street's electricity supply. What a disaster! The neighbours are furious with me. On top of that, when my husband came home from work he tripped over the bucket ! had left in the middle of the floor. Unfortunately, he hurt his ankle and he was angry with me. | shouldn't have left the bucket there, Anyway, hopefully tomorrow will be better than today. With love, | lise i 1 igh | hadn't had such a terrible day yesterday. ... ag) TE complete the following sentences. Itonly | had kept my appointment with the dentist yesterday, wish | had paid my electricity bil, .. e HI were Prime Minister, 1 Hit rains tomorrow, 1 I wouldn't have toothache now. 2 io 3 4 5 Pete wishes he had worked harder at school, 6 7 8 9 ‘Sarah will go to the party if _ | tfonly had more money, | Liz wishes she had got up earlier, | only Jo hadn't locked her keys in the car, 10 John gets a promotion at work, | 11. Ifthe government bans smoking in public areas, 12 only | hadn't shouted at Juli, ... 2 19. If Jenny had locked the front door, 14 Ityou are late for a job interview, 15 Ifyou have a headache, .. p> 128eee SS 8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past ‘The Simple Past can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the present and the Past Perfect can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the past. This is called Unreal Past. Unreal Past is used as follows: Past Simple Past Perfect © Conditionals Type 2 (unreal in the present) © Conditionals Type 3 (unreal in the past) If were you, ! wouldn't do that. ‘It he had warned me, this wouldn't have happened. © wish (present) © wish (past) wish she were more cooperative. if only | hadn't lost all my money last night. @ I'd rather/sooner sb ... (present) @ I'd rather/sooner sb ... (past) I'd rather you paid me today. I'd rather you had not told everyone. @ Suppose/Supposing © Suppose/Supposing ‘Suppose your father caught you smoking, what Suppose he had left before the boss came, would you do? what would have happened? © as iffas though (untrue situation in the present) as if/as though (untrue situation in the past) She behaves as if she were the Queen. ‘Soon after being introduced, they were talking to ‘each other as if they had been friends for years. © It's (about/high) time ... Its time you started work. © when the subject of would 'd rather + Present bare infinitive (presentfuture reference) rather is also the subject Perfect bare infinitive (past reference) of the following verb 1d rather play tennis. I'd rather not have gone out with him yesterday. © when the subject of would I'd rather sb + —_—Past Simple (present/future reference) rather is different from the Past Perfect (past reference) subject of the following verb Id rather you stopped smoking. 'd rather you had mentioned that before. © prefer + gerundinoun + to + gerundinoun (general). / prefer (drinking) tea to (drinking) coffee. ‘© prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (general preference) I preter to drink coffee rather than (drink) toa. ‘© would prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (specific preference) 'd prefer to live in London rather than (live in) Swansea. ‘@ would rather + bare infinitive + than + bare infinitive. ('d rather fly to Munich than go there by car. ‘Thad better + present bare inf (present/future reference) He had better consult 2 lawyer. (= He should consuit a lawyer.) ‘© it would have been better if + Past Perfect (past reference). it would have been better if you hadn't talked to James last night. (= You shouldn't have talked to James last night.) 12948 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past QS Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. 1. Suppose they ...had cancelled... (cancel) the flight. How would you have got home? 2 We'd rather you a (take out) separate holiday insurance. 3. I hate it when you speak to me as if a «- (be) a child 4. She'd rather = .. (not/show) him her passport 5 It’s high time he (face) up to his responsibilities. 6 Honiy! -m: (notleave) the window open 7 Ithey (0) out less, they'd have more money. 8 Chris prefers . (work) mornings rather than evenings. 9 Suppose Helen ... tit) your ex-boyfriend, would you stil go to the party? i 10 I'd rather Sam .. j 11 Sylvia wishes she .... (not/play) his music so loud, have) long hair. 42 She had only lived there three months but she spoke the language as if she (tive) there longer. 13. Tom's mother made him go to school although he would rather (stay) at home. 14 Heel a bit sick now. I wish | erat . . (eat) 80 much. i 15. He much prefers..... (listen) to CDs to . (Go) to live concerts, I 16 I'd prefer (Fide) my bicycle to the shops rather than sn (take) the bus. | 47 I'drather (live) alone than (ghare) a flat with a stranger. 18 | prefer (ae with tends rather than (watch) television 19 If she... (work) harder, she wouldn't have failed her exams. 20 You'd better (G0) to bed as we have to be up early tomorrow. BBB complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1 1 Your mother's worried about you. You should phone her. better You ...had better phone... your mother as she's worried about you, H} 2 Will you ever think about finding a flat of your own? time it's . about finding a flat of your own, 3. Look at how he lives - he thinks he's a millionaire, it He lives . a millionaire. 4 This summer, | would rather book a holiday in Monaco than Lyons prefer This summer, | . a holiday in Monaco rather than Lyons, 5 Why didn't you tell me yourself that you were leaving? rather I'd 6 She wants to be more lke her rh wishes She 7 | should have taken that jo me yourself that you were leaving. a .. more like her mother. Canada last year. only it in that job in Canada last year. 8 You should have checked the oil before you set Out. better Mees .-- you had checked the oil before you set out. BD bitin the gaps withthe appropriate auxiliary verb. 1 He hasn't got a yacht but he wishes he ... had... 2 She can't afford a maid but she wishes she .. 3. | didn’t pay attention in class but | wish | . 4 He had his hair cut really short but now he wishes he e 5. He's going to the dentist this afternoon but he wishes he «....- 6 She made a terrible mistake but now she wishes she. 7 8 9 10 ‘They probably won't change their minds but | wish they He always brings his dog to my house but I really wish he | forgot to enclose the cheque but | wish | He won't let me leave early but | wish he .. 130Dear Jenny, Sorry | didn’t answer your last letter. If| 1) ...had realleed... (realised) how serious the situation was, | would have written to you straightaway. You obviously need my advice. | only wish 1.2) ssesseascies. (be) with you now to help you. | think it's about time you 3)... : (leave) your job and A)... (start) to look for a new one. If your boss 5) .. nis) on trating you so unft, then you have very tle choice, You sag that you'd rather Oh ae thave) a job you hate than no job at all, but is that really true? If you Diss (be) worried about money, don’t be. You can come home and live with your father and me for a while. 'd rather you 8) ceva Clive) nearer home arupag,Yout ald bos ot the ibrar, Mr Gree, Says you could have your old job back if you % sevens (WARD it. You could have been Head Librarian by now if you 10) ; ~ (not/leave)! Anyway, I'l let you know if 11) . ~ (hear) about any other Suitable jobs. Take care and let me know if you 12) . ~ (make) any decisions. Love, Mum TZ complete the semtences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. + Ididn't pass my exams and now I can't go to university wish |..wish | had passed... my exams; then | could go to university, 2. Iwas about to’ buy the painting, when | realised it was a fake. it | would have bought the painting it was a fake. 3. I didn't see the TV programme because | didn't know it was on. known If a es the TV programme was on, | would have seen it. 4. Ithink you should go on holiday. were tt. : 5. You shouldn't have told Sally my secret. told Vd s 6 You'd think he was a politician would go on holiday. ... Sally my secret. though He behaves .. ... a politician. 7. You should be in bed now. It's late. went I'S... to bed. 8 It would have been better if you had passed on the message. only if soneenee the MESSAGE. 9 Ifthe teacher asked you to answer that question, what would you say? asked Suppose sven tO answer that question, what would you say? 10 i's pity i's raining. stop | 11 She couldn't tell you because she didn't know. would — Had 12 Why did | isten to John? He always tells lies. listened If... 48 We should have let by now it we don't want to miss the bus. time it’s if we don't want to miss the bus. 14 | would have liked you to have informed my parents about my change of plan. raining, told you to John. He always tells lies. rather |. .. My parents about my change of plan. 45 It would have been better if they had got the earlier train, only It. : the earlier train. 46 You ought to have set a wedaing ae now. time It's ... a wedding date. 114ee eeEEEEEEEEE_————e————— ee ee 8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past = QE. Find the word which should not be in the sentence. 1. Unless you not know the details, you can't reach a decision, hot 2 If they will finish this assignment on time, they'l be rewarded. 3. Even if he offered to make up for the damage, otherwise | wouldn't accept. 4 If were I had accepted the job, | would be earning a lot of money now. 5 If she were be me, she would have done exactly the same. You won't be allowed to attend the reception unless you will receive an invitation. | wish if they would stop criticising our etforts to change things. IH give them my new address in case they will want to forward my post. Ifonly he had been taken our advice. 10 As long as you will promise to behave yourself, you can stay overnight at your friend's, 11. | wish for Sarah would give up her dream of becoming an opera singer. 12 He looked as if that he hadn't slept for days. 13 I's time they had decided what they want to do. 14 She'd better to take a course in French before she moves to France. 15. I'd rather they had stayed at a hotel the next time they're in town, 16 John would rather to buy a new car than a second-hand one, 17 She would prefer to have invest the money rather than spend it 18 Unless we will have the car repaired, we wor't be able to make our journey. 19 Don’t you wish you were being someone famous? | 20. Had if| waited longer, | would have seen the parade. er0 PH Development 12‘Consolidatio: > Phrasal Verbs QS. Fin in the correct particte(s). look after: take careof 1 P've been looking ...for.. my diamond ring y Sep everywhere. wetter cece oe a eve! 2. The hotel manager will look .... your complaint. ward tr bas bbs 3. I must look ........ this essay before | hand it in bet a 4 Now ina he's ch he look i his look on: 4 jow that he's rich, he looks... al lok et Sseados aay a > ‘riends who stil work at the factory. Siecigeal 5 He looks ........ his father who he considers to be a hero, 6 LOOK san for sharks when you go 1 as swimming, ‘ T LOOK ... her phone number in ar eae fe > the decor you cant remember make or: ‘rowan 8 a HOOKS neon tO ace i ry = teers ae eee 8) prepare (by mixing) 10 FE MAKE nn. forgetting our anniversary. ce oneself up: put ron? 11 We decided to make... the nearest beach. up for: compens m 12 He made the cheque to me personally. 3) understand 13. Your writing is 50 bad, | can’t make what you've written. 14. She spends hours making herself morning, ‘out: 1) complete; fil in, 2) distingu every Ago Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 10 " R 8 ‘Although his mother wamed him, the boy continued to play in the road. despite The boy continued to play in the road ...despite being/having been warned by.. his mother. Their garden is much bigger than ours. nearly Our gardens... He could read before he was three years old. . theirs. able He... . before he was three years old. She hired a professional g: Pp i had She i a a professional gardener. | won't go with you uniess you let me pay my own ny if won't go with You nn me pay my own way. I regret ever teling her about my plans. wish |. .». her about my plans. He can’t tolerate his neighbours’ behaviour much longer. put He . his neighbours’ behaviour much longer. She started to ride when she was len years old. been She... .. She was ten years old. “You really shouldn't have said that to her," he said to me. criticised He that to her. They hired him is excellent qualifications. due They hired him . =: .. had excellent qualifications He was late every day so he lost his job. result He was late every day ... iia eee TG. ce OEeTNe RD, In general, 'd much rather walk than ride a bike. walking in general, | a He hasn't signed the contract yet. still The Contract ann sn bike, _ signed. 133OE | Consolidation 8 QR 00k at Appendix 1, then fill in the missing preposition(s). 1 The contents of the parcel were broken ...0n.. | 14 Someone planted @ BOMD ws... @ platform arrival. in Vietoria Station, 2 The situation is getting control; we 15 Typewriters are going caine UO | must take action immediately. as they're being replaced by computers, i 3. The policeman took his family to the theatre 16 The politician would only agree to speak to 5 HE WAS rere duty. me swe the record. 4 We heard about the plane crash 2 | AT Let's 90 een sw @ Cruise around the the news. Mediterranean. 5 He hasn't played tennis fora while sohe's 18 Drinking alcohol is the law in many | se practice. ‘countries. it 6 The new safety measures are still 19. I'm sure the bus will arrive long. | discussion. 20 This must be posted vv delay! 7 You're supposed to avoid eating sweets as 21. I was... the impression he was abroad youre... a diet 22 He doesn't lke to carry cash, so he buys | 8 The balloon landed .eenennnn @ farm quite @VEFYAHING «mn eenem Cred unexpectedly. 23. This newspaper is two weeks ......... datel ‘9. The parachutist landed field, 24 NIM WtiNg nensunnen FOgard to your recent 40 Youare arrest; you have the right to application. call your lawyer 2B senses OUF Surprise, he won the competition. 11. All medicines must be kept... reach 26 They could recite the entire play of children, memory. 12 The factory is . fire; vacate the areal 27 Hurry up please. We're a bit... schedule. 13. My favourite china teapot smashed uw | 28 second thoughts, I'd rather not go out pieces on the floor, tonight 2Q2, Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. if you 1) ...want... (want) to see the highest waterfall in the world, you have to go to Venezuela. There, you 2)... find) the Angel Falls -a spectacular sight. We 3) (go) there last year and we were very impressed, We 4)... a (walk) in the countryside for about an hour when suddenly we 5) smn (Hat) the SOUNG Of Water. AS WE 6) srr (approach) the waterfall, we 7) (cannot) believe how loud the water was. It was the first time we 8) 4 (ever/see) a waterfall and if wo had known how amazing it was, We Diesiiebtigii (lake) a video camera with us. We hope we 10) i (return) one day to see this wonder of nature again. DD sit inte correct form of te infinitive or the -ing form. In the past decade academics have been involved in 1) ..investigating... (investigate) differences between men and women. Researchers have been especially interested in 2) (discover) what women can 3) .. (do) better than men, As far as language is concerned, studies show that girs begin 4) .... (talk) before boys and are capable Of 8)... (Produce) more varied and sophisticated sentences. In addition £0 6) .....n:sn.un. (HAV8) a better command of the language, women also appear 7) was...nne (have) better social skills and are more likely 8) {be) complimentary than men. Another area that has been investigated is how men and women lead, Women try 9) nnn (Shafe) power and make their employees 10) snes (28) MOTe worthwhile. Men, on the other hand, lke 11) vn: (demonstrate) thelt authority more formally aNd $€0M 12) verrrneneimne (Cafe) More about hierarchy. However, it is worth 13) (remember) that study results reflect averages, and there will always be exceptions. p36Consolidation 8 QS for questions 1 - 15, read the text below and decide which word A, B, C or D best fits each space, Mark your answers in the answer boxes provided. “Diamonds are Forever” Ithas been (0) practice in recent years for a man to buy his fiancée a diamond to (1) their engagement. Diamond rings have been bought by the aristocracy since the (2)... Of the cen tury, but until the 1950's they were considered an expensive and (3) accessory for a working- class wedding. (4) it was around this time that De Beers, the biggest producers of diamonds in the world, decided that they needed to (5)... their market. As a (6) they launched an advertising campaign which was (7) "at couples with a slightly smaller budget. It was one of the most successful campaigns in the company’s (8)... For this campaign, the advertisers wanted to sell the idea that, (9) diamonds are an expensive luxury, they are also the (10) . of everlasting love. Thus a diamond engagement ring was supposed to signify the husband's life- Tong (11) sminnn t0 his wite, The idea was expressed in the (12) ‘which was first conceived by De Beers’ advertisers: “Diamonds are Forever’. This (13) to be highly profitable because the public bought the idea and (14)... Bought diamond rings by the thousands. De Beers, who now have almost total (15) sua OV@F diamond production worldwide, have never looked back. 0 A usual B common C average iD regular 1 A prove BB _ notice c show D mark 2A begining B first © origin D_ front 3 A unwanted B unnecessary C invaluable D _ needless 4A Although B However © While D When 8 A stretch B grow © continue —D_ extend 6 A fact B result © conclusion D_ reaction 7 A aimed 8B pointed © guided D led 8 A history = Bast © story D tale 9 A even B but © although —-D_nevertheless 10 A post B signal © fact D_ symbol 11 A devotion B trust © ‘relationship faith 12 A word = B__ phrase © part D_ remark 13 A tuned BB __proved © ended D confirmed 14 A after B though © consequently D following 48 A force B__ check © control D_ strengtha Consolidation 8 ae Read the text carefully. Some of the lines are correct and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick () in the space provided. Ifa line has a word which should not be there, write it in the space provided. In-Flight Video Magic © Biitsh Airways calls itsef the world's favourite 00 airline. Whether this is true or if not, they are planning a new entertainment, information and communication services for the near future. On long flights they will intend to give people control over to personal video screens, Travellers will be able to select the videos of which their choice from a list of several dozen. As well as to being able to plug into a wide variety of music, passengers will have a large number of muitilingual games © evousena at their hand, trom the latest teenage crazes to 10_ intellectual favourites, ike as chess. In addition, 11 travellers will be able to get information on flight 12 connections, the weather and their of current flight's 13. progress. They will also be able to make up phone 14 calls anywhere in all the world and arrange 15. themselves business or social appointments, DS rr guestins 1-10, read the tet below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. Write your word in the answer boxes provided. Letters A really (0) .... thing when you're alone abroad and surrounded by (1) .... is to receive a letter from a friend or (2)... from home. It's always (3) .... to know what people are up to. But in responding, the hardest thing is to (4) .... a whole new way of life and (6) .... of ideas, not to mention new friends and unfamiliar (6)... . Those receiving your letters can never have a full (7)... of your new job and your (8)... routine; but you can make the picture clearer by providing a (8) ... of these, adding (10) ...of unexpected details. p36| Practice test 4 abl For questions 1 - 15, read the text below and decide which word A, B, C or D best fits each ‘space. Mark your answers in the answer boxes provided. Diaries A diary is a daily (0) .... of events, thoughts and feelings (1) .... either for the veriter’s own personal satisfaction of for (2)... use. Most diarsts (8)... expect nor necessarily want anyone else to read what they have written, so, on the ? (4) ..... only they and perhaps their relatives and (5)...... friends ever see their writings. On the other hand, some people do write with the (6) ... of informing and entertaining the public, although often diaries are only (7) ‘ and published after the author's death. ‘One example of a diarist who never expected his diary to be (8) .... by the public was Samuel Pepys, who lived in the 17th century. His diary is the most impressive (8) ... the English language, recording some of the greatest (10)... in English history, yet it is also the story of a (11) sn. lovable man's life. Another example is that of Anne Frank, a young Jewish girl who was in (12) ..... from the Nazis in Amsterdam (13) ... the Second World War. Itis a unique and moving (14)... of her unbearable life and the courage she needed 10 (15) wi 4 © A memorandum B record —C narration shorthand 1 A possessed —_B held C kept D stocked 1 2 A later Blatter C late D then 3 A not B either © none D neither 4 pall B general C whole D everything 5 A narrow B close C near D tight 6 A reason B fact € intention —_D function ‘ 7 A explored B excavated C discovered D invented 8 A seen B revealed shown D exhibited ars B tor cof D 10 A stories B facts events D happenings 11 A most B © many D more 2 Asave B € search D rescue is A trough B during © over D tor 14 A file B report account —_D collection 15 A pass B outlive C suffer D tolerateTOON eo EEE Practice test 4 For questions 16 - 30, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. Write your answers in the answer boxes provided. BUYING A NEW BIKE Until recently, few people went cycling, but (0) . the last few years more bikes have (16) sold in Britain (17)... cars. Now approximately two million are bought each year, the major- ity Of (18) wo rosuonmne ate Mountain bikes There are over 500 different models to choose (19) cheapest can be bought for under £200, (20) ... .. and the prices vary enormously. The you will need aver £4,000 for a bike at the top| end of the range. The reason (21) jn this difference is the quality of the frame. Bikes costing less than £350 are not recommended (22) they are very heavy and therefore not much fun to ride. | Furthermore, they often break because they are not very (23) made, The more expensive | models are (24) lighter because they are made (25) .. metals like aluminium. | When buying a new bike itis best to go to a specialist bike Shop (26) vvsnasn:.nas than a toy shop or garage. One reason for this is that a specialist will make (27) that the bike fits you properly, as a bike which is the wrong size can be (28) .. uncomfortable and dangerous. To reduce the risks of injury, cyclists are advised to wear a helmet. (29). bikes travel at slower speeds than motorbikes, you can still suffer serious injuries to the head (30) you fall of p38Practice test 4 For questions 31 - 40, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the word given and other words to complete each sentence. You must. use between two and five words. Do not change the word given, Write your answers in the answer boxes provided. 0 I'm sure they worked hard on the project. have They ‘on the project. 31. The new musical failed to impress the critics. succeed The new musical the critics, 92 It's a good idea to keep your savings in the bank. should Your savings in the bank. 33. The doctor told me to reduce the amount of fat | ate. down Iwas told jo the amount of fat late, 34 Although she is rich, she doesn't spend much money on clothes. being She doesn't spend much money on clothes ey rich. 35. Our house really needs to be redecorated. had Its about .. sunsmsnune Fedecorated. 36 After he lost his job, he couldn't pay the rent on time. fell After he lost his job, he ..... rent, 37 “Why don't you paint the doors blue?" said Martin. painting Martin Blue. 38 People say a strange creature lives in Loch Ness. said A strange creature in Loch Ness. 39. | don't think we should go to a club tonight. rather Vo ssmminneunine tO @ Club tonight, 40 He went to drama schoo! in order to become an actor. aim He went to drama school 1». 8M actor, must have worked hard 0 40 194Practice test 4 For questions 41 - 55, read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct and some have 2 word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick () by the number in the answer boxes provided. If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word in the answer boxes provided. Women Drivers © For the years women drivers have traditionally 00 been seen as bad drivers. However, a survey 41 carried out for the British television network, the 42 BBC, seems to be tell a different story. Over 43. three times like as many men as women confess to 44 bad driving habits. According to of the survey, men 45. are more likely to drive too close up to the car in 46 front or read a map while they are being driving! More 47 men they appear to drive when they are tired and in 48 danger of falling asleep. Women stop at more red 49 traffic lights and have fewer of serious accidents. 50 51 52 53 54 55 0, 10, Ph 0 We Is this due to being traditional female characteristics such as gentleness compared with typical male characteristics such as aggression or a difference in the intelligence? According to the Royal Automobile Club, things change as men get more older. After the age of 30, s0 they tend to become safer! For questions 56 - 65, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. Write your word in the answer boxes provided. Dolphins ‘are destroying dolphins at an (0) .... rate. nets called “Walls of Death" arePre - test = te Choose the correct item, 7 Tilhave James ....... these figures A to checking B to check © check D checking She threatened the meeting. A to leave B leave to leaving D leaving He was made ....... a fine. A pay B paying € to pay D to paying We'd rather go camping than... in a hotel. A staying B stay © tostay D to staying It you had looked harder, you him at the station, A will see 8 would see © see D would have seen W's time I ....... my summer holiday. A willl organise B organise © have organised —_D_organised Unless she in the next ten minutes, we will have to go without her. A phones B phoned will have phoned will phone ook after the children for you? T B Ought © Would D Shall | don't know when we ...... house. A will move B had moved Cc move D have moved I've read the book three times, | still don't understand tt. ‘A Nevertheless 8 Despite © However D Although Iwish he give up his idea of becoming a rock star, A will B would © had D can I preter classical music ......... popular music. A rather 8 than cto D from 13 Peter denied... anything to do with the missing money, A having B have to have D tohave had 14 My luggage is twice a ....... 88 YOUTS. A heaviest B heavier © more heavy D heavy T5 1 ous her to phone the office for me. A had B made € got D insisted 16 They him of lying in court. A denied B accused © charged D insisted 77 She gave me a ........ belt for my birthday. A wonderful blue leather B leather blue wonderful C blue leather wonderful D leather wonderful blue 18 Wlwere a magician, |........ a peaceful world. A would have created 8 will create C create D would create 19) I Wish { ...... better in last week's test. ‘A had done 8 would do c did D will do 1a scholarship last month. B is offered D will be offered 21 Can't you do this ....... quicker? A even B any © much © very 22 The teacher us to stand up. ‘A. spoke B said C talked D asked 23: She insisted on... for everything. A to pay B paying to paying D pay 24. She «un... the silverware polished yesterday. A will have B had © is having D has uiPre-test 2 adda Fit in the gaps with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Many people wish they 1) . ‘complain about it they way he does, they probably 2) only 13) (run) my own business,” he says, “I 4). yourself, you 8) dee Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. wish 14) 3) . (be) a pianist, and play in a jazz band. If only my parents 4) take lessons when I was a child! When | asked my mother about this, she said: “We 5) - (buy) you a piano if you 6) buy myself one in a couple of years, a Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1. The steak was so tough that we couldn't eat it such it . that we couldn't eat it. 2 You'd better not be late again. were itl. be late again. 3. “OK, Ill prepare lunch now,” he said. to He at once, 4 Emily and Kim have the same number of pencils. as Emily .. a . Kim, 5 Julio is not as artistic as her mother. less Julie. i her mother, 6 You must fasten your seatbelts securely before takeoff. fastened Seatbelts ese .» before takeoff 7 "Don't touch the iron; it's hot,” he said. warned He 8 | haven't had a chocolate bar for two months. time The ... 9 The builders will have finished the repairs by Thursday, been — The repairs sii 10 As people got older, they become more forgettul the The .. forgetful they becom: 11 late more than was necessary last night. need |. ‘50 much last night, 12. As long as you impress the interviewer, you may be offered the op 4 provided You may be offered the job... e 13. That's the field we play football in. where That's 44 Someone stole my bike last night, had 15. Matthew is less friendly than Thomas. so Matthew isn't. 8 7 46 You should have called them last night. better It. you had called them last night 17 This is Sarah and she works for the BBC. who This is Sarah ., pre {have) ajob that ped es well as Harol's, ol they heard him (notfhave) much sympathy for him. “i . (b8) much happier. | wish the bank 5) ~ (give) me a loan when | asked for one last year. If they had done, | 6) {be able to) start up my own company there and then.” But, as everyone knows, if you 7) + (Work) for (have to) work very hard indeed, and there is no guarantee of success. (can) play a musical instrument. If | 2)... sonne (have) the choice, | (make) me. sss (@8K) Us, but YOU never mentioned it.” How | wish | 7) (say) something! Stl | suppose if star saving Up NOW, 1 8) suunm.ne-- (D8 able t} . the iron because it was hot. ‘a chocolate bar was two months ago. by Thursday, the interviewer. the BBC.18 Why did you insist that we should appoint Mr Vermont chairman? make Why } 19 She doesn't know much about sport but she acts like an expert j though — She acts ... Bh 2D rae Besa he ota? ah said to him. Pre-test 2 Mr Vermont chairman? sons AF @Xpert On sport. reminded She .. the tickets. be Fil in the blanks with the correct particle(s). 1 The manager will look ...... your complaint. | § She made ....... story to tell her children. 2. She is a good friend; she never lets me 6 You shouldn't look ... poor people. 3 I can't make .. his handwriting. 7 Ittook him three weeks to get ... the flu. 4 My boss and | get really well. 8 | was held ....... for two hours by heavy traffic. die Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition(s) b> Correct the fallowing sentences by taking out the inappropriate word. 1 Ittook me twenty minutes to start over the car this morning, 2. The city turned out to be a very hot in the summer. 3. Frank seems that to be a very clever persén. 4. Despite of being nervous, | managed to pass the interview. 5 He has a lots of good friends. 6 One of the most best things about summer is the weather. 7. Sarah is a famous and too highly respected songwriter. 8 My mother she works in a bank 9 The new teacher seems like very kind and patient. 10. Unless he is not here by ten, we will leave without him. 11 He was not neither happy nor excited the day he won the lottery ‘The people in general go on holiday once a year. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in bold. 1'm grateful for your This organisation deals with the Tamsin has a special svn Of animals. Alotof «research Is being done into the greenhouse effect. 1 help. 2 3 4 5 Mr Scotts is a... vse fil prOGUCET. 6 7 8 of wildlife. Winning a gold medal in the Olympics was his greatest... Everyone has been so . Single mothers get litle... 9 This magazine ha & suru 40 There's a a 41. The teacher asked the students to write a. The shop had an... since | lost my job. from society for their hard work. of articles on topical issues. . that you'll get the job. svnane, OF HE text window display. 3. He was unaware the consequences. 7 | found this silver brooch .... 4 Chris is very determined to succeed... 8 Keep the food his profession, or he'll eat it. 1. He paid for his shopping ... cash. 5 Which one of the twins are you referring ....? 2. His lack of punctuality resulted «..........his | 6 The relationship ....... my father and me isn't dismissal from work. good. sons Chance. reach of the dog i E