Plumbing Notes 1 PDF
Plumbing Notes 1 PDF
Plumbing Notes 1 PDF
PLUMBING
Plumbing the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing
in the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and
other carried-wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life and property pipes and fixtures after installation
i.e., the plumbing system. (Section 217.6 The Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines 1999)
PLUMBING SYSTEM
Plumbing System includes all potable water supply and distribution pipes, all
plumbing fixtures and traps; all sanitary and storm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof
drains, leaders and downspouts; and all building drains and sewers, including their
respective joints and connections; devices, receptacles, and appurtenances within the
property; water lines in the premises; potable, tap, hot and chilled water piping; potable
water treating or using equipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents for same.
(Section 217.12 NPC 1999)
A Plumbing system, reduced to its simplest terms, consists of a supply pipe
leading to a fixture and a drainpipe taking the used water away from this fixture.
The system constitutes the following:
1. The water supply and water distribution system. Carries water from the water
source, street main or a pump to the building and to various points in the building
at which water is used.
2. The plumbing fixtures. The receptacles that receive the supplied water and allow
the occupants of the building to use the water.
3. The drainage system. The piping network within the building which conveys from
the plumbing fixtures all wastes and fecal matter (sanitary drainage) as well as
rainwater (storm drainage) to a point of disposal or a treatment facility.
THE PLUMBER
The plumber is the one who works or engages in the business of installing in
buildings the pipes fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in the water supply and
removing liquid and waterborne wastes.
There are three categories of plumbers based upon their graces of experiences. They
are:
1. Apprentice plumber- a beginner at the trade who usually serves for 3 to 5 years
as helper to a journeyman.
All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a
supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor
subject to backflow or back- siphonage.
2.
Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water
in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue
noise.
3.
Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of
water consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
4.
Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to
prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.
5.
Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer
shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system.
6.
Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen
type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of
sanitation and personal hygiene.
7.
Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from
concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.
8.
The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to
safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts
so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.
9.
All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-approved materials, free from
defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers
to ensure satisfactory service.
10.
Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped
with a water-sealed trap.
11.
In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government in the City
of Manila. Master Plumber John F. Haas became the first Chief of the Division of
Plumbing Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on the Plumbing
Code of the United States was incorporated into the Building Code for the City of Manila.
Manila City Ordinance 2411, the Plumbing Code of the City of Manila was
enacted and placed under the Department of Public Services, Manila.
In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962 which in June 18,
1955, became R.A. 1378 Plumbing Law of the Philippines upon ratification of
President Ramon Magsaysay.
Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise known as the
Building Code of the Philippines was passed with the National Plumbing Code of
1959 as referral code in full text.
GENERAL
Water plays an important part in the plumbing system. It is a common, but in
many ways, an unusual liquid. Large quantities of water are required in buildings for
personal use, food preparation, cleaning and general domestic purposes, and possibly
also for fire fighting, laundries, swimming pools, irrigation and recreational use.
We sometimes tend to think of water as an inexhaustible natural resource.
However, our supply of fresh water is definitely limited, and improved conservation
practices are necessary if our needs are to be supplied.
THE DEMAND OF WATER
DEMAND
Drinking, Cooking, Dishwashing
Personal Washing and Domestic Cleaning
Laundry
Fire Fighting
Swimming
Boilers and Heating Plants
Irrigation
REQUIREMENT
Must be pure, sterilized and protected from
contamination. Supplies taken direct from
mains or from exclusive storage.
Similar but moderated to allow cold and
hot supplies to be drawn from main
storage tank or cistern via distribution
network.
Generally clean and wholesome, soft and
free form Iron and Manganese staining.
High Pressure. Connections must not
permit contamination of mains water.
Clean, filtered and sterilized with free
chlorine residue for post-sterilization. Can
be recirculated.
Soft treated water, stored and circulated
separate from domestic supplies.
No special requirement, except reasonably
free from solids and slit (result in blocked
Pipes and nozzles) and uudecomposed
material (pollution).
water purification. When water evaporates, only water molecules leave the surfaces;
salts and other solids in solution remain behind. The condensed water is thus purified
water- except in so far as it picks up pollutants in the air. Thus evaporation and
condensation of water vapor are the source of all natural fresh water on earth.
Fresh water from precipitation falling on the ground gradually make its way
through streams, rivers and lakes to oceans or seas as a result. As precipitation hits the
ground, it may follow either of two alternative pathways, which are
10. Polluted Water- water that contains one or more impurities that make the
water unsuitable for a desired use.
11. Gray Water- water drained from lavatories, sink, laundry trays and showers;
contains minor pollutants.
12. Black Water- water drained from water closets and urinals; carries body
wastes and contains major pollutants.
13. Storm Water- rainwater drained from roof gutters and downspouts.
WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND THEIR CORRECTION
PROBLEM
1. Acidity
CAUSE
Contains carbon
dioxide. Cistern and
pond waters
containing decaying
vegetation are likely
to be acidic
EFFECT
Corrosion of nonferrous pipes,
rusting and clogging
of steel pipes.
2. Hardness
Presence of
Magnesium and
Calcium
Clogging of pipes.
Impaired laundering
and food
preparation.
3. Turbidity
Silt or suspended
matters picked up in
surface or near
surface flow.
Presence of Iron
and Manganese
Discoloration and
bad taste.
4. Color
5. Pollution
Contamination by
organic matter or
sewage
CORRECTION
Passing the water
through a bed of
crushed marble or
limestone to
achieve alkalinity, or
adding sodium
silicate.
Introduction of water
softeners made up
of Zeolite (a
greenish granular
material)
Filtration
Discoloration of
Precipitation by
fixtures and Laundry filtration through
manganese zeolite
(oxidizing filter)
Disease
Chlorination
WATER PURIFICATION
Water purification is any method that will remove one or more materials that
make the water unsuitable for a given use. The methods that are commonly used in
water purification are:
1. Settling or Sedimentation
2. Filtration
3. Adsorption/ Flocculation-Coagulation
4. Aeration
5. Distillation
6. Disinfection/ Chlorination
The natural water includes all of these purification methods except disinfection.
Sitting in lakes, ponds, or the oceans, water is subject to settling (sedimentation). As
it percolates through soil or porous rocks, it is filtered (filtration). Soil and humus are
also good chemical adsorbents (coagulation/ flocculation). As water flows down
streams and rivers, detritus is removed by biological oxidation (aeration). As water
evaporates and condenses, it is distilled (distillation).
Thus, numerous freshwater sources might be safe to drink were it no for human
pollution. The most serious threat to human health is contamination with diseasecausing organisms and parasites, which come from the excrements of humans and
their domestic animals. In human settlements, one can see how the organisms may
get into water and be passed onto people before any of the natural purification
processes can work.
THE METROPOLITAN CEBU WATER DISTRICT (MCWD)
The Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD) is the sole commercial provider in
Metro Cebu comprising of four cities and four municipalities. As of year 2000,
MCWD served 40% of the total population of Metro Cebu.
MCWD is primarily tasked to deliver adequate, safe, potable and affordable water to
is conssionares.
MCWD has two sources or its water supply:
1. Ground Water
2. Surface Water
GROUND WATER TREATMENT PRECESS USED BY MCWD
Ground water sources are naturally and presumably purified by a compact thick
filter media layer of ungraded sands, soils and rocks at considerable depth. Hence,
disinfection using Chlorine Gas and other Chlorine Salts is the only treatment process
employed. Here, water that is extracted from their ground through a pumping equipment
is allowed to pass through chlorination facility using chlorine gas to kill any presence of
coliform organisms and other froms of bacteria. Water is the stored in a reservoir ready
for distribution into each concessionaires faucet.
At certain areas in the distribution network, Direct feed pumping stations are
employed to augment the water supply. These are strategically located in different
areas Metro Cebu.
SURFACE WATER BASIC TREATMENT PROCESS EMPLOYED BY MCWD
Runoff or surface water is first stored in dam. From this, water goes through a
series of treatment processes.
The Buhisan Dam (Tisa Filtration)
Buhisan Dam is Cebus first and only dam MCWDs only surface water source. It
supplies the Tisa (Labangon) filter plant with up to 600 cubic meter per hour (600,000
liters per hour or 158,400 gallons per hour) or about an average of 4,000 cubic meter
daily (4 million liters or 1.05 million gallons).
This dam is located in Buhisan, a southern mountain baranggay of Cebu City. This was
designed by 27 year-old Eusebius Julius Halsema. AG and P, the winning bider, asked
Php 463, 628.00 to do the work. On November 10, 1911, the dam was completed and
ready to be filled.
With a height of 27 meters, the concrete dam has a conical arch design which
transfers the stress in the reservoir (caused by water strain) to the sides of the dam
thereby anchoring it firmly in place.
Three 4.5 meter wide flood gates exist for flood control purposes. Its long
concrete spillway allows overflow water to escape safely when the dam gates are
raised.
Two kilometers of raw water main pipes extend from the dam to the distribution
reservoir in Tisa. From the latter, a four kilometer pipeline distributes water to
concessionaires in Cebu City. Another 21 kilometers of pipelines were also laid for
improved water distribution.
Today the almost 100 year old Buhisan Dam is as strong as when it first
operated.
TREATMENT PROCESS
MCWD treats the surface water using the conventional process comprising of the
following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Aeration
Coagulation- Flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection/ Chlorination
1. Aeration- Water is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and absorb
additional oxygen for better taste.
4. Urinal
5. Bidet
6. Bath tub
3. Siphon Vortex
4. Reverse trap
3. Pail Flush
4. Squat bowl
1. ONE-PIECE WATER CLOSET- The water closet fixture is manufactured with the
bowl and the flush tank molded into a single unit. Usually used in tandem with the
bidet.
2. CLOSED COUPLED WATER CLOSET- a water closet where in the flush tank is
separate but is attached to the toilet bowl. It is a two-piece model.
3. PAIL FLUSH WATER CLOSET- a water closet comprising only of a bowl without
a flush tank. Flushing action is obtained only through water poured from a pail or
bucket. This is used in areas where running water systems are not available.
2. FLUSH VALVE- valve designed to supply a fixed quantity of water for flushing
purposes. It is activated by direct water pressure without the use of a flush tank.
It is also known as Flushometer or Flushometer valve. The flush valve requires
10 to 20 psi flow pressure.
2. Elongated Front
1. ROUND FRONT- intended for installation on a limited space.
QUALITY OF FIXTURES
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Dense
Durable
Non-absorbent
Smooth, Impervious Surface
Free form unnecessary concealed fouling surfaces
i.
ii.
VENTILATION OF T &B
i.
ii.
LAVATORY- a fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face. It is also known as
wash basin.
TYPES OF LAVATORY
1. Wall Hung lavatory
2. Pedestal Lavatory
a.
Over Counter
b.
Under counter
ROUGHING-IN OF LAVATORY
Vitreous China
Enameled Cast Iron
Stainless Steel
Plastic
BIDET- a plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body, especially the
genitals. It is also known as the Sitz Bath.
Setting and clearance for bidet shall be the same as in the water closet.
Bidet minimum trap diameter is 38mm and its DFU value is 2.
Size of water supply is 12mm and WSFU is 2 (private) or 4 (public)
BATH TUB- a tube for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing installation designed for one
person. It is available in left outlet and right outlet.
2. Pedestal Urinal
3. Stall Urinal
4. Trough Urinal
Kitchen sink
Scullery sink
Slop Sink
Laundry Tub
Bar sink
38 mm 2 (Private); 4 (Public)
3/4 38 mm 2 (Private); 4 (Public)
38 mm 2 (Private); 10 (Public)
38 mm 2 (Private); 4 (Public)
38 mm 1 (Private); 2 (Public)
DRINKING FOUNTAIN
SHOWER BATH
Size of water supply is 12mm and the WSFU value (each head) is 2 (private
use) or 4 (public use).
Minimum size of vent is 38mm .
FLOOR DRAINS
HOSE BIBB
Size of water supply is 12mm and the WSFU value is 3 (private use) or 5
(public use)
KITCHEN SINK- a plumbing fixtures usually consisting of a basin with a water supply,
connected with a drain.
d. Triple Bowl
e. Corner Sink
SLOP SINK- A deep sink, usually set low and used by janitors for emptying pails
of dirty water and mop cleaning.
DRINKING FOUNTAIN- A fixture consisting of a shallow basin, together with a
water jet designed to provide potable water for human consumption.
LAUNDRY TUB- A deep wide sink or but used for washing clothes. It is also
known as Laundry Tray or Set Tub.
SHOWER BATH- An apparatus for spraying water on the body, usually from
above. Drain is through the shower bath floor drain.
SCRUB SINK- a plumbing fixture usually located in the operating room in a
hospital to enable personnel to scrub their hands prior to a surgical procedure;
the hot and cold water supply is activated by a knee-action mixing valve or by
wrist or pedal control.
2. The dam or threshold shall not be less than 51mm nor more than 228mm in
depth, when measured from the top of the dam or threshold to the top of the
drain.
PLUMBING ACCESSORIES
1. Soap holder
2. Paper holder
3. Toothbrush and tumbler holder
5. Seat Cover
TYPICAL FIXTURE LAYOUT FOR TOILET AND BATH (minimum dimensions)
SOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEM- The piping that conveys the discharge of water
closets or fixtures having similar functions (containing fecal matter), with or
without the discharges from other fixtures.
Within 1.5 m (5) inside the property line before the house sewer
connection
At every 15m (50) to a horizontal run of a soil or waste pipe
e. All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and at a uniform grade of
not less than 2% or 2 cm per meter toward the point of disposal.
f. All horizontal piping shall be supported and anchored at intervals not to exceed 3
meters.
g. Vertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close intervals to keep the pipe in
alignment. Stacks shall be properly supported at their bases.
HOUSE / BUILDING SEWER - extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters
from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street
sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site. No
house/building sewer shall be smaller than 150mm in diameter, nor less in size than the
house/building drain
WASTE PIPE - conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
SOIL PIPE- any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or fixtures
having similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the building
drain or building sewer.
SOIL STACK PIPE- a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and waste water.
VENT PIPE - used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for
relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
VENT STACK- the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to
and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system.
SEPTIC TANK- A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to receive
the discharge of sewage from a building sewer, separate solids from the liquid, digest
organic matter and store digested solids the clarified liquids to discharge for final
disposal.
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM- a septic tank with the effluent discharging
into a subsurface disposal field, seepage pits or of such other facilities or may be
permitted by the plumbing code.
ROOF GUTTER- the water collector at the eaves of the building.
DOWN SPOUT- A vertical pipe which conveys rain water, also known as conductor or
rain water.
STORM DRAIN- Receives storm water , clear, rain or surface-water waste (SD)
CATCH BASIN- A receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period of time
to allow materials to settle to deposit.
TRAP- A fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a
liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially
affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it.
Cast Iron
Malleable
Lead
Brass
Copper
ABS
PVC
Vitrified clay
VENT PIPES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Cast iron
Ductile cast iron
Galvanized steel
Galvanized wrought iron
Lead
Copper
Brass
Schedule 40, ABS, DWV
Series 1000, PVC, DWV
VENT STACKS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Copper
Cast iron
Galvanized wrought iron
PVC
VENT FITTINGS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cast Iron
Galvanized malleable iron
Galvanized steel
Lead
Copper
Brass
ABS
PVC
Cast iron
Galvanized steel
Iron
Brass
Copper
Lead
Sched 40, ABS, DMV
Series 1000, PVC, DWV
1. Cast iron
2. Copper
3. Other corrosion resistant materials
TRAPS (SEC. 1003 NPC 1999)
1. ABS
2. Cast brass
3. Cast iron
4. Lead
5. PVC
Figure 2- The function of the trap and one of the several functions of a vent preventing
siphonage.
LOSS OF TRAP SEAL- This failure can be attributed directly to inadequate ventilation
of the trap and the subsequent minus and plus pressures which occur in the piping
system. See figure 3.
Five (5) Cause of Trap Seal Loss
1. Siphonage- The withdrawal of a liquid from a trap due to a suction caused by liquid flow
in a pipe.
a. Direct Self- siphonage
2. Back Pressure- pressure developed in opposition to the flow of liquid in a pipe due to
friction, gravity or some other restriction to flow of the conveyed fluid. Excessive pressure
at the lowest branch causing trap seal to look for opening.
3. Evaporation- Occurs when a fixture is not used for a long time. A Deep seal is the best
solution but clogs the pipe due to accumulated solid wastes.
5. Wind Effects- strong winds through the vent system forcing water out of the trap
SUPPORTS- are devices for holding and securing pipes and fixtures to walls, ceiling,
floors or structural members. Supports include hangers, anchors, brackets, and cradles.
INDIRECT WASTE PIPING (Section 810 NPC 1999)
The drains of the following equipments shall not be directly connected to any soil,
waste and vent pipes.
1. Evaporative cooler
2. Air Washer
3. Air Conditioner
4. Cold Storage Room
5. Refrigerator
6. Cooling Counter
7. Food and Drinks Storage
8. Culinary/ Dishwashing Sink for food preparation Room
Cooling and air conditioning equipments may be separated by an *airbreak.
Food equipments shall be separated from the drainage system by a full *airgap.
*Airbreak- a physical separation, which may be a low inlet into the indirect waste
receptor from the fixture, appliance or device indirectly connected, at least 25mm.
*Airgap, drainage.- the unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere
between the lowest opening from any pipe, plumbing fixture, appliance or appurtenance
conveying waste to the flood level rim of the receptor.
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
DIMENSIONS
(mm)
LxWxH
279 x 216
301 x 203
330 x 241
356 x 279
381 x 305 x 283
406 x 356 x 298
470 x 400 x 302
629 x 495 x 381
699 x 429 x 441
762 x 470 x 470
832 x 502 x 518
873 x 559 x 584
902 x 724 x 890
1083 x 851 x 953
1248 x 1016 x 1006
1422 x 1054 x 1029
1549 x 1105 x 1156
1800 x 1308 x 1270
2029 x 1486 x 1416
FLOW RATE
GPM
LPS
51
2
0.13
51
3
0.19
51
4
0.25
51
5
0.32
51
7
0.44
51
10
0.63
51
15
0.95
51
20
1.26
76
25
1.8
76
35
2.21
76
50-55
3.15
76 House Trap-75
4.73
a device
76 installed to prevent
95
6.00
76 circulation of100
air between the6.31
76 drainage of the
125building and 7.89
102 the building sewer.
150
9.46
102
200
12.62
102-127
250
15.77
127-152
300
18.93
Note: Minimum height of 89mm required from cover of grease trap to bottom of fixtures
served.
Source: Metma Trading and Industrial corporation
CAT. No. 1005
POT. No. 24187
NOTE:
1 Cubic meter= 264 gallons
WHERE:
C= size of grease interceptors (liquid capacity)
M= Number of meals served at peak hour
R= Waste flow rate;
With dishwashing machine
Without dishwashing machine
Single service kitchen
Food waste disposer
Hospital kitchen
F= Storage Factors
Fully equipped commercial kitchen
8 hour operation: 1
18 hour operation: 2
24 hour operation: 3
Single service kitchen: 1.5
SAMPLE PROBLEM;
Determine the capacity and volume of the grease trap for a canteen that serves
an average of 50 meals a day that is open from 11:00 am to 7:00pm.
SOLUTION: S= M x W x R x F = 50 x 5 x 2.5 x 1
S= ?
= 625 gallons
M= 50 meals
W=5 cal/ meal/ day
R= 2.5 hours
F= 1
Solve for volume of grease trap (V) m3 (cubic meter)
V= 625/ 264 = 2.37 cubic meter volume of grease trap
OTHER METHODS USED FOR SIZING THE GREASE INTERCEPTOR
C = 0.09 (K x N x H x G x S)
Where:
C= Liquid capacity
K= Facility access coefficient
= 1.25 for freeways
= 1.00 for recreation areas
= 0.80 for main highways
= 0.5 for lesser roads
N= number of seats (use fractional value if occupancy is rarely full)
H= Number of hours per day of operation
G= Waste flow rate (general value is 4.5 Gals)
S= Sewage capacity factor
= 1.7 for outflow to public sewer
= 2.5 for outflow to opposite disposal
For grease traps that serve scheduled meals to a specific number of occupants
as in hospitals , nursing homes and schools;
C= 0.14 (M x G x S)
Where;
M= number of scheduled meals served per day; 1, 2 or 3
TYPES OF VENTS
1. Main soil and waste vent
2. Main vent
3. Individual vent or back vent
4. Unit vent
5. Circuit vent or loop vent
6. Relief vent
7. Yoke vent
8. Wet vent
9. Looped vent
10. Utility vent
Circuit vent or loop vent. The portion of the drainage system which ventilates two or
more fixture traps that discharge into a soil or waste branch.
SOIL
PERCOLATION
RATE (25mm) (1)
1 minute
APPLICATION RATE
(GPD/ SQ. METER)
2 minutes
46.22
34.40
10
24.73
15
19.35
20
16.12
30
45
60
57.00
Relief Vent. The portion of the vent pipe installation that permits additional circulation of air
around the drainage pipes to eliminate back pressure and retardation of waste flow.