FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

BFF2821 MECHANICS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO:
EXPERIMENT NAME:
SUBMISSION DATE:
SESSION NUMBER:
GROUP NUMBER:

07
THE BENDING MOMENT
1NOVEMBER 2016
01 P
4
GROUP MEMBERS

NAME
NUR SYAMIZA BINTI ZAMRI
SAMSIAH BINTI SUAILY
NIK NURHARYANTIE BINTI NIK MOHD KAMIL

ID
FA 14030
FA 14031
FA 14115

LAB INSTRUCTOR
MR AIDIL SHAFIZA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
No.

Contents

Page

Aim

Objectives

Introduction

3-5

Apparatus and Procedure

5-8

4.1 Apparatus
4.2 Procedure
4.3 Experiment 1 : Bending Moment Variation at the
Point of Loading.
4.4 Experiment 2 : Bending Moment Variation away
5

from the Point of Loading

Result and Calculation

9-14

5.1 Experiment 1
5.1 Experiment 2
6

Discussion

11-12

6.1 Experiment 1
7

6.2 Experiment 2
Conclusion

13

References

13

Rubrics

14

1.0

AIM
The aim for this experiment to examine how bending moment varies at the point of
loading and the moment varies at the cut position of the beam for various loading
conditions.

2.0

OBJECTIVES.
1) To examine how bending moment varies with an increasing point load
2) To examine how bending moment varies at the cut position of the beam
for various loading condition

3.0

INTRODUCTION

In a similar manner it can that if the Bending moments (BM) of the forces to the left
of AA are clockwise then the bending moment of the forces to the right of AA must be
anticlockwise. Bending Moment at AA is defined as the algebraic sum of the moments about
the section of all forces acting on either side of the section. It means the bending moment is
the algebraic sum of the moment of the forces to the left or to the right of the section taken
about the section.Bending moments are considered positive when the moment on the left
portion is clockwise and on the right anticlockwise. This is referred to as a
sagging bending moment as it tends to make the beam concave upwards at AA. A negative
bending moment is termed hogging.
An influence line for a given function, such as a reaction, axial force, shear force, or bending
moment, is a graph that shows the variation of that function at any given point on a structure
due to the application of a unit load at any point on the structure.
An influence line for a function differs from a shear, axial or bending moment
diagram. Influence lines can be generated by independently applying a unit load at several
points on a structure and determining the value of the function due to this load, for example,
shear, axial, and moment at the desired location. The calculated values for each function are

then plotted where the load was applied and then connected together to generate the influence
line for the function.
For example, the influence line for the support reaction at A of the structure shown in
Figure 1, is found by applying a unit load at several points (See Figure 2) on the structure and
determining what the resulting reaction will be at A. This can be done by solving the support
reaction YA as a function of the position of a downward acting unit load. One such equation
can be found by summing moments at Support B.
For example, the influence line for the support reaction at A of the structure shown in
Figure 1, is found by applying a unit load at several points (See Figure 2) on the structure and
determining what the resulting reaction will be at A. This can be done by solving the support
reaction YA as a function of the position of a downward acting unit load. One such equation
can be found by summing moments at Support B.

Figure 3.1 :Beam structure for influence line example

Figure 3.2 : Beam structure showing application of unit load

MB = 0 (Assume counter-clockwise positive moment)
-YA(L)+1(L-x) = 0
YA = (L-x)/L = 1 - (x/L)

The graph of this equation is the influence line for the support reaction at A (See
Figure 3.3). The graph illustrates that if the unit load was applied at A, the reaction at A
would be equal to unity. Similarly, if the unit load was applied at B, the reaction at A would
be equal to 0, and if the unit load was applied at C, the reaction at A would be equal to -e/L.

Figure 3.3 :Influence line for the support reaction at A

4.0

APPRATUS AND PROCEDURE

4.1

No
1

Test

APPARATUS
Apparatus
Frame for Bending

Quantity
1

Picture

Moment

Plastic Hanger

Slotted Mass Set

Digital Force Display

4.2 PROCEDURE

4.3 Experiment 1 : Bending Moment Variation at the Point of Loading.

1) Checked the Digital Force Display meter reads zero with no load .
2) Placed the hanger with 100 g mass at the cut .
3) Recorded the Digital Force Display reading in a table as in Table 1 .
4) Repeated using masses of 200 g, 300 g, 400 g and 500 g .
5) Converted the mass into a load (in N) and the force reading into a bending
moment (Nm) .

4.4 Experiment 2 : Bending Moment Variation away from the Point of Loading
1) Checked the Digital Force Display meter reads zero with no load.

2) Loaded the beam with the hangers in the position shown in Figure 4 , using the
loads indicated in Table 3 carefully.
3) The Digital Force Display reading in a table as in Table 2 was recorded.
4) Converted the force reading into a bending moment .
5) The support reaction (RA and RB) and theoretical bending moment at a cut were
calculated .
6) The procedure was repeated with the beam loaded as in Figure 5 and Figure 6 .

5.0

RESULTS AND CALCULATION

5.1

EXPERIMENT 1 : BENDING MOMENT VARIATION AT THE POINT OF

LOADING
Mass (g)
0
100
200
300
400
500

Load (N)
0
0.98
1.96
2.94
3.92
4.90

Force (N)

Experimental bending

Theoretical bending moment

0
0.5
1.0
2.2
2.6
3.4

moment (Nm)
0
0.0625
0.125
0.275
0.325
0.425

(Nm)
0
0.0935
0.1871
0.2806
0.3742
0.4677

0 ( 0.440.30 )
=0
0.44

No. 2
0.98(0.3)(0.440.3)
=0.0935
0.44

No. 3
1.96 (0.3)(0.440.3)
=0.1871
0.44

No. 4
2.94 (0.3)(0.440.3)
=0.2806
0.44

No. 5
3.92( 0.3) ( 0.440.3 )
= 0.3742
0.44

No. 6
4.90(0.3) ( 0.440.3 )
=0.4677
0.44

5.2

EXPERIMENT 2 : BENDING MOMENT VARIATION AWAY FROM THE

POINT OF LOADING
Figure

4
5
6

W1 (N)

3.92
1.96
4.91

W2 (N)

3.92
3.92

Force (N)

-1.7
3.7
3.8

Experimental RA (N)

RB (N)

Theoretical

bending

bending

moment

moment

(Nm)
-0.21
0.46
0.48

5.75
2.58
2.55

-1.83
3.30
6.28

(Nm)
-0.175
0.462
0.451

Bending moment at the cut (in Nm)= Displayed force x 0.125

-0.17 x 0.125 =- 0.02

3.7 x 0.125 = 0.46

3.8 x 0.125 = 0.48

CALCULATION FOR FIGURE 4

10

Find Ra, Rb, Mc

W1 = 3.92N
MA = 0
3.92(0.14) +RB(0.44)=0
RB= - 1.247N
Fy = 0
RA-3.92-1.247 = 0
RA = 5.167N
Mc= 5.167(0.44-0.14)-3.92(0.44)= -0.1747Nm

CALCULATION FOR FIGURE 5

Find Ra, Rb, Mc

W1 = 1.96N
W2 = 3.92N
MA = 0
-1.96(0.22) 3.92(0.26) + RB(0.44) = 0
RB= 3.296N
Fy = 0
RA + 3.296 = 1.96 + 3.92
RA = 2.584
11

Mc = 2.584(0.44 0.14) 1.96(0.44 0.14 0.22) 3.92(0.44 0.14 0.26)

Mc = 0.462Nm
CALCULATION FOR FIGURE 6

W1 = 4.91N
W2 = 3.92N
MA = 0
-4.91(0.22) 3.92(0.40) + RB(0.44) = 0
RB =6.019
Fy = 0
RA+ RB = W1 + W2
RA + 6.019 = 4.91 + 3.92
RA = 2.811N
Mc = 2.811(0.44 0.14) 4.91(0.44 0.14 0.22)
Mc = 0.451Nm

12

DISCUSSION
6.1
1)

Experiment 1 :

Graph for experiment 1 :

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Bending Moment (Nm)
theoretical bending moment

Experiment bending moment

Load (N)

2)

Comment on the shape of the graph . E=What does it tell us about how bending

moment varies at the point of loading ?

From the graph , we can get a linear graph type . When the loads increase , the
bending moment will increase too. This is because, from the normal formula,
bending moment = Applied Load (p) X Distance
Then, when P is increase, bending moment will increase too. So, this almost with the
experimental value .
3)

Does the equation we used accurately predict the behavior of the beam ?

Different percentage when load = 4.90N

0.46770.425
x 100
0.425
= 10.05%
Yes . From the graph, we know that the value between experimental bending moment and
theoretical bending moment is almost same , the different percentage is only 10.05% .

13

6.2

Experiment 2 :

1) Comment on how the results of the experiments compare with those calculated using the
theory.
For Figure 4 :
Different percentage for figure 4 :

0.175(0.21 )
x 100
0.21

16.67%
From the result in Experiment 2 for Figure 4 , the experimental value for bending moment is
-0.21 while the theoretical value is -0.175 with different percentage 16.67%
For Figure 5 :
Different percentage for figure 5 :

0. 4620.46
x 100
0.46

0.43%
From the result in Experiment 2 for Figure 5 , the experimental value for bending moment is
0.46 while the theoretical value is 0.462 with different percentage 0.43% .
For Figure 6 :
Different percentage for figure 6 :

0.4510.48
x 100
0.48

- 6.04%

14

From the result in Experiment 2 for Figure 6 , the experimental value for bending moment is
0.48 while the theoretical value is 0. 451 with different percentage -6.04% .

6.0

CONCLUSION

A bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or
moment is applied to the element causing the element to bend.[1][2]From this experiment, we
were able to determine how shear force varies with an increasing point load. From the graph
for experiment 1 , we can get a linear graph type . When the loads increase , the bending
moment will increase too. This is because, from the normal formula,
bending moment = Applied Load (p) X Distance
This bending moment resists the sagging deformation characteristic of a beam experiencing
bending. The stress distribution in a beam can be predicted quite accurately when some
simplifying assumptions are used.[3]

7.0

REFERENCES
1) Gere, J.M.; Timoshenko, S.P. (1996), Mechanics of Materials:Forth edition,
Nelson Engineering, ISBN 0534934293
2) Beer, F.; Johnston, E.R. (1984), Vector mechanics for engineers: statics, McGraw
Hill, pp. 6276
3) Boresi, A. P. and Schmidt, R. J. and Sidebottom, O. M., 1993, Advanced
mechanics of materials, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

15

Rubric for Evaluating Laboratory Report (BFF2821 : Mechanics

Laboratory)

Report
Elements

MARKS
GIVEN

RATINGS (MARK)
3

Openended lab
elements
practice

Design own
method of
experiments to
achieve the
objectives
(independent of
lab sheet)

Show one or
more elements
of open-ended
method but still
dependent on
lab sheet

Totally
dependent on
lab sheet
methods

Result
and
findings

Results are
correct and
presented in
appropriate
tools with
elements of lab
sheet
independence

Results are
correct and
presented
totally as
guided by lab
sheet

Results are
partially
correct

Discussion
points only
focusing on
question in lab
sheet

An incomplete
discussion and
poor analysis

Conclusion not
accurately
relate with the
objective.
Reference
stated

Conclusion not
accurately
relate with the
objective. No
Reference
stated

Discussio
n

Conclusio
n&
Reference

Comprehensive
analysis on the
results and
theory by
adding
additional
discussion
points other
than specified
in lab sheet
Conclude with
the relation of
experiment to
the objectives
and clearly
state the

16

reference

Report
Presentat
ion

Beyond ordinary
presentation
with additional
material from
multiple sources
of reference,
consistent
formatting, and
well structured.

Ordinary
presentation
report with
most of
materials
depends on lab
sheet.

Poor
presentation
format and
structure. Very
less effort in
preparing the
report
TOTAL:

17