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Branches of Statistics Quantitative and Qualitative Data

Statistics is the practice of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. There are two main branches: descriptive statistics which summarizes data, and inferential statistics which uses samples to describe populations. Data can be quantitative and measured numerically, or qualitative and expressed by categories. Samples are subsets of populations used to make inferences. There are various methods of collecting, sampling, and presenting data including direct interviews, questionnaires, observation, experimentation, probability and non-probability sampling techniques, and tables, graphs, and diagrams.

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Shawnee Paglinawan
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268 views2 pages

Branches of Statistics Quantitative and Qualitative Data

Statistics is the practice of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. There are two main branches: descriptive statistics which summarizes data, and inferential statistics which uses samples to describe populations. Data can be quantitative and measured numerically, or qualitative and expressed by categories. Samples are subsets of populations used to make inferences. There are various methods of collecting, sampling, and presenting data including direct interviews, questionnaires, observation, experimentation, probability and non-probability sampling techniques, and tables, graphs, and diagrams.

Uploaded by

Shawnee Paglinawan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics- Practice of collecting, analyzing and

Parameter- unknown numerical measurement describing

interpreting data.

the characteristics of a population

-Everything that deals even remotely with


the collection, processing, interpretation and presentation

Statistic- known numerical measurement describing the


characteristics of a sample.

of data belongs to the domain of statistics.

Quantitative and Qualitative Data

Branches of Statistics

Quantitative data- all data that is expressed by

a. Descriptive Statistics- provides concise

numbers

summary of data.
- gives information that

summarize data we already have.

or

count)
a. Discrete- countable
b. Continuous- uncountable

describes the data in some manner.


- When you illustrate or

(amount

Qualitative data- all data that is expressed by


quality, characteristics, class or category.

b. Inferential Statistics- uses a random


sample of data taken from a population to
describe and make conclusions about it.
- When we attempt, test

Primary and Secondary Data


Primary Data- original or direct source
Secondary Data- taken from secondary source

or predict about the group we havent


examined directly.

Types of Data (Levels of Measurement)


-methods

for

1. Nominal level- known as categorical or

drawing and measuring the reliability of

qualitative

conclusions about population.

-characterized by data

Sample and Population


Population- complete and entire collection of
elements to be studied [ N ]
Sample- subset of population.
'

that

consist of names, labels

or

categories only.

(e.g.

Sex and
Area Codes)
2. Ordinal level- data that maybe arranged in
some order but differences
between data

values

either

cannot

be

Slovi n s Formula :

determined or meaningless. (e.g. grade level

N
1+ Ne2

and
grading system involving letters)
3. Interval level- help determine meaningful

amounts of differences between


e=margin of error|5 0.05|

data and there is no absolute


zero
degrees)

value

(e.g.

4. Ratio level- zero is an absolute value/ true zero


exists.

e. Multi-staged Random Sampling- using


more than one sampling.
2. Non- Probability Sampling- the sampling is not

Methods of Data Collection

a proportion of the population.

1. Direct method- known as interview method.


-there is the personal presence
of

Types of Non Probability Sampling


a. Quota Sampling- specified number of

interviewer and interviewer.


-most

expensive

way

persons of certain types


b. Convenience Sampling- picking out

of

collecting data
2. Indirect method- known as questionnaire

people in the most convenient and


fastest way to get reactions immediately.
c. Purposive Sampling- based on certain

method.
-most wide used/ cheapest/ can cover

criteria lay down by the researcher.

wide area
3. Registration method- known as documentary
analysis
4. Observation method- can be done if the first
method is not applicable
5. Experimental method- based in facts and
evidences. -to see the cause and effects
Sampling Techniques
1. Probability Sampling- all sample is equally

Presentation of Data
1. Textual Presentation- combines text and figures
in a statistical report.
2. Tabular Presentation- statistical tables present
numerical data in a systematic way
3. Graphical Presentation
a. Bar Graph- x/y coordinate system
b. Pie Graph
c. Pictograph- by pictures or symbols

have a chance to be selected


(sample is
a proportion of the population)
Types of Probability Sampling
a. Simple Random Sampling- everyone in
the population has an equal
chance of being selected.
-Known as lottery sampling
b. Systematic Sampling- every nth name in
the list may be selected.
c. Stratified Sampling- Population is
grouped into more or less
homogeneous classes.
d. Cluster Sampling- grouped into
heterogeneous classes
(Area

Sampling)

Frequency Distribution- arrangement of data into


mutually
showing its

exclusive

frequency

category
in

tabular

form.
Variable- quantity varies from one observation
Constant- quantity does not vary under a given condition
Lower Class Limit- smallest data belongs to the interval
Upper Class Limit- largest value belong to the interval
Class Width- difference between the upper class limit
and lower class limit
Range- difference between highest score and lowest
score
Midpoint- halfway between the class limits
Array- arrangement of data according to magnitude

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