12.1 Traverses
12.1 Traverses
12.1 Traverses
Announcements
Exams will be handed back in labs
Lab
Level quiz and lab 5 (total stations)
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Planimeter designs
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Triangle Method
3, 4, and 5 sided traverses
Is there more than one way
to divided a 5 sided
traverse?
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Eric, Im confused!
Lets say we survey a tract of land, we start at point A, but
when we close the traverse we are not at point A, but
slightly off
A
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Balancing Angles
First step
The interior angles of a closed traverse should total
(n-2)x(180)
Where n = the number of sides of the traverse
Your traverse may not add exactly up to this value (we live in the
real world, not a perfect world!)
What tolerance can we accept?
Total should not vary from the correct value by more than the
square root of the number of sides times the least division
readable by the total station (10 for us)
Example (clarification)
8 sided traverse, the maximum error should not exceed
10 8 = 28.3 or 28
Seconds, not inches!
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Balancing Angles
Generally surveyors will check the sum of the angles of the
traverse before leaving the field
If there is an error, generally have to redo everything
If the mistake was made at just one angle, typically the figure
will be drawn, a dotted line is placed where the error of
closure is, and a line is drawn perpendicular to the angle error
Balancing Angles
When angular errors have been reduced to reasonable
values, they are distributed among the angles so the sum will
be exactly (n-2)(180)
Think: I have x in excesses, need to distribute equally
Each angle
May be corrected by the same amount
Only certain angles may be corrected because of field
conditions
Or an arbitrary rule may be used strange right?
An angle that is suspect in the surveyors mind where obstructions
may be, short distances, or other problems
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Latitude = +
Departure = -
Latitude = +
Departure = +
Latitude = Departure = -
Latitude = Departure = +
Error of Closure
Lets say we walk the sides of a traverse, we would end where we
started (this would be boring)
We would have walked as far north as we would have south,
similarly west and east
What does this mean?
For a closed traverse, sum of latitudes and sum of departures
should equal ZERO
Generally when we calculate this, it really never is zerothere is
always some kind of error
When the latitudes are added together, the resulting error is called
error in latitude or (EL)
When the departures are added together, the resulting error is
called error in departure or (ED)
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Error of Closure
Error of closure is a simple triangle
equation
A
D
EL
A
A
A
ED
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Example 1
Lets say we have a closed traverse with 5 sides. Each side has
a distance (in feet) and a direction (in bearings). Here is what
your initial table will look like
I have also provided a rough sketch
Segment Distance
Bearing
164.95
88.41
121.69
115.89
68.42
= 559.36
N 7111 E
S 3100 E
S 4418 E
N 6847 W
N 0721 W
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
B
C
A
E
D
Example 1
Here is a very important Figure I
found out of my 2002 surveying
book
Departure = Length x sin
Latitude = Length x cos
VERY IMPORTANT
Note the SIGN of Latitude and
Departure in each quadrant
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Bearing
164.95
88.41
121.69
115.89
68.42
= 559.36
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Latitude (cos)
North (+) South (-)
N 7111 E +53.20
S 3100 E
S 4418 E
N 6847 W +41.94
N 0721 W +67.86
-75.78
-87.09
Departure (sin)
East (+)
West (-)
+156.13
+45.53
-84.99
-108.03
-8.75
Segment Distance
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
164.95
88.41
121.69
115.89
68.42
= 559.36
Bearing
Latitude
Departure
N 7111 E
S 3100 E
S 4418 E
N 6847 W
N 0721 W
+53.20
-75.78
-87.09
+41.94
+67.86
+156.13
+45.53
-84.99
-108.03
-8.75
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164.95
88.41
121.69
115.89
68.42
= 559.36
Bearing
Latitude
Departure
N 7111 E
S 3100 E
S 4418 E
N 6847 W
N 0721 W
+53.20
-75.78
-87.09
+41.94
+67.86
+156.13
+45.53
-84.99
-108.03
-8.75
164.95
88.41
121.69
115.89
68.42
= 559.36
Bearing
Latitude
Departure
N 7111 E
S 3100 E
S 4418 E
N 6847 W
N 0721 W
+53.20
-75.78
-87.09
+41.94
+67.86
= -0.13
+156.13
+45.53
-84.99
-108.03
-8.75
= -.011
0.13,
0.11,
0.17 . /
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1/
2.345%.
667.895%.
3
8,72
3
8822
: ; ;
A
A
E
D
A
B
Example 12.1
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12.1 table
Latitude (cos)
Side
Length
Bearing
AB
452.38
N5613E
BC
528.49
S4832E
CA
778.26
N8244W
SUM
1759.13
N (+)
S (-)
EL =
Departure (sin)
E (+)
W (-)
ED =
EC =
Precision =
12.1 table
Latitude (cos)
Side
Length
Bearing
N (+)
S (-)
AB
452.38
N5613E
251.547
BC
528.49
S4832E
CA
778.26
N8244W 98.44
SUM
1759.13
Departure (sin)
E (+)
W (-)
375.994
-349.958
396.019
-772.010
-772.010
ED = -0.003
EC = 0.029 ft.
Precision = 1/60,338
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12.1 table
Side
Length
Bearing
Latitude
Departure
AB
452.38
N5613E
+251.547
+375.994
BC
528.49
S4832E
-349.958
+396.019
CA
778.26
N8244W
98.44
-772.010
SUM
1759.13
EL = 0.029
ED = -0.003
EC = 0.029 ft.
Precision = 1/60,338
Next Class
Correcting Latitudes and Departures
Balancing Latitudes and Departures
Finding Adjusted Distances and Bearings
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