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Profit & Loss
Cost Price: The price for which an article is purchased is called the Cost Price (C.P.)
Selling price : The price at which an article is sold is called the Selling Price (S.P.)
Profit (Gain) : The difference between the selling price and the cost price (when S.P. is more than C.P) is called the
Profit.
Loss:The difference between the cost price and selling price (when C.P. is more than S.P.) is called the Loss.
Points to remember:
1.
Gain = (S.P) - (C.P); Loss = (C.P) - (S.P)
2.

3.

Gain%=

G ain x 1 0 0 SP CP
= CP x 1 00
C. P.

Loss%=

Lo ssx 1 0 0 C P S P
x 100
=
CP
C. P.

When the cost price and gain percent are given,

100

S.P. = C.P. x
4.

When the cost price and loss percent are given

100

S.P. = C.P. x
5.

When the selling price and gain percent are given

100

C.P. = S.P. x 100 Gain%

When the selling price and loss percent are given

C.P. = S.P. x (1 0 0 Lo ss% )

The discount percent is calculated on the marked price.

8.

Disc ount
x100
M arked price

If there are two successive profits of x% and y% in a transaction then the resultant profit percent is
xy

9.

If there is a profit of x% and loss of y% in a transaction, then the resultant profit and loss percent is
xy

10.

xy
100

xy
according to the (+)ve and the (-)ve signs respectively..
100

If cost price of xarticles is equal to the selling price of y articles, then profit percent.
=

x y

x 100
y

SOLVED EXAMPLES
1.
A man buys a toy for Rs. 25 and sells it for Rs. 30. Find his gain percent.
Ans: Gain = 30 - 25 = Rs. 5
Gain % =

5
x 1 0 0 Rs. 2 0 %
25

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2.
By selling a watch for Rs. 144 a man loses 10%. At what price should he sell it in order to gain 10%?
Ans: S.P. = Rs. 144; Loss = 10%

100
C. P. Rs
x 144
100 10
= Rs.

100
x 1 4 4 Rs. 1 6 0
90

Gain required = 15%

115
x 1 6 0 Rs. 1 8 4
100

Short cut:
Required SP =

144
x 1 1 5 Rs.1 8 4
90

3.
I sold a book at a profit of 16%. Had I sold it for Rs. 18 more, 20% would have been gained. Find the cost price.
Ans: Here 120% of C.P._ 116% of C.P.
= Rs. 18

4% of cos t Rs.18

C. P.

18 x100
Rs.450
4
Formula :
M o re g ain x 1 0 0

C.P = D if f . in p erc en t ag e p ro f it
=

1 8 x1 0 0
Rs. 4 5 0
20 16

4.
A shopkeeper mixes two varieties of tea, one costing Rs. 35 per kg. and another at
3:2. If he sells the mixed variety at Rs. 41.60 per kg. what is his gain or loss percent?
Ans: - C.P of 5 kg. mix
= Rs. (35x3+45x2) = Rs. 195
S.P. of 5 kg. mix = Rs. (41.60x5)
= Rs. 208
Gain = Rs. (208-195) = Rs. 13
Gain% =

Rs. 45 per kg. in the ratio

13
2
x 100 6 %
195
3

5.
By selling a table for Rs. 40 instead of Rs. 50, 5% more is lost. Find the cost of the table.
Ans : Let the C.P. be Rs. x
Then if S.P.=Rs. 40, loss=Rs. (x-40)
If S.P = Rs. 50, loss = Rs. (x-50)
(X 4 0 ) (X 5 0 )

10

5
x X
100

5
x X X R s. 2 0 0 0
100

6.
A grocer sells rice at a profit of 10% and uses weights which are 20% less than the marked weight. The total gain
earned by him will be
Ans: Let us consider a packet of rice marked 1 Kg.
Then its actual weight=80% of 1Kg.=0.8 Kg.
Let C.P. of 1 Kg be Rs. x
Then C.P. of 0.8Kg = Rs. 0.8 x

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Now, S.P. = 110% of C.P. of 1 Kg
110

. X
= 1 0 0 x X Rs. 11
0 .3 X

Gain %= 0 .8 X x 100% = 37.5%

Gain =

8.
A boy buys oranges at Rs. 2 for 3 oranges and sells them at one rupee each. To make a profit of Rs. 10 he must sell:
Ans: Suppose he sells xoranges.
2
x
3
SP of xoranges = Rs. x

CP of xoranges = Rs.

Profit on xoranges = x

2x
x
=
3
3

x
10 x = 30
3

9.
A man sells two horses for Rs. 4000 each neither losing nor gaining in the deal. If he sold one horse at a gain of
25%, the other horse would be sold at a loss of:
Ans: Let the other horse be sold at x% loss
Then 25 - x-

25 x
0
100

x 20%
10. A discount series of 10%, 20% and 40% is equal to a single discount of .....
Ans: Equivalent single discount
= 100

60
80
x
x 90 56.8%
100 100

PRACTICE TEST
1.

By selling an article for Rs. 100, one gains Rs. 10. Then the gain percent is
a) 10%
b) 9%
c)

2.

1
11 %
9

d) 10

1
%
2

A loss of 5% was suffered by selling a plot for Rs. 4,085. The cost price of the plot was:
a) Rs. 4350
b) Rs. 4259.25
c) Rs. 4200
d) Rs. 4300
3.
A dealer sold a mixer for Rs. 420 at a loss of 12.5%. At what price should he have sold it to gain 12.5%?
a) Rs. 620
b)
Rs. 540
c) Rs. 650
d)
Rs. 750 4. 4.On selling 33m. of cloth, a person gained an amount equivalent to the S.P.
of 11m. of cloth. The profit in the deal is
a) 50%
b) 20%
c) 70%
d) 30%
5.
There are two consecutive discounts of 35% and 10% on a saree. If a person paid Rs. 1170 for that, then what was

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the original price of the saree before the discounts?
a) Rs. 2,000
b) Rs. 1,800
c) Rs. 1,900
d) Rs. 1,700
6.
A dishonest dealer claims to sell his goods at cost price, but he uses a weight of 960 gm for the kg weight. His gain
percent is

7.

a)

4%

c)

1
%
2

b) 4

1
%
6

d) 3

3
%
4

By selling a vehicle for Rs. 36,300, a person gains 21% profit. What was his gain in Rupees?
a) Rs. 3,000
b) Rs. 7,623
c) Rs. 3,600
d) Rs. 6,300
8.
Hameed bought a calculator for Rs. 520 and sold it with 15% profit on the price he bought. At what price did he
sell the calculator?
a) Rs. 598/b) Rs. 542/c) Rs. 528/d) Rs. 780/9.
Ramesh purchased four old cycles at the rate of Rs. 625 for each. He spent Rs. 175 on each cycle for repairing and
painting. At what price should he sell each cycle in order to make 35% profit on the money he spent?
a) Rs. 1,019
b) Rs. 1,000
c) Rs. 1,080
d) Rs. 844
10. Raghu bought 10kg. of sugar at the rate of Rs. 14 per kg and 15kg. of sugar at the rate of Rs. 16 per kg. He mixed
the two varieties and sold the mixture at the rate of Rs. 18 per kg. What was his total gain by doing so?
a) Rs. 50
b) Rs. 70
c) Rs. 40
d) Rs. 80
11. Ravi buys a radio three-fourth of its value and sells it for 20% more than its value. What will be the profit percent?
a) 50%
b) 40%
c) 60%
d) 70%
12. A man buys pencils at 10 for Rs. 3 and sells at 8 for Rs. 3. His gain percent is
a) 20 b) 25
c) 30
d) 27
13. A fruit seller buys lemons at 2 for a rupee and sells them at 5 for three rupees. His gain percent is
a) 10%
b) 15%
c) 20%
d) 12%
14. Toffee are bought at a rate of 8 for one rupee. To gain 60% they must be sold at
a) 6 for Re. 1 b)
5 for Re. 1
c) 9 for Re. 2 d)
24 for Re. 5
15. By selling sugar at Rs. 5.58 per kg. a man loses 7%. To gain 7% it must be sold at the rate of Rs.
a) 5.62 per kg b)
6.42 per kg
c) 7.32 per kg d)
6.62 per kg
16. A tradesman's prices are 20% above C.P. He allows his customers some discount on his bill and makes a profit of
8%. The rate of discount is :
a) 10%
b) 12%
c) 14%
d) 16%
17. An article was sold at a loss of 5%.If it were sold for Rs. 30 more ,the gain would have been 1.25%. The cost price
of the article is
a) Rs. 488
b)
Rs. 480
c) Rs. 460
d)
Rs. 420
18. Anitha sold a painting at a profit of 11%. Had she sold it for Rs.175 more, she would have gained 18%. The C.P
of the painting is
a) Rs. 2250
b) Rs. 2350

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c) Rs. 2500
d) Rs. 2550
19. Pradeep bought a toy with 20% discount on its labelled price. He sold it for Rs. 468 at 4% profit on the labelled
price. At what price did he by the toy ?
a) Rs. 450
b)
Rs. 360
c) Rs. 390
d)
Rs. 380
20. Arun purchased a bag with 25% discount on the labelled price. At what percentage profit on the price he bought
should he sell it to make 20% profit on the labelled price?
a) 60%
b) 40%
c) 45%
d) 50%
21. Nimesh bought a cycle for Rs. 1,850.He spent Rs.380 for buying different accessories. Approximately, at what
price should he sell the cycle to make 20% profit in the transaction?
a)

Rs. 2900

b) Rs. 2676

c)

Rs. 3000

d) Rs. 3125

22. A man buys an article and sells it at a profit of 20%.If he bought at 20%less and sold it for Rs. 75 less, he would have
gained 25%. What is the cost price ?
a)

Rs. 375

b) Rs. 425

c)

Rs. 350

d)Data inadequate

23. A man sells a car to his friend at 10% loss. If the friend sells it for Rs. 54,000 and gains 20%, the C.P. of the car was:
a)

Rs. 25,000

b) Rs. 37,500

c)

Rs. 50,000

d) Rs. 60,000

24. Listed price of an article is Rs. 65. A customer pays Rs. 56.16 for it. He was given two successive discounts. If
the first discount is 10% find the second .
a)

8%

b) 6%

c) 5%

d) 4%

25. A single discount equivalent to a discount series of 20%,10% and 25% is

55%

b) 54%

c)

46%

d) 42%

26. A trader allows two successive discounts of 20% and 10%. if he sells an article for Rs. 108, then the market price
of the article is
a)

Rs. 140

b) Rs. 142

c)

Rs. 148

d) Rs. 150

27. A person bought 20 litres of milk at the rate of Rs. 8 per litre. He got it churned after spending Rs. 10 and got 5 kg.
of cream and 20 litres of toned milk. If he sold the cream at Rs. 30 per kg. and toned milk at Rs. 4 per litre, his profit in the
transaction is
a)

25%

b) 35.3%

c)

37.5%

d) 42%

28. A dishonest dealer sells his goods at the cost price but still earns a profit of 25%. by underweighing. What weight
does he use for a kg ?
a) 750gm.
b) 800gm.
c) 825gm.
d) 825gm.
29. On selling a certain
commodity for Rs 425, there is as much gain as loss on selling it for Rs 355. the C.P of
the commodity
a) Rs. 370
b) Rs. 385
c) Rs. 390
d)
Rs. 400
30. A person bought some oranges @ Rs. 10 per dozen and bought the same number of oranges @ Rs. 8 per dozen. He
sold these oranges @ Rs. 11 per dozen and gained Rs 120. The total number of oranges bought by him was
a) 30 dozen
b) 40 dozen
c) 50 dozen
d) 60 dozen
31. The marked price of a table is Rs 3000 and is available at successive discounts of 20% and 10% respectively. If
there is an additional discount of 5% on cash payment, then what is the cash price of the table?

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a) Rs. 2400
b) Rs. 2052
c) Rs. 2100
d) Rs.1640
32. Ramesh bought 12kg . of sugar at the rate of Rs 9.50 per kg. and 18 kg of sugar at the rate of Rs. 12.50 per kg. He
mixed the two varieties and sold the mixture at the rate of Rs.12.00 per kg. Approximately what was his percentage gain
in this transaction?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 4
d) Data inadequate
33. A shop keeper bought 16 dozen toys at the rate of Rs. 703.20 per dozen. He sold them with 20% profit on the price he
bought. Approximately , at what price did he sell each toy?
a) Rs.70
b) Rs.75
c) Rs. 65
d) Rs.80
34. Prashanth buys mangoes at 3 per kg.for Rs 21 and sells them at 5 kg. for Rs.50. To earn Rs. 102 as profit ,he must
sell
a) 34 kg.
b) 52 kg.
c) 26 kg.
d) 32 kg.
35. A man loses Rs. 50 by selling toys at the rate of Rs 3 per toy but gains Rs .75. If he sells them at Rs 3.25 per toy.
The number of toys sold by him is
a) 500
b) 600
c) 750
d) 1000
36. A radio is sold at a gain of 16%. If it had been bought at 10% less and sold for Rs. 14 less; there would have been
a gain of 25%. The cost price of the radio is
a) Rs. 500
b)
Rs. 375
c) Rs. 400
c)
Rs. 500
37. Price of food grains have risen by 10% and of other items of consumption by 15%. If the ratio of an employee's
expenditure on food grains and other items is 2:5, by how much should his salary be increased so that he may maintain
the same level of consumption as before, assuming that his present salary is Rs. 3500?
a) Rs. 300
b)
Rs. 350
c) Rs. 375
d)
Rs. 475
ANSWERS TO PRACTICE
1.

(c)

2.

(d)

3.

(b)

4.

(a)

5.

(a)

6.

(b)

7.

(d)

8.(a)

9.

(c)

10. (b)

11. (c)

12. (b)

13. (c)

14. (b)

15. (b)

16.(a)

17. (b)

18. (c)

19. (b)

20. (a)

21.(b)

22. (a)

23. (c)

24. (d)

25. (c)

26. (d)

27. (b)

28.(b)

29.(c)

30. (d)

31. (b)

32.(a)

33. (a)

34. (a)

35. (a)

36.(c)

37.(d)