VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603 203

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT CODE: CE6503

SUBJECT NAME: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING I

YEAR: III
SEM : V

QUESTION BANK
(As per Anna University 2013 Regulation)

UNIT 1- PLANNING FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Public water supply system -Planning - Objectives -Design period - Population forecasting Water demand -Sources of water and their characteristics -Surface and GroundwaterImpounding Reservoir Well hydraulics -Development and selection of source - Water quality Characterization and standards- Impact of climate change.

PART A
1.

What are the components of water supply (scheme) system?

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2.

List out the various water demand encountered in society.

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3.

Define design period.

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4.

Name the drinking quality standards for any four physic-chemical parameters.

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5.

How to determine the storage need for an impounding reservoir?

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6.

Quote the objectives of Public water supply scheme.

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7.

Distinguish between Shallow and deep well.

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8.

List out the various sources of water.

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9.

Predict the factors influencing design period.

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10.

Distinguish carbonate and non-carbonate hardness.

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11.

Illustrate the factors affecting per capita water demand.

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12.

Rainwater harvesting is the need of the hour-Examine.

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13.

Examine various methods by which ground water recharge is accomplished.

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14.

Analyze the purposes of carrying out water quality characterization.

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15.

What do you infer from the term per capita demand?

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16.

Explain the factors influencing the design period.

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Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

17.
18.
19.

20.

Write the maximum acceptable limit of the following for the public drinking

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water .(a) Colour (b)pH (c) Chlorides (d) Sulphates

Design the main objectives of treating water.

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Recommend acceptable quality standards as per BIS 10500 : 1983 for fluride

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and nitrates
Summarize assumptions in an incremental increase method to forecast

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population.

PART B
1.

(i) Describe a few lines about water demand.

(6)

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(ii) In two periods each of 20 years a city has grown from 50000 to 110000 and
160000. Tell the population expected in the next 20 years and also the saturation
population.
2.

(10)

Identify the daily water demand of the city in 2031, if the per capita water

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demand is 135 Lpcd and the city population records is as given below.

3.

Census year

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

Population

25000

52000

94000

164000

247000

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The population of a town as per census records is given below. Calculate the
population in the year 2020 and 2035 using arithmetical increase method and
incremental increase method. Estimate the water demand at 135 LPCD for the
year 2035.

4.

5.

Census year

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

Population

39250

54390

68010

83630

99850

(i) Describe the factors to be considered in fixing the design period for water BT-2
supply components

(8)

(ii) Discuss about the drinking water quality standards as per BIS.

(8)

The population of a town as per past census records are furnished below. Predict

Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

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the population in the year 2031 and 2041 using the following methods:
(i) Arithmetical increase method

(5)

(ii) Geometrical increase method

(5)

(iii) Incremental increase method

(6)

Census
year

1941

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

Population 44642 50487 56816 63859 71458 78543 88131 100290

6.

The population of a town panchayat as per past census records are furnished

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below. Calculate the population in the year 2031 and 2041 using the following
methods.
(i) Arithmetical increase method

(5)

(ii) Geometrical increase method

(6)

(iii) Incremental increase method

(5)

Census
1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
year
Population 35642 39487 46816 57859 70458 78543 92131 116500
7.

The population of a town as per part census records is given below for the years

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1951 to 2001. Calculate the population in the years 2026 and 2041 respectively
using the following methods.

8.

(i) Arithmetical increase method

(5)

(ii) Geometrical increase method

(6)

(iii) Incremental increase method

(5)

Census year

1951

1961

1971

1981

Population

44487

62356

78538

98861

1991

2001

117545 133582

Describe the different sources of water and their characteristics with respect to

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Turbidity, Hardness, Chloride and Microbiology.

9.

(i) Classify the different types of springs

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(ii)With neat sketch, explain how water is drawn from infiltration galleries.

Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

(10)

10.

Explain the laboratory procedure to determine the chlorides, turbidity, sulphates

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and odour.
11.

(i) Prepare a list of factors which are to be considered in the selection of source

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for a water supply scheme? How does the quality of ground water differ from
surface water?

(8)

(ii) Write the following:

12.

(a) Role of environmental engineers in water supply projects.

(4)

(b) Sustainable development

(4)

Summarize various sources of water and give a brief account of the characteristics BT-2
of water and state their environmental significance.

13.

Explain the different methods used for prediction of future population of a city,

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with reference to the design of a water supply system.

14.

(i)Present and past populations 20 years and 40 years back for a town are 292000,

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172000 and 30000 respectively. Assess the population expected after 40 years
using logistic curve method.

(8)

(ii) Explain the factors that affect the rate of water demand.

(8)

UNIT II- CONVEYANCE SYSTEM

Water supply -intake structures -Functions and drawings -Pipes and conduits for water- Pipe
materials - Hydraulics of flow in pipes -Transmission main design -Laying, jointing and testing
of pipes - Drawings appurtenances - Types and capacity of pumps -Selection of pumps and pipe
materials.

PART A
1.

Define pipe appurtenances and identify their role.

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2.

How do you select pipe material for water supply scheme?

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3.

Define intake.

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4.

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5.

What is the role of intake structure in water supply scheme?

Label any two line diagrams of joints in pipe lines.

6.

List out any two appurtenances in water conveyance system.

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Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

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7.

Distinguish between unit operation and unit process.

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8.

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9.

Discuss about economic diameter of pumping main

Differentiate system curve and pump curve

10.

Predict the factors controlling the choice of materials for water conduits.

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11.

Show the properties of ductile iron pipe

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12.

13.

14.

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How will you calculate total head in the design of pumps for water supply
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schemes?
Calculate the head loss in a C.I transmission main 300mm in diameter and

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2km in length with C=100, when it carries a flow of 10m3/min.

Compare the advantages of pressure conduits over gravity conduits.Explain

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about alidade and its uses.

15.

Classify the types of intake according to their position.

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16.

Compare the advantages of DI pipe over CI pipe

What are the external forces acting on water transmission main if the pipe is

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17.

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laid under heavy traffic?

18.

Write down the formulae to find out head loss caused by pipe friction.

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19.

Recommend different pipe materials which are used for water conveyance.

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20.

Summarize the situation in which pumps will be connected in (a) series (b)
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parallel.

PART B
1.

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(i) List the factors to be considered in the selection of pipe material for water
transmission and describe it briefly.

(8)

(ii) Describe the various joints used in the pipeline construction.

(8)

2.

What are the different types of pipe materials used in the water transmission?

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3.

(i) List out the important considerations which govern the selection of site of an

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4.

intake structure?

(8)

(ii) Describe the salient features of river intake with the aid of a neat sketch.

(8)

What are the basic requirements of a pipe joint? Describe the various pipe joints
with neat sketches.

Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

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5.

Summarize few lines about the functioning of a jet pump with a neat sketch.

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6.

Discuss about the wet and dry intake tower to draw water from the reservoir.

7.

In a water supply scheme to be designed for serving a population of 12 lakhs, the

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storage reservoir is situated at 9 km away from the city and the loss of head from
the source to city is 19.5 m. Calculate the size of the supply main by using DarcyWeisbach formula as well as by using Hazens formula assuming a maximum
daily demand of 150 Lpcd and 2/3 of the daily supply to be pumped in 10 hours.
Assume friction factor (4f) for the pipe material as 0.005 in Weishbach formula
and CH =110 in Hazens formula.
8.

Illustrate the different types of pipe appurtenances used in water supply project.

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9.

How to select pumps and pipe materials for water supply systems? Explain in

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detail.
10.

Classify the different types of intakes based on source and also explain with a

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neat sketch.
11.

Explain the different types of pumps used in water supplier with a neat sketch.

12.

(i) Prepare the key features of testing and laying of pipeline.

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(8)

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(ii)Quantity of water required by a town is 20,000m /day. The pumps are working
against a total head of 40m, for 8 hours. Total length of the main is 20km, f =
0.075. Design the size of the main using Darcy-Weisbach formula. Assume any
other data required.
13

(8)

Discuss the factors which are required to be considered in the selection of the

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type of a pump.
14.

(i) Explain the factors that influence the decision on the type of joints.

(10)

(ii) Summarize few lines on pumps which are used in water supplier.

(6)

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UNIT 3- WATER TREATMENT

Objectives - Unit operations and processes - Principles, functions design and drawing of
Chemical feeding, Flash mixers, flocculators, sedimentation tanks and sand filters - DisinfectionResidue Management - Construction and Operation & Maintenance aspects of Water Treatment
Plants.
Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)
Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

PART A
1.

Give the design criteria for flash mixer and state its use in water supply
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scheme

2.

Define: Detention time and surface over flow rate for a sedimentation tank

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3.

List out advantages of rapid sand filter

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4.

Identify the advantages of chlorine as disinfectant.

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5.

How to manage the residue in water treatment plant?

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6.

Examine significance of velocity gradient in flash mixer.

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7.

Differences between unit operations and unit process.

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8.

Differentiate between sterilisation and disinfection.

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9.

Discuss significance of velocity gradient in flocculator design

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10.

Describe the tests to be done to find the residual chlorine in water.

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11.

Illustrate the mechanism of disinfection process

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12.

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13.

Discover the factors does the dose of coagulants depends.

Show the layout plan of water treatment plan.

14.

Compare the objectives of Screen chamber and Grit chamber.

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15.

Explain the factors influencing settling of discrete particles.

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16.

Classify fileter into different categories.

Explain the term coagulation.

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Rewrite stokes equation for finding settling velocity of particles.

Recommend various processes required to remove the various types of

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17.
18.
19.
20.

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impurities.
Summarize about break point chlorination.

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PART B
1.

(i)Draw and label the parts of the rectangular sedimentation tank

(Longitudinal section) indicating the various zones.

(8)

(ii)The following data are corresponding to a clariflocculator, identify the

volume of the flocculation and its diameter.
Detention time = 30 min, Depth = 3 m, Outer diameter of the inlet shaft = 0.9
Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)
Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

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m, Water to be treated = 10 ML/d.

2.

3.

(8)

(i) Identify the size of a Flocculator and Clarifier to treat 1 million litres of
water per day.

(8)

(ii) Explain conventional method used to disinfect water.

(8)

What is disinfection? What are the factors affecting disinfection? Explain the

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chlorination process.
4.

Show the design of a slow sand filer for a town of population 60000 persons,

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provided water supply rate 160 lpcd. Take filtration rate as 2.5 litres per
minute, m2,, L/B ratio as 2, maximum demand as 1.8 times average demand.
5.

Estimate the alum and quick lime requirements with reactions involved to

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treat 2 ML/d of water with raw water alkalinity of 9 mg/L as CaCO3 if the
alum dosage adopted was 40 mg/L. (purity of quicklime 80%)
6.

(i) Estimate the settling velocity of a particle of 0.06 mm diameter having

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specific gravity of 2.65 in temperature of 20C. The kinematic viscosity of =

1.007 x 10-6 m2/ sec.
(ii) Estimate and design a slow sand filer for a town of population 60000
persons, provided water supply rate 160 lpcd. Take filtration rate as 2.5 litres
per minute, m2, L/B ratio as 2, maximum demand as 1.8 times average
demand.
7.

Estimate the volume of a clariflocculator for a proposed water treatment plant

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with a capacity of 80 ML/d and draw a neat sketch of the unit.

8.

Show the design of a sedimentation tank for water treatment plant to treat 8

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MLD of water. Assume a surface loading rate of 30 m3/m2/day. Check the

adequacy of detention time. Draw the plan of the water treatment plant.
9.

(i) Calculate the average chlorine required per day to treat 150 MLD of water.

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Also calculate the storage required for 60 days. Assume an average chlorine
dosage of 5mg/l.

(4)

(ii) Illustrate the various unit operations and unit processes involved in water
treatment.
10.

(12)

(i) Explain the sedimentation by coagulation process using alum and state the
merits and demerits of using alum.

Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

(8)
Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

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(ii) What are the methods of disinfection and state the quality requirements of
a disinfectant?
11.

12.

(8)

(i) Design a flash mixer for a proposed water treatment plant with a capacity
of 25 ML/d and draw a neat sketch of the unit.

(8)

(ii) Write short notes on Break Point Chlorination.

(8)

A new township is to have a population of 6,00,000 and 90 Lpcd of water

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supply. Analyse and design a rapid sand filter unit with details of under
drainage and water washing including gutter arrangement. Limit the
maximum spent backwash water as 3.5%.
13.

Explain the mechanism of sand filtration. Draw a neat sketch of rapid sand

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filter unit (cross section) and explain the working principle.

14.

(i) Calculate the average chlorine required per day to treat 150 MLD of water.

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Also calculate the storage required for 60 days. Assume an average chlorine
dosage of 5mg/l.

(4)

(ii) Illustrate the various unit operations and unit processes involved in water
treatment.

(12)

UNIT 4- ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT

Principles and functions of Aeration - Iron and manganese removal, Defluoridation and
demineralization -Water softening - Desalination - Membrane Systems - Recent advances.

PART A
1.

Define reverse osmosis.

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2.

List out the types of aerators used in water treatment.

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3.

Quote the principle of desalination of water.

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4.

What is meant by adsorption isotherm?

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5.

List any four effects of hardness in water.

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6.

How do you regenerate softener?

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7.

Distinguish between physical adsorption and chemical adsorption.

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8.

Differentiate between demineralization and desalination.

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Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

9.

Describe about the term water softening.

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10.

Predict the pollutants get removed in an aerator.

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11.

Examine how to protect water treatment plant from corrosion.

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12.

Show the methods of removing temporary and permanent hardness.

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13.

Examine how to remove iron and manganese from water.

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14.

Explain the maintenance aspects for water treatment plant.

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15.

Explain the term desalination.

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16.

Summarize the methods of deflouridation.

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17.
18.

Generalize the functions aeration.

Rewrite the maximum permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water.

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19.

Recommend any four methods of desalination process.

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20.

Recommend the unit process applied to remove iron and manganese from

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water.

PART B
1.

Describe the various methods of removing excess iron and manganese from

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groundwater.
2.

(i) What do you understand by a trickling filer? Describe with the help of a

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neat sketch the biological process involved in working of a trickling filter. (10)
(ii)Describe about skimming tank.
3.

(6)

(i) What are the effects of excess concentration of Fluoride in water and list the
methods available for defluoridation and explain any one of them.

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(10)

(ii)Describe the process of iron removal from water for small communities.(6)
4.

What are aerators? List out the different types of aerators with neat sketches.

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5.

Estimate the volumes of cation and anion exchanger beds to demineralize 0.35

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ML/d water that has the following chemical quality.

Cations
Ca2+ =30 mg/L
Mg2+ = 5 mg/L
Na+ = 25 mg/L
K+ = 10 mg/L

Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Anions
HCO3- =50 mg/L
SO42- = 45 mg/L
Cl- = 45 mg/L
NO3- = 10 mg/L

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

The ion exchange capacities of cation and anion exchange resins are 70,000
and 40,000 g CaCO3/m3 cycle, respectively. Also, estimate the required
quantities of regeneration chemicals. The regeneration cycle is once per day.
6.

(i) Describe the types of hardness present in water

(8)

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(ii)Discuss about the Ion exchange method of water softening with a sketch.
(8)
7.

Classify the methods of removing temporary and permanent hardness from

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water.
8.

Illustrate a schematic diagram of a DM plant abd explain the mechanism of

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cations as well as anions removal. Also, briefly outline the design procedure.
9.

Explain the zeolite process for the removal of permanent hardness from water.

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10.

Write in detail about the functions of aerators.

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11.

Design a zeolite softener for an industrial establishment working for 2 shifts of

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8 hours each for the following data and draw a neat sketch of the unit.
(i) Soft water requirement

= 2.5 ML/d in 16 hours

(ii) Raw water hardness

= 800 mg/L as CaCo3

(iii) Product water hardness

=50 mg/L as CaCo3

(iv) Exchange capacity of the resin = 35 kg (CaCO3)/m3

(v) Salt required for regeneration = 50 kg (NaCL)/m3 of resin.
12.

13.

Discuss about

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(i) Membrane process

(8)

(ii) Desalination process

(8)

Explain the activated carbon treatments and pollutants removed and

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advantages of the process.

14.

Explain the techniques involved in defluoridation.

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UNIT 5- WATER DISTRIBUTION AND SUPPLY TO BUILDINGS

Requirements of water distribution -Components -Service reservoirs -Functions and drawings Network design -Economics -Computer applications -Analysis of distribution networks Appurtenances -operation and maintenance -Leak detection, Methods. Principles of design of

Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

water supply in buildings -House service connection -Fixtures and fittings -Systems of plumbing
and drawings of types of plumbing.

PART A
1.

What is an equivalent pipe?

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2.

Define an equivalent pipe.

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3.

List the layouts of water distribution system.

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4.

List out the components of a service connection pipe.

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5.

What are the requirements of water distribution system.

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6.

Name the appurtenances used in water distribution system.

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7.

Describe about air valves. Mention the different types of air valves.

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8.

Extend few lines on ferrule in water service connection.

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9.

Predict the factors which control water supply to buildings.

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10.

Discuss the term sanitary fitting.

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11.

Illustrate few lines on hydraulically balanced network.

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12.

Examine the prime functions of service reservoirs.

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13.

Illustrate the methods of distribution of water.

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14.

Analyse how to identify leakage in pipe lines.

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15.

Compare gravity system of distribution and pumping system of distribution.

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16.

Explain Hardy Cross method of pipe network analysis.

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17.

Rewrite anyone of the empirical formula to relate pressure to height in

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distribution system.

18.

Invent the methods of leak detection in water distribution system.

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19.

Summarize the advantages of steel pipes in water supply project.

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20.

Summarize the role of computer application in water supply system.

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Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

PART B
1.

Identify the flow in each pipe in the loop shown in fig. use Hardy cross method

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for analyzing the loop. Consider CH as 110 for all pipes.

Q = 30 m3/min

L = 500 m

L = 550 m

500 mm dia

Q = 10 m3/min

L = 550 m

400 mm dia

400 mm dia

500 mm dia

Q = 11 m3/min

2.

Q = 9 m3/min

L = 500 m

What are the functions of service reservoir? Briefly outline the design aspects

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of service reservoir.
3.

Draw a sketch and label the parts of a water supply service connection from

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the street main to a residential building and state the functions of each fitting.
4.

What is the role of computer applications in the water distribution system and

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explain how to maintain the drinking water pipeline system.

5.

Discuss the various possible water distribution arrangements in multistorey

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buildings.
6.

Discuss with neat sketches the various types of layout of distribution system

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and state their advantages and disadvantages.

7.

Calculate the equivalent pipe AD for the network ABCD shown in Fig. by
equivalent pipe method.

400 m ,
40 cm

D
300 m ,
20 cm

300 m ,
30 cm

8.

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400 m ,
25 cm

Classify the different plumbing systems with neat sketches. Also compare

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them for their cost, efficiency, easiness, etc.

9.

Explain the one and two pipe system of plumbing and state the conditions

Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

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under which they are adopted?

10.

Explain the different plumbing systems with neat sketches. Also compare them

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for their cost, efficiency, easiness, etc.

11.

(i) Prepare general design guidelines for a water distribution system.

(8)

(ii)Prepare notes on the house service connection with a sketch.

(8)

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12.

Explain about appurtenances, fixtures and fittings.

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13.

Summarize few lines about leak detection and explain its methods. How to

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maintain the drinking water pipe line system.

14.

With neat sketch, explain the components of house water connection.

Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

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Part-A

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6

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4

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3

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3

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2

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2

Total
Question
20

Part-B

14

Part-A

20

Part-B

14

Part-A

20

Part-B

14

Part-A

20

Part-B

14

Part-A

20

Part-B

14

S.no Subject
1

Unit-1

Unit-2

Unit-3

Unit-4

Unit-5

G.GEETHA

S.K.DIVYA

Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

S.SREELEKHA

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)

Prepared By Ms.G.GEETHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.SREELEKHA, M.E/A.P (O.G)

Ms.S.K.DIVYA , M.E/A.P (O.G)