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Hand-Out in Statistics Statistics

Statistics involves collecting and analyzing data to study uncertain phenomena. It provides methods for designing studies, summarizing and exploring data, and making predictions based on samples. Descriptive statistics organize and summarize sample data using tables, graphs and measures. Inferential statistics draw conclusions about populations from samples using techniques like estimation and hypothesis testing based on probability. Both descriptive and inferential statistics are used together in the statistical analysis process to investigate research problems.

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Raidis Dela Cruz
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55 views4 pages

Hand-Out in Statistics Statistics

Statistics involves collecting and analyzing data to study uncertain phenomena. It provides methods for designing studies, summarizing and exploring data, and making predictions based on samples. Descriptive statistics organize and summarize sample data using tables, graphs and measures. Inferential statistics draw conclusions about populations from samples using techniques like estimation and hypothesis testing based on probability. Both descriptive and inferential statistics are used together in the statistical analysis process to investigate research problems.

Uploaded by

Raidis Dela Cruz
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HAND-OUT IN STATISTICS

Statistics
consists of a body of methods for collecting and analyzing data.
is the science of dealing with uncertain phenomenon and events.
in practice is applied successfully to study the effectiveness of medical treatments, the
reaction of consumers to television advertising, the attitudes of young people toward sex
and marriage, and much more.
Statistical methods can be used to find answers to the questions like:
What kind and how much data need to be collected?
How should we organize and summarize the data?
How can we analyse the data and draw conclusions from it?
How can we assess the strength of the conclusions and evaluate their uncertainty?
Statistics provides methods for
1. Design: Planning and carrying out research studies.
2. Description: Summarizing and exploring data.
3. Inference: Making predictions and generalizing about phenomena represented
by the data.
Statistics in practice. Consider the following problems:
agricultural problem: Is new grain seed or fertilizer more productive?
medical problem: What is the right amount of dosage of drug to treatment?
political science: How accurate are the gallups and opinion polls?
economics: What will be the unemployment rate next year?
technical problem: How to improve quality of product?
Population
is the collection of all individuals or items under consideration in a statistical study.
For example:
The students of the University of Tampere, The books in a library.
Sample
is that part of the population from which information is collected.

Sampling unit
the source of each measurement
Two major types of statistics

1. Descriptive statistics
o consist of methods for organizing and summarizing information
o includes the construction of graphs, charts, and tables, and the calculation of
various descriptive measures such as averages, measures of variation, and
percentiles
2. Inferential statistics
o consist of methods for drawing and measuring the reliability of conclusions about
population based on information obtained from a sample of the population.
o includes methods like point estimation, interval estimation and hypothesis testing
which are all based on probability theory
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Consider event of tossing dice. The dice is rolled 100 times and the results are forming
the sample data. Descriptive statistics is used to grouping the sample data to the
following table

Descriptive and inferential statistics are interrelated.


It is almost always necessary to use methods of descriptive statistics to organize and
summarize the information obtained from a sample before methods of inferential
statistics can be used to make more thorough analysis of the subject under investigation.
Parameters and Statistics
Parameters
o is an unknown numerical summary of the population.
Statistic
o is a known numerical summary of the sample which can be used to make inference
about parameters.
Consider the research problem of finding out what percentage of 18-30 year-olds are going to
movies at least once a month.
Parameter
The proportion p of 18-30 year-olds going to movies at least once a month.
Statistic
The proportion p of 18-30 year-olds going to movies at least once a month calculated
from the sample of 18-30 year-olds.
Statistical data analysis
Any data analysis should contain following steps:

Variables and organization of the data


Variable
o A characteristic that varies from one person or thing to another
2 types of variables:
1. Quantitative (or numerical) variables
o yield numerical measurements
eg: height, weight, number of siblings
Quantitative variables can be classified as either discrete or continuous
Discrete variables
o is a variable whose possible values are some or all of the ordinary counting
numbers like 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . .
eg: numbers of children in family, the numbers of car accident on the
certain road on different days, or the numbers of students taking
basics of statistics course
Continuous variables
o Quantities such as length, weight, or temperature can in principle be measured
arbitrarily accurately.
o Weight may be measured to the nearest gram, but it could be measured more
accurately, say to the tenth of a gram.
2. Qualitative (or categorical) variables
o yield non-numerical measurements
eg: sex, marital status, eye color
Scales
gives certain structure to the variable
defines the meaning of the variable
Scales for Qualitative Variables

Nominal scale
categories have no natural ordering
Ordinal scale
categories can be put in order
eg: -education (classified e.g. as low, high)
-"strength of opinion" on some proposal (classified according to whether the
individual favors the proposal,is indifferent towards it, or opposites it),
-position at the end of race (first,second, etc.)
Scales for Quantitative Variables
Interval scale
can compare the differences between measurements of the variable
meaningfully, but not the ratio of the measurements
eg: temperature measured on the Certigrade system
Ratio scale
can compare both the differences between measurements of the variable and the ratio
of the measurements meaningfully
is an interval scale with a meaningful absolute zero point
eg: the height of person

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