'\

CONTENTS

Part
I

Page

1.

Special Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.

Special Products and Factors....................................................

3.

The Binomial Formula and Binomial Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.

Geometric Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.

Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

6.

Complex Numbers....

7.

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

8.

Hyperbolic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

9.

Solutions of Algebraic Equations ..

. .. .. ..

. .. ....... .
.

.. . . ..... . . 21
.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

... ..
.

... . .

.. . .
.

32

10.

Formulas from Plane Analytic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

11.

Special Plane Curves . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

12.

Formulas from Solid Analytic Geometry

13.

Derivatives

14.

Indefinite Integrals . .

15.

Definite Integrals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

16.

The Gamma Function

17.

The Beta Function .

18.

Basic Differential Equations and Solutions .. . .. . . . ..

19.

Series of Constants .

20.

Taylor Series

21.

Bernoulli and Euler Numbers

22.

Formulas from Vector Analysis

23.

Fourier Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

24.

Bessel Functions

25.

Legendre Functions . . .

26.

Associated Legendre Functions .. .. .. .. .. . .. .

27.

Hermite Polynomials

28.

Laguerre Polynomials

29.

Associated Laguerre Polynomials .. . ..

30.

Chebyshev Polynomials

..

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

. .
.

. .
.

. .. .

..
.

...

..

.. .
.

. .
.

.. .. . .... .
.

... . .
.

. ......
.

.
.

. ..
.

.
.

.
.

...

. .
.

.... .. . .
.

. ...
.

. ..
.

. .

. ...
.

..

.. . ..
.

..

. .. ..
.

...

. . .. .
.

..

..

103

104

107

..
..
.

. . ..

. .
.

57

114

. .. . . . 116
.

53

. . .

. .. ..
.

. .. 101

. . ..

. .

. . . .
.

. . .. .. 110

. . ..

. . . ..

. .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. .

. .. .
.

... .. . .. . .... .. .. . . . .
.

. .

... . . .. . . ..

. . ..
.

. ... .. ..... . ..... .

.. . . . .

. . . . ..
.

. .. . ..

. . ..
.

... . ..

..

. ... .

..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

. . .. . .. . .. . .

. .

.. .. . . . .

..
.

..
.

136

146

149

151

. 153

. . 155
.

. . 157

CON TEN T S

Page

31.

Hypergeometric Functions

32.

Laplace Transforms

33.

Fourier Transforms

34.

Elliptic Functions

35.

Miscellaneous Special Functions

36.

Inequalities

37.

Partial Fraction Expansions

38.

Infinite Products

39.

Probability Distributions

40.

Special Moments of Inertia

41.

Conversion Factors

160

161

174

179

183

185

187

188

189

190

192

. . . ... ...
TABLE. S

Part

II

Sample problems illustrating use of the tables

Four Place Common Logarithms

2.

Four Place Common Antilogarithms

3.

Sin x (xin degrees and minutes)

4.

Cos x (xin degrees and minutes)

5.

Tan x (xin degrees and minutes)

6.

Cot x (xin degrees and minutes)

7.

Sec x (xin degrees and minutes)

8.

Csc x (xin degrees and minutes)

9.

Natural Trigonometric Functions (in radians)

..

1.

. .

..

..

194

202

204

208

209

..

.
.

.206

.207

211

212

216

218

220

..

..

Exponential functions

17.

Exponential functions

..

....

..

16.

Hyperbolic functions tanh x

Conversion of degrees, minutes and seconds to radians

1 8c.

Natural or Napierian Logarithms log. x or In x

18b. Hyperbolic functions cosh x

14.

18a. Hyperbolic functions sinh x

15.

e-x .

Conversion of radians to degrees, minutes and seconds

or fractions of a degree
.
.

13.

log tan x (xin degrees and minutes)

ex

12.

log cos x (xin degrees and minutes)

11.

log sin x (xin degrees and minutes)

10.

..

.. .
.

..

..

.
.

. 210

. 222
.

223

224
227

..

.
.

. . . . . ..
..

.. .

.226
228
230
232

CON T E N T S

Page

1 9.

Factorial n

20.

Gamma Function . . .

21.

Binomial Coefficients .

22.

Squares, Cubes, Roots and Reciprocals

23.

Compound Amount: (1 + 1)n

.. ..

234

234

. ....

236

,,. . . .. . .. . ........... . .... . . . . .... . ..238

..

. .

..

Present Value of an Amount:

25.

Amount of an Annuity: (1

26.

Present Value of an Annuity: 1 - (1

27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.

Bessel functions Jo(x)

r- 1

..

/ r)-n

240

241

242

243

244

244

245

245

246

246

247

247

248

248

249

249

Values for Approximate Zeros of Bessel Functions

250

251

Bessel functions J 1(x)

Bessel functions Yo(x)

Bessel functions Y1(x)

Bessel functions Io(x)

Bessel functions /l(x)

Bessel functions Ko(x)

Bessel functions K1(x)

Bessel functions Ber (x)

Bessel functions Bei (x)

38.

Bessel functions Kei (x) . .

40.

Exponential, Sine and Cosine Integrals

41.

Legendre Polynomials Pn(x)

43.

Bessel functions Ker (x)

42.

37.
39.

)-n

24.

(1

Legendre Polynomials Pn(cos 8)

.
.

252

253

254

255

255

256

Areas under the Standard Normal Curve

48.

Percentile Values for Student's t Distribution

49.

Percentile Values for the Chi Square Distribution

SO.

95th Percentile Values for the F Distribution

.

Index of Special Symbols and Notations

Index

..
.

..

257

258

259

260

Random Numbers

52.

99th Percentile Values for the F Distribution

.

51.

47.

Ordinates of the Standard Normal Curve

46.

Incomplete Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind

45.

Incomplete Elliptic Integral of the First Kind

44.

Complete Elliptic Integrals of First and Second Kinds

261

262

263

265

Part I

FORMULAS

I
/

THE

Greek

name

G R E EK A L PHA B E T

'Gt*ttt.,letter
Lowerea
caPital

. ::. .

'.

Greek
name

Greek letter

Lower case

Capital

Alpha

Nu

Beta

f3

Xi

Gamma

Omicron

Delta

Epsilon

Zeta

Pi

7r

IT

Rho

/;

Sigma

Eta

1]

Tau

Theta

(}

Upsilon

Iota

Phi

</>

<f>

Kappa

Chi

Lambda

..\

Psi

!f;

'if

Mu

p.

Omega

;\

o ,,

'

SPECIAL

CONSTANTS

1.1

"

3.14159 26535 89793 23846 2643 --1'1. lf-'t'tsrt leo<\Yt'\:7r to sc.L(..-?\"'tt.t'\'-l"\ '\"Z.H''t<Pu'l'"l

1 .2

2.71828 1 8284 59045 23536 0287 . . . = lim 1 +

n
n-+oo
_
natural base of logarithms

1 .3

v'2

1.41421 35623 73095 0488 . .

1 .4

V3

1.73205 08075 68877 2935 .. .

1 .5

V5

( .!.)n

2.23606 79774 99789 6964 ...

1 .6

_3v/c.20

1.25992 1050 . . .

1 .7

v/0
3i)

1 .44224 9570 . ..

1 .8
1 .9

V2
V3

1.14869 8355 . . .
= 1.24573 0940 .. .

1 .10

e"

23.1 4069 26327 79269 006 . . .

1 .1 1

r;e

22.45915 77183 61045 47342 715 . . .

1.12

ee

15.15426 22414 79264 190 ...

1 .1 3

1og10 2

0.30102 99956 63981 19521 37389 .. .

1 .14

log10 3

0.47712 1 2547 19662 43729 50279 ...

1 .15

log10

0.43429 44819 03251 82765 .. .

1.16

log10

11'

0.49714 98726 94133 85435 1 2683 ...

1.17

loge 10

1.18

loge 2

In 2

0.69314 71805 59945 30941 7232 .. .

1 .1 9

loge 3

ln 3

1.09861 22886 68109 69139 5245 .. .

1 .20

In 10 = 2.30258 50929 94045 68401 7991 ...

- 0.57721 56649 01532 86060 6512 . ..

lim

n-+""

1 .2 1

+ .!.. - In n
n

eY = 1.78107 24179 90197 9852 . ..

1 .22
1 .23

(1 +!. + !. +

Euler's constant

[see 1.20]

1 .64872 1 2707 00128 1 468 .. .

...;;
where

r(!l

= 1 .77245 38509 05516 02729 8167 . . .

is the gamma function [see pages 1 01-102] .

1 .24

2.67893 85347 07748 . . .

1 .25

3.62560 99082 21908 . ..

1 .26

1 radian

1 .27

180 /r;

r;/180 radians

=
=

57.29577 95130 8232 . . . 0

0.01745 32925 19943 29576 92 . . . radians

2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2. 1 0

(x + y)2
(x - y)2
(x + y)3
(x - y)3
(x + y)4
( x - y)4
(x + y) 5
(x - y)5
(x + y)6
(x - y)6

x2 + 2xy + y2
x 2 - 2xy + y2
x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
x3 - 3x2y + 3xy2 - y3
x4 + 4x3 y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4
x4 - 4x3y + 6x2y2 - 4xy3 + y4
xs + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5
x5 - 5x4y + 10x3y2 - 10x2y3 + 5xy4 - y5
x6 + 6x5y + 15x4y2 + 20x3y3 + 15x2y4 + 6xy5 + y6
x6 - 6x5y + 15x4y2 - 20x3y3 + 15x2y4 - 6xy5 + y6

The results 2.1 to 2.10 above are special cases of the binomial formula [see page 3].

(x - y)(x + y)
x2 y2
(x - y)(x2 + xy + y2)
x3 - y3
3
3
+
(x + y)(x2 - xy + y2)
x
y
x4 y4
(x - y)(x + y)(x2 + y2)
(x - y)(x4 + x3y + x2y2 + xy3 + y4)
x 5 y5
x5 + y5
(x + y)(x4 x 3y + x2y2 xy3 + y4)
x6 y6
(x - y)(x + y)(x2 + xy + y2)(x2 - xy + y2)
x4 + x2y2 + y4 = (x2 + xy + y2)(x2 xy + y2)
x4 + 4y4 = (x2 + 2xy + 2y2)(x2 - 2xy + 2y2)
_

2.1 1
2.12

2. 1 3
2.14
2. 1 5
2. 1 6
2.17
2.1 8

2.19

Some generalizations of the above are given by the following results where n is a positive integer.

2.20

y)(x2n + x2n - 1y + x2n -2y2 + . . . + y2n)

4,2,(x - y) x 2 - 2xy cos 2n + 1 + y2 x2 - 2xy cos--+
2n + 1
+ y2
x 2 - 2xy cos 2n2n,+1

x 2n + 1 - y2n + 1

(x -

2.21

x2n - y2n

x2n + y2n

---

)(
)

(
(

)(
)

--

(x - y)(x + y)(xn - 1 + xn -2y + x n -3y2 + . . . )(x n - 1

(x - y)(x + y) x2 - 2xy cos ; + y2

2.23

'

---

(x + y)(x2n - x2n - 1y + x2n-2y2 - . . . + y 2n)

(x + y) x2 + 2xy cos 2n2 1 + y2 x 2 + 2xy cos 4 + y2
2n 1
2n,x2 + 2xy cos
+ y2
2n + 1

x2n + 1 + y2n + 1

2.22

(
(

( x2

)( x2 - 2xy
( x2 - 2xy --:,1),. + y2 )
; + y2 )( x2 + 2xy :: y2 )
2 1) ,. + yz )
(
2

+ 2xy cos

cos (n

cos

x2 + 2xy

cos

( n
2

cos

x n -2y + x n - 3y - . . . )

::- + y2 )

th.rl'fN:OMtAL .FORMtit'A
and lfrtOMIAL COEFFICIEN TS

If n =1, 2, 3, . . . factorial n or n factorial is defined as

3.1

n! = 123 n
We also define zero factorial as

3.2

0!

81NOMlAt 'PORMlltA
(x + y) n

FOR POStTIVE IN tE GRAL n

1) xn - 2y2 + n(n- ;)/n- 2) xn-3y3 +

If n=1, 2, 3, . . . then

3.3

xn + nxn - ly + n(

. . .

yn

This is called the binomial formula. It can be extended to other values of n and then is an infinite series
[see Binomial Series, page 110] .

IJNOMIAl
The result 3.3 can also

be

C.OEFFICIENTS

wr1tren

3.4

where the coefficients, called binomial coefficients, are given by

3.5

()

n(n- 1)(n- 2)
k!

(n- k + 1)

n!
k! (n-k)!

THE BINOMIAL FORMULA AND BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

3.6

(nk++l1)
Pascal's triangle
)
() + G) + ( ;) +
(:

[see page 236 ]

This leads to

3.7

. . .

3.8

(n+m+l)
n+l

3.9
3.10
3.1 1
3.12
3.13

--6 3.14
v3.15

() + ( ; ) + ( :) + ...
)
.
() + (; + G) + ..

( :) )(
n)
m
;
(
+
+
+ (:)()
()(;) (7)(p:l)
(l)G) (;) + (; ) + + (n) ( :) n2n- 1
(Y + (Y (;y + (:Y
+

'

...

(3)

+ (2)

(l)

G)

- (; )
(2)

+ (3)

(;) - (-l)n+l(n) ( :)

MULTINOMIAL FORMULA

3.16

n1 n2 + + nP

where the sum, denoted by ::E, is taken over all nonnegative integers
+

n.

n1, n2, , nP
.

for which

GEOMETRIC FORMULAS

R ECTANGLE OF L E N G TH b AND WIDTH a

4. 1

Area

4.2

Perimeter = 2a + 2b

a-

ab

b
Fig. 4-1

PARALlELOG RAM OF ALTITU D E h AND B A S E b

4.3

Area = bh = ab sin o

4.4

Perimeter

2a + 2b
b

Fig. 4-2

T R IA N GLE OF ALTITUDE h A N D BA S E

4.5

Area = -!bh = tab sino

= y s(s- a)(s- b)(s- c)

(J

where s = -!(a+ b + c) = semiperimeter

4.6

b
Fig. 4-3

Perimeter = a + b + c

TRAPEZOID OF ALTITU D E h A N D PARALLEL SIDES

a AND

4.7

Area

4.8

Perimeter = a+ b + h

-!h(a +b)

( -1. - 1_)
smo

= a + b + h(csc o

__
_

sm

esc)

Fig. 4-4
5

GEOMETRIC FORMULAS

REGULAR POLYGON OF n S IDES EACH OF LENGTH b

4.9
4.10

Area = l.nb2 cot = l.nb2

cos (1r/n)
sin (1r/n)

Perimeter = nb

Fig. 4-5
C IRCLE OF RADIUS

4. 1 1
4.12

Area = 1rr2
Perimeter = 21rr

Fig.4-6
SECTOR O F CIRCLE OF RADIUS r

4.13
4.14

[o in radians]
Arc length 8 = ro

r
Fig.4-7
RAD IUS OF C IRCLE I N S CR IBED IN A TRIA NGLE OF S I DES a, b, c

4.1 5

r =

where 8 = !(a + b + c) = semiperimeter

h

Fig. 4-8
RADIUS OF C I R C LE C I RCUMSCR I B I N G A TRIANGLE OF S IDES a, b, c

4.16

R =

ab c
4V8(s- a)(8- b)(s- c)

where 8 = f(a + b + c) = semiperimeter

Fig. 4-9

GEOMETRIC FORMULAS

OF n

REGULAR POLYGON.

4.17
4.18

Area

Perimeter

2
fnr2 sin ""
n
=

SlD!S I NSCRIBED IN CtRCUi

OF

RADIUS

. 360

lnr
2 sm2
n

2nr sin !!__

n

180

2nr sin
n

Fig. 4-10
RIGULAR ,OLYGON OF

4.19

Area

4.20

Perimeter

nr2 tan !!__

n
=

SIDES CIR(UMSClUBING A (1RCU

OF.ft:I.DtUS

nr2 tan 1800

n

180

2nrtan !!__
n

2nrtan
n
Fig. 4-11

SEGMENT. OF CIICI:E OF RADIUS

4.2 1

fr2 (IJ - sin IJ)

Area of shaded part

Fig. 4-12

4.22

Area

4.23

Perimeter

,.ab
4a

f
0

rr/2

v/1 - k2 sin2 IJ diJ

[approximately]

where k

Fig. 4-13

ya2 - b2fa. See page 254 for numerical tables.

iab

4.24

Area

4.25

Arc length ABC

lvfb2+
2

4a + yb2 + 16a2
b2
16a2 + -In
b
8a

f----b

---

Fig. 4-14

GEOMETRIC FORMULAS

RECTANGULAR PARALLELEPIPED OF LENGTH a, HEIGHT l, WIDTH c

4.26

Volume

4.27

Surface area =

abc

+ ac + be)

2(ab

a
Fig. 4-15

PARALLELEPIPED OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA

4.28

AND HEIGHT h

abc sin 8

Ah

Volume

Fig. 4-16

SPHERE OF RADIUS r

4
r3
37T

4.29

Volume

4.30

Surface area =

47Tr2

Fig. 4-17

RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER OF RADIUS r AND HEIGHT h

4.3 1

Volume

4.32

Lateral surface area

7Tr2h
=

27Trh

Fig. 4-18

CIRCULAR CYLINDER OF RADIUS r AND SLANT HEIGHT l

=

4.33

Volume

4.34

Lateral surface area

7Tr2h

7Tr2l sin 8
=

27Trl

27Trh

sin 8

27Trh esc 8
Fig. 4-19

GEOMETRIC FORMULAS

CYLINDER OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA

4.35

Volume

4.36

Lateral surface area

Ah

Note that formulas

4.31

AND SLANT HEIGHT

Al sino

to

4.34

pl

__1J!t:_
sin II

ph esc II

are special cases.

Fig. 4-20

RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE OF RADIUS r AND HEIGHT h

4.37

Volume

4.38

Lateral surface area

l-;rr2h

Fig. 4-21

PYRAMID OF BASE AREA

4.39

AND HEIGHT h

Ah
3

Volume

Fig. 4-22

SPHERICAL CAP OF RADIUS r AND HEIGHT h

4.40

Volume (shaded in figure)

4.41

Surface area

2-;rrh
Fig. 4-23

FRUSTRUM OF RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE OF RADII a, b AND HEIGHT h

4.42

Volume

4.43

Lateral surface area

-k1rh( a2 + ab + b2)
-;r(a + b) yh2 + ( b- a)2
-;r(a + b)l

Fig. 4-24

10

GEOMETRIC FORMULA S

SPHERICAl. TJUANGU OF A"GUS A,B,C O N SPH E R E O F RADIUS

4.44

Area of triangle ABC

(A + B + C- ,.)r2

Fig. 4-25

TORUS OF INNIR RADIUS a AND OUTER RADIUS b

!,-2(a + b)(b- a)2

4.45

Volume

4.46

Surface area

?_
=

,-2(b2- a2)

Fig. 4-26

ElLIPSOID OF SIMI-AXES

4.47

a,

b, c

Volume = !,-abc

Fig. 4-27

PARABOlOID OF REVOlUTION

4.48

Volume

!,-b2a

Fig. 4-28

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

DEFINITION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR A RIGHT TRIANGLE

Triangle ABC has a right angle (90) at C and sides of length a, b,

angle A are defined as follows.
5. 1

sine of A

sinA

opposite
hypotenuse

5.2

cosine of A

cosA

b
c

adjacent
hypotenuse

5.3

tangent of A

tanA

opposite
adjacent

5.4

cotangent of A

cotA

b
a

adjacent
opposite
hypotenuse
adjacent

c
a

hypotenuse
opposite

5.5

secant of A

sec A

c
b

5.6

cosecant of A

cscA

c.

The trigonometric functions of

Fig. 5-1

EXTENSIONS TO ANGLES WHICH MAY BE GREATER THAN 90

Consider an xy coordinate system [see Fig. 5-2 and 5-3 below]. A point Pin the xy plane has coordinates
(x, y) where x is considered as positive along OX and negative along OX' while y is positive along OY and
negative along OY'. The distance from origin 0 to point P is positive and denoted by r = yx2 + y2
The angle A described counterclockwise from OX is considered positive. If it is described clockwise from
OX it is considered negative. We call X'OX and Y'OY the x andy axis respectively.
The various quadrants are denoted by I, II, III and IV called the first, second, third and fourth quad
rants respectively. In Fig. 5- 2, for example, angle A is in the second quadrant while in Fig. 5-3 angle A
is in the third quadrant.
y

II

II

IV

III

Y'
Fig.

X'

X'

IV
Y'

5-2

Fig. 5-3

11

12

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
For an angle A in any quadrant the trigonometric functions of A are defined as follows.

5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.1 1
5.12

sin A

y/r

cos A

x/r

tan A

y/x

cot A

x/y

sec A

r/x

csc A

r/y

RELATIONSHIP BETWEE N D EG REES AND RAD IA NS

A radian is that angle o subtended at center

MN equal to the radius

Since 2,. radians

r.

360 we have

1 radian = 180 ;,. = 57.29577 95130 8232

5.13
5.14

of a circle by an arc

rr/ 180 radians

0.01745 32925 19943 29576 9 2

radians
Fig.

5-4

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTJONS

sin A
tan A cos A

5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18

cot A
sec A
csc A

tan A

5.19
5.20
5.21

cos A
sin A

cos A
1

sin2 A + cos2 A

sec2 A - tan2 A

csc2 A - cot2 A

sin A

S I G N S AND VARIATIONS OF T R I GO N OMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Quadrant
I
II
III
IV

sin A
+

0 to 1

cos A
+

1 to 0
-

1 to 0

0 to -1

0 to -1

-1 to 0

-1 to 0

tan A
+

0 to

oo

oo

-oo

to 0
oo

-oo

to 0

+
to 0
-

0 to

0 to

+
0 to 1

cot A

oo

-oo

+
to 0

0 to

-oo

csc A

sec A
1

-oo

+
to

oo

1 to

to -1
-oo

+
to 1

+
to 1
+

- 1 to
oo

oo

oo

oo

to -1
-

-1 to

-oo

TRIGONOME TRIC FUNCTIONS

13

EXACT VALUES FOR TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS ANGLES

Angle A
Angle A
in degrees in radians

sin A

cos A

tan A

cot A

sec A

esc A

00

00

15

17/12

!<VB-v'2>

!<VB + v'2>

V6 -v'2

V6 + v'2

30

17/6

)_
:!

t v's

45

r./4

tv'2

tv'2

60

17/3

tv's

75

517/12

!<VB + v'2>

!<VB - v'2 >

goo

17/2

oo

105

717/12

!<VB + v'2 >

-!<VB -v'2 >

120

217/3

tv's

-l
2

- (2 + Vs)

135

3r./4

tv'2

-tv'2

150

517/6

-tY3

165

1 117/12

}(Vs- Vz)

- !<v'6 v'2)

- ( 2 - Vs)

180

17

-1

195

1317/12

-!<Vs - /2)

-!<v'6 + v'2)

2 - Y3

210

717/6

-t

-2l/3

V3

225

517/4

-2lv'z

-tv'2

!Vs
1

240

417/3

-tv's

-2l

255

1 717/12

-!<v'6 + v'2)

V3

-:!<VB -v'2>

270

317/2

-1

285

1917/12

-:!<VB+ v'2 >

!<VB - v'2>

300

517/3

-2l/3

315

717/4

-tv'2

330

1ltr/6

345
360

oo

2 -

+ v'3

tv's

v'3

iv'3

v'2

v'2

v'3

kVs

v'3

VB + v'2

VB -v'2

oo

- (2 - Vs)

-<VB + v'2 >

VB -v'2

-iv'3

-2

-1

-1

-tY3

-Vs

-v'2

iv'3

v'3

+ v'3

-0

+ V3

V3

2 -

- (2

+ v'3>

-iv'3

V3

-(VB -v'2 >

VB + v'2

-1

oo

::;::oo

2 +

v'2

(Vs v'2 )
-

-<VB + v'2>

-v'3
a

-2

-v'2

-v'2

t/3

-2

-v'3

2 -

v'3

-(y'6 + v'2> -(y'6- Vz)

::;:: oo

-1

- ( 2 - Vs )

VB + v'2

-<VB -v'2>

-13

-tv's

-*13

tv'2

-1

-1

V2

-t

l2 /3

-t/3

i<v'6 + V2>

- (2 - Vs)

Vs

2317/12

-{- (v'6 - V2>

-v'3

-v'2

21T

oo

- (2 +

Va)

For tables involving other angles see pages 206-211 and 212-215.

-(2 + Vs)
::;::oo

v'6 -v'2
1

-2

-(y'6 + Vz)
::;:: oo

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

14

G RAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

In each graph x is in radians.

5.22

5.23

sin x

cos x

Fig. 5-6

Fig. 5-5

5.24

5.25

tan x

cot x

Fig. 5-8

Fig. 5-7

5.26

5. 27

sec x
y

!\
:2(\i

'li"

I
I

1r

esc x
I

I
I

I
I
I

u:

I
I

i\

1r

1 2'1r

,/\!
1/
\

I
I
I;

I
I
I
I

I
I

I
I

Fig. 5-10

Fig. 5-9
FUNCTIONS OF NEGATIVE ANGLES

5.28

sin ( -A)

- sin A

5.29

cos ( -A)

cos A

5.30

tan (-A)

-tan A

5.31

esc (-A )

- esc A

5.32

sec (-A)

sec A

5.33

cot ( - A)

- cotA

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

15

ADDITION FORMULAS

5.34

sin (A B )

sin A cos B cos A sinE

5.35

cos (A B)

cos A cos B + sin A sinE

5.36

tan (A B)

1 +tan A tan B

5.37

cot (A B)

cot A cotE+ 1
cot B cot A

tan A tan B

FUNCTIONS OF ANGLES IN ALL QUADRANTS

90 A
+ A
2-

-A

IN

TERMS OF THOSE

IN

QUADRANT

180 A
1T A

270 A
31T A
2

k(360 ) A
2k1T A
k = integer

sin

- sin A

cos A

+sin A

- cos A

sin A

cos

cos A

+sin A

-cos A

sin A

cos A

tan

- tan A

+cot A

tan A

+cot A

tan A

esc

- esc A

sec A

+esc A

- sec A

esc A

sec

sec A

+esc A

- sec A

esc A

sec A

cot

- cot A

+tan A

cot A

+tan A

cot A

RELATIONSHIPS

AMONG FUNCTIONS OF ANGLES IN QUADRANT I

sin A = u

cos A = u

tan A = u

cot A = u

sec A = u

esc A = u

sin A

\II- tt2

utv1 + u2

1fv'1 + u2

yu2- 1/u

1/u

cos A

y1- u2

1/y1 + u2

u/y1 + u2

1/u

yu2-1/u

tan A

utv1-u2

y1- u2/u

1/u

yu2- 1

1/yu2 -1

cot A

y1- u2/u

u/y1- u2

1/u

1fv'u2-1

yu2-1

sec A

1/y1- u2

1/u

y1 +u2

y1 + u2/u

u/yu2-1

esc A

1/u

1/y1- u2

./1 + u2/u

y1 + u2

u/yu2-1

V1 + u2

For extensions to other quadrants use appropriate signs as given in the preceding table.

16

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS

5.38
5.39
5.40

sin2A

2 sinA cosA

tan2A

1-

cos2A

cos2 A - sin2 A

1 - 2 sin2A

2tanA
tan2A

2 cos2A

-1

HALF ANGLE FORMULAS

5.41

.A
sm
2

5.42

A
cos 2

5.43

A
tan2

1-

+ if A/2 is in quadrant

- if A /2 is in quadrant

I or II

[+ if A /2 is in quadrant I or IV

1 - cosA
1 + cosA

[+ if A/2 is in quadrant I or III

sinA
1 +cosA

J
J
J

III or IV

+ osA

cosA
2

- if A /2 is in quadrant II or III

- if A /2 is in quadrant II or IV

1 - cosA
sinA

cscA - cotA

MULTIPLE ANGLE FORMULAS

5.44
sin 3A
5.45
cos3A
5.46
tan3A
5.47
sin4A
5.48
cos4A
5.49
tan4A
5.50
sin 5A
5.51
cos5A
5.52
tan5A
See also formulas 5.68 and 5.69.

3 sinA - 4 sin3A

4 cos3A - 3 cosA
3 tanA - tan3A
1- 3 tan2A

4 sinA cosA - 8 sin3A cosA

8 cos4A - 8 cos2A + 1

4 tanA - 4tan3A
1 - 6tan2A + tan4A

5 sinA - 20 sin3A + 16 sin5A

16 cos5A - 20 cos3A + 5 cosA

tan5 A - 10 tan3 A + 5 tanA

- 10tan2 A + 5 tan4A

POWERS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

5.53 sin2A ! - ! cos2A

5.54 cos2A ! + ! cos2A
5.55 sin3A ! sinA - i sin3A
5.56 cos3A ! cosA i cos3A
See also formulas 5. 70through 5. 73 .
+

5.57
5.58
5.59
5.60

sin4 A

cos4A

sin5A

cos5 A

{cos2A +

cos4A

i + ! cos2A + -k cos4A
i- sinA - /6 sin3A + 116

cosA + 156 cos3A +

ls

sin 5A

cos5A

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

SUM,

D I F F ER E N C E A N D PRODUCT

5.61
5.62
5.63
5.64
5.65
5.66
5.67

2 sin (A + B) cos (A -B)

sin A - sinE

2 cos i(A+B) sin i(A -B)

2 cos "l\-(A+B) cos i(A -B)

cosA - cosB

= 2 sin i(A+B) sin (B-A)

sin A sinB

!{cos (A -B)

cosA cosB

!{cos (A-B) + cos (A+B)}

sin A cos B

"l\-{sin (A- B) + sin (A+B)}

G E N E RAL

sinnA

5.69

cosnA

smAl(2 cosA)n-l-

n
1
- (2 COS A)n - -(2
2
1

n
3

--

5.70

sin2n-l A

5.71

cos2n-1 A

5.72

sin2nA

5.73

cos2nA

OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

sinA + sinE

cosA + cos B

5.68

17

COS

n-4
2

n-2
1

cos (A +B)}

FORMULAS

(2 cosA)n-3 +

n
A)n-2 + - n-3
2
1

(2 cosA)n- 6 +

(
1 - cos (2n -1)A +
22n 2 l

2n - 1
1

n-3
2

(2 cosA)n-5

(2 cosA)n-4

cos ( 2n- 3)A +

2n-1
n

(-1)n-1

I N VERSE

l
J

cosA

cos2A

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

If x = sin y then y = sin -I x, i.e. the angle whose sine is x or inverse sine of x, is a many-valued
function of x which is a collection of single-valued functions called branches. Similarly the other inverse
trigonometric functions are multiple-valued.
For many purposes a particular branch is required. This is called the principal branch and the values
for this branch are called principal values.

18

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

P R INC IPAL VALUES FOR INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIO NS

Principal values for X< 0

Principal values for x;:;o

0 2

:""
-

0 <

0 <

sin--! x ;"; 7T/ 2

-7T/ 2 ;"; sin-! x < 0

tan-! x < 7T! 2

-7T/ 2 < tan-! x < 0

7T/ 2 < cos-! x 7T

cos-! x ;"; 7T/ 2

:::_;
-;

JT/ 2 < cot--! x <

cot-! x ;"; 7T/ 2

sec-! x < 7T! 2

JT/ 2 < sec-! x

-rr/ 2 ;";

esc-! x ;"; 7T/ 2

s
-

7T
7T

esc-! x < 0

RELAT IONS BETWEEN I N VERSE TR IGONO METRI C FUNCTIO NS

In all cases it is assumed that principal values are used.

5.74
5.75
5.76
5.77
5.78
5.79

sin-! x + cos-! x

5.80
5.81
5.82
5.83
5.84
5.85

7T/ 2

tan-! x + cot-! x

7T/ 2

sec-! x + csc-1x

7T/ 2

csc-1x

sin-! ( 1/x)

sec-! x

cos--! ( 1/x)

cot-1x

tan-! ( 1/x)

sin-1 ( -x)

-sin-1x

cos-! (-x)

1r - cos-! x

tan-! ( -x)

-tan-1x

cot-! ( -x)

1r - cot-! x

sec-1 ( -x)

1r

esc-! (-x)

-esc-! x

sec-! x

GRAPHS OF I N VERSE T R I GON OMETRI C FUNCTIONS

In each graph y is in radians. Solid portions of curves correspond to principal values.

5.86

5.87

sin-! x
" y
"

5.88

cos-! x

-1

y = tan-! x
y

'

\
\

I
I

Fig. 5-11

X
-r-/2
/
I
I
I
I -7T
I

//

/1

Fig. 5-12

Fig. 5-13

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

5.89

cot- 1 x

5.90

y = sec-1 x
'

'

csc - 1 x
y

/
(

rr/2

-1

Fig. 5-14

y
/

1r

__/
-

5.91

19

, ..... ....----

-,/2
......

"'

\
l -.,.
I

Fig. 5-15

/'

Fig. 5-16

RELAtiONSHIPS BETWEEN SIDES AND ANGLES Of A PLANE rRIANGU

The following results hold for any plane triangle ABC with
sides a, b, c and angles A , B, C.

5.92

Law of Sines

5.93

Law of Cosines

5.94

Law of Tangents

b
c

c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C
with similar relations involving the other sides and angles.
tan !(A + B)
a+b
tan !(A - B)
a -b
with similar relations involving the other sides and angles.
_

5.95

sin A

B
Fig. 5-17

= ;cvs(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)

where s =!(a + b + c) is the semiperimeter of the triangle.

B and C can be obtained.
See also formulas 4.5, page 5; 4.15 and 4.16, page 6.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SIDES AND ANGLES

Similar relations involving angles

Of A SPftlfUCAl TllAHOtl

Spherical triangle ABC is on the surface of a sphere as shown

in Fig. 5-18. Sides a, b, c [which are arcs of great circles] are
measured by their angles subtended at center 0 of the sphere. A, B, C
are the angles opposite sides a, b, c respectively. Then the following
results hold.

5.96

Law of Sines

5.97

Law of Cosines
cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A
cos a
cos A
- cos B cos C + sin B sin C cos a
with similar results involving other sides and angles.

sin a
sin A

sin b
sinE

sin c
sinG

Fig. 5-18

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

20
5.98

Law of Tangents

tan (A+ B)
tan t (A- B)

tan f ( a + b)
tan t (a-b)

with similar results involving other sides and angles.

A
cos2

5.99
where s = f(a + b +c).

Similar results hold for other sides and angles.

a

5 . 1 00

cos2
where S

f(A

sins sin (s- c)

Sinbsi;c-

B +C).

cos (S

B) cos (S -C)
sin B sin C
-

Similar results hold for other sides and angles.

See also formula 4.44, page 10.

NAPIER'S RULES FOR RIGHT ANGLED SPHERICAL TRIANGLES

Except for right angle C, there are five parts of spherical triangle ABC which if arranged in the order
as given in Fig. 5-19 would be a, b, A, c, B.
a

co-B
B
A
Fig. 5-19

Fig. 5-20

Suppose these quantities are arranged in a circle as in Fig. 5-20 where we attach the prefix co
[indicating complement] to hypotenuse c and angles A and B.
Any one of the parts of this circle is called a middle part, the two neighboring parts are called
adjacent parts and the two remaining parts are called opposite parts. Then Napier's rules are

5.101

The sine o f any middle part equals the product o f the tangents of the adjacent parts.

5 . 1 02

The sine of any middle part equals the product of the cosines of the opposite parts.

Example:

Since co-A= 90 -A, co-B= 90 -B, we have

sin a

tan b tan (co-B)

sin (co-A)

cos a cos (co-B)

or

sin a = tan b cot B

or

cos A = cos a sin B

These can of course be obtained also from the results 5.97 on page 19.

6
DIFINITI()NS .INYOLYINO COMPLIX NUMaiRS

A complex number is generally written as a + bi where a and b are real numbers and i, called the
imaginary unit, has the property that i2 = -1. The real numbers a and b are called the real and imaginary
parts of a + bi respectively.
The complex numbers a + bi and a - bi are called complex conjugates of each other.

a + bi

6.1

c + di

if and only if

6.2

(a + bi) + ( c + di)

6.3

(a + bi) - (c + di)

a = c and b

(a + bi)(c + di)

QIYISION ()I

a + bi
c + di

6.5

(a - c) + (b - d)i

NQMtiRS

(ac- bd) + (ad + bc)i

OMPLIX

a + bi c - di
c + di c - di

(a + c) + (b + d)i

MUt.:TlPLICA'fiON Of COMPLIX

6.4

NUftiHI

ac + bd +
cz + d2

(becz +- ad)
d2

Note that the above operations are obtained by using the ordinary rules of algebra and replacing

-1 wherever it occurs.

21

t"2

by

COMPLEX NUMBERS

22

GRAPH O F A COMPLEX NUMBER

complex number a+ bi can be plotted as a point (a, b) on an

xiny Fig.
plane called an Argand diagram or Gaussian plane. For example
P represents the complex number
+ 4i.
complex number can also be interpreted as a vector from
to P.
A

6- 1

P,----1

I
I
I
I

-3

-.-----------x
0

Fig. 6-1
POLAR FORM OF A C O MPLE X NUMBE R

(x, y) polar coordinates

y
i
.
x r 11, y r
(r, 11).
6.6
x + iy r(co i
called the polar form of the complex number. We often call r yx2 y2
the modulus and the amplitude of x + iy.

In Fig. 6-2 point P with coordinates

represents the complex
number x +
Point P can also be represented by
Since
= cos
= sin II we have
so +

II

MULTIPLICATION

ANJ)

DIVISION

{(x,(r,li)y)

sino)

Fig. 6-2

O F COMPLEX NUMBER$

IN

POLAR FOIItl

6.7

111+ i sin 01)

i sin 112)

r1 (cos
cos 112 +

6.8

r2 (

DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM

If

6.9

p is any real number, De Moivre's theorem states that

r(cos o i sin
r (co
+

o)]P =

s po +

sin po)

RGOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBER$

If

p 1/n where n is any positive integer,

=

[r(cos o + 1 sin o )]ll n

6. 1 0

6.9

can be written

r [cos 0 n
11

+ 2krr

sm

n ]

(J + 2krr

where k is any integer. From this the n nth roots of a complex number can be obtained by putting
k

0, 1, 2,

,n -

1.

;EXPON ENTJ'AL

and

"LOGARITHMIC: 'L::

FUNCTIONS

' , . . ..

LAWS OF EXP9NE.NTS

In the following p, q are real numbers, a, b are positive numbers and m, n are positive integers.
7. 1

7.2

7.4

aO = 1, a#

7.7

Va = alln

7.3

7.5

a-v = 1/aP

7.6

7.8

= a mln

7.9

In av, p is called the exponent, a is the base and aP is called the pth power of a. The function
is called an exponential function.

= ax

LOGARITHMS AND ANTILOGARITHMS

If aP = N where a # 0 or 1, then
N = aP is called the antilogarithm of p
Example:

p = logaN
to the base

is called the logarithm of N to the base

a, written antiloga p.

a.

The number

Since 32 = 9 we have logs 9 = 2, antilogs 2 = 9.

The function y = loga x is called a logarithmic function.

7.1 0
7.1 1
7.12

Common logarithms and antilogarithms [also called Briggsian] are those in which the ba:e a = 10.
The common logarithm of N is denoted by log10 N or briefly log N. For tables of common logarithms and
antilogarithms, see pages 202-205. For illustrations using these tables see pages 194-196.
23

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

24

NATU RAL LO GARITHMS AND A NTILO G ARITHMS

Natural logarithms and antilogarithms [also called Napierian] are those in which the base a = =
2.71828 18 . . . [see page 1]. The natural logarithm of N is denoted by log. N or In N. For tables of natural
logarithms see pages 224-225. For tables of natural antilogarithms [i.e. tables giving
for values of x]
see pages 226-227. For illustrations using these tables see pages 196 and 200.

ex

BASE

CHAN G E OF

OF LOGARITHMS

The relationship between logarithms of a number N to different bases

and b is given by

7. 1 3

In particular,
7. 1 4

log. N

7. 1 5

In N

2.30258 50929 94 . . . log1 0 N

log N

0.43429 44819 03 . . . log. N

.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXP ONENTI A L AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION$

7. 1 6

eie

e-ie
i
i
i
ei8- e-ie
ei8 e-i8
(eieie8-e-i
ei8-e-ie
e-i88)
i(ei8 e i8)
(eiei88- e-i
e-i88)

= cos(} +

sino,

These are called Euler's identities. Here

7. 1 7

sino

7.18

COS'(}

7. 1 9

tan(}

7.20

cot fJ

7.21

sec fJ

7.22

esc o

cos(} -

sino

is the imaginary unit [see page 21].

2i

-i

eiB e-ie
ei8-2ie i8
2

PERIODICITY OJ E.XP:OttENTIAL FUNCTIONS

..

7.23

eH8+2krrl ei8

From this it is seen that ex has period 27Ti.

k = integer

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

25

POLAR FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBERS EXPRESSED AS AN EXPONENTIAL

The polar form of a complex number x + iy can be written in terms of exponentials [ see 6.6, page 22] as
7.24

iy = r(cos fJ + i sin o )

reiB

OPE R ATIONS W I TH COMPLEX NUMBE R S I N POLAR FORM

F ormulas 6.7 through 6.10 on page 22 are equivalent to the following.

7.25
r1eie,

7.26

r2eie,

7.27
7.28

[ De Moivre's theorem ]
(reiB)lln

[re i<B+2k1Tljlln = r!lnei<B+2k1T)!n

LOGAR I THM

7.29

I n (reiB)

OF

A COMPL EX NUMBE R

In r + io + 2k1ri

k = integer

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

D EFI N ITION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

2
2

ex- e-x

8. 1

Hyp erbolic sine of x

sinh x

8.2

Hyp erbolic cosine of x

cosh x

8.3

Hyperbolic tangent of x

tanh x

ex- e-x
ex+ e-x

8.4

Hyp erbolic cotangent of x

coth x

ex+ e-x
ex- e X

8.5

Hyperbolic secant of x

sech x

ex+ e-x

8.6

Hyperbolic cosecant of x

csch x

ex- e-x

ex+ e-x

2
2

RELATIONSHIPS AMON G HYP E RBOLIC FUNCTIONS

sinh x
cosh x

8.7

tanh x

8.8

coth x

8.9

sech x

1
cosh x

8. 1 0

csch x

1
sinh x

8.1 1

cosh2 x - sinh2 x

8. 1 2

sech2 x + tanh2 x

8. 1 3

coth2 x - csch2 x

cosh x
sinh x

tanh x

FUNCTIO NS OF N EGATIVE ARGUMENTS

8.14

sinh (-x)

- sinh x

8.1 5

cosh ( - x)

cosh x

8. 1 6

tanh ( - x)

- tanh x

8.17

csch (-x)

- csch x

8. 1 8

sech ( x)

sech x

8. 1 9

coth (- x)

- coth x

26

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

27

ADDITION FORMULAS

8.20

sinh (x

y)

8.21

cosh (x

8.22

tanh (x

y)

8.23

coth (x

y)

sinh x cosh y

y)

cosh x cosh y

cosh x sinh y

sinh x sinh y

tanh x tanh y
tanh x tanh y

coth x coth y 1
coth y coth x

DOUBLE ANGL E FORMUlAS

8.24

8.25
8.26

sinh2x

2 sinhx cosh x

cosh2x + sinh2 x

cosh 2x

2 tanhx
1 + tanh2x

tanh2x

2 cosh2x - 1

1 + 2 sinh2x

HALF A N G L E FORMULAS
-+-

8.27

. h2
sm

8.28

cosh2

8.29

tanh2

[+if X> 0, -if

X<

OJ

( + if X> 0, -if X <

OJ

cosh; + 1

X
X

"

coshx- 1

coshx- 1
coshx + 1

sinhx
coshx + 1

coshx- 1
sinhx

MULTIPLE ANGLE FORMU LAS

8.30

sinh3x

3 sinhx + 4 sinhax

8.3 1

cosh3x

4 cosh3x - 3 coshx

8.32

tanh3x

8.33

sinh 4x

8 sinh3x cosh x + 4 sinhx cosh x

8.34

cosh4x

8 cosh4 x - 8 cosh2 x + 1

8.35

tanh4x

3 tanh x + tanh3x
1 + 3 tanh2 x

4 tanhx + 4 tanh3x

1 + 6 tanh2 x + tanh4x

28

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

POWERS O F HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

8.36

sinh2 x

i cosh 2x - f

8.37

cosh2 x

! cosh 2x + !

8.38

sinh3 x

! sinh 3x - ! sinh x

8.39

cosh3 x

8.40

sinh4 x

8.41

cosh4 x

! cosh 3x + ! cosh x

! - i cosh 2x + -k cosh 4x

! + i cosh 2x + iJ cosh 4x

SUM, D I FFE R EN.CE ANO PIODUCT OF HYPi.RBOUC FU N .(TIONS

8.42

sinh x + sinh y

2 sinh f (x + y) cosh ! (x - y)

8.43

sinh x - sinh y

2 cosh ! (x + y) sinh ! (x -y)

8.44

cosh x + cosh y

2 cosh ! (x + y) cosh ! (x - y)

8.45

cosh x - cosh y

2 sinh f (x + y) sinh f (x - y)

8.46

sinh x sinh y

f{cosh (x + y) - cosh (x - y)}

8.47

cosh x cosh y

!{cosh (x + y) + cosh (x - y)}

8.48

sinh x cosh y

f{sinh (x + y) + sinh (x - y)}

EXPRE S S IO N OF HYPERBOL IC FUNCTIONS IN TIRMS OF 'OTH ER S

In the following we assume x > 0.

to 8.19.
sinh x

cosh x

If x < 0 use the appropriate sign as indicated by formulas 8.14

tanh x

==

coth x

==

sech x

==

csch x

==

sinh x

Vu2-1

u/V1-uz

11Vu2 -1

V1-u2/u

1/u

cosh x

V1 + u2

1N1-u2

u/Vu2 -1

1/u

V1 + u2/u

tanh x

u/V1 + u2

Vu2-1/u

1/u

V1-u2

11V1 + u:

coth x

Vu2 + 1/u

u/Vu2- 1

1/u

11V1-u2

V1 + u2

sech x

11V1 + u2

1/u

V1-u2

Vu2-1/u

uh/1 + ui

csch x

1/u

11Vu2- 1

V1-u2/u

..juz- 1

uN1-u2

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

29

GRAPHS O F H Y P E R BO LI C F U N C T I O N S
y

8.49

sinh

8.50

cosh

8.5 1

tanh .x
y

------+-::;0--- X
-1 - - - - -

Fig. 8-1

8.52

Fig. 8-2

coth
y

8.53

\__
-

- -

sech

Fig. 8-3

- -

Fig. 8-4

8.54

csch a:

Fig. 8-5

y\
'-- X
0

Fig. 8-6

I NV E R S E H Y P E R BOLI C F U N C T I O N S

Similarly w e define the

= sinh y, then y = sinh - l x i s called the inverse hy perbolic sine of
li'
other jnverse hyperbolic functions. The inverse hyperbolic functions are multiple-valued and as in the
case of inverse trigonometric functions [see page 17] we restrict ourselves to principal values for which
they can be considered as single-valued.

x.

The following list shows the principal values [ unless otherwise indicated] of the inverse hyperbolic
functions expressed in terms of logarithmic functions which are taken as real valued.
8.55
8.56
8.57

x
cosh- 1 x
tanh - 1 x

sinh- 1

(x + -../x2 + 1 )
In (x + -../x2 - 1 )
In

l 1n

l ln

8.58

coth - 1

8.59

sech -1

In

8.60

csch - 1

ln

(1 - X )
( x 1)

-1

( )
( ;2 1)
+

<x<
x 1 [cosh- 1 x > 0 is principal value]
-1 < X < 1
oo

- oo

x>1

or

O<x1
x "F O

x < -1
[sech- 1

x > 0 is principal value]

30

HYPERBOLIC FU NCTIONS

RlATI O NS BETWEEN INVERSE HYPE R BO li C F U N C T I O N S

8.61

csch - 1 x

sinh - 1 (1/x)

8.62

sech - 1 x

cosh- 1 (1/x)

8.63

coth - 1 x

tanh- 1 (1/x)

8.64

sinh - 1 (-x)

- sinh - 1 x

8.65

tanh- 1 (-x)

- tanh- 1 x

8.66

coth - 1 (-x)

- coth - 1 x

8.67

csch - 1 (-x)

- csch - 1 x

GRAPH S OF I N V E RS E HYPI. B OLIC f U N CTIONS

8 .68

8.69

sinh- 1 x

8.70

cosh - 1 x

tanh - 1 x

I
I

o ,1
\

'

Fig. 8-7
8.71

y
I

coth - 1 x
y

I
I

I
I
I

\i

'

'

'

'

...

.....

-1

11

I
I

I
I

i:l
11
I

8.72

8 .73

sech - 1 x
y

I
I

Fig. 8-1 1

Fig. 8-9

I
I

.....

-X

Fig. 8-8

Fig. 8-10

I
I
I

csch - 1 x

"\__

Fig. 8-1 2

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

31

I:ELATfON S H IP BETWEE N HYPEI:IOUC AND TRIGO NOMETRIC FVNCT IO.NS

8.74

sin (ix)

8.77

esc (ix)

8.80
8.83

i sinh x

8.75

cos (ix)

cosh x

8.76

tan (ix)

i tanh x

- i csch x

8.78

sec (ix)

sech x

8.79

cot (ix)

- 1

sinh (ix)

i sin x

8.81

cosh (ix)

COS X

8.82

tanh (ix)

i tan x

csch (ix)

-i

8.84

sech (ix)

sec x

8.85

coth (ix)

- i cot x

==

==

esc x

coth x

PERIODICITY O f HYPERBOLIC F U N C T I O N S

I n the following k i s any integer.

8.86

sinh (x + 2k1ri)

sinh x

8.87

cosh (x + 2k1ri)

cosh x

8.88

tanh (x + k1r1)

tanh x

8.89

c sch (x +2ktri)

csch x

8.90

sech (x + 2ktri)

sech x

8.91

coth (x + ktri)

coth x

IILATIONliQP IETWIIN INVERSE HYPIPOLIC ANO

8.92

sin - 1 (ix) = i sinh - 1 x

8.94

cos- 1 x

8.96

tan - 1 (ix)

8.98

cot- 1 (ix)

8. 1 00

sec - 1 x

8. 1 02

esc - ! (ix)

==

==

8.93

sinh - 1 (ix)

8.95

cosh- ! x

i tanh - 1 x

8.97

tanh - ! (ix)

i tan - 1 x

- i coth - 1 x

8.99

coth - 1 (ix)

- i cot - ! x

8.101

sech - 1 x

8. 1 03

csch - 1 (ix)

i cosh - ! x
=

i sech - 1 x
=

.INVERSE TRIGONOMITIUC F U NCTIONS

- i csch- 1 x

i sin - 1 x

i cos - 1 x

i sec - 1 x
=

- i csc - 1 x

SOL U T I O N S of ALG E B RA I C E Q UAT I O N S

QUADRAT I C E QUATI O N :

9. 1

Solutions :
If

a, b, c are real and if

D =

X
b2 -4ac

ax2 bx
+

+ c

-b yb2a2 -4ac
is the discriminant, theh the roots are

(i) real and unequal if D >

(ii) real and equal if D =

(iii) complex conjugate if D <

9.2

If

0
=

CUBIC EQUATIO N :

Q 3a2 - ai
9

Let

9.3

x1,x2 are the roots, then x1 + x2 - b/a and x1x2 c/a.

X3

+at.2 azx

'

Solutions :

If

Q3 + R2 is the discriminant, then

one root is real and two complex conjugate if
0

a1, a2, a3 are real and if

(i)

D>

(ii) all roots are real and at least two are equal if D
(iii) all roots are real and unequal if D < 0.
If D <

9.4

+ aa

{XI

0, computation is simplified by use of trigonometry.

2...;=Q (}0)
0: x2 2...;=Q cos (}o 120)
x3 2y-Q cos (}o + 240)

Solutions if D <

COS

9.5

where

x1, x2, x3 are the three roots.

32

where cos IJ

-RfV-Q3

SOLUTIONS OF ALGE BRAIC EQUATIONS

33
0

Let

y1 be a real root of the cubic equation

9.6
9 .7

Solutions :

The

4 roots of z2 + f{a1 Vai - 4a2+ 4y1 }z f{y1 VYi - 4ad

If all roots of 9.6 are real, computation is simplified by using that particular real root whieh produces
all real coefficients in the quadratic equation 9.7.

9.8

where

x 1 + x2 + x3 x4 = -a1
x 1x2 x2x3 + x3x4 + x4x1 + x 1x3 + x2x4 a2
x 1x2x3 x2x3x4 + x 1x2x4 x 1x3x4 -a3
xlx2x3x4 = a4
+

x1 , x2, x3, x4 are the four roots.

'
q

F O R M U LA S f r o m

10

P L A N E A N A LY T I C G E O M E T RY

1 0. 1

Fig. 10-1

S LOPE

OF LIN E JOI NIN G TWO POINTS P1(Xt. Y1) A N D Pz(x2, Y2)

1 0.2

Y2 - Yr
x2 - Xr

-x1
x
Y - Yr
-

1 0.3

-x - x1
Y2 - Yr
2

y =

1 0.4

where b

EQ UATION

y1 - mx1

OF

or

tan 0

Y - Yr

mx + b

X2Yr - XrYz
is the intercept on the
x2 - Xr

axis, i.e. the

LINE IN TERMS Of x INTERCEPT a # 0

AND y

intercept.

INTERCEPT b

1 0.5

Fig. 10-2
34

FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

35

N O R M A L F O R M F O R E Q U A T I O N O F LI N E

x cos a + y sin a

1 0.6

where

and

perpendicular distance from origin

-

to line

angle of inclination of perpendicular with

positive x axis.

Fig. 10-3

G E N E R A L E QU A T I O N O F LIN E

Ax + By +

1 0.7

D I ST A N C E F R O M P O IN T

(Xt, Yt) TO

Ax 1

1 0.8

By 1 +

y'AZ + BZ

LI N E

A x + By + C

where the sign is chosen so that the distance is nonnegative.

A N G LE o/ B ET W E E N TWO LI N E S HAVI N G S L O P ES mt A N D m2

1 0.9

tan ,P

Lines are parallel or coincident if and only if m 1 = m2

Lines are perpendicular if and only if m2 = -1/m1

Fig. l0-4

Xt

1 0. 1 0

Area

Yt 1
Yz 1
X3 Y3 1

+
_!_
- 2 Xz

1
2 (XtYz + Y1X3 + Y3X2 - YzX3 - YtXz - XtY3)
where the sign is chosen so that the area is nonnegative.
If the area is zero the points all lie on a line.

-------------

Fig. 10-5

FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOME TRY

36

T RA N S FO RMAT I O N O F C O O RDI N ATES I NVOLVI N G P URE TRA N S LA T I O N

1 0. 1 1

x' + X o
y' + Yo

or

x' = x - x0

I
I

y' = Y - Yo

where (x, y) are old coordinates [i.e. coordinates relative to

xy system] , (x', y') are new coordinates [relative to x'y' sys
tem] and (x0, Y o) are the coordinates of the new origin 0 '
relative to the old xy coordinate system.

y'

- -o:_l!o_)_ _ _ _ x'
1 0'

----+-ooc----+- r
I

Fig. l0-6

TRA N S FORMATION OF COO R D I N ATES I N VO L V I N G P U R E R O T A T I ON

1 0. 1 2

x ' cos a

y' sin a

or

x' sin a + y' cos a

x'

y'

x cos a + y sin a

= y cos a - x sin a

where the origins of the old [xy] and new [x'y'] coordinate
systems are the same but the x ' axis makes an angle a with
the positive x axis.

\y'
\

x'

\
\ 0/ a
-------;-if:'--L------ :

Fig. l 0-7

T R A N S FORM A T I ON O F COORD I NATES I N V OL V I N G TRA N S LATION A N D ROTAT I O N

1 0. 1 3
or

{
{

x = x' cos a

y' sin a + x0

y = x' sin a + y' cos a + Yo

=

(x - x0) cos a + (y - Y o) sin a

y' = (y - Yo) cos a - (x - x0) sin a

x'

where the new origin 0' of x'y' coordinate system has co

ordinates (x0, y0) relative to the old xy coordinate system
and the x' axis makes an angle a with the positive x axis.
Fig. lO-S

POLAR COOR D I N AT E S

(r, 0)

A point P can be located by rectangular coordinates (x, y) or

polar coordinates (r, o). The transformation between these coordinates
is
1 0. 1 4

x = r cos 0
y = r sin o

or

p {(x, y)
(r, t>)

{ : : :2_: :

!x)

Fig. 10-9

37

FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

EQ UATION OF C I RC LE OF RA D I U S R, C EN T E R AT

(x - xo)2 + (y - Yo)2

1 0. 1 5

(xo, yo)

Fig. 10-10

EQUAT ION OF C I RC LE O F R A D I U S R PAS S I N G THRO U G H O R I G I N

1 0. 1 6

2R cos (II - a)

where (r, 11) are polar coordinates of any point on the

circle and (R, a) are polar coordinates of the center of
the circle.

Fig. 10-11

C O N I C S [ELL I PSE, PARABOLA OR H Y P E R BO LA]

If a point P moves so that its distance from a fixed point

[called the focus] divided by its distance from a fixed line [called
the directrix] is a constant e [called the eccentricity] , then the
curve described by P is called a conic [so-called because such
curves can be obtained by intersecting a plane and a cone at
different angles].
If the focus is chosen at origin 0 the equation of a conic
in polar coordinates (r, 11) is, if OQ = p and LM = D, [see
Fig. 0- 2]

1 1

1 0. 1 7

The conic is
(i)

an ellipse if

(ii)

a parabola if

1e

(iii) a hyperbola if

cos (J

< 1

e =
e

> 1.

eD

1 -t cos (J

Directrix

I
1-- D
I

...
Fig. l0-12

FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

38

ELLIPSE WfTH C EN T E R 0(4), 1/o) A N D MAJ O R AXJ$ PARALlEl. TO

1 0. 1 8

Length of major axis A 'A

2a

1 0. 1 9

Length of minor axis B 'B

2b

1 0.20

Distance from center C to focus F or F' is

AXIS

A'

Va2 - b2

c =

B'

...ja2 -b2

Eccentricity = e =

= ---

1 0.22

Equation in rectangular coordinates:

(x -x0)2
+
a2

1 0.21

!:..
a

(y - Yo)2

Fig I 0 1 3
.

b2

0:

r2 =

a2 sin2 9 + b2 cos2 9

1 0.23

Equation in polar coordinates if C is at

1 0.24

Equation in polar coordinates if C is on x axis and F' is at

1 0.25

If P is any point on the ellipse, PF + PF'

0:

r =

2a

a(1 -2)

1 - . cos 9

If the major axis is parallel to the y axis, interchange x and y in the above or replace 9 by !1r - 9 [or
90 - 9].

PARABOLA W ITH AXIS PARA LLEL TO

AXIS

If vertex is at A(x0, y0) and the distance from A to focus F is a > 0, the equation of the parabola is
1 0.26

(y- Yo)2

4a(x -x0)

if parabola opens to right [Fig. 10-14]

1 0.27

(y - Yo) 2

-4a(x - x0)

if parabola opens to left [Fig. 10-15]

If focus is at the origin [Fig. 10-16] the equation in polar coordinates is

1 0.28

2a

1 -

cos 9
y

A t--=----

(x o. Yo)

Fig. l0-14

Fig. 10-15

In case the axis is parallel to the y axis, interchange x and y or replace

Fig. 10-16

by !1r - 9 [or 90 - 9 ] .

FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

39

Fig. 1 0-17

2a

10.29

Length of major axis A' A

10.30

Length of minor axis B'B

10.31

Distance from center C to focus F or F'

10.32

Eccentricity

10.33

Equation in rectangular coordinates:

10.34

Slopes of asymptotes G'H and GH'

10.35

Equation in polar coordinates if C is at

10.36

Equation in polar coordinates if C is on X axis and F' is at

10.37

If P is any point on the hyperbola, PF - PF'

2b
-

ya2 + b2

Ja2 + b2
a
(x - Xo)2

a2

(y - Yo)2

b2

b
+
a
0:

0:

a(2

- 1)

1 - . cos 8

2a [depending on branch]

If the major axis is parallel to the y axis, interchange x and y in the above or replace 8 by
[or 90
8].
-

!,...

;"<,-

11

' ,

,,

'

' "

'

'

'

,"

,0;:

' '

'

SP E C I A L P L A N E C U RV E S

---

LE M N I S C ATE

1 1.1

Equation in polar coordinates:

r2
1 1 .2

a2 cos 211

A'

Equation in rectangular coordinates:

(x2 + y2)2 = a2 (x2

y2)

1 1 .3

Angle between AB' or A 'B and x axis

1 1 .4

Area of one loop

!a2

Fig. l l-1

CYCLOID

1 1 .5

{ x = a(
y

a(l

1 1 .6

Area of one arch = 3,.a2

1 1 .7

Arc length of one arch

Equations in parametric form:

sin )
cos )

Sa

This is a curve described by a point P on a circle of radius

rolling along x axis.

Fig. 1 1 -2

H Y P O C Y C L O I D WITH F O U R C U S P S

1 1 .8

x2 13 + y2 !3
1 1 .9

Equation in rectangular coordinates:

=

a2!3

y = a sin3 o

Area bounded by curve = i,.a2

1 1.11

Arc length of entire curve = 6a

.....

I
I
I
I
-E'----1---==:r- X
--I
I
\
I
\
I
\
'\
/

Equations in parametric form:

x = a cos3 o

1 1 .10

'

This is a curve described by a point P on a circle of radius

a/4 as it rolls on the inside of a circle of radius a.

40

'-

Fig. 1 1 -3

SPE CIAL PLANE CURVE S

41

C A RDIOID

r = a(l + cos IJ)

1 1 .1 2

E quation:

1 1 .1 3

Area bounded by curve

1 1.14

Arc length of curve

1ra2
8a

This is the curve described by a point P of a circle of radius

a as it rolls on the outside of a fixed circle of radius a. The
curve is also a special case of the limacon of Pascal [see 11.32] .
Fig. l l -4

C ATE NARY

1 1.15

Equation:

y =

!!

( exla + e -xla)

cosh

This is the curve in which a heavy uniform chain would

hang if suspended vertically from fixed points A and B.

<

:
1

----->
--------------- X
01

Fig. 1 1 -5

T HREE-LEAVED R O S E

1 1 .16

Equation:

r = a cos 31J

The equation r = a sin 3 11 i s a similar curve obtained by

rotating the curve of Fig. 1 1-6 counterclockwise through 30 or
1r/ 6 radians.
In general r = a cos no or r = a sin niJ has n leaves if
n is odd.

Fig. 1 1 -6

F O U R - L E AVED R O SE

1 1 .17

Equation:

r = a cos 21J

The equation r = a sin 211 is a similar curve obtained by

rotating the curve of Fig. 1 1-7 counterclockwise through 45 or
1r/ 4 radians.
In general r = a cos no or r = a sin no has 2n leaves if
n is even.

Fig. 1 1 -7

42

SPECIAL PLANE CURVES

EPIC YCLOID

1 1.18

{x

Parametric equations:

(a + b) cos fJ

.
(a + b) sin fJ - b sm

)
( )

a +b
b cos (-b

(J

a +b
-b

This is the curve described by a point P on a circle of

radius b as it rolls on the outside of a circle of radius a.
The cardioid [Fig. 11-4] is a special case of an epicycloid.

Fig. l l -8

GENERAL HYPOCYCLOI D

1 1 .19

{x

Parametric equations:

(a -b) cos > + b cos

(a -b) sin > - b sin

(;)
()
a

>
>

This is the curve described by a point P on a circle of

radius b as it rolls on the inside of a circle of radius a.
If b

a/4, the curve is that of Fig. 1 1-3.

"
Fig. ll-9

1 1 .20

Parametric equations:

TROC HOID

a> -b sin >

a - b cos >

This is the curve described by a point P at distance b from the center of a circle of radius
circle rolls on the x axis.
If b < a, the curve is as shown in Fig. 1 1-10 and is called a curtate cycloid.
If b > a, the curve i s as shown in Fig.

11-11 and is called a

prolate cycloid.

If b = a, the curve is the cycloid of Fig. 11-2.

Fig. l l -10

Fig. ll-11

as the

SPECIAL PLANE CURVES

TRACTRIX.
1 1 .2 1

Parametric equations:

a( lnc t i<P

y = a s in

't'

cos )

W ITCH O F A G N E S I

Equation in rectangular coordinates:

1 1 .23

Parametric equations:

This is the curve described by endpoint P of a taut string

PQ of length a as the other end Q is moved along the x
axis.

1 1 .22

43

x2 + 4a2

QI

Fig. 1 1 - 1 2

x = 2a cot 8

y = a(l - cos 28)

:::::

In Fig. 1 1-13 the variable line OA intersects y 2a

and the circle of radius a with center (0, a) at A and B
respectively. Any point P on the "witch" is located by con
structing lines parallel to the x and y axes through B and
A respectively and determining the point P of intersection.

Fig. l l -13

FOLI U M OF D E SCA R TE S
1 1 .24

Equation in rectangular coordinates:

x3 + y3

1 1 .25

Parametric equations:

1 1 .26

Area of loop

1 1 .27

Equation of asymptote:

{:

!! az
2

3axy

3at
1 + t3
3at2
1 + t3

x+y+a

Fig. 1 1 -14

I N V O L U TE O F A C I RC L E
1 1 .28

Parametric equations:
x

a(cos + sin )
y = a(sin - cos )
This is the curve described by the endpoint P of a string
as it unwinds from a circle of radius a while held taut.
\

'

Fig. 1 1 -15

..._

SPECIAL PLANE CURVES

44

EVOLUTE O F A N E LLIPSE

1 1 .29

1 1 .30

Equation in rectangular coordinates:

(ax)2/3 + (by)2/3 = (a2

{ ax = (a2 - b2)

b2)2/3
X

Parametric equations:

cos3 fJ

by = (a2 - b2) sin3 (J

This curve is the envelope of the normals

x2fa2 + y2fb2 = 1 shown dashed in Fig. 11-16.

to

the ellipse
Fig. ll-16

OVALS OF C A SS I N I

1 1 .3 1

r4 + a4

Polar equation:

- 2a2r2 cos 2 0 = b4

This is the curve described by a point P such that the product of its distances from two fixed points
[distance 2a apart] is a constant b2.
The curve is as in Fig. 1 1-17 or Fig. 11-18 according as b < a or b > a respectively.
If b = a, the curve is a lemniscate [ Fig. 1 1-1 ] .

Fig. l l-17

Fig. 11-18
LI MACO N OF PASCAL

1 1 .32

Polar equation:

r = b + a cos fJ

Let OQ be a line joining origin 0 to any point Q on a circle of diameter a passing through 0. Then
the curve is the locus of all points P such that PQ = b.
The curve is as in Fig. 1 1-19 or Fig. 1 1-20 according as b > a or b < a respectively. If b = a, the
curve is a cardioid ( Fig. 11-4] .

Fig.

11-19

Fig. ll-20

SPECIAL PLANE CURVE S

45

C I S S O I D OF D I O C L E S

1 1 .33

Equation in rectangular coordinates:

yz =

1 1 .34

x3

2a -

Parametric equations:

{: :

2a

2a

sin2 o

sin3 o
cos (J

This is the curve described by a point P such that the

distance OP = distance RS. It is used in the problem of
duplication of a cube, i.e. finding the side of a cube which has
twice the volume of a given cube.

Fig. l l -21

S P I R AL O F A R C H I M E D E S

1 1 .35

Polar equation:

ao

Fig. l l -22

F O R M U LA S f ro m S O L I D

12

1 2. 1

A N A LY T I C G E O M E T R Y

Fig. l2-l

1 2.2

Xr

x2 -d-, m cos /3 -Yr n cos y

Y2 -d-,
-where a, {3, y are the angles which line P1P2 makes with the positive
d is given by 12.1 see Fig. 12-1].
l

cos a

x, y,

axes respectively. and

R E LATIO N S H IP B ET W E E N D I R E C TI O N COS I N E S

cos2 a

1 2.3

cos2 f3

+ cos2 y

or

12 + m2 + n2

D IR E C T I O N N U M B E R S

M, N

m, n are called direction numbers.

-yr=::::2 =::+::::LM::::2:=+=N=-2 ' m VL2 + M1112 + N2 ' n - y2 + N1112 + N2

which are proportional to the direction cosines l,

Numbers L,
The relationship between them is given by
1 2.4

r:::::::=::
::
:=::;

46

FORMULAS FROM SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Pt(Xt, Yt, Zt)

E Q UATIO N S OF L INE J OI N ING

1 2.5

AND

Pz(Xz, yz, zz)

47

IN STANDARD FOR M

Z - Zt
n

Y - Yt
Y - Yt
m
Yz - Yt
These are also valid if l, m, n are replaced by L, M, N respectively.

E Q UAT I O N S O F LINE J OINING Pt(Xt, Yt, Zt) AND Pz(Xz, Yz, zz) IN P A R A METRIC FORM

X = x 1 + l t,

1 2.6

Yt + m t,

Z = z1 + nt

These are also valid if l,m, n are replaced by L, M, N respectively.

A N G L E 4> BETWEEN TWO L INES WITH DI RECTIO N COSINES

lt, mt, nt

AND

lz, mz, nz

cos

1 2.7

GENERAL EQUATION OF A P LANE

Ax + By + Cz + D

1 2.8

E Q U A TIO N OF P LANE PASSING THR O UGH P O I NTS

X - X 1 y - Yt Z - Z t
Xz X t Yz - Yt Zz - Zt

1 2.9

[A, B, C, D are constants]

(Xt, Yt, Zt), (xz, Yz, Zz), (xs, 1fs, zs)

or
1 2. 1 0

Yz - Yt
Y3 - Yt

E QUATION OF P LANE IN INTERCEPT FORM

z

1 2. 1 1

: + 1L + =
a

where a, b, c are the intercepts on the

respectively.

x,

y, z axes

X
Fig. l2-2

48

FOhMULAS FROM SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

(xo, Yo, zo)

Ax + By + Cz + D

E Q UATI ONS OF L I NE THROUGH

AND PERPEN D ICULAR TO PLANE

X - Xo

1 2. 1 2

Y - Yo

z - z0

or

x0 + A t,

Y o + Bt,

z0 + Ct

Note that the direction numbers for a line perpendicular to the plane A x + By + Cz + D =

A , B, C.

D I STANCE FROM P O I N T

(xo, Yo, zo)

TO PLANE

Ax + By + Cz + D

are

A x0 + By0 + Cz0 + D

1 2. 1 3

yA2 + B2 + C2

where the sign is chosen so that the distance is nonnegative.

N O R MAL F O R M FOR E Q U ATION OF P LANE

12.14

COS a

+ y

COS

f3 +

Z COS

y = p

where p = perpendicular distance from 0 to plane at

P and a , ,8, y are angles between OP and positive x, y, z
axes.

Fig. I2-3
T RANS F O R MATI O N OF C O O R D I N ATES I N V O LV ING P U RE TRANSLATI ON

1 2. 1 5

x = x' + x0

y = y ' + Yo

z = z' + z0

or

x'

I Z'
I
I
I

x - x0

y ' = Y - Yo
z'

1 (x_YQ-"ol_

z - z0

where (x, y, z) are old coordinates [i.e. coordinates rela

tive to xyz system] , (x', y', z') are new coordinates [rela
tive to x'y'z' system] and (x0, y0, z0) are the coordinates
of the new origin 0' relative to the old xyz coordinate
system.

/0'
/

y'

Ao------ y
/x'

Fig. I2-4

FORMULAS FROM SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

{x
{

49

TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES INVOL V I N G PURE ROTATION

1 2. 1 6

or

11x'

+ l2y'

m1x'

l1x

y'

Z2x

l3x

l3z '

m2y'

n1x' + n2y'

x'

z'

m1y
m2y

m3z'

+ n3z'

\ z'

n 1z

/ y'

n2z

,---------- y
0
1
I
I
I
i x'

m:Jy + n3z

where the origins of the xyz and x'y'z' systems are the
same and l1, m1, n1 ; 12, m2, n2 ; l3, m3, n3 are the direction
cosines of the x', y', z' axes relative to the x, y , z axes
respectively.

Fig. 12-5

{x
{

TRANSF O RMATION OF COORDINATES INVOL VI N G TRANSLATION AND ROTATION

12.17

y
z

+ lzy' + l3z' + x0
= m1x' + m2y' + m3z' + Yo
n1x' + n2y' + n3 z' + z 0

z'

x:

or

= l1x'

l1(x - x0)

+ m1(y - y0)

n 1 (z - z 0)

l2(x - x0) + m2(y - y0)

l3(x - x0)

+ n3(z - z 0)

m3(y - y0)

n2( z - z 0)
.

where the origin 0' of the x'y'z' system has coordinates

( x0, y0 , z0) relative to the xyz system and l 1 , mv n 1 ;
l2, m2 , n2 ; 13, m3, n 3 are the direction cosines o f the
x', y', z' axes relative to the x, y , z axes respectively.

/0:;:-----j------

Fig. l2-6

CYLINDRICAL COO RDINATES

A point P can be located by cylindrical coordinates (r,

[see Fig. 12-7] as well as rectangular coordinates ( x, y, z) .
The transformation between these coordinates is

1 2. 1 8

{:
z

r
0

cos IJ

sin 0

or

{'

(r, 0, z)

IJ, z)

vxz + y2
IJ = tan- 1 (y/x)
z

z
X

Fig. l2-7

l(x, y, z)
I (r, 6, z)

FORMULAS FROM SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

50

SPHERICAL COORDINATES

(r, 0, )

A point P can be located by spherical coordinates (r, o, )

[see Fig. 12-8] as well as rectangular coordinates (x, y, z).
The transformation between those coordinates is
1 2. 1 9

or

{:
{:

J(x, y, z)
P l (r, 0, )
r

r sin o cos
r sin o sin

r cos o
vx2 + y2 + z2
tan - ! (y/x)
cos - 1 (z/yx2 + y 2 + z2 )

Fig. 1 2-8

EQUATION OF SPHERE IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

1 2.20

(x - x0)2 + (y - y0)2 + (z - z0)2 = R2

where the sphere has center (x0, y0, z0) and radius R.

Fig. 1 2-9

EQ UATION OF SPHERE IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

1 2.21

r2 - 2r0r cos (o - 00) + r + (z - z0)2 = R2

where the sphere has center (r0, o0, z0) in cylindrical coordinates and radius R.
If the center is at the origin the equation is

1 2.22

r2 + z2 = R2

E Q UATION OF SPHERE IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES

1 2.23

r2 + r - 2r0r sin 0 sin 00 cos ( - 0) = R2

where the sphere has center (r0, o0, o) in spherical coordinates and radius R.
If the center is at the origin the equation is

1 2.24

r =

FORMULAS FROM SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

E Q U AT I O N OF E L L I P S O I D W IT H C E N T E R

1 2.25

(x - Xo) 2
(y - Yo) 2
(z - zo) 2
+
+
a2
c2

b2

(xo, Yo, zo) AN D

51

S E M I - A X E S a, b, c

Fig. 12-10
E LL I PT I C C Y L I N D E R W I T H A X I S A S z A X IS
y2
x2
a2 +

1 2.26
where
If

a,

b2
b are semi-axes of elliptic cross section.
=

it becomes a circular cylinder of radius a.

Fig. 12-11
E L LI P T I C C O N E W IT H A X I S A S z A X I S
z

1 2.27

Fig. 12-12
H Y P E R B O LO I D OF O N E S H E ET

1 2.28

Fig. 12-13

52

FORMULAS FROM SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

H Y PERBO LOID O F TWO S HE ETS

1 2.29
Note orientation of axes in Fig. 12-14.

Fig. 12-14

E L LI PTIC PAR ABO L O ID

1 2.30

z
c

Fig. 12-15

HYP E R B O LI C P A R A B O L O I D

1 2.31

x2
y2 _ z
7i2 - b2
c

Note orientation of axes in Fig. 12-16.

Fig. 12-16

13

D E R I VAT I V E S

D E F I N I T I O N O F A D E R I VATI V E

I f y = f(x), the derivative o f y o r f(x) with respect to x is defined as

dy
dx

1 3. 1

lim f(x + h) - f(x)

h -+ 0

x)
x)
lim f(x + ti - /(

L>x -+ 0

where h = tix. The derivative is also denoted by y', df/dx or f' (x).
called differentiation.

tix

The process of taking a derivative is

G E N ERAL RUlES O F D IF F E R E N T I ATION

In the following, u, v, w are functions of x; a, b, c, n are constants [restricted if indicated] ; e = 2.71828 . . .

is the natural base of logarithms; In u is the natural logarithm of u [i.e. the logarithm to the base e] where
it is assumed that u > 0 and all angles are in radians.
1 3.2

d
dx (c) = 0

1 3.3

d
x)
dx (e

1 3.4

d
n)
dx (cx

1 3.5

d
u v w " ")
dx (

1 3.6

d
dx (cu)

du
cdx

1 3.7

d
dx (uv)

du
dv
udx
dx + v -

1 3.8

d
w)
dx (uv

1 3.9

ncxn - 1
+

du
dv
dw + uw uvdx + vw dx
dx

:X (:;)

v( du/dx) - u(dv/dx)
v2
nun- 1 du
dx

1 3. 1 0

d n
dx (u )

1 3. 1 1

dy
dx

dy du
du dx

13.12

du
dx

dx/du

dy

dy/du

dx

dx/du

1 3. 1 3

du + dv + dw
dx - dx - dx

(Chah rule)

53

DE RIVATIVES

54

1 3. 1 4

:x sin u

du
dx

cos u

1 3. 1 7

1 3. 1 5

d
cos u
dx

du
- sin u dx

13.18

d
sec u
dx

13.16

d
tan u
dx

du
sec2 u dx

1 3. 1 9

d
csc u
dx

1 3.20

dx sm - 1 u

1 3.2 1

d
- cos - 1 u
dx

1 3.22

d
- cot 1 u
dx

1 3.24

d
- sec - 1 u
dx

1 3.25

-1

V1 - u2

[0 <

!!:_ csc - 1 u

dx

[0 <
du
dx

du
dx
l u i vfu2 - 1

loga e du
u- dx
d
- ln u
dx

sin - 1 u

cos - 1 u

[- i <

du
dx

1 3.26
1 3.27

du
dx

du
dx

tan - 1 u

1 3.23

[-i <

du

V1 - u2 dx

<

< ,-]

tan -t u <

cot - 1 u < ,-j

du
dx

::;:1
uvfu2 - 1

du
dx

csc 2 u

cot u
:=

du
dx

sec u tan u

du
dx

du
esc u cot u dx

i]
J

[
[-

+ if 0 < sec - 1 u < Tr/2

- if ,-/2 < sec - 1 u < ,.

if 0 < csc-1 u < 1r/2

+ if -,-/2 < csc-1 u < 0

a 0, 1

1 du
u dx
au In a du

1 3.28

dx

1 3.29
!!:_ 6v In u

1 3.30

dx

ev In u !!:_ [v ln u]
dx

dv
du
vuv - 1 - + uv ln u dx
dx

1 3.31

d .
s hu
dx m

cosh u

du
dx

1 3.34

d
coth u
dx

du
- csch2 u dx

1 3.32

d
cosh u
dx

sm
. hu

du
dx

1 3.35

d
sech u
dx

- sech u tanh u

1 3.36

:X csch u

csch u coth u

1 3.33

dx

tanh u

sech2 u

du

dx

du
dx
du

dx

DERIVATIVES

du
y'u2+ 1 dx

1 3.37

.!!._
sinh
dx

1 3.38

d
- cosh - l u
dx

1 3.39

d
- tanh-1 u
dx

1 3 .40

d
dx coth-1 u

1
du
dx

1 3.41

d
- sech - 1 u
dx

+1
du
uv'1 - u2 dx

---=-

d
- csch-l u
dx

1 3 .42

55

1
du
y'u2 - l dx

1 du
1 - u2 dx

[-1 < u < 1]

<

[u > 1 or u

-1
du
!ul y1 + u2 dx

::::.

+ if cosh - l u > 0, u
- if cosh - 1 u < 0, u

:::::

+1
du
uv'1 + u2 dx

1
1

-1]

- if sech - 1 u > 0, 0
+ if sech-l u < 0, 0

[- if u > 0,

>

>

if u

<

<

<

u< 1
< 1

0]

HIGHEt . DERIVAt i'VIS

The second, third and higher derivatives are defined as follows.
1 3.43

Second derivative

1 3.44

Third derivative

1 3.45

nth derivative

d
dx

;;;:;

dx
a

dx

()
( )
( )
dy
dx

aly
dx2

d2y
dx2

f"(x)

d3y
dxS

an-ly
dxn - 1

f"'(x)

dny
dxn

y"
y' "

J< n l (x)

y <nl

UfBNITZ'S RUlE FO R HIGH ER DERIVAT IVES OF PRODUCTS

Let DP stand for the operator

Dn(uv)

1 3.46

( ;) ( ;)
.

whe re

. . .

so that DPu
d P

uDnv +

(Du)(Dn- lv)

the pth derivative of

(;)

(D2u)(Dn -2v) +

d2v
+
dx2

Let y

du dv + d2u
v
dx dx
dx2

f(x) and fly

1 3.49

f' (x)

ax
e

dy
+ '
dx

...,. 0 as Ax -> 0. Thus

1 3.50

If we call t::.x

f '(x) t::.x + .t..x

Ay
=

dx the differential of

x,

then we define the differential of y

dy

f'(x) dx

to

u.

d3
(uv)
axa

1 3.48

1 3.5 1

are the binomial coefficients [page 3].

As special cases we have

d2
1 3 .47
(uv)
dx2

where

( ;)

be

Then

+ vDnu

56

DERIVATIVES

RULES FOR DlffiRJNT:JAt.S

The rules for differentials are exactly analogous to those for derivatives. As examples we observe that
:::::

du dv dw

1 3.52

d(u v w

1 3 .53

d(uv)

1 3.54
1 3.55

a()

1 3.56

d(sin u)

cos u du

1 3 .57

d(cos u)

- sin u du

d(u)

f(x, x,

v du - u dv
:::::

nun -l du

Similarly the partial derivative of

1 3.59

u dv + v du

Let
y) be a function of the two variables
with respect to keeping constant, to be
1 3.58

f(x,

x y.
f(x x. x - f(x, y)
and

y) with respect to y, keeping

lim
... o

constant, is defined to be

Au

iJy

Partial derivatives of higher order can be defined as follows.

axa (at)
ax '

1 3.60

/(lli, y)

y)

lim
... o

Ax

Then we define the partial derivative of

iJya (iJiJ'y)

1 3.61
The results in 13.61 will be equal if the function and its partial derivatives are continuous, i.e. in
case the order of differentiation makes no difference.
The differential of
1 3.62
where dx

f(x,

and dy

y) is defined as

y.

df

aaxt x ayiJf
d

Extension to functions of more than two variables are exactly analogous.

such

14

If

f{x), then

is the function whose derivative is f(x) and is called the anti-derivative of /(x)

or the inefinite integral of f(x), denoted by

/(x) dx. Similarly if

y J

/(u) du, then

Since the derivative of a constant is zero, all indefinite integrals differ by an arbitrary constant.

= /(u).

For the definition of a definite integral, see page 94. The process of finding an integral is called
integration.

In the following, u, v, w are functions of x; a, b, p, q, n any constants, restricted if indicated;

e = 2.7 1828 . . is the natural base of logarithms; In u denotes the natural logarithm of u where it is assumed
that u > 0 [in general, to extend formulas to cases where u < 0 as well, replace In u by In !uiJ ; all angles
are in radians; all constants of integration are omitted but implied.
.

14.1
1 4.2
1 4.3
1 4.4

J
J
J
J

= ax

a dx

(u

'IJ

u dv

af(x) dx
w

/(x) dx

) dx

uv -

v du

u dx

v dx

w dx

[ Integration by partsJ

For generalized integration by parts, see 14.48.

1 4.5
1 4.6

J
J

/(ax) dx

J
J

F{f (x)} dx

/(tt) du
F(u)

: du

In u

1 4.8

if

where u = /(x)

[For n = -1, see 14.8]

n oF - 1

1 4.7

F(u)
du
f' (x)

> 0 or In ( -u) if

<0

In lui
1 4.9
1 4. 1 0

J
J

e" du
au du

6u ln a

du

In a

a > 0, a # 1

57

58

1 4. 1 1
1 4. 1 2
1 4. 1 3
1 4. 1 4
1 4. 1 5
1 4. 1 6
1 4. 1 7
1 4. 1 8
1 4. 1 9
1 4.20
1 4.21
1 4.22
1 4.23
1 4.24
1 4.25
1 4.26
1 4.27
1 4.28
1 4.29
1 4.30
1 4.3 1
1 4.32
1 4.33

INDEFINITE INTE GRALS

j'

sin u du

.f cos u du

J
j'
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
j'
j'
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
j'
J
J

- cos u
=

tan u du
cot u du

sin u
In sec u

- In cos u

In sin u

sec u du

In (sec u + tan u)

csc u du

In (esc u

sec2 u du
csc2 u du

- cot u

cot2 u du

- cot u
=

u
2

sin 2u

! (u

4-

sin 2u
+
4
2

cos2 u du
sec u tan u du

sinh u du

cosh u
=

tanh u du

sinh u
In cosh u

In sinh u
sin - 1 (tanh u)

csch u du

ln tanh

csch2 u du

tanh2 u du

!(u + sin u cos u)

- csc u

sech u dtt

sech2 u du

sin u cos u)

sec u

esc u cot u du

coth u du

tan u

tan u - u

cosh u du

( )

u
In tan 2

cot u)

tan2 u du

sin2 u du

ln tan

u
2

or

tanh u
coth u
u - tanh u

or

2 tan- 1 eu
coth - 1 eu

INDEFI NITE I NTEGRALS

1 4.34
1 4.35
1 4.36
1 4.37
1 4.38
1 4.39
1 4.40
1 4.41
1 4.42

J coth2 u du :::: u - coth u

2u
u
J sinh2 u du
2u
J cosh2 u du
+
2
J u u du
J u coth u du ::::
J u2du+ a2 a ua
f
2a ( u
)
f
2a (a - u )
f ya2du- u2
a
s

inh

sinh

sech

tanh

sech u

csch

- csch u

- tan- 1 1

_!_ In

_!_ In

+ a

1 4.45
1 4.46
1 4.47
1 4.48

.! coth - 1

u
= -1 tanh - 1 a
a

u2 > a2
u2 < a2

sin- 1

In (u +

1 4.44

u)

-!(sinh u cosh u + u)

::=

-! (sinh u cosh u

::::

59

f yu2du- a2
j' du

uyu2 - a2

f
J uya2 -u2
f J<nlg dx =

or

Vu2 + a2 )

In (u + yu2 - a2 )

sec- 1
- - In
1

In

( a + yu2 + a2 )
u
y
( a + :2 - u2 )

J< n - Dg - J<n- 2 )g'

This is called g eneralized

integration

J<n - 3 )g "

. . . (- 1 )n

by parts.

f fg<n) dx

Often in practice an integral can be simplified by using an appropriate transformation or substitution

and formula 14.6, page 57. The following list gives some transformations and their effeets.

1 4.49
1 4.50
1 4.5 1
1 4.52
1 4.53

J F(ax + b) dx =
J F{-../ax + b ) dx
J F(Vax + b ) dx
J F(ya2 - x2 ) dx
f F(yx2 + a2 ) dx

J F(u) du
2 J u F(u) du
; f un- 1 F(u) du
a J F(a cos u) cos u du
u)
u du
a f F(a
a

sec

sec2

where u = ax + b
where

where

u = Vax + b

where

where

x = a tan u

vax + b

sin u

60
1 4 . 54

1 4.55

1 4.56

1 4.57

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

f
f
f
J (

dx

F(e=) dx

F(ln

) dx

sin- 1

F(a

tan u) sec u tan u

du

J Fu) du

x) dx

F(u)

eu

j'

du

where

where

where

F(u)

cos u

du

where

see u

e=

ln

sin - 1

Similar results apply for other inverse trigonometric functions.

1 4.58

F(sin

x, cos x) dx

f (

2u
+ u2

'

u2
u2

1 1 +

where

Pages 60 through 93 provide a table of integrals classified under special types. The remarks given on
page 57 apply here as well. It is assumed in all cases that division by zero is excluded.

1 4 . 59

1 4.60

1 4.61

1 4 .62

1 4 .63

1 4.64

1 4.65

1 4.66

1 4.67

1 4.68

1 4.69

1 4.70

1 4.7 1

f
f

ax
_;.;"-::x dx
ax + b

-;:;_ ln (ax + b)

b
n (ax + b)
a - a2 l

(ax + b)2
2a3

ax + b
s

J
J
J
f
f
J
J
J
J
f

x3 dx
ax + b

(ax + b)3
3a4

dx
x(ax + b)

x2(::+ b)

ln

b2
2b(ax + b)
+
a3
a3

ax b

_!_

+
n
bx
b2 l

ax + b
x

x
ax + b

-1

(ax b)2

a(ax + b)

x dx
(ax + b)2

1
b
+
n (ax + b)
a2(ax + b)
a2 l

x2 dx

(!W + b)2

x3 dx
(ax + b)2

dx
x(ax + b)2
x
d + b)2
x2(ax

ax + b

b2

----cia- - a3(ax + b)
(ax + b)2
2a4
1

(ax + b)

3b2(ax + b)
3b(ax + b)2
+
a4
2a4

2ax - b
a2
n
2 b2x2 + b3 l

x3(aa:+ b)

In

b(ax + b)

b3

In
- 4
a

2b

- aa In

(ax + b)

3b2
3b(ax + b) +
b3
+ a4
a4(ax + b)
a4

n
b2 l

(ax + b)

ax + b

)
(

1
2a l
-a
+
n
b2(ax + b) - b2x
b3

ax + b

x
-

In

(ax + b)

INDE FINITE INTEGRALS

1 4.72
1 4.73
1 4.74
1 4.75
1 4.76
1 4.77
1 4.78
1 4.79
1 4.80
1 4.81

f x3(axdx+ b)2 (ax2b4x+ 2b)2 3a(axb4x+ b) b4(ax + b) b4 ( ax + b)

J (axa:. b)3 2(ax-1+ b)2
f (axx +dxb)3 a2(ax + b) + 2a2(axb + b)2
f (axx2+dxb)3 a3(ax2b+ b) 2aS(axb2+ b)2 a3 1n (ax + b)
b
4 ln (ax + b)
+ 2a4(ax b)2
f (axxS+dxb)3
a
+
ax + b )
f x(axdx+ b)3 2b3(axa2x2+ b)2 - b3(ax2ax+ b) - b3 (-xJx2(axdx+ b)3 2b2(ax-a+ b)2 b3(ax2a+ b) b3x + 3ab4 1n (ax x+ b)
J x3(axdx+ b)3 2b5(axa4x+2 b)2 b5(ax4a3x+ b) (ax2b5x+ 2 b5 (ax + b)
+t
-1,
f (ax + b)n dx (ax + b)n1)a
b(ax + b)n + l
b)n+ 2
-1, -2
f x (ax + b)" dx (ax + 2)a2
+ 1)a2 '
-2,
b)n + 3
2b(ax b)n +2
b2(ax + b)n + l
f x2(ax + b)" dx (ax + 3)a3
+
+ 2)a3
+ 1)a3
+

1 4.86

1 4.87

1 4.88

In

1_

6a.2 In

b)2

If n

(n +

= -

1,

(n

see 1 4.59.
.p.

(n

see 14.60, 14.67.

=

-1, -2, -3,

(n +

(n

(n

see 14.61, 14.68, 1 4.75.

xm (ax + b)n + t
xm - l (ax + b) " dx
1)a
(m +
(m + n + 1)a
-xm + l(ax + b)n+ l
m + n + 2
+
xm(ax + b)n + l dx
(n + l )b
(n + 1)b

1 4.83

1 4.85

In

-1

If n

1 4.84

3a2

If n

1 4.82

61

f vax + b

J vaxx dx+ b
J Vaxx2 dx+ b
J

dx
xvax + b

J x2Vaxdx + b

a
+
2(ax 2b) r---;-;v ax -r bo
Sa2
_

Yb
2

1n

( - VbVb)
vax + b +

an

-1

Vax + b
a
bx
2b

--::;)

J :x;,/axdx+ b

[See 14.87]

62

1 4.89
1 4.90
1 4.91

1 4.92

1 4 .93
1 4.94

1 4.95

1 4 .96

1 4.97

1 4.98

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

J Vax + b dx
J xyax + b dx
J x2yax + b dx

2(15a2x2 - 12abx + 8b2) V(ax. + b)3

105a3

J vaxX+ b dx
[See 14.87]
s vax + b dx - vaxX+ b + -2a --- [See 14.87]
J XVax + b
2x"'vax+ b - 2mb f xm- 1 dx
x"' dX -=
(2m + l)a (2m + 1)a yax + b
J yax + b
f dx
xmyax + b
f xmyax + b dx (2m2x"'+ 3)a (ax + b)3!2 - (2m2mb+ 3)a f xm -1 ax b
+ b dx
vaxy;;;+b
f -+ 2(ma- 1) J xm- 1-.dx./ax + b
+ b)3/2 (2m - 5)a ...;;;;;+b dx
J yaxXm+ b dx (m- (ax
- 1)bx"' - (2m - 2)b f
+ b) <m + 2l /2
f (ax + b)ml2 dx 2(axa(m
+ 2)
/2 2b(ax + b) <m+ 2l/2
J x(ax + b)m/2 d'X' 2(axa2+(mb)<m+4l
a2(m + 2)
4)
+ b)<m+6l/2 - 4b(ax + b) <m+4)/2 2b2(ax + b) <m+2l/2
J x2(ax + b)m/2 dx 2.(axa3(m
a3(m + 4)
+ 6)
a,3(m + 2)
J -"-=(a::x:...: +:..... x.::J..b):."'_.. /2 dx =2::::(a::x +m___.:::_; b:2_)_m_t2 + b J (ax + b)x<m-2)/2 dx
f (ax + b)m/2 dx - (ax + b)<m+2l/2 + ma (ax + b)m/2 dx
x2
bx
Zb J
x
f dx
!f
dx
2
x(ax + b)m/2 (m - 2)b(ax b)<m 2)/2 + b x(ax + b) <m-2>12
--

--

v
+ dx

1 4.99

1 4 . 1 00

1 4. 1 0 1

1 4 . 1 02

1 4 . 1 03

1 4 . 1 04

INTIGRALS I NVOlVING
1 4 . 1 05
1 4 . 1 06

dx
J (ax + b}(p
x + q)
f x dx
(ax+ b)(px + q)
J (ax + b)dx2(px + q)
J (ax + b)x 2dx(px + q)
J (ax + x2b)2dx(px + q)

1 4 . 1 07

1 4. 1 08

1 4 . 1 09

b . A,f\lG

ll

px
bp 1 aq ln ( ax ++ q)
b
b aq a ln (ax + b) - ln (px + q) }
(-( 1
px +
p
-+
In
bp aq Lax + b bp aq ax + qb ) }
1 {
(ax + b) b }
bp - aq bp -q aq n px + q - a(ax + b)
b(bp 2aq)
{ q2
1
b2
(bp - aq)a2(ax + b) + (bp - aq)2 -p In (px + q) + a
P

ln (ax

o}}
J

I ND E FINITE INTEGRALS

14.1 1 0

1 4. 1 1 1

J (ax + b)mdx(px + q)n (n l)(b1p aq) {(ax + b )m }(px + q)n

}
+ a(m + n - 2)
J (ax + b)m;x + q)n
f ax + b dx ax + bp aq (px + q)
px + q
P
P
}
(ax + b) m
+ b) m + 1 +
- 1)(bp - aq) { (ax
(n - m - 2)a f (px + n dx
q)
(px + q)n
f' (ax + b) m dx
{(px(ax++q)bn)m- 1 + m(bp - aq) f (ax(px++b)q)mn dx}
(px + q)n
(ax + b ) m- 1 )
f
-1 { (ax + b) m
ma
(px + q)n dx
+
l)p (px q)n 1

In

1
--=-

_
_

(n -

1 4. 1 1 2

63

-1

.,----=--:::-;--

(n

1 4. 1 1 3

1 4. 1 1 4

1 4. 1 1 5

px + q
dx
f Vax
+b

2(apx + 3aq - 2bp)

ax
3a2

J (px + q)dxVax + b
s
dx
px + q

1
ybp - aq yp

In (

2
VP tan
a
bp
q
vf

2yax + b
ybp - aq
--+
P
2
p

PVP

y;);:p::::aq

Vp(ax + b ) + ybp - aq

In (

2yaq - bp

PVP

yp(ax + b) -

p(ax + b)
aq b p

ybp - aq

y'p(ax + b)

yp(ax + b) + ybp - aq
p(ax + b)
aq - bp-

tan - 1

1 4. 1 1 6

1 4. 1 1 7

1 4. 1 1 8

f (px + q)dxn vax + b

2(px + q)n y'aX+b
2 (aq - bp} j' (px + q)n - l dx
+ n
J (pxVax++q)bn dx
(2n + l)a
Vax + b
-v'ax + b
dx
a
j
+
2(n - 1 )p
n - l yax
'

(px + q)

{k In

tf1tott$ t.N VOJ.VING

1 4. 1 20

1 4. 1 2 1

dx
y(ax + b)(px + q)

dx
f V(ax +xb)(px
+ q)

2
--

Vax + b

AND

+b

vfpx + q

(v'a(px + q) + yp(ax + b) )

an

V(ax + b)(px + q)
ap

-p(ax + b )
a(px + q)
bp + aq
2ap

J y(ax + dxb)(p;r; + q)

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

64

1 4. 1 22
1 4. 1 23
1 4. 1 24

1 4. 1 25
1 4. 1 26
1 4. 1 27
1 4. 1 28
1 4. 1 29
1 4. 1 30
1 4. 1 3 1
1 4. 1 32
1 4. 1 33
1 4. 1 34
1 4. 1 35
1 4. 1 36
1 4. 1 37

J v'(ax + b)(px + q) dx

f
f

dx
x2 + az

J xz + az

- In

J
J
J

x2 dx ::::
x - a tan - 1
x2 + a2
a
2

x dx

dx
x(x2 + a2)

dx

J
f
f
f

J
J

a2

2 In (x2 + a2)

l
2 2 n x2

a2x

az)

-1
_!
a3 tan a

1
1
- 2a2x2 - 2a4

In

x2
x2 + az

dx

x dx
(x2 + a2)n
dx
x(x2 + a2)n

dx

J a;m(ro2 + a))"

x
x
+ ..1_ tan - 1
a
2a3
2a2(x2 + a2)

-1
-x
+ _!_ tan - 1
2(x2 + a2)
2a
a

dx

(aq - b p) v'px + q

x':l dx
(x2 + a2)2

dx
rx;2(x2 + a2)2

J -;::.=====-

(x2 + a2)

x2

J x2(x2 + a2)
dx
J x3(x2 + a2)
dx
J (x2 + a2)2
x dx
J (x2 + a2)2
x2 dx
J (x2 + a2)2

J (x2 + a2)n

1 4. 1 43

1
2

x3 dx
x2 + a2

1 4. 1 39

1 4. 1 42

2y'aXTI

dx
(px + q) v'<ax + b ) (px + q )

J x3(x2 + a2)2

1 4 . 1 41

v'<ax + b ) ( px + q)
!!!!._ bp
+
a
2a

px + q dx
ax + b

1 4. 1 38

1 4. 1 40

v'(ax + b)(px + q)

l l
1
+
n
2a4
2 a2(x2 + a2)

_ __!_ a4x

x2
x2 + a2

x
- .JL tan - 1
a
2af>
2a4(x2 + a2)

- 2a!xi1. - 2a4(x + a2) -

2n 3
x
+
(2n 2) a2
2(n - l)a2(x2 + a2)n- 1

x2

a2)

dx

J (x2 + a2)n-1

INDE FINITE INTEGRALS

1 4. 1 44

dx

2a

X2a2
x dx

f X2(i2

1 4. 1 45

x3 dxaJ.
x2

1 4. 1 48

f x(x2

1 4. 1 49

dx

1 4. 1 50
1 4. 1 5 1
1 4. 1 52

dx

f x2(x2

f (x2

a
x
x+ a

X
1
- - c oth - 1 -

or

_! ln (x2 - a2)

1 4. 1 46
1 4. 1 47

( )

ln

65

( )

x2

+ !!e2 rn
x+ a
a2

+ - In (x2 - a2)
2
2

a2)

1
2a2 ln

1 + 1 In
-2
a x

a2)

2 a3

dx
a2)2

)
( )
( )
In
( )
1
n

x2
a2
_x
_2_

2 ah;2

2a4

x
a
x + a

xz

-x
1
2a2 (x2 a2)
4a3

x
a
x +a

-1

1 4. 1 53
- a2
+ _! In (x2 - a2)
2(x2 a2)
2

1 4. 1 54

1 4. 1 55

1 4. 1 56

1 4. 1 57

1 4. 1 58
1 4 . 1 59

1 4. 1 60
1 4. 1 6 1

1 4. 1 62

dx

f x(x2 - a2)2
dx

J x2(x2 - a2)2
,

dx
x3 (x2 a2)2

(x2

f
f

x dx
a2)n

f (x2

dx
a2)n

x(x2

dx

a2) n

- a4x -

2a.4x2

2(n
2(n
2(n

2 a4(x2

a2)

2a.4(x 2

4 a5

a2)

a2)n 1
a2)n 1
a2)n 1

(+)
1 (
)
ln

- In
+

a6

2n - 3
(2n 2)a2

a2

x2

x2

a2

dx

J (x2 - a2)n

dx
x(x2 - a2)n

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

66

t:Nti4Rt.:ts
1 4. 1 63
1 4. 1 64

dx

_!_ In (
x)
a
2a

f a2x-dxx2

:l..,vqf.vtN
a

- 2 In (a2 - x2)

x2 dx
x2

f a2

a
a + x)
-x + - In (-a x
2

1 4. 1 66

J a2x3-dxx2

a2 l
xz - - --n (a2 - x2)
2
2

1 4. 1 67

f x(a2

1 4. 1 68

J x2(a2dx x2)

1 4. 1 69

f x3(a2

1 4. 1 70

J (a2 -dxx2)2

1 4. 1 71

f (a2

x2)

dx

<;;, a,2

! tanh- 1

or

1 4. 1 65

dx

.a2

=
=

1
( x2
2a2 In a2 x2)
_ _1_ + _l_ ln ( a + x )
a x
2a3
a2x
x2
1 + 1 In (--- -a2 x2 )
2a2x2
2a4

x2)

2a2(a2

x dx
x2) 2

x3 dx
x2)2

x2)

x
+ 1 1n (a + )
4a3

1
2 (a2 - x2)

1 4. 1 72
1 4. 1 73

1 4. 1 74

f (a2

a2
+ ! In (a2 - x2)
2 (a2 x2 )
2

f x(a2dx- x2)2

1 4. 1 75
1 4. 1 76
1 4. 1 77

1 4. 1 78

1 4. 1 79

1 4. 1 80

1 4.1 81

(a2

dx
x2) n

f (a2x dxx2)n

2(n

x
1 ) a2(a2 - :x;2) n

2(n

1
1 ) (a2 - x2)n

2 (n

1
1

2n
(2n - 2) a2

dx

f (a2 - x2)n - 1

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

dx

J yx2 + a2
x dx
J yx2 + a2

1 4. 1 82

1 4. 1 83

J yxx22 +dxa2

1 4. 1 84

14. 1 86

1 4. 1 87

1 4. 1 88

1 4 . 1 89
1 4 . 1 90

14.191
1 4 . 1 92

1 4. 1 93

1 4.1 94

1 4 . 1 95
1 4. 1 96

1 4. 1 97

a2

(x2 + a2)3/2
3

dx

- a-1 ln

dx
x2yx2 + a2

a + yx2 + a2
x

Vx2 + a2
1
+ In
2 a2x2
2 a3

----=----;:-

J yx2 + a2 dx
J xyx2 + a2 d::e
J x2...)x2 + a2 dx

(x2 + a2) 5/2

5

vx2 + a2 - a In

(x2 + a2)

vx2 + a2
X

+ ln (x + y'x2 + a2 )

-1

Vx2 + a2 + In (x

1 4. 1 99

+
dx
x(x2 + a2)3/2

a2Vx2 + a2

vx2 + a2 )

a2
2
vx + a,2
1
- a3 In

(a + Vx2 + a2)
X

1 4.20 1

1 4.202

(a + )

-x

x(x2 + a2)3/2

yx2 + a2

f (x2 +dxa2)312
f x dx 312

( a + Vx2 + a2)

1 4. 1 98

1 4.200

x vx2 + a2
a2
---:- - + In (x + yx2 + a2 )
2
2
(x2 + a2)3 !2

dx

f --- dx
f -yx2 + a2
dx
-..)x2
f + a2 dx

- a2vx2 + a2

dx
:#yxz + a2

f x3yx2 + a2

sinh-1 E
a

2 In (x + y x2 + a2 )

J yx2 + a2

1 4. 1 85

or

In (x + y::e2 + a2 )

67

-1

a4...fx 2 + a2
3

+ 2a5 ln
2 a4Vx2 + a2

( a + yx2 + a2)
X

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

68

1 4.203
1 4.204
1 4.205
1 4.206
1 4.207
1 4.208
1 4.209

1 4.2 1 0

J (x2 + a2)3/2 dx
J x(x2 + a2)3/2 dx
J x2(x2 + a2)312 dx
f x3(x2 + a2)312 dx
f (x2 + a2)312 dx
f2
f (xZ + a2)3
dx
2
f (x2 + 3a2)3/2 dx

1 4.2 1 3

(x2 + a2)3 12
+
3

- a3 l n

.l.::__:_:::_L_ +
x _

3xyx 2 + a2

( a + yx2 + a2)
X

+ 23 a2 ln (x + v'x2 + a2 )

dx
yx2 - a2

j.

f yx2x dx-

l n (x +
xvx2 - a2
+
2

1 4.2 1 1
1 4.2 1 2

x3 dx
yx2 - a2

(x2 - a2)3/2

a2

2 ln (x + yx2 - a2 )

+ az yx2 - a2

f x

1 4.2 1 4
1 4.2 1 5
1 4.2 1 6
1 4.2 1 7
1 4.2 1 8
1 4.2 1 9
1 4.220
1 4.22 1
1 4.222
1 4.223

f x3y x2 - a2 f v'xz - a2 dx
f xv'x2 - a2 dx
- r:-z;--;;

+ 1 sec 1 x
2a3
2azz
a

xyxz - a2
2
- !!:__ In (x + v'x2 - a2 )
2
2
(x2 a2 )3 1 2
3
4
a2xyx2 - a2
x (x2 a2) 3/2
+
- !!:_ In (x + yx2 - a2 )
4

.f x2yx2 - a2 dx

f xa...jx2 - a2 dx
f
dx
j' yxz - a2 dx
X

f yx2 - a2 dx

f (xz _a:,z)srz

_1 l

a2)5/2

(x2

:::::

a2(x2 - a2)3/2
3

yx2 - a2 - a see- 1
yx2 - a2
X

+ In (x + v'x2 - a2 )

yx2 - a2
1
+ __!_
2x2
2a sec- a

\ I

I ND E F I NITE I N T E GRALS

1 4.224

1 4.225

1 4.226

1 4 .227

x dx
J (x2 - a2)312

69

-1

yx 2 - a2

J (x2x dxa2)3/2
s (x2x8 dxa2)3/2
s x(x2 -dxa2)3/2

+ In (x + Vx2 - a2 )

a2
yx2 - a2

Vx2 - a2

3 sec - 1 ) I

-1

a2...)x2 - a2

1 4 .228

1 4 .230

1 4 .23 1

1 4 .232
1 4.233

1 4 .234

J (x2 a2)3!2 dx
J x(x2 a2)3/2 dx
J x2(x2 a2)3/2 dx
J x3(x2 - a2)3/2 dx
f (x2 -xa2)312 dx

x ( x2

(x2

a2)3/2

(x2

a2)712

a2)3/2
X

J (x2 x2)3/2 dx

a2(x2

(x2

a2)3/2
2x2

-I I
1

a3 sec- 1

1 4.238

1 4.239
1 4.240

1 4.241

1 4.242

1 4.243

dx
ya2 - x2

J
f x dx
ya2 - x2
f x2 dx

3x
2

3
3
x
- - a sec - 1 2
2
a

-3 a2 In (x
2

_ r::;;- + v x2 - a2 )

l I

J
f

sin - 1
a
=

- ya2 - x2

...;'a2 - x2
x3 dx
ya2 - x2

dx
x...;'a2 - xz
dx

J x2ya2 - x2
dx
J x3ya2 - x2

- ln

(a + )

2aa ln

I;I

1NtiG1tAU INVOLVING yai - :t2 .

1 4.237

a2) 5/2

a2)312 - a2yx2
- a2
3

(x2

1 4.236

3
2a5 sec

1 4.229

)
(a +
x

INDE FINITE INTE GRALS

70

1 4.244
1 4.245
1 4.246
1 4.247

1 4.248
1 4.249
1 4.250
1 4.251

dx :::::
J
f xvaz - x2 dx
J x2ya2 - x2 dx
J x3ya2 - xZ dx
f ya2 - x2 dx

dx
f
dx
J (a2 - x2)312

1 4.253

J (a2

x2 dx
x2)3/2

1 4.254

J (a2 - x2)3/2

1 4.257

J x3(a2 - x2)3/2

1 4.262

(a

ya2 - xz
X

:::::

ya2 - x2
X

- sin - 1

ya2 - x2

ya2 - x2 +

In

azyaz - xz

(a

x2

- 2a In

y 2 - xz

a4x

dx

J (a2 - x2)3/2 dx :::::

j' x(a2 - x2)3/2 dx
J x2(a2 - x2)3/2 dx
J x3(a2 x2)3/2 dx
J <a2 x2)3/2 dx

a2
ya2 - x2

dx

J x2(a2 - x2)312

1 4.261

- a ln

a2 ya2 - x2

:::::

x2 )3!2

a2(a2

1
+ 2a In

x3 dx

1 4.256

1 4.260

.yr;;a - x--;;

dx
f
x2

x dx
x2)312

1 4.259

x2 )512
5

J (a2

1 4.258

(a2

---

1 4.252

1 4.255

31_2 a2x ya2 - x2 a4 .

2)_
x__,_(a;;..z_--:-=-x-'x
+
+ 8 sm 1 ;;;
4
8

-1

2a2x2ya2 - x 2
x ( a2 - x2)312
4

3
2 a4ya2

(a

a4 sin- 1 ::_
a
8

(a2 x2)5 /2
5
=

(a2

x2)3/2
dx
x2

1 4.263

1 4.264

J (a2 - x23 )3/2 dx

X

(a2

x
x2)3/2 - 3xya2 - xz - 3 2 .
-2 a sm - 1 a
x
2

---=---'--'

yaz - xz
x

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

1 4.265

If b 2

f ax2 +dxbx + c
=

1 4.267
1 4.268

1 4.269

1 4.270

1 4.271
1 4.272
1 4.273
1 4.274
1 4.275

1 4.276
1 4.277
1 4.278
1 4.279

y4ac - b 2
1

y b 2 - 4ac

tan - 1

In

::: :2

-4_a_c
bz=-_
y""'

2ax + b

2ax + b + Yb 2 - 4ac

4ac, ax2 + bx + c = a(x + b/2a)2 and the results on pages 60-61 can
If a or c 0 use results on pages 60-61.

results on page 64

1 4.266

71

f ax2 x dxbx + c
f ax2 +x2 bxdx + c
f ax2 x+mbxdx + c

J x(ax2 +dxbx + c)2

J x2(ax2 bx + c)2
f

0 use

xm- 1

c
a

1)a

(m

(ax2 +xbx2 + c ) i f
(ax2 +xbxz + c) ex
..!_
2c2
b
- f
(n - l)cxn- 1

f ax2xm+-bx1 dx+ c

- In

2c

J ax2 +dxbx + c

In

J (ax2 +x bxdx + c)2

J (ax2 +x2bxdx+ c)2
J (ax2 +xmbxdx+ c)n
f (ax2x2+n-bx1 dx+ c)n

used. If b

(ax2 + bx + c)
2a In

J x(ax2 +dxbx + c)
f
f
f

be

dx
2(ax2 + bx + c)

2ax + b
+
(4ac - b2 )(ax2 + bx + c)

dx
ax2 + bx + c

b
bx + 2c
4ac - b2
(4ac - b2 )(ax2 + bx + c)

f ax2 +dxbx + c
2c
(b2 - 2ac)x + be
+
c
4ac - b2 J
a(4ac - b 2)(ax2 + bx + c)

x2n -3 dx

f (ax2 + bx + c)n
1

2c(ax2 + bx + c)
1

cx(ax2 + bx + c)

_ (m + n - 2)b
(m - l)c

c
1 - a
b
2c

3 dx
f (axx2 2n+ bx + c)n

f (ax2x2n+ -bx2 dx+ c)n

J (ax2 +dxbx c)2 + 1 J x(ax2 +dxbx + c)

3a
J (ax2 +dxbx + c)2 c J x(ax2 +x + c)2
+

J xm I(ax2dx+ bx + c)n

72

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

, /

INJIMJ\ft
b2

In the following results if

be used. If

1 4.280

1 4.28 1
1 4.282

1 4.283

1 4.285
1 4.286

1 4.287
1 4.288
1 4.289
1 4.290
1 4.291
1 4.292
1 4.293
1 4.294

1 4.295

yaa:2 bx + e

4a.c, yax2 + bx + c = Va (x + b/2a)

67-70. If a 0 or c = 0

{__!_

IN VOl VINQ

and the results on pages

use the results on pages

Va

dx
yax2 + bx + c

In (2ya yax2 + bx + c + 2ax + b)

1_ i - 1 2ax + b
s n
Fa
yb2 - 4ac

_ _

x dx

use the results on pages

or

or

_!_ si nh - 1
Va

2ax + b
y4ac - b2

J yax2 + bx + c

f
f
J
f
J
f
.f
f

x2 dx
yax2 + bx + c

xyax2 + bx + c

-: (
Fc

x
bx + 2 c

->

l x l yb 2 - 4ac

- _!_
Vc

si nh - 1

20

bx +
! x l y4ac - b2

yax2 + bx + c dx
xyax2 + bx + c dx

x2yax2 + bx + c dx
yax2

:bx + c dx

(axz +

::; + c)3/2

b(2ax + b) Vax2 + bx + c
(ax2 + bx + c)3/2
3a
8a2
b(4a.c b2)
dx
1 6a2
yax2 + bx + c
6ax - 5b (ax2 + bx + c)3 2 +
/
24a2
b
_
vax2 + bx + c + 2

---:;;--

dx

+ c

f
f

vax2 + bx + c dx
dx

J yax2 + bx + c
xvax2 + bx + c
dx
-'------ + a
x
J --;:::;;=::::;=;:= + J l=;;:==;===
2(2ax + b)

x dx
(ax2 + bx + c)312
x2 dx

f (ax2 + bx + c)3/2
J

dx

f x2(ax2 + bx + c)312

(ax2 + bx + c) n + 1 !2 dx

ax2 + 2bx + c
c2xyax2 + bx + c

- ;;2 f

b2 - 2ac
2c2

--;:=::=::::====

dx
( ax2 + bx + c)3/2

(2ax + b)(ax2 + bx + c) n + l/2

4a(n + 1 )
(
(2n + 1) (4ac - b2 )
+
ax2 + bx + c) n- 1/2 dx
Sa(n + l)

60-61 can
61-62.

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
1 4.296
1 4.297

1 4.298

f x(ax2 + b x + c )n + 11 2 dx

.
dx
J (ax2 + bx + c)n+ 112

73

(ax2 + bx + c) n + 3 12 - _!J__ f (ax2 + bx + c)n + 112 dx

a(2n + 3)
2a

2(2ax + b)
n -;-;
-:- c_.,-)(2n - 1)(4ac - b2)(ax2 +.---;1 /2
bx-+-

+ (2n ai4-:} b2) f (ax2

dx
x(ax2 + bx + c) n + 1/2

b:: c) n 11 2

1
(2n - 1)c (ax2 + bx + c) n 1 /2
1f
dx
b f
dx
x(ax2 + bx + c) n 11 2 - 2 c (ax2 + bx + c) n + W
+ c
I N T E G RALS INVOLVIN G

:;3

+ as

Note that for formulas involving x3 - a3 replace a by -a.

dx
x3 + a3

1 4.299

1 4.300

f x dx
x3 + a3

(x + a)2
2x - a
1_
_
x2 - ax + a2 + a2vf3 tan- 1 avf3
1 ln x2 - ax + a2
2x - a
1
+ tan- 1
(x + a)2
6a
avf3
avf3

_l_ In

6a2

---

d
x(x3 a3) = 33 ln ( x3 a3 )
2x - a
1
x2 - ax + a2 - 1
1
- In
tan 1 --- a3x - 6a4
(x + a)2
avf3
a4vfs
2
2x - a
(x + a)
x
1
+
tan t
3a3(x3 + a3) + 9a5 l n x 2 - ax + a2
avf3
3a5vfs
2x - a
2
x1 ln x2 - ax + a2 +
1
----
-,
-=- +
tan - 1 --(x + a} 2
3a3(x3
+ a3)
18a4
3a4vfs
a-/3
1

- In (x3 + a3)

1 4.301

1 4.303

1 4.302

--

_2_

1 4.304
1 4.305

--

1 4.306

--

1 4.307
1 4.308

xm -2 - a3 f xm3 dx
-x3 + a3
m 1
dx
-1
a3(n - 1)xn - 1 - xn 3(x3 + a3)

1 4.309
1 4.3 1 0

[See 14.300]

I N T EGRALS INVOLVING ro4 . a4

dx

1 4.3 1 1

1 4.3 1 2

f x dx
x4 + a4

1 4.3 1 3
1 4.3 1 4

x4

a4

_1_ ln x2 + ax..fi + a2 ) - _1_ tan- 1 ax-../2

X2 - aZ
2a3-../2
4a3...J2 ( x2 - ax..fi + a2

x2
a

1 tan- 1
-2
2
2a

_
1_ I n x2 - ax-../2 + a2 )
(
4a-../2
x 2 + ax/2 + a2
1
4 In (x4 + a4)

1_ tan t ax-../2
x2 - a2
2a-../2

74

INDEFINITE INTE GRALS

4a4

x4

x4 + a4

1 4.3 1 6

a4x

1 4.3 1 7

1 4.3 1 9

( )
x

a
x + a

_!_ In

1 4.3 1 8

4all

_
_

2a3

tan - 1

x dx

X4a4

1 4.320
1 4.321
1 4.322
1 4.323
1 4.324

f
f
f
J

---c---'--

1
4 In (x4 - a4)

-:--:=:---:-:-

1 In
4

---,.-...::c.;;:_

a4x

4a

x4

In

4a5

..::.:.::_

)
( )
( )

x4 - a4

---

+-

4a6

x - a

x + a

+ 2a5

tan - 1

--x2 + a 2

_!_ In --,--

1 4.326

x"

xn - 1 dx
x" + a"

1 4.327
1 4.328

xm- n dx
(x" + a")T- 1

;f
,

-.,.---..:::.::..--,:-::--;-

( x"
(x" - a")

1
-- In - ..;;;.
y + a" + ...;-;;;.
ny@.

1 4.329
1 4.330

na"

In

---

x"

In (x" - a")
n

1 4.331
1 4.332
1 4.333
1 4.334

dx
x m (x n - an) r

f x-../xn - an

a"
=

-.j;;.

cos- 1

x2 - a2

In

.. lttf!GlAI.$ lNVQLVIN G
nan

x"

a"

a:" tt"

INDEFINITE INTE GRALS

1 4.335

1 4.336

x + a cos [(2k - 1)7r/2m] )

. (2k l)pr.
1
..:;. s m
tan- t (
maZm -p k=l
2m
a sin [(2k - 1)7T/2m]

xv- t dx
x 2m + a2m

where 0 < p

xv- 1 dx
:;;2m _ a2m

where 0

<

2 2m.
=

1
(2 k 1)p7T
cos
In
2maZm- p k = l
2m

m- l
1
kp1r
--- cos - In
2ma2m - P k = l
m
1
ma 2m

p 2 2m.

jl

.
x2

""li>:::;-::;::-1\;:::-;i+"i:"

. 2kptr
sm --- tan -t
2m + 1
k=t

(X

2 2m + 1 .

1 4.339
1 4.340
1 4.341
1 4.342
1 4.343
1 4.344
1 4.345
1 4 .346
1 4.347

j'
j'

sin ax dx

x sin ax dx

J x2 sin ax
J sin ax dx

f
f

ax

da'

dx
ax

dx

dx

sin2 ax dx

COS

2ax cos

2 krr
2m + 1

[2k7T/(2m + 1)j

x2 - 2 ax cos

2 krr
2m + 1

INTEGRALS INVOJ. VING sill ax

a

x cos ax
sin ax
a
2x

sin ax +

( 3x2 a4
a2

x3

si:ax

2)
( 2k - 1)7T ,
-r a
2m

cos ax
- --

dx

J sin ax

f
f

"

a sin [2kr./(2m + 1)]

where 0 < p

2 ax cos

2kp11' l
1
n
cos
2m + 1
(2m + 1 ) a2m v + lk= l

-r-

m:i, t . kp1r
_ 1 (x
a cos (krr/m)
sm m t an
a sin (kr./m)
k= l

(-1)P- t ln (x + a)
(2m + 1)a2m P + l

< p 2 2m + 1 .

x2

)
k 1r
2ax cos - + a

2kp1T
( - 1 )P_
-_
1 ___,-
m
I ( 2
- __,_-'='c_
cos --2m + 1 n x
(2m + 1)a2m - P + t k = l

where 0

75

ax -

( ax) 3
3 3!

_ sin ax
X

sin ax +
(ax)5

+5

x )

cos a-x

:;a; )

Sx a
a3

5! -

cos ax
- dx
X

cos ax

[see 14.3 7 3]

ax
1
1
- In (esc ax - cot ax) = - ln tan 2
a
a
( 3
7
2(22n - l 1)B n(ax)2n + l
5
( )
)
1
+
ax + + +
(2n + 1 ) !
18
1800
2
a

76

1 4.348
1 4.349
1 4.350
1 4.35 1
1 4.352
1 4.353
1 4.354
1 4 . 355
1 4.356
1 4.357
1 4.358
1 4.359

1 4.360

INDEFINITE INTE GRALS

x sin2 ax dx

.f sin4 ax dx
dx

J sin2

J
J

a:r

3x
8

_ 1_ cot ax
a
2a

sin px sin qx dx

J
J -,---'--:...:.:_-a_x
J
::--=--

1 4.365
1 4.366
1 4.367
1 4.368

.f
J
f

2 1
.
n s1n
a2

T -

ax
2

+ _g_ ln sin
a2
+

6a

tan3

+ ax
2

E.' + ax
4
2
_

tan3

tan

a..)q2 - P2

In

+ q

p tan .J, ax + q -

.i

p tan ax + q +

q see 1 4.354 and 14.356.

:---....:.:_-

{r

q, see 1 4.368.]

11'
ax
--4
2

2
tan - 1
ayp2 - q2

11'

ax
_!_ tan !!.. +
2a
4
2

q see 14.358 and 14.359.

j'

E.' + ax
4
2

- tan
a

1 4.362

1 4.364

tan
a

x dx
1 + sin ax

If p

1 4.363

ax\
-+- }
4
2 /

[If P

(11'
( )
( )
(
(E.' )
(!!.. )
( ) 1_ ( )
-ia ( - x) - fa ( )

1
- tan
a

1
- tan
a

sin (p q)x
2 (p + q)

sin (p q)x
2(p - q)

-----=----

f
J

sin 2ax + sin 4ax

32a
4a

_!._ ln tan

If p
I 4.36 1

---

cos ax
cos3 ax
+
a
3a

J sin3 ax dx

ap..)p2 - q2
1

)
Vq2 - p2

p2 _
q2

_
_

ax
2

. dx
q sin ax

-r

q 2 ta
_n ax
____o
V-=-P_2___ __
tan _ 1 _,_
P

2apVq2 - p2

ln

xm sin ax dx
sin ax
dx
xn

[see 14.395]

sinn ax dx
+
x dx
sinn ax

a(n

- x cos ax
1) sinn 1 ax

n -

1
----- +
a2(n l)(n - 2) sinn 2 ax

n -

x dx

J sinn-2 ax

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

1 4.369

1 4.370

J cos ax dx

sin ax
a
cos ax

x cos ax dx

J' x2 cos ax dx

1 4.371

1 4.372

::=

j'

x sin ax
a

2x
cos ax +
a2

3x2
6
--a2
a4

x3 cos ax dx

x2 - 2
a
aa

cos ax +

)
(

sin ax

x3
6x
--a
a3

sin ax

1 4.373

1 4.374

1 4.375

1 4.376

1 4.377

1 4.378

f
f
f
J
f

cos ax
dx
x2
cos ax
cos ax

1 4 .380

f cos4 ax dx

14.382

1 4.383

1 4.384

1 4.385

1 4.386

1 4.387

1 4.388

1 4.389

dx
cos 2 ax

dx
cos3 ax

sin ax
X

[See 14.343]

dx

ln tan ( + a;)

En(ax)Zn + Z
5(ax)6
(ax)4
(ax)2
+ 8 - + 144 + + (
2n + 2) (2n) ! +
a2
2

+ sin 2ax
2
4a

sin ax
a

3x

dx

tan ax
a

sin3 ax
3a

sin 4ax
sin 2ax
+
4a
32a

2(a

- !: cot

dx

1 + cos ax
x dx

! tan
a

sin (a + p)x
p)x
+
2(a + p)
p)

sin (a

ax
- .!. cot
2
a

x dx
cos ax

s in ax
+ _!_ In tan .::: +
4
2
2a cos 2 ax
2a

1 - cos ax

In (sec ax + tan ax)

cos ax cos px dx

J + cos ax
dx
r (1 cos ax)2

x cos2 ax dx

J cos3 ax dx

f
f
J
f
f
f

cos ax
X

cos2 ax dx

1 4.379

1 4.381

ax

ax
2

ax
+ _! ln sin
2
a2

ax + 2
ax
ln cos 2
.":' tan
a
2

ax
1
ax
1
-cot - - - cot3 -

2a

6a

1
ax
ax
- tan - + _!_ tan3
6a
2a
2
2

[If a = p, see 14.377.]

77

78

14.390

1 4.39 1

1 4.392

1 4.393

1 4.394

1 4.395

1 4.396

1 4.397

1 4.398

1 4.399

1 4.400

1 4.401

1 4.402

14.403

1 4.404

1 4.405

1 4.406

1 4.407

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

l-

f p + qdxcos ax
f (p + qdxcos ax)2
f p2 q2dxcos2 ax
+

tan- 1 V(P - q)/(p + q) tan tax

av p2 - q2

1
a

l= - ;i(q + p) / (q - p)

q sin ax
P
a( q2 - p2)(p + q cos ax) - q2 - p2
1
apyp2 + q2

In (tan

tan tax + V(q + p) / (q - p)

tan_1

::::::

[If p
q see
14.384 and 14.386.]

f p + qdxcos ax

[If p = q see
14.388 and 14.ll89.]

p tan ax
..jp2 + q2

1
p
tan - 1 tan ax
..j
apyp2 q2
p2 q 2
1
2ap

In ('P

p tan ax Vq2 - p2
tan ax +

f xm cos ax dx xm sina ax + mxm - 1 cos ax - m(ma2- 1) f xm - cos ax

a
sin ax
cos ax
s
14.365]
x" dx
n - 1 J xn - 1 d
(n - 1)xn - 1
J cos" ax dx :::::: sin ax cosan n-1 ax + n -n lJ cosn- 2 ax
ax
dx
+ n - 2J
f cos"dxax a(n - 1)sincosn-l
ax
n 1
cosn 2 ax

--

--

dx

[See

dx

x dx
cos" ax

x sin ax
a(n - 1) cosn- 1 ax

1
+
;: a: ) -c-,2::
_ 2c:n-1
n: --"1""')-,-(n--=-:
a(os-"----;2x

J sin ax cos ax dx sin2 ax

cos (p + q)x
J sin px cos qx dx
2(p + q)
n -1,
J sin" ax cos ax dx :::::: sinn(n ++ l1)aax
+ l ax
-1,
J cos" ax sin ax dx cosn
(n 1)a
J sin2 ax cos2 ax dx x sin 4ax
J sin axdxcos ax ::: la in tan ax
J sin2 axdxcos ax a-1 ln tan (4 ax2 ) a sm1 ax
J sin axdxcos2 ax ::::; a In tan ax2 a cos1 ax
2 cot 2ax
a
J sin2 axdxcos2 ax

[If

[If n =

8 - ----a2a

-+-

see 1 4.440.]
see 14.429.]

x dx

J cosn- 2 ax

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

1 4.408
1 4.409
1 4.4 1 0
1 4.4 1 1
1 4.41 2

f
f
f
f
f

1 4.41 3

sin2 ax
dx
cos ax

cs2 ax
dx
sm ax

1
sin ax
+ - In tan
a
a
a

cos

1 4.41 8

cos ax dx
(p + q sin ax)"

sin ax)
ax
rr
2 8

If r

1 4.42 1

1 4.422

f
f

1 4.423

q see 14.421.

p sin ax

-+-

_!_
In tan
2a

aq(n

l ) (p + q cos ax ) "

ax
+ :'!:
2
4

ax
2

-1

l)(p + q sin ax)" 1

aq(n

If r2

dx
q(l + cos ax)

a Vp2

apq

ax + tan - 1 (q/p)
2

..1-

q2

-1

r2

a..Jp2 + q2

(
(P -

tan

q + p tan

tan _ 1

1 1
n
2 a,pq

ln

p2 + q2 see 14.422.
ap

p sin ax + q cos ax

ln tan
2

_!_ In

dx

sinm ax cosn ax dx

__!_ In (p + q sin ax)

aq

_
_

_!_
In tan
2a

cos ax)

In (p + q cos ax)

1 4.424

1 4.425

;a ln (sin ax

avr + q 2

sin ax dx
(p + q cos ax)"

;a ln (sin ax cos ax)

aq

cos ax dx
p + q sin ax

::

f
f
f

1
.J2
ln tan

dx
sin ax cos ax

1 4.4 1 5

1 4.4 1 7

2 a (1

dx
sin ax(l cos ax)

ax
rr
-+ 4
2

ax
+ l rn tan

1 4.4 1 4

1 4.4 1 6

79

ax
2

tan

p tan ax
q

p + (r - q) tan (ax/2)

...;r2

pz

qz

ypz + q2 - r2 + (r - q) tan (ax/2)

p + yp2 + q2 - r2 + (r - q) tan (ax/2)

)
(

+
71" _ a
-1 (q/p)
- + __..;..;.;__
;.;.;
'--!...:.
4

tan
2

p tan ax - q
p tan ax + q

s
f

sinm - l ax cosn + 1 ax
+
m+ n
a(m + n)
sinm + l ax cosn - l ax , n ' m
n
a(m + n)

sinm - 2 ax cosn ax dx

sinm ax cos"- 2 ax dx

80

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
1
1

m
n

sinm- 1 ax
a(n - 1) cos" 1 ax

--

a(n

1 4.427

1 4.430

1 4.43 1

1 4.432

1 4 .433

1 4.434

1 4.435

1 4.436

1 4.437

J
J
J

a(m

tan ax

tan ax
- x
a

tan2 ax dx

--

tans ax dw

sec2 ax
dx
tan ax
dx
tan ax

1
+ - In cos ax
a

tan2 ax

tann + l ax
(n + 1)a

1
a In tan ax

1 1 .
n s1n ax
a

J x tan ax dx

ta ax
dx

x tan2 ax dx

(ax)3 + 2 (ax)5 +
ax +
x tan ax +
a

/+x

tann ax dx

75

1 4.439

INVQI.VING. tan. az

1
- In sec ax
a

1
- - In cos ax
a

dx

J tan" ax sec2 ax dx

f
f

{I

dx
sinm ax cos" ax

ltltE"RAU
1 4.429

sinm-2 ax
dx
cosn-2 ax

m-1
cosm - 2 ax
cosm - 1 ax
.
dx
- -smn -2 ax
n 1
1) sin" 1 ax
cosm ax
n + 2
_ m
- cosm + 1 ax
dx
1
2 ax
sin"
1
n
"
ax
a(n 1) sin
-=7---:.
----,-____:::.:::,:-:-

1 4.428

q2

tannl ax
=;;__--=
.::. (n - 1)a

22"(22"

2 "(22n - 1) B,.(ax)2n - 1 +
...
-__:.__.,::----;--:-:---(2n - 1)(2n) !

!_ ln cos ax - 2
aJ.

x2

a(p2

q2) In (q sin ax + p cos ax)

tann - 2 ax dx

l) B,.(ax)211 + 1
+
(2n + l) !

INDE FINITE INTEGRALS

1 4.440
1 4.441
1 4.442
1 4.443
1 4.444
1 4.445
1 4.446
1 4.447
1 4.448
1 4.449
1 4.450

1 4.45 1
1 4.452
1 4.453
1 4.454
1 4.455
1 4.456
1 4.457
1 4.458

ax
J cot2 ax dx = cotaax
J cot3 ax dx ::::: - cot22aax - .!.a In sin ax
l ax
f cotn ax csc2 ax dx = - cotn+
(n + 1)a
ax
f csc2
cot ax dx = _ .!.a In cot ax
f cotdxax = - .!.a In cos ax
+l
f x cot ax dx a21 { ax - (a9x)3 - (ax225)5 - . . . 22nB(2nn(ax)2n
+ 1) !
22nBn(ax)2n -l
ax _ (ax)3
_.!_
(2n - 1 )(2n)!
ax 3 1 35
x cot ax + \ In sin ax
f x cot2 ax dx
a
a
f dx
q
p + q cot ax 2 p+x qZ - a(p2 + q2) In (p sin ax + q cos ax)
- l ax
f cotn ax dx = - cotn
(n - 1)a - f cotn - 2 ax dx
f cot ax dx

81

.! In sin

. . }

1'

(ax )
1
1
a (sec ax + tan ax) = -a In tan -2 + -4
tan ax
a
J sec3 ax dx sec ax2atan ax + 2a1 In (sec ax + tan ax)
f seen ax tan ax dx seennaax
f
sec ax = sinaax
(ax)4 5(ax)6 + . . . + En(ax)2n + 2
+
f x sec ax dx - ..!_a2 {(ax)2
8
2
(2n + 2)(2n) !
144
f sec ax d In x + (ax)2 + 5(ax)4
6 (ax)6 + + En(ax))2n! +
96 + 1432
0
2n(2n
f x sec2 ax dx a tan ax + a12 In cos ax
J sec ax dx
J sec2 ax dx

- In

-X

!!

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

82

1 4.459
1 4.460

f
f

dx

1!.

q + p sec ax

n secn-Z ax tan ax
+
a(n _ l)
n_

seen ax dx

2f

1
- In (esc ax - cot ax)
a

secn - Z ax dx

ax
1
- In tan a
2

1 4.46 1

esc ax dx

1 4.462

csc2 ax dx

cot ax
a

1 4.463

cscs ax dx

ax
esc ax cot ax
+ _!_ In tan
2
2a
2a

1 4.464
1 4.465
1 4.466

1 4.467
1 4.468

f
f _E::_

cscn ax cot ax dx

esc ax

f
f
f

-
a

1
az

x esc a:r dx

esc ax
dx
x

na

pf

cscn ax dx

1 4.471

sin - 1 dx

1 4.472

x sin - 1 dx

1 4.473
1 4.474

j'
f

j'

1 4.476

J(

;x/a) dx

dx

[See 1 4 .360]

.
x
sm- 1 ;: +

x
x3 .
- sm - 1 - +
3
a

;y

aZ

x2

dx

sin- 1

dx

p + q sin ax

2-4

sin -

1 4.475

(2n + 1) !

x sin -t + yaz - x2
a

xz sin - 1 dx
sin - (x/a)

2 (22n- 1 - 1) B (ax)2n + t
n

x cot ax
+ ..!_ In sin ax
a2
a

1 4.470

1)
ax)2 1
2( 22n - 1
_!_ + ax + 7(ax)3 + . . + ____,..,.__,_,.B_,n,_<..,.__n_-_ +
(2n
1)(2n) !
ax
6
1080
.
-

x csc2 ax dx

7(ax)5
(ax)3
+
ax + 18 +
1800
..

1 3 5 (x/a)7 +
1 3(x/a)5
(x/a)3
+
+
24677
2455
233

sin - 1 (x/a)

sin - 1

1
- - In
a

a + ya2 - x2

;y - 2x + 2yaz - x2 sin - 1 ;

83

INDE FINITE INTE GRALS

1 4.477

J cos-1 dx

1 4.478

f x cos-1 !!:a dx

1 4.479
1 4.480
1 4.48 1
1 4.482
1 4.483
1 4.484
1 4.485
1 4.486
1 4.487

x cos - 1 Xa

J x2 cos-1 dx
r cos-1 (x/a) dx

1 4.490
1 4.49 1
1 4.492

1 4 .493

1 4.494

1 4.495

a2 - x2

(x2 - a2) cos- r !!: - x

2 4
a
4
x3 cos -1 a
3
X

(x2 + 2a2) Va2 - x2

- _:____
_
_
__:__.:_____

[See 14.474]

f cos -2(x/a) dx

cos - 1 (x/a)
X

J (cos -1 Y dx
j

tan-1 a dx

+ _! In ( a + )
a

2x - 2Va2 - x2 cos-1 :!:_a

x tan -1 a _ ll:2 Jn (x2 + a2)

f x tan-! dx .l_(x2 + a2) tan -1 'a ax2
ax2 + a3 In (x2 + a2)
j' x2 tan-1 dx x33 tan-1 x - 6
6
=

f tan-(x/a) dx
f tan-!2(x/a) d

( x2 + )
_ _!x tan - ! _::a - __!_
2a In -x-2a2

x cot-1 a + !!:2 In (x2 + a2)

1 4.488
1 4.489

- -v

f x cot - 1 dx

J' x2 cot-1 ; dx

f cot-(x/a) dx

f cot- (x/a) dx
2

J sec-1 dx
J x sec-1 dx

[See 14.486]
_

cot-1 (x/a)
x

{ x sec-1

__!_

2a In

( x2 + a2)
x2

a In (x + yx2 - a2 )
x sec-1 -a + a In (x + yxz - a2 )
X

-2 sec-1 -a ayxz2 - a2
x2 sec-1 -x + avxz - a2
a
2
2

r{ .

x3 sec-! x - axvx2 - a2

x3
-3 sec-1 x-a + axVx26 - a2

7T

-2

<

sec- 1 :a < 2
sec-1 _::a <

7T

7T

0 <

sec-1 :a

< -

7T

sec-1 !!:a

<

-2
-

0 <

a3

<

6 In (x

7T

+ V
x2 - a2 )

a3
+ 6 In (x +

x2 - a2 )

0 <

sec-1 'a

<

-2

-2

sec-1 _::a

<

'IT

7T

<

7T

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

84

3 5(a/x)1 +
:,. ln x + + (a/x)3 + 1 3(a/x) + 1
24677
X
2455
2
233

0 < sec - 1 =::_ <

!!_

1 4.498

1 4.499

1 4.500

1 4.502

1 4.503

1 4.504

1 4.505

1 4.506

J
J

csc - 1

x esc-

{ x csc - 1 : + a ln (x +

dx

x csc - 1

I dx

J'
J
f

csc - 1 2(x/a)
X

xm sin -- 1
xm cos - 1
xm tan-1
xm cot - 1

(
J

xm csc - 1 =:_ dx
a

csc - 1

(x/a)

xm + l tan- 1 =::_
a

m+l
=

x
< 0
a

< csc - 1

< csc - 1

x
< 0
a

0 < csc - 1 =::_ < 7!_

a
2
< csc - 1 < 0
a

0 < csc - 1

ax

ax

cos - 1 +
a

: dx

!!_

_
_

x
dx
a

!!_

0 < csc - 1 a
:: < !':..
2

1
x m + l sin - 1 x
_
a - -m + 1
m+ 1

dx

< !!_
0 < csc - 1 =::_
2
a

{ - csc -(x/a)
__

'IT

2_
+ _
x3 e
x::a_
x.:...
-_a_
z
v__
. sc - 1 =::_
a
3
6

3 csc - 1

dx

dx

a
x
esc ! -. +
a
2

< sec - 1 =::_ <

yx 2 - a2 )

:r
x2
- csc - 1
a
2

x2 csc - 1 : dx

1 4.507

1 4.508

{x2

a In (x +

yx 2 - a2 )

!!_

tn

- !:

ya2 - x2

xm + l cot - 1 +
a
m

m + 1

- m+1

x m + 1 sec - 1 (x/a)

m+1

xm 1 1 esc - 1 (x/a)

m+l

dx

=::_

xm dx

< 0

0 < sec - 1 =::_ < !!_

2
a

7!_

m+1

{ xm + l csc - l (x/a) +

< csc - 1

m+l

xm + 1 sec- 1 (x/a)

xm + 1

x
< 7!_
2
a

m
m

< sec - 1 =::_ <

a

0 < csc - 1
7!_

1r

x
< 7!_
a
2
x

< csc - 1 a < 0

INDE FINITE I NTEGRALS

1 4.509

1 4. 5 1 0

1 4.5 1 1

1 4.5 1 2

1 4.5 1 3

1 4.5 1 4

1 4.5 1 5

f
J
J
J

eax dx

x2 eax dx

eax
a
=

xneax dx

1 4.5 1 8

1 4.5 1 9

1 4.520

1 4.521

1 4.522

1 4.523

1 4.524

x-

a
e'""
a

dx

2x
2
x2 - - + -2
a
a

In x +

x"

nxn-1
n(n
+
a

a
-eax
+ -1
n
(n - l)x" t

dx
p + qeax

x
1
p
-

l)xn - 2

. . .

(-l )"n !

if n

positive integer

ax
(ax)2
(ax)3 +
+
+

2 2!
l l!
3 3!

--::
-:-----:7-

" dx

ap

eax
dx
xn - 1

--

In (p + qeax)

1
1
1n (p + qeax)
+
ap2
ap(p + qe"x)
p2

1 4.5 1 6

1 4.5 1 7

( )
(

ex

xeax dx

J:
J

85

f
J
J
J
J
J
J
J

dx
peax + q e ax

dx

eax(a sin bx
b cos bx)
a2 + b 2

eax cos b x dx

stU(a cos bx + b sin bx)

a2 + b2

eaz sin bx

xeax sin bx dx

xetU(a sin bx - b cos bx)

a2 + b2

eax{(a2 - b 2) sin bx - 2ab cos bx}

(a2 + b 2) 2

xe= cos bx dx

xe"x(a cos bx + b sin bx)

a2 + b2

eax{(a2 - b 2) cos bx + 2ab sin bx}

(a2 + b2) 2

eax ln x dx

eaz ln x - !
a
a

eax

Jx

dx

eax sin" bx dx

eax sinn - 1 bx ,a . bx nb cos bx) + n(n - 1)b2

( SID
a2 + n2b 2
a2 + n2 b2

e= cos" bx dx

n(n l)b2
eax cosn- 1 bx a cos bx +
nb sin bx) + 2 + 2 2
nb
a
a2 + n2 b2 (

eax

n-2 bx dx

SID

eax cosn - 2 bx

dx

INDEFI NITE INTEGRALS

86

"

"" "'

. tMTBQ'S ;JNiVOt:VtNG I X
1 4.525
1 4.526
1 4.527

J In x dx

J
f

xm In x dx
I x

J:

1 4.529

14.531
14.532
1 4.533
14.534
1 4.535
1 4.536

J
f
f
f
f

1 4.538
1 4.539

J
J
f

: (In x

m
;

In"

dx

dx
x
xm dx
In x

1)

[If m

-1 see 14.528 . ]

1
X

2 x In x

x In2 x

[If

ln {ln x)

-1

-1 see 1 4.532.]

x
x
+ ln x + !n2
+ 3ln3
+
2 21
, 31
+

+ (m + 1) In x + (m + 1)2 Jn2 x + (m 1)3 In3 x

3 3!
2 2!

In (In x)

xm Jnn x

+ 2x

In (In x)

ln" x dx

dx

! In2 x

dx

J In2 x dx

2 (ln x -

ln x
dx
x2

If m

1 4.537

x ln x dx

1 4.528

1 4.530

x In x - x

x ln" x -

dx
see

Inn- 1 x dx

xm Jnn- 1 x dx

14.531.

In (x2 + a2) dx

x In (x2 + a2)

In (x2 - a,2) dx

x In (x2 - a2)

2x + 2a tan - 1
a

x+a

xm + l In (x2 a2) m+1

xm In (x2 a2) dx

( )
2 f
m+

2x + a In x - a
1

xm + 2
x2 a2

INTIORI.S lNYOLYI NO sinh Gal

1 4.540

1 4.541

J x sinh ax dx

1 4.542

J x2 sinh ax dx

smh ax dx
.

cosh ax
--a
x cosh ax
a

x2
2
-+ 3
a
a

sinh ax

cosh ax -

2x .
2 smh ax
a

dx

. . .

INDE FINITE INTEGRALS

1 4.543
14.544
1 4.545

1 4.546

1 4.547
1 4.548
1 4.549
1 4.550

f
f
f
f
J
J
f
J

sinh ax
X

1 4.552

1 4 .553

1 4.554

j'
j'
f
J

_ sinh ax +
ax

a In tanh 2
1

a2

[
l ax

[See 14 .565]

1)Bn (ax)2n + 1
+ ...
1) !

(2n

x
2
x2
4

cosh 2ax
8a2

sinh (a - p)x
2(a p)

p see 14.547.

a2 + p2

a cosh ax sin px - p sinh ax cos px

sinh ax sin px dx

q eax + p
1
l
ayp2 + q2 n q eax + p + Yp2 + q2

ax

+ p sinh ax sin px
a2 + p2

a cosh ax cos px

sinh ax cos px dx

dx
. _h_
_:z=sm
:_
q
2_
ax

14.557

j' xm sinh ax dx

a(p2

- q cosh ax
+ q2)(p + q sinh ax) +

J
I

(p +

mJ

xm cosh ax
- a
a

sinh
ax dx
xn
dx
sinhn ax
x dx
sinhn ax

(n

sinh ax
1 )xn- 1

--

q2

dx

+ q sinh ax

tanh ax

tanh ax
ypz +

q2 tanh ax

xm - 1 cosh ax dx
n

sinhn- l ax cosh ax
an

1 4.558

P_ f

In

2apyp2 + q2
=

p2

_
_

tan - 1

J
J
J

dx

. . . + 2(-1 )n(22n

7(ax )5
1800 -

sinh (a + p)x
2(a + p)

sinh ax sinh px dx

j' -p-2

1 4.561

cosh ax

--X

_ coth ax
a

dx
sinh2 ax

1 4.556

1 4.560

(ax)3
-

x sinh 2ax
4a

x sinh2 ax dx

dx
q2 sinh2 ax

1 4.559

sinh ax cosh ax
2a

sinh2 ax dx

J p2 +

1 4.555

dx
sinh ax
x dx
sinh ax

(ax)3
(ax) 5
-+ ...
3 . 3! + 5 . 5!

ax

sinh ax
dx
x2

For a

1 4.55 1

dx

87

cosh ax
dX
xn- l

n
2
cosh ax
n - 1
1) sinhn 1 ax

a(n

x cosh ax
1) sinhn- 1 ax

a2(n

[See 1 4.585]

.f sinhn- 2 ax dx

---

a(n

[See 14.587]

dx
sinhn- 2 ax
n
2
1
2 ) sinh" 2 ax - nl

x dx
sinhn -2. ax

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

88

I NTEGI.ALS I NVOLVING eosb a&

1 4.562

1 4.563

1 4.564

1 4.56 5

1 4.566

1 4.567
1 4.568

1 4.569

1 4.570

1 4.571

1 4.572

cosh ax dx

.f x cosh ax dx

J
J
J
f

x
::.:.:.
__:a
::;:;:.
:.:.:
.;:.

a2

2 2!

dx
cosh ax

2
- tan l eax
a

x dx
cosh ax

__!_ {(ax)2
a2

x cosh2 ax dx
dx
cosh2 ax

1 4.579

1 4.580

1 4.58 1

1 4.582

6 6!

4 4!

dx
cosh ax

x dx
cosh ax + 1

(- I)nEn(ax)2n + Z
(2n + 2)(2n) !

. . .}

2a

x
42 + x sinh 2ax

cosh 2ax
8a2

4a

sinh ( a p)x + sinh (a + p)x

2(a + p)
2(a p)

a sinh ax sin px - p cosh ax cos px

az + p2

cosh ax sin px dx

dx
cosh ax + 1

(ax )4 + 5(ax)
8
144

.::_ + sinh ax cosh ax

J cosh ax cos px dx

1 4.578

1 4.574

1 4.577

[See 14.543]

1 4.576

x2

a + as sinh ax

cosh ax
dx
x2

J cosh ax cosh px dx

f
S
f

6
ln x + ( ax)2 + (ax)4 + (ax) +

cos: ax
dx

1 4.573

1 4.575

ax

2x cosh ax

x2 cosh ax dx

J cosh2 ax dx

f
J

sinh ax
a

a sinh ax cos px + p cosh ax sin px

a2 + r

ax

.! tanh
a
2

_! coth

ax
2

==

ax
.::. tanh
a
2

x dx
cosh ax - 1
dx
(cosh ax + 1)2

dx
J (cosh ax
- 1)2

dx
p + q cosh ax

dx
( p + q cosh a:r;)2

2
ax
- ln cosh
a2
2

ax

ax
+
- coth
ln sinh
2
2
a2
a

== __!_ tanh ax - _!_ tanh3

2
2a

__!_ coth
2a

6a

ax
2

a;yq2 - p2

1
ayr - q2

_!_ coth3
6a

tan l

In

q eax + p
Jq2 - p2

( ax
qe

ax

+ p -

qeax + P +

)
Vp2 - q2

q sinh aX:
P
q2 - p2
a(q2 - p2)(p + q cosh ax)

dx
p + q cosh ax

{
{

1 4.584

1 4.585
1 4.586

J
J

1 4.589

1 4.590
1 4.59 1
1 4.592
1 4.593
1 4.594
1 4.595
1 4.596
1 4.597

1 4.599
1 4.600
1 4.601

2apyp2 - q2
-1

-___.=,-.

apyq2

2apyp2 + q2
1

apyp2 + q2

.f

f
f
f

89

tanh ax +

p tanh ax - yp2 - q2

p tanh ax
yq2 p2
_

p tanh ax + yp2 + q2
p tanh ax - v'p2 + q2

tan - 1

p tanh ax

y'p2 + q2

xm - 1 sinh ax dx

sinh ax dx
xn- 1

[See 1 4 .557]

cosh"' ax dx

x dx
cosh" ax

_
a_
n 1

x sinh ax
a(n - l) coshn - 1 ax

.f sinh ax cosh ax dx

J
J
.f
J
J
f
J

In

xm sinh ax
m
a
a

xm cosh ax dx

(P

In

tan- 1

p2

f coshx"ax dx

1 4.587
1 4.588

I NDEFINITE INTEGRALS

[See 1 4 .559]

n 2
1
+ nl
(n - 1)(n - 2)a2 cosh" 2 ax

sinh2 ax
2a
cosh (p + q)x + cosh (p - q)x
2(p + q)
2(p - q)

sinh px cosh qx dx

sinh" + 1 ax
(n + 1)a

[If n = -1, see 1 4 .615.]

cosh" ax sinh ax dx

cosh"+ 1 ax
(n + l)a

[If

sinh2 ax cosh2 ax dx

sinh 4ax
32a

sinh" ax cosh ax dx

dx
sinh ax cosh ax

n =

-1, see 1 4 .604 .]

! In tanh ax
a

dx

! tan - 1 sinh ax
a

sech ax
+ !a ln tanh ax
2
a

dx
sinh ax cosh2 ax

2 coth 2ax
a
sinh2 ax
dx
cosh ax

---

csh2 ax dx
smh ax

ax
cosh ax
+ !a ln tanh 2
a

sinh ax - 1 tan _ 1 sm
h
a
a

dx
cosh ax (1 + sinh ax)

_!_
In
2a

ax

1 + sinh ax
cosh ax

+ ! tan - 1 eaz
a

x dx
cosh" 2 ax

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

90

14.602
14.603

f
f

1
ax +
2
2a(cosh ax + 1)

dx

_!__ In tanh

dx

1
ax
- - In tanh -

2a

sinh ax (cosh ax + 1)

2a

sinh ax (cosh ax - 1)

.,--.,-----=---..,.,-

2a(cosh ax - 1)

I N TE G RALS INVO LV ING

14.604
14.605
14.606
14.607
14.608
14.609
14.610
14.61 1
14.612
14.613
14.614

14.615
14.616
14.617
14.618
14.619
14.620

J ax dx cosh ax
f ax dx x a ax
J ax dx a cosh ax 2a ax
f ax sech2 ax dx (n + 1)aax
f sech2 axax dx a ax
ax
f dx
a
tanh

In

tanh2

tanh3

1
-

tanh

In

tanh2
=:.:.:..._-=:.:::.

tanhn + l

tanhn

1
- In tanh

tanh

tanh ax

Jx

tan h ax

- ! In sinh

ax

tanh

tanhn

(ax)3 + 2(ax) 5
9

75

In
a(pZ:_ qZ)
P2 r: q2

tanhn
-...__ 1 ax
+
___:=;..::..:.
:: ..,..,.
:=.
..::

a(n - 1)

! In sinh
_

In sinh

- !_ In

! In

(-1)n- 122n(22n - 1)Bn(ax)2n - 1

(2n - 1)(2n) !

(q sinh ax +

tanhn-z ax dx

f coth ax dx a ax
J coth2 ax dx x cotha ax
J coth3 ax dx !a ax - coth2a2 ax
J cothn ax csch2 ax dx coth(n +n +1)a1 ax
2 ax
dx
J csch
a coth ax
coth ax
f cothdxax a cosh ax
=

(2n + 1) !

x tanh ax + 1 In cosh ax
a2
a

tanh2 ax dx

f p + qdx ax
f ax dx

(-1)n - 122n(22n - 1 )Bn (ax) 2n + 1

cosh ax)

. .

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

1 4.62 1
1 4.622
1 4.623
1 4.624
1 4.625

1 4.626
1 4.627
1 4.628
1 4.629
1 4.630
1 4.63 1
1 4.632
1 4.633
1 4.634
1 4.635

1 4.636
1 4.637
1 4.638
1 4.639

f x coth ax dx
f x coth2 ax dx
f cot ax dx
f p + qdxcoth ax
f cothn ax dx

91

(- 1)n-122nBn(ax)2n + +
1
(ax)3- (ax)5
a2 {ax + 9 - 225 +
(2n + 1) !
x2 x coth ax + 1 In sm. h ax
2
a2
a
-1
(-1)n22nBn(ax)2n-- ----7:
+

1
1

...,.,(2;-n

)...,.,
(2;-n-:-:
) !:-

- p2 px- q2 a(p2:_ q2) In (p sinh ax + q cosh ax)

= - cothn-1 ax + f cothn -2 ax dx
a(n - 1
)

J sech ax dx a tan- 1
f sech2 ax dx tanha ax
J sech3 ax dx sech ax2atanh ax + 2a1 tan -1 sinh ax
f sechn ax tanh ax dx - - sechn ax
f
sinh ax
sech ax
a
(ax)4 + 5(ax)6 + (-1)nEn(ax)2n+2 + J x sech ax dx a2 {<ax)2
}
2
8
(2n + 2)(2n) !
144
J x sech2 ax dx x tanha ax - 2a1 In cosh ax
(-1)nEn(ax)2n
61(ax)6
In x _ (ax)2 5(ax)4
96
4320
2n(2n) !
f q pdxsechax qx - qP f p + qdxcosh ax [See 14.581]
ax + n - 2 f sechn - 2 ax dx
f sechn ax dx sechn -2a(nax- tanh
1)
n-1
eax

na

___!

+ ...

f csch ax dx a In tanh ax2

f csch2 ax dx cotha ax
J csch3 ax dx csch ax2acoth ax
f cschn ax coth ax dx - cschnan ax
.!

_.!._

ax

2a In tanh 2

92

1 4.640
1 4.641
1 4.642
1 4.643
1 4.644
1 4.645

1 4.646
1 4.647
1 4.648

1 4.649

1 4.650

1 4.65 1

1 4.652

1 4.653

1 4.654

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

f
J
J
J
fq
f

1
cosh ax
a

dx
csch ax

_!_
(ax)3 , 7(ax )5 +
ax _
-,a2
18
1800

x csch ax dx

::::

dx

J
J
J
J
J
f

dx =
x sinh - 1 dx
sinh- 1

x2 sinh- 1

dx

cosh - 1

dx

dx

cosh- (x/a)
dx

x2 cosh -1

_ (x/a)3 + 1 3(x/a)5
233
24 55

cosh - 1 (x/a)
dx
xz

J
f

dx
x2 tanh - 1 dx

1 3 6(xla)1 + . . .
2 467 7

(a/x)2
+ 1 3(a/x)4
222
2444
+ (a/x)2
222

_ sinh- 1 (x/a) _ ! ln
a
X
:r;

cschn-2 ax dx

- -----'--::--.....;_-

+ if cosh - 1 (x/a) > 0,

1 4.655

ln2 (2 x/a)
2

dx

(x/a) dx

cosh- 1

:r;

sinh

x sinh - 1

dx

sinh- (x/a)

1 4.658

x tanh - 1

x < -a

( )
a+

x cosh- 1 (z/a) + yx2 - a2 ,

cosh - 1 (x/a) < 0

x > a

cosh- 1 (x/a) > 0

i(2x' - ') oosh- ' (x/a)

- lv'

x' - ' ,

cosh - 1 (x/a) > 0

:i;(2x2 - a2) cosh - 1 (x/a) + -!;xv'x2 - a2 ,

cosh - 1 (:r;/a) < 0

!x' oooh- ' (x!a) -

!<' + 2') v'x' - ' ,

tx3 cosh - 1 (x/a) + !(x2 + 2a2) yx2 - a2 ,

[!
2

ln2 ( 2x/a) + (a/x)2

222

- if cosh- 1 (x/a) < 0

cosh- 1 (x/a)

1 3 5(a/x)6 +
2 4 6 6 6

yx2 - a2 ,

cosh- 1 (x/a)

Jxl < a

1 3 5(a/x)6
1 3(a/x)4
+
24666
2444

! In
a

a+

1 3(a/x)4
2444

ax
+ (x2

1 4.656
1 4.657

[See 14.663]

ax

- cschn -2 ax coth ax
a(n - 1)

cschn ax dx

J
J
J

- ;S p

::::

ax

l) B n(ax)2n + 1
+ ...
(2n + 1 ) !

x coth ax + ..!. ln sinh ax

a2
a
(-I)n2(22n- l 1)Bn(ax)2n - l
_ ...!._ _ ax + 7(ax)3 +
+ ...
6
1080
(2n 1)(2n) !
ax

x csch2 ax dx

esc ax

2 (-1) n(22n-l

x
a2) tanh - 1 a

x
a3 ln
ax2
x3
(a2 - x2)
- + - tanh - 1 - + 6
6
a
3

cosh - 1 (x/a) > 0

cosh- 1 (x/a) < 0
1 3 5(a/x)6 +
2 4 6 6 6

..

if cosh - 1 (x/a) > 0,

+ if cosh- 1 (x/a) < OJ

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

1 4 .660
1 4.661
1 4.662
1 4.663
1 4.664
1 4.665

1 4.666

1 4.667

93

n
In

(x/a)3 !x/a)5 . .
:
a + 3 2 + 52 + .
tanh 1 + 1 ( x2 )
J tanh-12 (x/a) dX
2a 1

x
J coth-1 aX dx x coth-1 x 2 (x2 a2)
f x coth-1 ax dx
a2) coth-1 ax
J x2 coth-1 dx
J coth- (x/a) dx
coth-1 (x/a) + 1_ ()
J coth-x12 (x/a) dx
2a x2 - a2
x
(x/a) + a sn-1 (x!a), sech - 1 (x/a) > 0
J sech-1 aX dx xx sech-1
sech-1 (x/a) - a sm-1 (x/a), sech-1 (x/a) < 0
!x2 sech-1 (x/a) - tav'a2 - xi, sech-1 (x/a) > 0
J x sech-1 : dx
!x2 sech-1 (x/a) + tav'a2 - x2, sech-1 (x/a) < 0
Z 21 43 (x/a)4
(a/x) (4a/x) 2(x/a)
sech-1 (x/a) > 0
4 4
22
J X dx ! (a/x) (4a/x) + ia: + 1 3(x/a)4
+
sech -1 (x/a) < 0
2444
f csch-1 aX dx x csch -'1 a: a -1 a [+ if X > 0, - if X < OJ
J x csch-1 dx x22 csch-1 -x
[+ if X > 0, - if X < OJ
1 3(x/a)4 + . . .
(4 a x) + 1(x/a) 2
In ( x a)
O<x<a
2444
222
(x/a)2 + 1 3 (x/a)4
J csch- (x/a) dx
(-x/a) (-x/4a) - 2--a < x < 0
2 444
22
(a/x)3 1 3(a/x)5
JxJ > a
X + 233 2455 + . . .
. - X 1 f xm + l dx
J xm sinh-1 dx mxm++ 11 smh
la - m+ 1
xm 1 cosh _ 1 x- -1 f xm + 1 dx cosh-1 (x!a) > 0
-a
m + 1
m+1
f x"' cosh-1 aX dx xm + 1 x 1 vx2xm-+ 1a2
-- cosh-1 -a + -cosh-1 (x/a) < 0
m+ 1
m + 1 J dx
f --xm+1
J x"' : dx m
a2 - x2 dx
xm + 1 coth-1 -x - -a f xm +l dx
J xm coth-1 dx -a m + 1 --m+ 1
a2 - x2
x
+
1
xm
sech-1 -a + m J xm dx sech-1 (x/a) > 0
-m+1
yaz x2
J x"' sech-1 dx
xm
x
1
a
xm dx sech-l (x/a) < 0
f
-- sech _ 1 a -m+1
m 1
ya2 x2
x
1
xm
f
+
a
J xm csch-1 dx -csch-1 -a m + 1 xm dx
m+1
yx2 a2 (+ if X > 0, if x < OJ
X

+ !!:

In

{-liI n In
n In
n
In I n
{

1 4.668

1 4.669
1 4.670

a.

1 4. 671

}..
2

!!:

1 4.672

::_

sinh

1 4.673

1 4.674
1 4.675

tanh - 1

1 4.676

1 4.677

15

DEFI N ITE I N TEGRALS

DEFINITI O N O F A D E F I N ITE I N T E G R A l
Let f(x) be defined in a n interval a x b . Divide the interval into n equal parts of length Ax :;::
(b - a)!n. Then the definite integral of f(x) between x = a and x = b is defined as

1 5. 1

fo
a

f(x) dx

lim {f(a) x + f(a + Ax) x + f(a + 2 Ax) Ax + + f(a + (n - l ) Ax) Ax}

n -+ oo

The limit will certainly exist i f f(x) i s piecewise continuous .

If f(x) =
g (x), then by the fundamental theorem of the integral calculus the above definite integral
x
can be evaluated by using the result

1 5.2

Jb
a

fb

f(x) dx

d
g(x) dx
dx

g(b)

g(a)

If the interval is infinite or if f(x) has a singularity at some point in the i nterval, the definite integral.
is ca1led an improper integral and can be defined by using appropriate limiting procedures. For example,

1 5.3
1 5.4

1 5.5
1 5.6

J"'
J"',
Jb
r
a

Jb
a "' fb
sb-E
Jb

lim

f(x) dx

0 -+ 00

f(x) dx

b -+ oo

lim

f(x) dx

{ -t- 0

E -+ 0

f(x) dx

if b i s a singular point

/(X) dX

lim

f(x) dx

f(x) dx

a+E

if a is a singular point

f(x) dx

GENERAL FORMULAS I N VOLV I N G D E F I N IT E I N T EGRALS

.

1 5 .7
1 5.8
1 5.9
1 5. 1 0
1 5. 1 1
1 5. 1 2

fl.>
Jo
J"
Jo
"
f'
Jb
a

{/(x)

g(x)

c f(x) dx

fb
a

Jb

} dx

f(x) dx

Jo
a

g(x) dx

Jb
a

h(x) dx

where c is any constant

/(x) dx

f(x) dx

J"
fc

f(x) dx

f(x) dx

/(x) dx

h(x)

f(x) dx

f(x) dx +

(b - a) f(c)

fb
c

f(x) dx

where

is between a and b

This is called the mean value theorem for definite integrals and is valid if f(x) is continuous in

a x b.

94

DE FINITE INTE GRALS

fb f(x) g(x) dx

15.13

f(c)

r g(x) dx

This is a generalization of
and

g(x)

where

is between

15.12

and is vali d if

0.

f(x)

95

and b

and

g(x)

are continuous in

;;:;

;;:; b

L E I B N I T Z ' S R U U FOR D I F FERENTIAT I O N OF I N T EGRALS

fd>zl a ) F(x, a) dx

da

15.14

dz
F(1> a) da

d>, (<x )

A P P R O X I M ATE F O R M U LAS F O R D E F I N IT E I N TEGRALS

x l>

x
x
Yo f(x o), f(xl ) , Y2

In the following the i nterval from

X2,

Xn - !

xn

and we let

to

n equal parts b y
f(x2), . . . , Yn
f(xn) , h

b is subdivided into

Y1

the points

(b - a)/n.

a =

Rectangular formula

1 5. 1 5

,_(' /(x) dx
fb
a

h(yo

Y1

Yz

Yn - 1)

Trapezoidal formula

1 5. 1 6

f(x) dx

Simpson's formula (or parabolic formula) for

1 5. 1 7

even

J t(x) dx

D E F I N IT E INTEGRALS INVOLVING RAT I ONAl OR IRRAT I O N Al IXP RISstONS

7T

2a
1 5. 1 9

J<O x;- x
f" xn....:x.:_m-:-,

O < p < l

1 5. 20

O < m+l < n

1 5.21

1 5 .22

fa
o

dx

ya2 - x2

1 5 .23

1 5 .24

1 5.25

a,m + l + nv r [(m + 1)/n] r(p + 1 )

nr[(m + 1)/n + p + 1]
0 < m+ 1 <

nr

x0,

D E F I N I T E I NTEGRALS

96

All letters are considered positive unless otherwise indicated.

1 5.26

1 5.27

1 5 .28

1 5.29

1 5.30

1 5.31

frr

sin mx sin nx dx

frr
rr
/2
rr
f
/2
rr
f
f
0

1 5.38

lT

J"'
J "'
J"'
0

J"'
0

cos2m x dx

rr/2

sin px cos qx
X

dx

c s px
dx

fo"'

3 5

2m - 1

2 4 6 2m

1r

2'

2 4 6 2m
5 2m + 1 '

1 3

1, 2, . . .

m=

1, 2, . . .

<p<q
11'!2
11'14 p = q > 0
'JTp/2 O < p ;;2 q
'JT q/2
p ?;; q > O

1rP

1 5.41

cos px - cos qx dx
X

dx

x2 + a2

= n

r(p) r(q)
2 r(p + q)

1rP

...:!!_ e - ma

2a

1 5.42

1 5.39

1 5.40

p>q>O

1 -

{0 0

sin px in qx dx
:
sin2 px dx
x2

m, n integers and m + n even

cos2m + l x dx

sin2v- 1 x cos2q - 1 x dx

i"'

cos2 x dx

rr

m, n integers and m + n odd

{ 2m/(m

f
f

2
rr/ sin2m + l x dx

("' sin px
dx
x
J

1 5.37

sin2m x dx

1 5.33

1 5.36

m, n integers and m

frr/

sin2 x dx

n integers and m

m, n integers and m

sin mx cos nx dx

1 5.35

m,

1r/2

cos mx cos nx dx

1 5.32

1 5 .34

m, n integers and m

ln !1.

1 5.43

'JT(q - p)
2

1 5.44

1 5.45

f"'
f
21T
f
f
/2
rr
f
0

2rr

x sin mx dx
x 2 + a2

e-ma
2

sin mx dx
x(x2 + a2)

..!!_ (1
2 a2

dx
a + b sin x

2'11'
ya2 - b 2

dx
a + b cos x

ya2 - b2

a + b cos x

e -ma)

211"

cos- 1 (b/a )
ya2 - b2

97

DEFINITE INTE GRALS

15.46
15.47

(2
J0

"

21T
d
dx
f
os x)2
a
+
b
(a + b sin x)2
(
0
--, d-'x'---
0
-,---- 2a-cos
x + a2

z
f0 rr 1

15.48

f" 1 - x2asincosx xdx+ a2

15.49

J0

( rr

<a<1
{ (rr/a) In (1 + a) \a! < 1
(1 + 1/a) \al 1
1 7TUm a2 < 1, m 1, 2,
1r

cos mx dx
2a cos x + a2

In

>

a2 ,

0,

f "' cos ax2 dx - 21 -\}

2a
0
7T , n >
_!_
na11 n 1' (1/n) sin 2n

15.50

J "" sin ax2 dx

15.51

-na1-lln rll/n) cos 2n

i "" cos x d
Jo Vx
o Vx
("' sin x dx
7T
2r(p) sin (p7T/2) ' O < p < 1
J., xv
i"' cosxvx d - 2I'(p) cos7T (p7T/2) ' O < p < 1
/2_ (cos b2 - sin :2 )
f"' sin ax2 cos 2bx dx
\J
2a
a
2
0
b2 + sin )
-1 (
f"' cos ax2 cos 2bx dx
2a cos a
2 37T

15.52
15.53
15.54
15.55
15.56
15.57
15.58
15.59
15.60
15.61
15.62
15.63
15.64
15.65
15.66
15.67

i"'0 sin axn dx

f "" cos axn dx

("' sin x dx

1
n>1

_!!._ ,

--

--

"
7T
f ' sinx44 x dx
oe t
f an x d - 2
d

--

/2
frr 1 + t:nm
/2 _x_ dx
rr
f
0

sin x

'"

{ 12 - 12 512 71
2
1 3
4

-+ -- -+

( 1 sin - 1 x dx
E_ In 2
2
x
J0
1 - os x dx - "' co x dx
f :
:
f
1
o dx
y
+ x2 c s x x
J

1
(" (11

( "' tan-1 px - tan-1 qx dx

x

Jo

98

1 5 .68
1 5 .69
1 5.70

DEFINITE INTEGRALS

["" e-ax cos bx dx

i"' e-ax
i""
0

e - ax

bx dx
sin bx
dx

sin

tan - 1 a

In
a

1 5.72
1 5.73
1 5 .74

f "' e- ax dx

f "' e-ax bx dx = ;i e- o /4a

2 -v
.!.
2 -v a

cos

bx"1"C) dX

erfc (p)

1 5.76
1 5 .77
1 5.78
1 5.79
1 5.80

1 5 .82

1 5.83
1 5.84

1 5.85
1 5.86

..( xne - ax dx r(nan++ l1)

i"' xme-ax2 dx r[2a(m<m + 1)/2]
ll/2
"'
f e - (ax+blx2) dx .!.2 ae "'

f"'
xn -1
f"' -eX - dx

1
=

1
22

1
32

2 >/iib

71"2

1
+
42

+-+-+
l'(n) 3n
111 2n

...

n this can be summed in terms of Bernoulli numbers [see pages 108-109 and 1 14-115].
1
1
1
1
("" x dx
+
+
Jo ex 1 = 12 22 32 42
i "' e"'xn - l1 dx r(n) (t1n 1 _!_3n - . . . )
For some positive integer values of n the series can be summed [see pages 108-109 and 114-11 5 ] .
."' esin27rx mx1 dx .!4 coth m2 2m1
f"" ( 1 e -) dx
For even

1 5 .81

+ X

f"' e-x2 - e-x dx

0

e -x
.("' (ex 1 -) dx
X

!Y
=

. . .

99

DE FINITE INTEGRALS

1 5.87

f ""

e - ax

e - bx

d
x

e - ax

e - bx

dx

x sec px

1 5.88

f "'
0

1 5. 89

oc

x esc px

-'----'-"'---;;-=--=-=---"-

1 5 .90

f 1 xm(ln x) n dx
o

If n
1 5.91

ft
O

1 5.92

f
1
f
l
f
J
O

1 5 .93

1 5.94

1 5.95

1 5 .96

----)

1 5.99

1 5. 1 01

f 1 ln x In ( 1 - x)

'l1"2
2 - 2 ln 2 - 12
2
2 -

dx

- ,...z es

n
- x dx
X

f "' e-x ln :x: dx

f"'
J"' ( )
J
x dx
/
i Tr 2 x)2

1 5. 1 02

tr/ 2

1 5 . 1 03

ex - 1

-y

1 5 . 1 05 f

Vir

rr

/2

dx

dx

1 5 . 1 04 f " x ln sin x dx

sin

,..2
/2 cos x dx
tr
f
/2 cos x)2
tr
J
4

_ ;:: ln 2

In

(In

dx

- (ln 2)2 + 2
24
,...a

1T'

- 1l"2 ln 2
2

ln 2 - 1

In sin x d.c

1 5 . 1 06 f 1T in (a + b sin x) dx
0

O < p < 1

- 4 (y + 2 In 2)

In sin

(In sin

c P'lT cot p1r

m + 1
n+ 1

1n

e-x' In x dx

r(n + 1).

,.2
12

dx

In

o, 1 , 2, . . .

1 I n x l n ( 1 + x ) dx

a
p

12

1 5 . 1 00

dx

tan - 1

m > -1 , n

by

,...2
,.2

In ( 1 + x )
dx
X

1 5.98

( - 1 )nn !
(m + 1 ) n + l

dx

1
X

f
l
f

--

cot-t a - !!:: ln (a2 + 1)

2

dx

0, 1 , 2, . . . replace n!

1 5.97

a2 + p 2

b
1 P

ta n -

dx

1 +X

+ 2
! ln b2 p )

2
f Tr 1n (a + b cos x) dx
0

2,... In (a + ../a2 - b2 )

100

1 5 . 1 07

1 5. 1 08

1 5. 1 09

1 5. 1 1 0

15.1 1 1

f"
0

DEFINITE INTE GRALS

In (a + b cos x) dx

f"
/4
frr
irr/2

In ( a2 - 2ab cos x + b2 ) dx

In (1 + tan x) dx
sec x In

a (
in

2 sin

1n

a, a S;; b > O

2,. In b,

b S;; a > O

i In 2

1 + b cos x
1 + a cos x

{ ,.

dx

! { (cos- 1 a)2

(cos- 1 b )2}

) dx

See also 15.102.

1 5. 1 1 2

1 5. 1 1 3

1 5. 1 1 4

1 5. 1 1 5

i "'
f "'
i"'
0

sin ax
dx
sinh bx

cosh bx

sinh ax

i""
0

cos ax

dx

,. sech a,.
2b
2b

x dx

xt dx

sinh ax

1
1
1
2fl + l - 1 (n + 1)
+
+ ...
+
1 n+ t 2n+ t gn + t
2nan + 1 r

If n is an odd positive integer, the series can be summed [see page 108] .

1 5. 1 1 6

1 5. 1 1 7

i"'
f "'
0

sinh ax
dx
el>x + 1
sinh ax

ebx

dx

azr
,.
1
sc
2b e b - 2 a
.!._

2a

_ !!..

2b

cot

azr
b

{/(0 ) - f(co)} In a
This is called Frullani's integral. It holds if f'(x) is continuous and

1 5. 1 1 9

1 5. 1 20

1 dx

i
fa
o

-a

XX

(a + x)m- 1 (a - x)n - l dx

(2a)m + n - 1 r(m) r(n)

r(m + n)

J"'
1

f (x )

f( 00) dx converges.

16

TH E G A MMA F U N C T I O N

D E F I N I T IO .. O F T H E GAMMA FUN CTIO N

r(n)

1 6. 1

f ""

FOR n > 0

n>0

tn - l e - t dt

r(n)

R EC U RS I O N FO RMU LA

n r(n)

r(n + 1 )

1 6.2

n!

r(n + 1 )

1 6.3

if

n=0

n<

THE GAMMA FU N C T I O N FOR

For

n < 0 the gamma function can be defined by using

r(n) =

1 6.4

GRAPH

1 2 . . . where 0 !
,

16.2, i.e .

O.F TH E GAMMA

FU

CTI O N

Fig. l6-1

SPEC IAL VALU ES FOR T H E G AMMA F U N C T I O N

1 6.5
1 6.6
1 6.7

r(m + f)

r(-tn + -?J)

m
=

101

( 2m - 1 )

1n

1 , 2, 3, . .

1 , 2 , 3, . . .

102

THE GAMMA FU NCTION

RiLATICUif:S I1 1PS AMONG GAMMA FUN CtrO NS

1 6.8

r(p) r(1 - p)

1 6.9

1f
sin prr

22x - 1 r(x) r(x + ! )

y; r(2x)

This is called the duplication formula.

1 6. 1 0

r(x) r x +

) r (x + !) r (x + m m 1 )

m - mx (27r) (m - t ll2 r(mx)

For m = 2 this reduces to 16.9.

OTHER: Dl,lN11JONS OF JHI GA.MMA FUNCTION

1 6. 1 1

lim

r (x + 1)

k -+ >

1 2 3.
(x + 1)(x + 2)

(x + k)

kx

1
r(x)

1 6. 1 2

This is an infinite product representation for the gamma function where

.OEilfVATlVIS
1 6. 1 3

1'1(1)

:OF. TMI OAMMA

.(""

e-x

:::

Jn X dx

16.14

is Euler's constant.

FUNCTION
-y

r'(x)
r(x)

+ ...

ASYMPTOTIC

1 6. 1 5

r(x + 1)

EXP ANS10NS FOR THE GAMMA FUNCTIO N

xxe - x 1 + l x + 28 x2 - 5 1

This is called Stirling's asymptotic series.

1x3

If we let x :::: n a positive integer in 16.15, then a useful approximation for n! where n is large
[e.g. n > 10] is given by Stirling's formula

1 6. 1 6

where - i s used t o indicate that the ratio of the terms o n each side approaches 1 as n --> "" .

1 6. 1 7

'lr(ix)j2

"

x smh 1tX
.

17

T H E B E TA F U N C T I O N

D E F I N ITION O F THE B ETA F U N CT I ON

I

f tm-1 (1 - t)n-1 dt

B(m, n)

1 7. 1

>

B(m, n)

0,

n>0

R ElATIONS H I P O F B E TA FUNCTION TO GAMMA FU N CTI ON

B(m, n)

1 7.2
Extensions of

r (m) r (n)
r (m + n)

B(m, n) to m < 0, n < 0 is provided by using 16.4, page 101 .

SOMl IMPORTANT RESU LTS

1 7.3

B(m, n)

1 7.4

B(m, n)

1 7.5

B(m, n)

1 7.6

B(m, n)

B(n, m)
2

rr/2 sin2m - 1 cos2n - l do

f
IJ

IJ

["' (1 tmt-)m1 + n dt

::;::;

rn(r +

1)m J l tm(r- 1+( 1t)m- t+n)n-1 dt

0

1 03

'.

..

DtJ=PNTlA EQUAT I O N

SOlUTION

1 8. 1

B A S I C D I F F:E R E N. T I AL E Q U A T I O N S
TIONS
and SOLU
;

18
.

'

Separation of variables

f1(x ) U 1(y) dx + f2( x) g2(y) dy

1 8.2

f ! ( x)
dx +
f2( x )

U z( Y )
dy
U t (Y)

Linear first order equation

; + P(x)y
1 8.3

y e j P dx

Q (x )

J Q e f P dx dx +

Bernoulli's equation

v e O - nl j P dx

; + P(x)y

Q ( x) yn

where

1 8.4

If

.f Q eO - nl j P dx dx +

n)

(1

y l - n.
In

1, the solution is

<Q

P ) dx +

Exact equation

M (x , y ) dx + N (x, y) dy
where

1 8.5

ilM/iJy

oN/iix .

0
where

J M ax + J (N

a
ay

J )
M ax

dy

ax indicates that the integration is to be performed

x keeping y constant.

with respect to

Homogeneous equation

dy
dx

()

In
where

104

= y/x .

If

v
+
F(v ----- v

F(v)

v,

the solution is

y = ex.

105

BASIC DIFFERENTIAL E QUATIONS AND SOLUTIONS

SO LUTION

D I FF E R E N T I A L EQUAT I O N

1 8.6
y F(xy) dx

x G(xy) dy

v = xy.

where
Linear, homogeneous
second order equation

1 8.7

are real constants.

mt> m

Case 2.

m1 , m2

Linear, nonhomogeneous
second order equation

dx2
a, b

dy

dx

by

=
.

+ qi, m2 = p - qi:

= e'"'(c1

C temlx

R(x)

cos qx

Ctem,x

fe-mtx

Case 3.
y

e P"(c1

xem,x

cos qx +

+ ePx

;
"

sn

qx

- e'"

dx2

ax

dy

dx

by

S(x)

sin qx)

Putting

x
d2y
dt2

et,

18.7

R(x) dx

Czxem ,x

j'

e- mtx R(x) dx

- emtx

E uler or Cauchy equation

+ c2

c2emx

em
,x
mt - m z

d2y

0. Then

There are 3 cases corresponding to those of entry

above.

Case 2.

x2

real and equal:

are real constants.

1 8.9

m2 + am

xy = c.

p = -a/2, q = yb - a2f4 .

Case l.
a

the solution is

real and distinct:

m1 = p

where

P(v),

a2y

G(v)

If

Case 1.

Case 3.

1 8.8

G(v) dv

v{G(v) - P(v)}

Let m1, m2 be the roots of

there are 3 cases.

0
a, b

ln x

c2

c;s

xe - mlx R (x) dx

sin qx)
e -vx R(x)
qx

cos qx

dx

e - vx R(x) sin qx dx

the equation becomes

a

1)

S(et)

by

and can then be solved as in entries

18.7

and

1 8.8

above.

106

BASIC DIFFERENTIAL E Q UATIONS AND SOLUTIONS

1 8. 1 0

Bessel's equation
0

See pages 1 36-1 3 7.

1 8.1 1
x2

Transformed Bessel's equation

+ (2p + l)x + (ch2r + p2)y

where
1 8. 1 2

q =

Legendre's equation

dy +
d21j
- 2x
n(n + l)y
(1 - x2) dx
dx2

See pages 146-1 48.

19

S E R I E S of C O N S TA N T S

A R ITHMETIC S E R I E S

1 9. 1

a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + + {a + (n - 1)d}
where l = a + (n - 1)d is the last term.

!n(a + l)

n{2a + (n - l)d}

Some special cases are

1 9.2

1 9.3

1 + 3 + 5 +

!n(n + 1)

+ n

+ 2 + 3 +

+ (2n - 1)

n2

G EOME.T RIC SIR l E S

1 9.4

a + ar + ar2 + ar3 +
where

If -1

<

l
<

arn - 1 is the last term and r

rl
1 - r

a-

+ arn - 1

1.

1, then

1 9.5

a + ar + ar2 + ar3 +

-r

AR ITHMETICGEOMETRIC S ER I ES

1 9.6

a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 +
where

If -1 <

=F

+ {a + (n - 1)d}rn - 1

1.

< 1, then

1 9.7

a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 +

-r

SUMS OF POWER$ OF POS ITI V E I NT EG E RS

1 9.8

1 P + 2P

3P +

+ nP

2)nv-s
=

where the series terminates at n2 or n according as

numbers [see page 114].
107

-------,--

is odd or even, and

Bk

+ ...

are the

Bernoulli

SERIES OF CONSTANTS

108
Some special cases are

1 9.9
1 9. 1 0

1 + 2 + 3 + + n

12 + 22 + 32 + . . . + n2
p

1 9. 1 2

14 + 24 + 34 + . . . + n4

1 9. 1 4
1 9. 1 5
1 9. 1 6
1 9. 1 7
1 9. 1 8
1 9. 1 9
1 9.20
1 9.2 1
1 9.22
1 9.23
1 9.24
1 9.25
1 9.26

1k + 2k + 3k + + nk where k and n are positive integers, then

(n + 1)k + l - (n + 1)

1
1 - 1
1
1 - - + - -
7
4
10 + 1 3

1
1
1
1
1 - 5
- + - - - - ...
9
13 + 1 7

1
2
1
1
1
1
1 2 + 22 + 32 + 42 + . . .
1
1
1
1
14 + 24 + 34 + 44 + . . .
1
1
1
1
.
1 6 + 26 + 36 + 46 + . .
1
1
1
1
- 2 + 32 - 2
4
2
12
1
1
1
1
44
14 - 24 + 34
1
1
1
1
- 6 +
46
86
2
16
1
1
1
1
12 + 32 + 52 + 72
1
1
1
1
14 + 34 + 54 + 74

1 9.3 1
1 9.32

1
1
13 + 3
3

1
53

() - l '6' 5 2:/f \ 03

trVa
9

In 2
+ !.
3

l2 ln <1 + 2> 0 . ?SG0 '1T2-'1 73

i In 2

11"4
= 9
0
1r6
94 5

1rl2
1rf

6 <:2/2 L.f (:, 70 33 7

6 . <1 L( 70 3 2 $2 300

+ .. . .

1
73 +

o . 'S?

) .G \ 73 tt3 0 b 3

3;:o

1
73 + . . .

Y ':)

\. C "2 ?J'2 3T::> if

7
720

(j , S?:h\b \.{

t . (, y Lf 3 L\ (J(O 7

(F\ \'-\1 t 1<,0 (,

+ ...

1
13

1
1
33 + 53

;;

1 9.28

1T

) ,

+ ...

1
1
1
1
.
16 + 36 + 56 + 76 + . .

1 9.30

ln 2

1
1
1
1
1 - 3 + 5
7 +9 -

1 9.27

1 9.29

n2(n + 1)2
(1 + 2 + 3 + + n)2
4
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)(3n2 + 3n - 1)
30

.
+ 2a + 3a + . . + n3

1 9. 1 1

If Sk

n(n + 1)
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)

6 q ,e / 6 <? I q

l 0. 3 3 7 oos- l
;: \. o \ L{6 7 Qo ;:/?.
;;o \ . 0 0 l Lf LJ 70 7 7
;; 0 - q6 Cf LJ (, I L/ 6
3
;'( t. 0 '27 7 '1 '2 f8'

1
1
1
1
.

+ 57 + 79 + .. = 2
1 3 +
3
1
1
1
1
.
4
w + 2 4 + 35 + 46 + . .
1
1
1
1
+ 72 2 +
=
9
12 32 + 32 52 + 52 72
s

1r2 - 8
16

0 . II(:; ISs-02.753

_l -1 L -{ .J'J

0..

6...

o.. 1 '- V

tl

1 fn

1:-

SERIES OF CONSTANTS

1 9.33
1 9.34
1 9.35

1
1
+ 2 . 32 . 42 +
2
1 2 . 2 2 . 32

. .

1 . 1
1
1
+ 32P + 42P +
1 2P -; 22P

1 9.36

1
1
1 . 1
+ 32P -; 52P + 2P +
7
1 2P

1 9.37

1
f2P

1 9.38

1
1
1
pp + l - 32P + 1 + 52P + l

1
1
+ 32P
2 2P

4772

16

39

l ua- 1 du
1 + ud

2 2p-1 7r2PBP

'1
t ct-l-,
t
r l../ b

ct:t ? I(}

(2p) !

(2 2P - 1 ) 172PBP
2(2p) !

1
42P +
-

7r2p+ lEP
2 2P + 2 (2p) !

+
72P + 1

MIS4:1LLANIO US
1

1 9.39

2 + cos a + cos 2a +

1 9.40

sin a + sin 2a + sin 3 a +

1 9.41

1 + r cos a + r2 cos 2a +

1 9.42

r sin a + r2 sin 2a + r3 sin 3 a +

1 9.43

1 + r cos a + r2 cos 2a +

1 9.44

r sin a + r2 sin 2a +

2 sin (a/2)
sin [:Fn + 1)]a sin tna

na

+ sin

sin (n + !)a

+ cos na

SERIES

sin (a/2)

r3 cos 3a +

!r l
r sin a
1 - 2r cos a + r2 '

+ rn cos na

+ rn sin na

rn + Z cos na

<

Jri < 1

rn+ l cos (n + 1)a

2r cos a + r2

r cos a + 1

THE EtJ LER-MAtLA.URfN SUMMATIQcN . FOIIMUtA

1 9.45

n-1

k= l

F(k)

fn
0

{F(O) + F(n)}

F(k) dk

{F"' (n) - F "'(O)}

_!_
+ _!_ {F'(n) - F'(O)} - 7
12
20
1
1
(vil) (n) - F <viil (O)}
(vl
+ 4 0 {F(vl(n) - F (O)} - 1 ,209,600 {F
30,2
+

. . . (-1) P - l

_
P
_

(2p) !

{F <2P- l l (n) - F <2p- l l (O) } + . . .

THE POISSON SUMMATION FORMUlA

1 9.46

:i

k=

- oo

F( k)

::::

109

2 0------'-AY LO R s ER_I Es
_
__ __ _

__
__
__
_

__

TAYLOR S ER I E S F O R F U N CT I O N S O F O N E VA R I A B L E
20. 1

f (x)

where

R11,

f (a) + f '(a) ( x - a) +

:=

(a)(x
f" (a)(x - a)2
a) n - 1
n
+ . . . + JC n l l
+ R
2!
(n
1) !

the remainder after n terms, is given by either of the following forms:

20.2

Lagrange's

20.3

Cauchy's

form

j(nl() ( x - a)n
n!

form

The value . which may b e different i n the two forms, lies between a and x . The result holds i f /(x) has
continuous derivatives of order n at least.
If lim Rn = 0, the infinite series obtained is called the Taylor series for /(x) about x = a. If
,. _ .,

0 the series is often called a Maclaurin series. These series, often called power series, generally
converge for all values of x in some interval called the interval of convergence and diverge for all x outside
this interval.
a

BINOMIAL SERIES
n(n - 1 ) (n - 2) an-3x3 +
3!

20.4

()

Special cases are

=

a2 + 2ax + x2

20.5

( a + x)2

20.6

( a + x)3

a3 + 3a2x + 3ax2 + x3

20.7

( a + x)4

a4 + 4a3x + 5a2x2 + 4 ax3 + x4

20.8

(1 + x) - 1

1 - x + x2 - x3 + x4 -

20.9

(1 + x) - 2

1 - 2x + 3x2

20. 1 0

(1 + x)-3

20. 1 1

( 1 + x ) - l/2

20. 1 2

( 1 + x) l/2

20. 1 3

( 1 + x) - l /3

20. 1 4

(1 -+ x )l/ 3

-1 < X < 1

-1 < X < 1

4x3 + 5x4

1 - 3x + 6x2 - 10x3 + 15x4

==

-1 < X < 1
-1 < X ;;i2 1

1
13
x2
-2 x +

-1 < X ;;i2 1

:=

a n -3x3 + . . .

1
14
147
1 - -x +
x2 x3 +
36
3
369
--

1 +

---

-1 < X 1
-1 < X ::fiii 1

110

TAYLOR SERIES

111

S E R I E S F O R E X P O N E N T I A L A N D LO GAR IT H M I C F U N C T I O N S

x2
xll
1 + x + + - +
3!
2!

20. 1 5

ex

20. 1 6

aX

20. 1 7

In ( 1 + x)

20. 1 8

! In 1 + x
1-x
2

20. 1 9

In X

20.20

In x

a)2
1 + x In a + (x In
2!
+ ...
x 3
2

(x In a)3
+ ...
3!

eX lna

-1

< X

( )
5
{ (: i) (: iy (: iy }
(X : ) (X : y (: y
=

x + + + x7 +
7
3
+

< X<

oo

-oo

<X<

oo

-1 < x < 1

- oo

-f

x>O

?
.., 2

S E R I E S F O R T R I GO N O M ETRIC F U N C T I O N S

20. 2 1

sin x

20.22

cos x

20.23

tan x

20.24

cot x

20.25

sec x

20.26

x4
x2
x6
+
- - +
2!
6!

- oo

< x<

oo

- oo

< x <

oo

< !.
2
1

x
3

22nBnx2n - 1
(2n) !

x3

0 < lxi <

1T

csc x

0 < lx l <

1r

20.27

sin - 1 x

\x l < 1

20.28

cos - 1 x

lx l < 1

20.29

tan - 1 x

20.30

cot-! x

45

lx l < 1
(+ if

!.

sec - 1 x

cos - t (1/x)

20.32

csc - 1 x

sin - 1 (1/x)

E'::

1, - if X :;;;; - 1]
lx l < 1

tan - 1 x

20. 3 1

[P
!.

. )

0 if

X > 1, p = 1 if X < - 1)

> 1
lx l > 1

112

TAYLOR SERIES

SERIIS FOR HYP EIU&OUC fUNCTIONS

x7
x5
X + x3
3! + 5! + 7! +

- oo

cosh x

2
6
1 + x + x4 + x +
4!
6!
2!

-oc

20.35

tanh x

20.36

coth x

.!
+
X
3

20.37

sech x

20.38

csch x

20.33

sinh x

20.34

20.39

sinh -1 x

cosb - 1 x

20.41

tanh - l x

20.42

coth-1 x

:t

oo

(-1 ) nE,x2n
+
(2n) !

61x6
+
720

1
x
3 1 x5
7x3
+
+
;; - 6
360 - 1 5,120

<X<

.
. .

0 < jxj <

1 3 5 x7
1 3x'
x'
+
- 4 +
23
6 7
245
2

In (2x) -

13
1
1 3 5
+
+
2- 2x2 + 2 4 4x4 2 4 6 6x6

l
+
X

71"

l x l < 1.

1 3.5
1 3
2 4 4x4 + 2 4 6 6x6

In [2xl + -12 2x2

71"

rI x rI < ?!.
2

. . .

--

0 < jx[ <

(-1)"2(22n - 1 - l)Bnx 2n- l

+
(2n) !

5
7
x + 3 + ::.__ + +
5
3
7

[xi <

(-1)n- 1 22"Bn x2n- 1

+
(2n) !

2x5
+ 945 +

5 x4
x2
1 - 2 + 24

:t

20.40

x3

45

oo

- 1)Bnx2n - l

17x7
+
315

x3
2x5
3 + 15

<X<

)1
J

+ ...

[+ if x 1
- if X -1

+ if cosh - l x > 0, X 1 ]
- if cosh- l x < 0, x 1
<1

>1

MISCeLLANEOUS $11.15
20.43

esin x

20.44

eCOS X

20.45

etanx

1 + x +

20.46

e"'

sin x

2x3
x + x2 + 3

20.47

e"'

cos x

1 + X

20.48

In !sin x l

20.49

In Ieos x j

20.50

In [tan xl

20.5 1

l n (1

+ x)
l + re

x4
31x6
x2
1 - 2
+
+ 6 720

x2

3x4
x3
+ .
+
8
2 + 2
xs
30

+
3 - 6

x3

x4

. .

< X <

-oo

< X <

[xi <

. .

x6
+
90

-oo

zn12 sin (nn-/4) xn

+
n!

+
zzn - lBnx 2n
+
n(2n) !

In lxl

oo

oo

- oo

< X<

oo

-oo

< X <

oo

0 < !xl <

'"

22n- 1 (22n 1 ) B,.x2n

+
n(2n) !
0 < [xi < 2?!.

x - ( 1 + f)x2 + ( 1 + t + !)x3

. .

J xl < 1

TAYLOR SERIES

1 13

If

then
20.53

where

20.54

clcl

20.55

oi C2

-o2

20.56

oi C3

2o; - o1o3

20.57

c; c4

20.58

cC5 = 6ci c4 + 3cfci - cc5 + 14ci - 2lc1oio3

20.60

where

f(x, y)

5o1o2c3 - 5o

fx (a, b ), /y(a, b ),

cic4

f(a, b) + (x

a)fx(a, b) + (y

1
+ 2 ! {(x - a)2fxx(a, b) + 2(a:

b)/y(a, b)
a)(y

b)fxy(a, b) + (y

. . . denote partial derivatives with respect to

x,

y, . . .

b)2fyy(a, b) } +

evaluated at x

= a, y

b.

21

E U L E R N U M BERS

B E R N O U L L I enid

D E FIN IT I O N O F BERNOU Lli N U M BERS

The Bernoulli numbers B1, B2, B3,

21.1

are defined by the series

< 2rr

ex -

2 1 .2

lxl <

1 -
2 cot 2

rr

DIFI NITIQN . OF EULER NUMBERS

The Euler numbers Et> E2, E3,

2 1 .3

sech x

2 1 .4

sec x

are defined by the series

< '!!:.2
TABlE O F . F I RST F E W . B E RNOULLI. AND EULER NUMB IRS

E uler numbers

Bernoulli numbers
B1

1/6

B2

1/30
1/42

B4

1/30

61
E4

50,521

5/66
B6

691/2730

1385

E6

2,702,765
199,360,981

7/6
=

B8

3617/510

E8

B9

43,867/798

E9

B10

174,61 1/330

E to = 370,371,188,237,525

B11 = 854,513/138
B1 2 = 236,364,091/2730

19,391,512,145
2,404,879,675,441

E 11 = 69,348,874,393,137,901
E 12 = 15,514,534,163,557,086,905

114

; l

''

. .'' ;
:'

BERNOULLI AND EULER NUMBERS

2 1 .7

,.JV

2 1 .8

2 1 .9

21.10

21.1 1

Bn

( 2n) !
22n llT2n

Bn

2(2n) !
(22n
1 )7T2n

\/

,'{' '

1 +

(2n) !
(22n- 1 - 1 ) 7T2n

En

22n + 2 (2n) !
lT2n+ 1

. . },

1
1
1 + 3211 + 5211 +

Bn

,
rt

1
1
+ 32n
+
22n

1
1
1 - 2 2n + 32n -

1
1
1 - 32n+ 1 + 2n+ 1
5

'!

...

-}

(!'
til

fY

/) ./

'

115

22

F O R M U L A S fro m
'

V E C T O R A N A LY S I S

VEC TORS A N D SCALARS

Various quantities in physics such as temperature, volume and speed can be specified by a real number.
Such quantities are called scalars.

Other quantities such as force, velocity and momentum require for their specification a direction a s
well a s magnitude. Such quantities are called vectors. A vector i s represented b y a n arrow or directed
line segment indicating direction. The magnitude of the vector is determined by the length of the arrow,
using an appropriate unit.

N OTAT I O N FOR VECTORS

A vector is denoted by a bold faced letter such as A [ Fig. 22-1]. The magnitude is denoted by IAI or
A . The tail end of the arrow is called the initial point while the head is called the terminal point.

FUN DAMENTAL D E F I N ITI O NS

1.
2.

3.

Equality of vectors. Two vectors are equal if they have the same
magnitude and direction. Thus A = B in Fig. 22-1.
Multiplication of a

vector by a scalar.
If m is any real number
(scalar), then mA is a vector whose magnitude is lml times the
magnitude of A and whose direction is the same as or opposite
to A according as m > 0 or m < 0. If m = 0, then mA = 0 is
called the zero or null vector.

Fig. 22-1

Sums of vectors. The sum or resultant of A and B is a vector C = A + B formed by placing the
initial point of B on the terminal point of A and joining the initial point of A to the terminal point
of B [ Fig. 22-2(b)]. This definition is equivalent to the parallelogram law for vector addition a s in
dicated in Fig. 22-2(c). The vector A - B is defined as A + (-B).

C - A+ B

(b)
Fig. 22-2

116

(c)

FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS

117

Extensions to sums of more than two vectors are immediate. Thus Fig. 22-3 shows how to obtain
the sum E of the vectors A, B, C and D.

(a)
4.

(b)

Fig, 22-3

Unit vectors. A unit vector i s a vector with unit magnitude.

the direction of A is a = AIA where A > 0.

L.AWS OF .VICTPR

If A

i s a vector, then a unit vector in

ALGEJSRA

If A, B, C are vectors and m, n are scalars, then

Commutative law for addition

22.1

A+B

22 .2

A + (B + C)

22.3

m(nA)

22.4

(m + n)A

mA + nA

Distributive law

22.5

m(A + B)

mA + mB

Distributive law

B+A
=

(A + B)

(mn)A

n(mA)

Associative law for addition

Associative l aw for scalar multiplication

COMf'ONENTS OF A VEC:tOJ
A vector A can be represented with initial point at the
origin of a rectangular coordinate system. l:f i, j, k are unit
vectors in the directions of the positive x, y, z axes, then
22.6

where A 1i, A:J, A3k are called component vectors of A in the

i, j, k directions and A 1, A2, A 8 are called the comp onents of A.

22 . 7

where 9 is the angle between A and B.

AB cos 9

Fig. 22-4

118

FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS

Fundamental results are

AB

22.8
22.9
22.10

A (B + C)

BA
AB + AC

Commutative law
Distributive law

CROSS O R VECTOR PRODUCT

22.1 1

AXB

A B sin 8 u

where 8 is the angle between A and B and u is a

unit vector perpendicular to the plane of A and B
such that A, B, u form a right-handed system [i.e. a
right-threaded screw rotated through an angle less
than 1 80 from A to B will advance in the direction
of u as in Fig. 22-5].

Fundamental results are

k

22.12

AXB

A1

A2

A3

Bt

B2

Ba

(A 2B3 - A 3B2)i

22.13
22.14
22.15

AXB

Fig

+ (A3B1 - A 1B3)j

+ ( A 1B2 - A 2B1)k

22-5

-B X A

A X (B +C)

lA X Bl

area of parallelogram having sides A and B

AXB + AXC

M I S C E LL A N E O U S F O RMULAS I N VOLV I N G D O T AND C RO S S P R O D UCTS

At

A2

Aa

B1

B2

B3

C1

C2

Ca

22.16

A (B X C)

22.17
22.18
22.19
22.20
22.21

IA (B X C) I

volume of parallelepiped with sides A, B, C

A X (B X C)

B(A C) - C(A B)

(A X B) X C

(A X B) (C X D)
(A X B) X (C X D)

B(A C) - A(B C)
(A C)(B D) - (A D) (B C)
C{A (B X D)} - D {A (B X C)}
B{A (C X D)} - A{B (C X D)}

FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS

1 19

DERIVATfVES OF VECTORS
The derivative of a vector function A(u)
given by

22.22

dA
du

...

hm

,j.u

A(u + au) - A(u)

au

A 1 (u)i + A 2(u)j + A 3 (u)k of the scalar variable u is

dA
dA
dA1
- i + -2 j + -3 k
du
du
du

Partial derivatives of a vector function A(x, y, z) are similarly defined. We assume that all derivatives
exist unless otherwise specified.

FORMULAS I N VOLVING D E RIVATIVES

dA
dB
+AB
du
du

22.23

d
(A B)
du

22.24

..:!:_ (A X B) = A X dB + dA
du
du
du

22.25

=
d: {A (B X C)}

22.26

dA
A du

A dA
du

22.27

dA
A du

(B X C) + A (

C) + A ( )
B

if !AI is a constant

THE DEL O P ERATOR

The operator del is defined by
v

22.28

i + + k _i_
ax
J ay
az

In the results below we assume that U

have partial derivatives.

U(x, y, z), V = V(x, y, z), A = A(x, y, z) and B

B(x, y, z)

T H E G RA DI EN T

22.29

Gradient of U

a u i + au .
au
k
+
ax
az
ay J

grad U

T H E DIVE R G E N C E

22.30

Divergence of A

div A

VA

(i + j +
ay
ax
aA 1
aA 2
+
ay +
ax

- -

i + A 2j + A 3k)
k)
az (A 1
aA 3
az

120

FORMULA S FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS

THE CtJ.RI
22.3 1

Curl of A

curl A =

(i :x + j aay + :z)
k

j
a a
ax ay

Al

(aA3

a
az

A2 Aa
_

(A 1i + A 2j + A 3k)

aA 2
h

) i (a

A1

) j (a

aA3

Laplacian of U

V (V U)

22.33

Laplacian of A

a2A
a2A a2A
az2
ax2 + ay2 +
THE BIH4RMONI

22.34

==

22.35

V (U + V)

22.36

V (A + B)

22.37

22.38

V (UA)

22.39

22.40

V (A X B)

22.41

22.42

V (A B)

22.43

22.44

V (V

22.45

aA 1

(:nr:-!0.,;

V4U = V 2(V 2 U)
a4U + a4U
a4U
ax4
ay4 + az4 +

Biharmonic operator on U

a2 U
a2 U
a2 U
ax2 + ay2 + az2

22.32

A2

" ' & ,'

a4U
a4U
2 iJxa4U
2 (Jy2 + 2 ()y2 i)z2 + 2 ax2 (Jz2

V U + VV

V A + V B

(A + B)

A + V

(VU) A + U(V A)
( V U) X A + U(V

(UA)
=

B (V

A)

A) - A (V

B)

(A X B) = (B V )A - B(V A) - (A V )B + A(V B)
( V U)
X

(V

(B V ) A + (A V)B + B X (V

=
=

A)

A)

0,

0,
=

A) + A X ( V

i.e. the curl of the gradient of U is zero.

i.e. the divergence of the curl of A is zero.

V(V A) - V 2A

B)

FORMULAS FRO M VECTOR ANALYSIS

121

I NT EG RALS I NVOlV I N G VECTORS

A(u) =

d
B(u) ,
du

then the indefinite integra.[ of A(u) is

22.46
J A(u) du = B(u) c c = constant vector
The definite integral of A(u) from u = a to u = b in this case is given by
If

fb

22.47

A(u) du

B(b) - B(a)

The definite integral can be defined as on page 94.

LI N E I NTEGRALS

Consider a space curve C joining two points P1 (al > a2, a3) and
as in Fig. 22-6. Divide the curve into n parts by points
of subdivision (x1, Y1, z1), , (xn _ 1, Yn - 1, Zn_ 1). Then the line integral
of a vector A(x, y, z) along C is defined as
22.48 [ A dr = f Pz A dr = lim A(xp, Yv zv) rp
n -+- oo p= l
' C
P1
where rP xv i + Yv j + zv k, xv xv + 1 - Xp, Yp = Yv + l - Yv
the largest
zv 1 - zv and where it is assumed that as n
z
of Pthe magnitudes lrvl approaches zero. The result 22.48 is a gen
eralization of the ordinary definite integral [page 94] .
The line integral 22.48 can also be written
P2(b1> b2, b3)

22.49

using

A = A 1 i + A 2j + A3k

and

--'> "'

A dr =

dr

-------------- y

Fig. 22-6

(A 1 dx + A2 dy + A3 dz)

dx i + dy j + dzk.

PROPERTIES OF LI N E INTEGRALS

22.50
22.51

fPz
P,

A dr

I ND E P E N D E NC E O F THI; PATH

In general a line integral has a value which depends on the particular path C joining points. P1 and P2
in a region '1{. However, in case A = V or V X A = where and its partial derivativi!S are continuous in '1{, the line integral f A dr is independent of the path. In such case
0

22.52

FORMULAS FROM VE CTOR ANALYSIS

122

where rp(P1) and rp(P2) denote the values of at P and P2 respectively. In particular if C is a closed curve,
22.53
f A dr .f A dr 0
where the circle on the integral sign is used to emphasize that C is closed.
=

M U L T I P L E I N T E G RA L S

Let F(x, y ) be a function defined in a region '1{ of the

plane as in Fig. 22-7. Subdivide the region into n parts
by lines parallel to the x and y axes as indicated. Let t.Av
t.xv t.yP denote an area of one of these parts. Then the in
tegral of F(x, y) over '1{ is defined as
f F(x, y) dA lim p F(xv, Yv) t.Ap
22.54
=l
provided this limit exists.
In such case the integral can also be written as
b
xy

n .....

qz

22.55

oo

f f f2Cx), )
x=a y = fb ( x
f { f f2(x)
x=a y= f,Cx)

F(x, y) dy dx

F(x, y) dy dx

Fig. 22-7

where y /1 (x) and y /2(x) are the equations of curves PHQ and PGQ respectively and a and b are
the x coordinates of pointsd P and Q. The result can also dbe written as
}
=

22.56

f f g,(y )
y =c x=gr(y)

F(x, y) dx dy

f { fg,(y ) )
y = c x = g, (y

F(x, y) dx dy

where x g 1(y) , x g2(y) are the equations of curves HPG and HQG respectively and and are the y
coordinates of H and G.
These are called double integrals or area integrals. The ideas can be similarly extended to triple or
volume integrals or to higher multiple integrals.
=

S U R F A C E I N T E G RA L S

Subdivide the surface S [see Fig. 22-8] into n elements of

area t..SP, p 1,2, . . . ,n. Let A(xp, Yv zv) = Av where (xp, Yv zp)
is a point P in t..SP. Let NP be a unit normal to at P. Then
the surface integral of the normal component of A over S is
defined as
f A N dS lim p Av NP t.Sv
22.57
=l
=

tJ.Sp

11 .....

00

Fig. 228

FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS

123

R E LA T I O N BETW E E N S U R FA C E A N D D O U B L E I N T E G R A LS

If CJ{ is the projection of S on the xy plane, then [see Fig.

f AN

22.58

dS

22-8 j

fJ A N IN kl
dx dy

'1\

T H E D IVERGE N C E T H EO REM

Let S be a closed surface bounding a region of volume V; then if

normal and dS = dS, we have [see Fig.

22-9]

f V A

22.59

dV

f A
s

is the positive (outward drawn)

dS

The result is also called Gauss ' theorem or Green's theorem.

Fig. 22-9

Fig. 22-10

S T O K E 'S T H E O R E M

Let S b e a n open two-sided surface bounded b y a closed non-intersecting curve C [simple closed curve]
as in Fig.
Then

22.60

22-10.

f A
c

dr

f ( V A)
s

dS

where the circle on the integral is used to emphasize that C is closed.

G R E E N'S T H EO R E M IN T H E P L A N E

22.61

.C (P dx + Q dy)
J'c

J(
R

aQ
ax

ap dx dy
ay

where R is the area bounded by the closed curve C. This result is a special case of the divergence theorem
or Stoke's theorem.

FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS

124

G R EI N'S F I R S T I D E N T ITY

f { V 2y; + (V)

22.62

>/;

f ( Vy;)

(Vy;)} dV

where and are scalar functions.

dS

G R E E N'S SEC O N D I D E N T ITY

f. ( Vy; - y;V)

22.63

dS

M I S C E LLANE O U S I N T EG RAL THE O R E M S

fV

22.64

X A dV

J dr

22.65

dS X A

dS X V

C U R V I LI N EAR C O O R D I NATES

A point P in space [see Fig. 22-11] can be lo

cated by rectangular coordinates (x, y, z) or curvi
linear coordinates (u1, u2, u3) where the transforma
tion equations from one set of coordinates to the
other are given by

22.66

If u and u are constant, then as u1 varies, the

position 2vector 3r xi + yj + zk of P describes a
curve called the u1 coordinate curve. Similarly we
define the u2 and u3 coordinate curves through P. The
vectors or/ouv or/ou2, or/ou3 represent tangent vec
tors the uv u2, u3 coordinate curves. Letting
e 1 , e2, e3 be unit tangent vectors to these curves, we
have

au1ar

where

ht

22.68

are called
called

scale factors.
orthogonal.

h te l ,

I :: I

ar

au2
hz

r-

-- u1 curve

--

_el

--

e3

...... ....... ......

- ""

lt3 .::::::- c
3

//

u2 curve

....... ....... .......__ ....... '

to

22.67

I
I
I
I

z z, au3i'Jr h3e3
l aa:z l' h3 I aa:3 1

Fig. 22-11

he

If e1, e2, e3 are mutually perpendicular, the curvilinear coordinate system is

12&

FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS

FORMULAS I NVOlVING O RTHOGO NAl C U RVIL I N EAR COC)RD I N ATIS

dr

22.69
22.70
ds

where is the element of arc length.

If dV is the element of volume, then

dV

22.71

(h1e1 du1) (h2e2 du2) X (h3e3 du3) I h1h2h3 du1 du2 du3
I iJiJulr iJiJu2r X iJiJuar I dul du2 dua I at<ulX,u2 y,, zua) ) I dul du2 dua
iJx/iJu1 iJx/iJu2 iJx/iJu3
iJ(x, y, z)
iJy/iJul iJy/iJu2 iJy/i!ua
iJ(uv u2, ua)
iJz/iJu1 iJz/iJu2 iJz/iJu3
I

where
22.72

is called the

Jacobian

of the transformation.

TRA N SFORMATI O N O F MULT IPLE I NTEGRAlS

The result 22.72 can be used to transform multiple integrals from rectangular
coordinates. For example, we have

22.73

JJJ F(x,y,z) dxdydz

JJJ G(u11u2,u3) l a(;,::.a> l du1 du2du3

,

to

curvilinear

where CJ{' is the region into which CJ{ is mapped by the transformation and G(u1, u2, u3) is the value
F(x, y, z) corresponding to the transformation.

of

In the following, is a scalar function and A = A1e1 +A2e2 + A 3e3 a vector function of orthogonal
curvilinear coordinates u1, u2, u3
<1>

22.74
22.75

22.76

22.77

Divergence of A
Curl of A

div A

V A

1 iJ
h1h2h3 iJu1 iJuiJ 2 iJuiJ3
h1A1 h2 h3A3
h2a [a2 (haAa) - ila (h2A2)J el + hla [aa (hlA l) - iJl (haAa)J e2

curl A

VXA

Note that the biharmonic operator V4<f> = V2( V2<f>) can be obtained from 22.77.

126

FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS

S P E C I A L O R TH O G O N A L C O O R D IN A T E S Y S TEMS

Cylindrical Coordinates (r, () , z)

22.78

= r

22.79

cos fJ,

sin 8,

[See Fig. 22-12]

z

z
1

22.80

ez

Fig.

22-12.

Fig.

Cylindrical coordinates.

Spherical Coordinates (r, () cp)

22.81

= r

sin 8 cos ,
hi = 1 ,

22.82

y = r

Spherical coordinates.

[See Fig. 22-13]

sin fJ sin ,

h = r2

h = r2,

22-13.

z = r

sin2

cos fJ

22.83

Parabolic Cylindrical Coordinates

22.84
22.85

22.86

- f(u2 - v2),
h
"\)'2.p =

uv,

z - z

(u, v, z)
y

az.p)
1
(-az.p az.p
--avz
azz
uz + vz auz
+

xy

The traces of the coordinate surfaces on the

plane are shown in Fig. 22-14. They are confocal
parabolas with a common axis.

Fig.

22-14

FORMULAS FROM VE CTOR ANALYSIS

Paraboloidal Coordinates
22.87

uv

cos ,

where

u ::0::

22.88

22.89

iJ
1
u(u2 + v 2) iJu

sin ,

y = uv
v ::0::

0,

0, 0

(u, v, <P)

<

( )
u

iJ<I>
iJu

127

iJ
1
v(u2 + v 2) iJv

21T

( )
v

iJ<I> '
av

1 iJ2<1>
u2v2 iJ2

Two sets of coordinate surfacEs are obtained by revolving the parabolas of Fig. 22-14 about the
axis which is then relabeled the z axis.

E lliptic Cylindrical Coordinates

22.90
where

22.9 1
22.92

x =

a cosh u cos v,

u ::0::

0, 0
h

y =

v <

(u, v, z)

a sinh u sin v,

21T,

- 00

a2(sinh2 u + sin2 v),

< z

z = z
<

00

hi = 1

iJ2<f>
iJ2<f>
1
- + a2(sinh2 u + sin2 v) iJu2 iJv2

iJ 2<f>
iJz2

The traces of the coordinate surfaces on the xy plane are shown in Fig. 22-15. They are con
focal ellipses and hyperbolas.

v ==

Fig. 22-15.

II
"

3:,./2

Elliptic cylindrical coordinates.

FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS

128

Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates ( , '7 cf>)

22.93

x =

a sinh sin '1 cos cp,

a sinh sin , sin cp,

a cosh cos '1

where

22.94

hi

a2(sinh2 + sin2 ,) ,

: inh ;)

1
a2(si nh2 + sin2 7J) sinh

22.95

1
j_ (sin 7J a'!>
+ a2(sinh2
a,
+ sin2 'I) sin 7J a'l \

a2 sinh2 sin2 '1

az<I>
1
a2 sinh2 sin2 , a2

Two sets of coordinate surfaces are obtained by revolving the curves of Fig. 22-15 about the
axis which is relabeled the z axis. The third set of coordinate surfaces consists of planes passing
through this axis.
x

Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates a, '7 cJ>)

22.96

x = a

cosh cos '1 cos ,

a cosh cos '1 sin ,

z = a sinh sin ,

where
=

a2(sinh2 + sin2 ,),

22.97

hi = h

22.98

1
j_ cosh eN
a2(sinh2 + sin2 'I) cosh a
a

a2 cosh2 cos2 ,

)+

1-_ _ a2<f>
--o-;:___, '1 a2
---,a2 - cosh2
cos2

1
a
a<I>
- 00S 'I a2(sinh2 + sin2 ,) cos , a'l
a,

Two sets of coordinate surfaces are obtained by revolving the curves of Fig. 22-15 about the y
axis which is relabeled the z axis. The third set of coordinate surfaces are planes passing through
this axis.

Bipolar Coordinates (u, v, z)

X =

22.99

a sinh v
cosh v - cos u '

0 u

where

<

2,.

- co

'

y =

a sin u
cosh v - cos u '

<

<

co '

- co

<

= z

z
<

co

or

22. 1 00

x2 + (y

a cot u)2 = a2 csc2 u,

22. 1 01

hi

22. 1 02

VZ<f>

h =
=

- a coth v)2

+ y2

az
(cosh v - cos u)2 '

(x

(cosh v - cos u)2 a2<I>

au2
a2

= a2 csch2 v,
=

+ aavzz<l)

1
a2<f>

+ az2

The traces of the coordinate surfaces on the xy plane are shown in Fig.

22-16 below.

FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS

129

Fig. 22-16.

Bipolar coordinates.

(u, v, )

Toroidal Coordinates
22. 1 03

a sinh v cos
cosh v - cos u '

hi

22. 1 04

22 . 1 05

h22

a sinh v sin
Y =
cosh v - cos 1t

a2
(cosh v - cos u)2 '

a<P
1
(cosh v - cos u)3 }!___
a2
au cosh v - cos u au
+

z =

'

a sin u
cosh v - cos u

a2 sinh2 v
(cosh v - cos u)2

(cosh v - cos u)3 }!_

sinh v
a<P
a2 sinh v
av cosh v - cos u av

(cosh v - cos u)2 a2<P

a2 sinh2 v
a2

The coordinate surfaces are obtained by revolving the curves of Fig. 22-16 about the
which is relabeled the z axis.

Conical Coordinates (A., fh, v)

22. 1 06

22. 1 07

AJl.V
"""J) '

hi - 1,

A
- a

h -

(J1.2

(J1.2

a2) ( v2 a2)
'
a2 - b2
_

A2(J1.2 v2)
a2)(b2 J1.2) '

A
b

h -

(J1.2

b2)( v2 b2)
b2 - a2
_

A2(J1.2

v2)

(v2 - a2)( v2 - b2)

axis

130

FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS

Confocal Ellipsoidal Coordinates (A., fL, v )

22. 1 08

or

22. 1 09

22. 1 1 0

a2x-2 A. + b2y2. - A. + c2 z-2 A.

-a2 x2 + b2y2 + C2 z-2
a2x v + b2y v + c2 z v
-

1L

x2
y2
z2

1L

--

1L

A. < c2 < b2 < a2

c2 < IL < b2 < a2
c2 < b2 < v < a2

1
1
1

(a2(a-2A.)(a
2 - c22-) v)
- b22)(a-IL)(a
(b2(-b2A.)(b
2 - c22-) v)
- a22)(b-JL)(b
(c2(c-A.)(c
2 - a22)(c- 2JL)(c- b22 -v)
)
(JL- A.2) (v-A.
4(a2 -A.)(b
-A.)(c)2 - A.)
- JL)2 -JL)
4(a2 -(vIL-JL
) (b2) (A.-JL)(c
4(a2 -(A.v)(b- v)(IL2 - -v)(c2 - v)

Confocal Paraboloidal Coordinates (A., fL, v )

< A. < b2
a2 x-2 A. b2 y2- A. z - A.
z
-a2 x- JL + b2 y2- z - IL b2 < IL < a2
-a2x-2 v + b2y2- v z - v a2 < v <
x2 (a2 - A.)(ab22--IL)(a
a2 2 - v)
y2 = (b2 - A.)(ba22--ILb2) (b2 - v)
z A. + + v - a2 - b2
hi
4(a(JL-2 - A.A.))(v(b2 - A.)
h
(b2 -)JL)
4(a(v-2 -JLIL))(A.-JL
h v)(b2 -v) v)
16(a2 -v)(JL=

-- +

22. 1 1 1

1L

- oo

or

oo

22. 1 1 2

1L

X)

22. 1 1 3

(X -

23

FO U R I E R S E R I E S

D E FI N ITION O F

FO U R I E R S ER I E S

The Fourier series corresponding to a function /(x) defined i n the interval

and L >
are constants, is defined as

ao +
n1rx
. n1rx
an cos L + bn sm L
2

23. 1

where

23.2

00

an

bn

(
1

fc + 2L
c
fc+2I
c

f(x) cos

n x

c ::; x ::; c + l!L

where

dx

n7TX
f(x) sm L
dx

+ +

If /(x) and f'(x) are piecewise continuous and /(x) is defined by periodic extension of period 2L, i.e.
f(x 2L) = /(x), then the series converges to f(x) if x is a point of continuity and to ! {f(x O)i
f(x - O)}
if x is a point of discontinuity.

COMPLEX FORM OF FOU R I ER S ER I ES

Assuming that the series 23.1 converges to /(x), we have

23.3

/(x)

where

23.4

Cn

fc + 2L
c

00

n=

oo

Cn ein7Tx/ L

f(x) e - imrx/L dx

(a, - ib,)
! (a- n + ib_n)
!ao

n > O
n < O
n=O

PRSEVALS I D E N T ITY
1

23.5

f c + 2L
c

{f(x)}2 dx

G E NE RALIZE D PARSEVAL I DE NTITY

23.6
where an, bn and

f c + 2L
c

f(x) g(x) dx

aoco + l
oo
n (ancn + bndn)

2-

en, dn are the Fourier coefficients corresponding to /(x) and g(x) respectively.
131

132

FOURIER SERIE S

S PEC IA L FOURIER SERIES A N D THEIR G R A P H S

{ -

f(x)

23.7

i sin x
1T

sin 3x
3

O<x<"
-lT

<X<

sin 5x
5

f(x)

..

r-

2,.
1I

---J

I
I

l lT

-lT
-I

I
I

2 ,.

Fig. 23-1

f ( x)

23.8

:!!.

{_:

JxJ

_ (

_! cos x
lT

12

cos 3x
32

O<x<"
-lT

cos 5x
52

<X<
+

..

f(x)

- 2,.

lT

-lT

2,

Fig. 23-2

f(x)

23.9

= x, -" < x < "

(1 _
sin x

sin 2x
2

f(x )

sin 3x _
3

Fig. 23-3

23. 1 0

f(x)

lT - 2

X, 0 < X < 2lT

sin x
1

sin 2x
2

sin 3x
3

..

f (x)

/:
-4 ..

- 2 ,.

2,.

Fig. 23-4

23. 1 1
2
lT

f(x) = J sin xJ, -" < x <

_ (

j_ cos 2x

lT

13

cos 4x
35

1r

cos 6x
57

/(x )
+

...

)
Fig. 23-5

4 ..

133

FOURIER SERIE S

23. 1 2

f(x)

23. 1 3

f(x)

0 < x < 1r
1T < X < 2 7T

sin x

/(x )

Fig. 23-6
COS X

f(x )

- cos x

_ sin 2x + 2 sin 4x
13
35
1T

3 sin 6x
57

..

)
Fig. 23-7

23. 1 4

f(x) = x2,

-1T

<x<

1T

f(x )

Fig. 23-8
23. 1 5

f(x) = x(1r - x), 0 < x <

1T

f( x)

Fig. 23-9
23. 1 6

f(x) = X (7T - X)(1T + X),

-1T

<X<

1T

Fig. 23-10

134

FOURIER SERIES

23. 1 7

/(x)

1T

{:

s in a cos x
1T

O < x < tr - a
tr - a < x < tr + a

23o 1 8

1T

( 13

0 0 0

2a

2a

I
I

I
I

I
- 317

1T

Fig. 23-11

x(tr - x)
-x(tr - x)

sin 3x

33

sin 5x +

53

0 0

)
Fig. 23-12

M ISCE LLANEOUS

23.1 9

f(x) = sin p.x,

-tr < x < tr, p. # integer

sin x
( 1 2 p.2

2 sin p.tr
1T

23o20

f(x)

23.2 1

f(x) = tan

cos p.x,

'FOURIER SIIUIS

3 sin 3x
2 sin 2x
+
22 p.2
32 - p.2

-tr < x < tr, p. # integer

- 1 [(a sin x)/(1 - a cos x)] ,

-tr < x < tr,

J aJ < 1

a2
a3
a sin x + 2 sin 2x + 3 sin 3x +

23.22

f(x) = In (1 - 2a cos x + a2) ,

o o 0

- tr < x < tr , J a J < 1

3
2
-2 (a cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x +

23.23

f(x)

0 0 0

tan- 1 [(2a sin x)/(1 - a2)],

-tr < x < tr,

a3
a sm x + 3 sm 3x
o

a5

JaJ < 1

5' sin 5x +

o o

1T

--

I
I
I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

2a

I
I
I

-217

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

1--r

f(x)
sin x

2a

1--,

tr + a < x < 2tr

sin 2a cos 2x
1
2
sin 3a cos 3x
+
3

f(x)
-

217

317

l:

FOURIER SERIE S

23.24

/(x)

1
2 tan - 1 [(2a cos x)/(1 - a2)] ,

-1T

a3
a cos x - 3 cos 3x

23.25

f(x) = e'-x,

-1T

<x<

1T

2 sinh fl7T
1T

23.26

/(x)

sinh flX,

-1T

1T

cosh flX,

- 1T

sin x
1 2 + fl2

<x<

/(x)

23.28

f(x) = In lsin tx l , 0 < x <

23.29

/(x)

In 2

n=l

1T,

l al < 1

a5

5 cos 5x

(-1) n (fl cos nx - n sin nx)

fl2 + n2

2 sin 2x
22 + fl2

3 sin 3x
32 + fl2

1r

1r

cos x

In Ieos txl, -7T < x <

cos 2x
2

cos 2x
2

cos 3x
3

+ ...

cos 3x
3

1r

- rn 2 - cos x
1

23.30
23.31
sin x

13

23.32

1r

23.27

2/l

<x<

2 sinh fl1T

(_!__

<X<

135

sin 2x
23

sin 3x + . . .
33

" '

24

BESSEL FU N CTIONS

B E S S EL'S D I F F E R E NT I A L E Q UA T I O N

x2y " + xy' + (x2 - n2) y

24. 1

nO

Solutions of this equation are called Bessel functions of order n.

B E S S EL F U N C TI O N S O F T H E F I R S T K I N D O F O R D E R n

24.2

xn
x4
x2
+
1 2n r(n + 1)
2(2n + 2)
2 4 (2n + 2)(2n + 4)

24.3

x-n
x4
X2
1 +
-2(2 - 2n)
2 - n r(1 - n)
2 4(2 - 2n)(4 - 2n)

i (- 1)k(x/2) n + 2k
k=o k ! r(n + k + 1)

i (- 1)k (x/2) 2k- n

k=o k! r(k + 1 - n)
24.4

n
oF

0, 1, 2, . . .

0, 1, 2, . . . , Jn (x) and J - n (x) are linearly independent.

If n oF 0, 1, 2, . . . , Jn (x) is bounded at x 0 while J -n (x) is unbounded.
For n 0, 1 we have
If n

24.5
24.6
24.7

J (x)

B ES S E L F U N C T I O NS O F T H E S E C O N D K I N D O F O R D E R n

24.8

Yn (x)

Jn(x) cos nrr - J_ n (x)

.
Sin nrr

n oF 0, 1, 2, . . .

. Jp (x) cos prr - J_p (x)

hm
.
Sin Ptr
P-+n

0, 1, 2, . . .

This is also called Weber's function or Neumann's function [also denoted by

136

Nn (x) ] .

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
For n

0, 1, 2, . . . , L'Hospital's rule yields

n
2
1 - 1 (n - k - 1) '
;;:
{ln (x/2 ) + y } Jn (x) - ;;:
(x/2)2k- n
k!

24.9
where y

137

k O

2
i (-1)k{<t>(k) + <l> (n + k)} k!(x/2)
- .! k=o
(n + k) !
k+ n

rr

.5772156 . . . is Euler's constant page 1 ] and

24.10

<t>(p)

For n = 0,

+ . . . + '
+

<1>(0)

Y0 (x)

24.1 1

24.12

For any value n

i':

0, J (x) is bounded at x
n

0 , 1 , 2, . . .

0 while Y (x) is unbounded.

n

G E N E R A L S O LU T I O N O F B E S S E L ' S D I F F E R E N T IA L E Q U A T I O N

24.13
24.14
24.15

A Jn (x)

B J_n(x)

A Jn (x)

B Yn (x)

A Jn (x) + B Jn (x)

dx

0, 1 , 2, . . .

all n
all n

x J (x)

where A and B are arbitrary constants.

G E N E RAT I N G F U N CT I O N F O R

24.16

Jn(x)

ex<t- 1 /tl/2

R E C U R R EN C E F O R M U LAS FOR B E S S E L F U N C T I O N S

24.17
24.18
24.19
24.20
24.21
24.22

Jn + 1 (x)

-- - Jn (x) - Jn - 1 (x)
X

J(x)

2n

iUn - dx) - Jn + 1 (x) }

xJ(x)

x Jn _ 1 (x) - nJn (x)

x J (x)

n Jn (x) - x Jn + dx)

{xn Jn (x)}
dx

xn Jn - 1 (x)

{x - n Jn (x)}

- x - n Jn + 1 (x)

dx

The functions Yn (x) satisfy identical relations.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

138

B ES S EL F U NCTIONS O F ORD ER EQUAL

TO

HALF AN O D D INTE GER

I n this case the functions are expressible i n terms o f sines and cosines.

24.23

J1 !2 (x)

24.24

J- t!2 (x)

24.25

Ja/2 (x)

f!x (

sm x

cos x
sin
x
X

- - COS X

24.26

J - a!2 (x)

24.27

Js'y2 (x)

24.28

J -5!2 (x)

(
)
}
{ (:2 1 )
(; 1 ) }
{!x {
-

cos x

--

.
+ sm x

sin x -

sin x +

2-

cos x

cos x

For further results use the recurrence formula. Results for Y1 12(x), Y312 (x), . . . are obtained from 24.8.

HANKEL F U NCTIONS O F FIRST AND S E C O N D K I N D S O F OR D ER n

BESS EL'S MOD I F I E D D I FFERENTIAL EQUATI O N

24.31

x2y" + xy' - (x2 + n2)y

n ?; O

Solutions of this equation are called modified Bessel functions of order n.

MOD I F I E D BESSEL FUNCT I O N S OF T H E FIRST K I N D OF OR DER n

i - n Jn (ix)

e - n7Tii2 Jn (ix)

2
x4
xn
1 + 2(2nx + 2) +
+
n
2 4(2n + 2)(2n + 4)
2 r(n + 1)

24.33
in J _n (ix)
=

If n #
For n

x4
x- n
x2
1 +
+
+
2(2 - 2n)
2 4(2 - 2n)(4 - 2n)
2 - n r(1 - n)

..

0, 1, 2, . . . , then In (x) and I-n (x) are linearly independent.

0, 1, we have

x2
x4
x6
+ 2 2 + 2 2
+ ...
22
2 4
2 4 62

24.35

I0(x)

1 +

24.36

J1 (x)

x
x3
x5
x1
- + 2 + 22 2 6 +
2
4
2 4
22 42 62

24.37

I (x)

It (x)

--

:i

(x/2)n + 2k
k=o k ! r(n + k + 1)

emrii2 J_ n (ix)

n = 0, 1 , 2 ,

24.34

+ ...

. . -}
.

oo

(x/2)2k- n

l:
k=O k ! r(k + 1 - n)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

139

MO D I F I E D B E S S E L F U N CT I O N S O F T H E S E C O N D

KIND

OF ORDER

n # 0, 1, 2, . . .
n
For n

==

==

0, 1 , 2, . . .

0, 1, 2, . . . , L'Hospital's rule yields

n-1
Kn(x) = (-1)n + 1 {ln (x/2) + y}In(x) + 1 ( -1 ) k(n - k - 1) ! (x/2)2 k- n
2 k =O
n
n
2
k
(-1)
+ 2 :i, (x/2) + {<l>(k) + <l>(n + k) }
k =O k ! (n + k) !
where <l>(p) is given by 24 .10.

24.39

For n = 0,

x4
x2
x6
-{ln (x/2) + y}Io (x) + 22 + 22 42 (1 + !) + 2 42 62 ( 1 + ! + -!) +
2

24.40
24.41

n=

0, 1, 2, . . .

G E N ERAL S O L U T I O N O F B E S S E L' S MO D I F I E D E Q U AT I O N

24.42

n # 0, 1, 2, . . .

24.43

all n

24.44

all n

where A and B are arbitrary constants.

G E N E RATI N G F U N C T I O N F O R

ln(x)

00

n
ex <t + 1/t)/2 = n =- oo In(x)t

24.45

R E C U R R E N C E FO RMU LAS FO R MO D I F I E D B E S S E L F U N C T I O N S

24.52

Kn+ 1 (x)

!Un - dx) + ln+ 1 (x) }

24.53

K (x)

x ln - d x) - nln(x)

24.54

x K (x)

-x Kn _ 1 (x) - n Kn(x)

x ln + 1 (x) + n ln(X)

24.55

x K (x)

nKn (x) - x Kn + 1 (x)

xn[n- 1 (x)

24.56

d {xnKn(x)
}
dx

24.57

{x - nKn (x) } = -x- n Kn + 1 (x)

dx

In + dx)

24.47

I(x)

24.48

x l (x)

24.49

x l (x)

24.50

{xn
dx Jn (x)}

24.5 1

d - n[
{x n (x) } = x - n[n + 1 (x)
dx

==

2n
Kn_ 1 (x) + -;- Kn(x)

2n
ln-dx) - -ln
X (x)

24.46

==

==

==

! {Kn - 1 (x) + Kn + 1 (x) }

-xn Kn - 1 (x)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

140

MODIFIED B E S S E L FUNCTIO N S OF O R D E R EQUAL T O HALF AN O D D I N TEG E R

In this case the functions are expressible in terms of hyperbolic sines and cosines.

24.58

111 2 (x)

24.59

L 11 2 (x)

24.60

13 12 (x)

{2 sinh x
'.J ;x

{!x (

cosh x
cosh x -

sinh x
x

24.61

L 3 1 2 (x)

24.62

I51 2 (x) =

24.63

I _ 512 (x)

24.46.

For further results use the recurrence formula

from

24.38.

/2
'.J ;x

(
# {(: )
# { (;2 + 1)

2+1

cosh x

sinh x -

sinh x cosh x

Results for K1 1 2 (x), K3 1 2 (x), .

..

cosh x}

sinh x}

are obtained

))er AND Bei f U NCTI O N S

The real and imaginary parts of Jn (xe31Ti1 4) are denoted by Bern (x) and Bein (x) where

24.64

Bern (x)

24.65

Bein (x)

If

0,

24.66

Ber (x)

24.67

Bei (x)

( x/2 )2k + n
(3n + 2k)1T
k!
kO r(n + k + 1) cos 4
. (3n + 2k)7T

( x/2)2k n
sm

1)
+
k
+
r(n
k!
4
o
k
00

(x/2}8
2!2 + 4!2

(x/2)4

. .

Ker A N D Kei FUN CTIONS

The real and imaginary parts of e - n1Til2 Kn(xe"i/4) are denoted by Kern (x) and Kei n (x) where

+ y} Bern (x) + i1r Bein (x)

1 (n - k - 1)! (x/2)2k - n cos (3n + 2k)1T
+ 2
4
kl'
k=O
n
k
2
(3n + 2k)7T
+ 21 kO k!(x/2)
(n + k) ! {<P(k) + <P(n + k)} cos 4
24.69
Kein (x)
-{In (x/2) + y} Bein (x) - i1r Bern (x)
n
1 - l (n - k - 1)! (x/2)2k -n . (3n + 2k)rr
sm

- 2 k=O
4
k'
k
n
(x/2) 2
1
(k) + <P(n + k)} sm. (3n +4 2k)7T
+
2 ko k! (n + k)! {<P
and <P is given by 24.10, page 137.
If n = 0,
(x/2)8
rr .
(x/2)4
24.70 Ker (x)
-{In (x/2) + y} Ber (x) + 4 Be1 (x) +
2T2 (1 + !l + 412 (1 + i + i + il
24.68

Kern (x)

-{In (x/2)
n
-l

00

00

24.71 Kei (x)

-{In (x/2)

y} B e1 (x)

1r

4 B er (x) + (x/2)2

(x/2)6

3f2 (1 + ! + f)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

141

D I FF E R E N T I A L E Q U AT I O N FOR Ber, Bei, Ker, Kei F U NCTIONS

x2y " + xy' - (ix2 + n2) y

24.72

The general solution of this equation is

24.73

A{Bern (x) + i Bein (x)} + B{Kern (x) + i Kein (x)}

G RA P H S O F B E S S E L F U NCTIO N S

- I-

Fig. 24-1

Fig. 24-2
y

Fig. 24-3

Fig. 24-4

3
I

-I-

.05
.04
.03

.02

.01
0
-.01
-.02
-.03
-.04
-.05

-2

-3
-4
-5

-6
-

-8

-9

-I

Fig. 24-5

Fig. 24-6

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

142

I N D E F I N IT E I N TEG R A L S I N V O L V I N G B E S S E L F U N C T I O N S

24.75
24.76
24.77
24.78
24.79
24.80
24.81
24.82
24.83

24.85
24.86
24.87
24.88

J x2 J0(x) dx
f xm J0(x) dx
f J:x) dx
J Jxmo (x) dx
J J1 (x) dx

xm Jt <x) + (m - 1)xm- 1 J0(x) - (m - 1)2

Jo (x)
J1 (x) - -- x
( x')
__J-=.
1
(m - 1)2xm-2

J J0(x) dx
Jo (x)

- (m - 1)2
(m - 1)xm 1

f xm-2 J0(x) dx

o_(x_) dx
J _Jxm-2

J J0(x) dx
-xm J0 (x) + m f xm- 1 J0(x) dx

-x J0(x) +

.f xm Jdx) dx
<x)
t dx
f Jxm

J J0(x) dx

= -J0 (x)

f x Jt <x) dx

f J1x) dx

= x2 Jdx) + x J0 (x) -

-Jt <x) +

f J0(x) dx

f x- n Jn+ dx) dx
f xm Jn(x) dx

-x- n Jn (x)

n f xm- l Jn - dx) dx
f Jn (ax) Jn (f3x) dx x{a Jn(f3x) J(;; Jn(ax) J(f3x)}
f x J (ax) dx 2 {J (ax}}2 + (1 - a2 ) {Jn (ax}}2
=

-xm Jn_ 1 (x) + (m + - 1)

=

The above results also hold if we replace Jn(x) by Yn(x) or, more generally, A Jn(x) + B Yn(x) where

A and B are constants.

D E F I N I TE I NT EGRA LS I NV O LV I N G B E S S E L F U N CT I O N S

24.89
24.90

24.91

i"'0 e-ax J0(bx) dx

f0"' e-ax Jn(bx) dx
J0"'

cos ax J0(bx) dx

1
ya2 + b2
=

(ya2 + b2 - a)n
bnya2 + b2

{Yo':-'

n > -1
a>b
a < b

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

24.92
24.93
24.94
24.96
24.97

f"'
f"'
J"'
0

Jl
1
J
0

Jn (bx ) dx
Jn (bx)

--

n>

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

dx

e - b2!4a
a

e-= J0 (byx ) dx

x J(ax) dx

-1

f{J (a)}2 + f(1 - n2fa2) {Jn (a)}2

x J0 (ax) 10 ({3x) dx

f3

J0(a) 1(/3) - a J(a) Io(/3)

+

INTEGRAL REPRES ENTATIONS FOR BESSEL FUNCTIONS

1 f 1T
1 f 1T

cos (x sin e) de
1T 0

24.98
=

24.99

cos (ne - x sin e) de,

1T 0

xn

2nyi'1Tr(n + -!)

2 f "'

24.101

Y0(x)

--

24.102

10 (x)

24.103

Jn (x)

24.104

Yn (x)

24.105

Jn (X)

24.106

Yn (X)

24.107

ln (X)

24.108

Kn (X)

1T

1 f 1T

1T

frr
0

2,. f 2rr

__!_

cosh (x sin e) de

(
.(
_
1 (y
Y2tm 2n
{! ( ;r

n > -t

ASYM PTOTIC

)
)

ex sin O de

EXPANSIONS

n1T
1T
2 4

where x is large

n1T
1T
--; sm x - 2 - 4

where x is large

ex

ex

cos (x sin e) cos2n e de,

cos (x cosh u) du

- cos x -

n = integer

where n is large
n

where n is large

yf2;;

where x is large

yf2;;

where x is large

e -x

143

BESSEL F UNCTIONS

144

ORTHOGONAL SERIES OF BESSEL FU NCTIONS

Let >- t , >-2 , >.3,

b e the positive roots o f R Jn(x) + Sx J (x)
expansions hold under the conditions indicated.

0, R # 0,

24. 1 09

i.e. A. t, A.2, A.a,

f(x)

= 0, n >

- 1. Then the following series

are positive roots of Jn (x)

A 1 Jn(X1x) + A 2 Jn(X2x) + A3 Jn(X ax) + . . .

where

24. 1 1 0
In particular if

24. 1 1 1

Ak

2
Jn + dXk)

n = 0,

- At J0(X1x) + A2 J0(X2x) + A 3 J0(X3x) + . . .

f(x)

where

Ak -

24. 1 1 2

t
2
x f(x) J0 (Xkx) dx
2 -J 1 (Xk) o

R!S

24. 1 1 3

ft x f(x) Jn (Xkx) dx

>

- A1 Jn (AtX) + A2 Jn (X2x) + A3 Jn (X3x) + . . .

/(x) -

where

24. 1 1 4
In particular if

24. 1 1 5

.r

Ak

2
x f(x) Jn (Xkx) dx
2
Jn(Xk) - Jn- d>-k) Jn + t (Xk) 0

n = 0,

/(x) - A1 J0 (Xtx) + A2 J0(X2x) + A3 J0(X3x) + . . .

where

24. 1 1 6

Ak

2
2
Jo (Xk) + J l (Xk)
R!S

24. 1 1 7
where

24. 1 1 8

f(x)

24. 1 1 9
where

24. 1 20

n = 0

= -n

A0xn + A t Jn (>- tx) + A2 Jn (X2x) +

- 2 (n + 1)

Ak -

In particular if

f x f(x) J0 (Xkx) dx

J0t xn + 1 f(x) dx

2
2
Jn(Xk) - Jn - dXk) Jn + t (Xk)

so that R

= 0

.C0 x f(x) Jn (Xkx) dx

[i.e. >- t, X2, X3, . . . are the positive roots of

f(x) - A0 + A 1 J0 (>-tx) + A2 J0 (X2x) + . . .

Ak -

f x f(x) dx
0
t
-2-- i x f(x) J0 (Xk x) dx
2

Jo (Xk)

Jt (x)

= OJ ,

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

R/S

145

< -n

In this case there are two pure imaginary roots iA0 as well as the positive roots A1, A2, A3,
and we have
24. 1 2 1

f(x)

where
24. 1 22

M I S C E LL A N E O U S R ES U L TS
24. 1 23

cos (x sin 8)

24. 1 24

sin (x sin 8)

24. 1 25

Jn (X + y )

2 Jdx) sin 8 + 2 J3 (x) sin 3 o + 2 J5 (x) sin 5o +

=

00

k = - 00

n =

Jk (x) Jn- k (Y)

0, 1, 2, . . .

This i s called the addition formula for Bessel functions.

24. 1 26

24. 1 27

24. 1 28

x2

24. 1 29

x J1 (x)
4

24. 1 30

24. 1 3 1

J;:(x)

24. 1 32

J;: ' (x)

J2 (x) - 2 J4 (x) + 3 J6 (x) -

J(x) + 2 J(x) + 2 J(x) + 2 J(x) +

Formulas 24.131 and 24.132 can be generalized.

24. 1 33
24. 1 34

2
=

2{Jdx) - J3 (x) + Js (x) - }

24. 1 36

sin x

24. 1 38

sinh x

2{1 1 (x) + /3 (x) + /5(x) +

24. 1 39

cosh x

/0(x)

2{/2(x)

/4(x)

. . }
I6(x) +

25

LEG E N DRE FU NCTIONS

L E G E N D R E'S D I FF E R E N T I A L E Q U AT I O N

(1 - x2) y " - 2xy' + n(n + 1) y

25.1

Solutions of this equation are called Legendre functions of order n.

L E G E N D R E POLY N O MIALS

If n = 0, 1, 2, . . . , solutions of 25.1 are Legendre polynomials Pn (x) given by Rodrigue's formula

25.2

S P E C I A L L E G EN D R E POLYNOMIALS
25.3

P0 (x)

25.7

P4 (x)

k(35x4 - 30x2 + 3)

25.4

Pdx)

25.8

P5 (x)

k(63x5 - 70x3 + 15x)

25.5

P2 (x)

!(3x2 - 1)

25.9

P6 (x)

25.6

P3 (x)

!(5x3 - 3x)

25. 1 0

P7 (x)

6
4
116 (231x - 315x + 105x2 - 5)
/6 (429x7 - 693x5 + 315x3 - 35x)

L E G E N D R E POLY N O M I A L S I N T E RMS O F () W H E R E
25. 1 1

P0 (cos IJ)

25. 1 2

x = cos ()

25. 1 4

P3 (cos IJ)

}r(3 cos /) + 5 cos 3/J)

P1 (cos IJ)

cos /)

25. 1 5

P4 (cos IJ)

(\(9 + 20 cos 2/J + 35 cos 4/J)

25 . 1 3

P2 (cos IJ)

!(1 + 3 cos 2/J)

25. 1 6

P5 (cos IJ)

25. 1 7

P6 (cos IJ)

25. 1 8

P7 (cos IJ)

18 (30 cos /) + 35 cos 3/J + 63 cos 5/J)

52 (50 + 105 cos 2 /J + 126 cos 4 /J + 231 cos 6/J)

124 (175 cos /) + 189 cos 3/J + 231 cos 5/J + 429 cos 7/J)
G E N E R AT I N G F U N CTION FOR L E G E N D R E POLYNOMIALS

25. 1 9

.)1 - 2tx + t2

146

LEGE NDRE FUNCTIONS

147

R E C U RR E N C E F O R M U LA S F O R L EG E N D R E P O LYNOM I A L S

25.20
25.2 1
25.22
25.23
25.24

O RT H O G O NA LITY O F LEGE N D R E POLY NOMIALS

f 1 Pm (x) Pn (x) dx
-1
f1 {Pn (x)}2 dx

25.25
25.26
Because of

2 5. 2 5,

Pm (x) and Pn (x)

m#n

2
--

2n +
1
are called orthogonal in

-1 x 1.

ORTH.O GO N A L S ER I ES O F LEG E N D R E POLY NOM I A LS

25.27
where

2k +
A k = -2-

1 f1 f(x) Pk (x) dx
-1

25.28

SPECIAL RESULTS I NVOLVING LEGENDR E P () L"(NOMIALS

25.29

Pn (1)

25.32

25.33

Pn (X)

1)

n odd

5
3
(n
6 .l..:
4:._
: -::. :.: -=
::..._....:
2
n

(-1 )n/2 1

1f ,. (x + yx2 - 1

1T

cos

n even

)n d

25.34
25.35
1
,( (z2 - 1) n dz
Pn (X)
:J' (z - x)n +1
where C is a simple closed curve having x as interior point.

25.36

_
_

2 n + l,.i

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

148

G E N E RA L S O L U T I O N OF LE G E N D R E'S E Q U A T I O N

The general solution o f Legendre's equation is

25.37
where

25.38
25.39

_ n(n2 ! 1) X2 + n(n - 2)(n4 ! 1)(n + 3) X (n - 1)(n + 2) 3

(n - 1)(n - 3)(n + 2)(n + 4)
x> x x +
5!
3!
1

Vn (x) =

These series converge for -1 < x < 1.

LE G EN D R E F U N C T I O N S O F T H E S E C O N D K I N D

I f n = 0, 1, 2 , . . . one of the series 25.38, 25.39 terminates. In such cases,

n = 0 , 2, 4, . . .

25.40

n = 1 , 3, 5, . . .

where

25.41

n = 0, 2, 4, . . .

25.42

n = 1 , 3, 5, . . .

The nonterminating series in such case with a suitable multiplicative constant is denoted by Q n(x) and
is called Legendre 's function of the second kind of order n. We define

n = 0, 2, 4, . . .

25.43

n = 1, 3, 5, . . .

S P EC I A L L_& G E N D R E F U N C T I O N S O F T H E S EC O N D K I N D

(X)
X2 e1 +- XX) - 1

25.44

Qo(x)

l rn

1 -

25.45

QI(x)

- In

25.46

Q2(x)

1 +x
3x2 - 1
In 1 4

25.47

Qa (x) =

5x3 - 3x
In
4

( X)
( 11 - x )
+

3x
2
5x2

- 2 + 3

The functions Qn(x) satisfy recurrence formulas exactly analogous to 25.20 through 25.24.
Using these, the general solution of Legendre's equation can also be written

25.48

26

I ASSOCIATED

L E G E N D RE

FUNC;IO N$

LEG E N D RE'S ASS O C IATED D I FFERENT IAL EQUATION

26. 1

(1 -

x2)y" - 2xy' +

{n(n + 1) -
1 - x2 } y

Solutions of this equation are called associated Legendre functions. We restrict ourselve:s to the
portant case where m, n are nonnegative integers.

ASSOC IATED L E G E N D RE FU NCTIONS OF T H E fiRST KIND

(1 - nx2)m l2 dm + nn (x2 - 1)n

dm
x2)ml2 dxm Pn (x)
2 n!
dxm +
where Pn (x) are Legendre polynomials [page 146]. We have
26.3
P(x) Pn (x)
26.4
P;:'(x) 0 if m > n
P nm(x)

26.2

(1 -

--

S PE C IAL ASSOC IATE D LEG ENDRE F U N C T IONS OF THE F I R ST KIND

26.5
26.6
26.7

P(x)
P (x)
P(x)

(1 x2) 112
3x(1 - x2) 112
3(1 - x2)
_

26.9

P(x)

15x(1 - x2)
15(1 - x2)312

G EN ERAT I N G F U NCTION FO R P!'(a:)

(2m) !

26. 1 1

(1 - x2)ml2tm

"'

n=m P;:'(x)tn

R E C U RREN C E FORM U LAS

26. 1 2
26. 1 3

Pmn +2(x) (12(m +x2)1)x112 pnm + 1( ) + (n - m)(n + m + 1) Pmn (x)

_

149

im

AS SOCIATED LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS

150

ORTHOGO N A L IT Y OF P;:'(x)

1
J-1 P;:'(x) P;"(x) dx
J-1 {P;:'(x)}2 dx

26. 1 4

26. 1 5

if n # l

2
(n + m) !
2n + 1 (n - m) !

ORTHOGONAL SERIES

26. 1 6
where

26. 1 7

/(x)
2 k + 1 ( k - m) !
-(k + m) !
2

1
J_ 1 /(x) Pk (x) dx
m

A S S O C I ATED L E G E N D R E F U N CT I O N S O F T H E S E C O N D K I N D

26. 1 8

Qn(x) are Legendre functions of the second kind [page 148].

These functions are unbounded at x = 1, whereas P;:'(x) are bounded at x = 1.
The functions Q':(x) satisfy the same recurrence relations as P;:'(x) [see 26.12 and 26.13].

where

G E NE R A L S O L U T I O N O F L EG E N DR E'S A S S O C IATE D E Q U AT I O N

26. 1 9

P;:'(x) + B Q;:'(x)

2_7_

H E RM I T E P o LY N O M I A Ls
__
_______________

........_

._____

H E RM I TE ' S D I FF E R E N TIA L E Q U A T I O N

27. 1

y " - 2xy' + 2ny = 0

H ER MITE P O LY N OM I A L S

If n = 0, 1, 2, . . . then solutions of Hermite's equation are Hermite polynomials Hn (:) given by

Rodrigue 's formula

27.2

S P E C I A L H ER M IT E POLY N OM I A L S

27.7

H4 (x)

2x

27.8

H5(x)

27.9

H 6 (x)

64x6 - 480x4 + 720x2 - 120

27. 1 0

H7(x)

128x7 - 1344x5 + 3360x3 - 1680x

H 0(x)

27.4

H1(x)

27.5

H2 (x) - 4x2 - 2

27.6

H3 (x)

16x4 - 48x2 + 12

27.3

8x3 - 12x

32x5 - 160x3

G EN ERA TING F U N CTIO N

27. 1 1

:i

n=O

Hn(x) tn
n!

R ECUR R E N C E FORMULA S

27. 1 2
27. 1 3
151

+ 120x

H ERMITE POLYNOMIALS

152

O R T H O G O NALITY OF H E R M IT E POLYNOMIALS

27. 1 4

m#n

27. 1 5

O R T H O G O N A L S ER I E S

27. 1 6

f(x)

where

27. 1 7

S PE C I A L R E S U LT S

27. 1 8
27. 1 9

27.20

Hn(-x)

Hzn - 1 (O)

27.21

fx Hn(t) dt

27.22

27.25

d {e 2
Hn(x)}
dx
-

27.23

27.24

Hn + 1 (x)
2(n + 1)
=

Hn + 1 (0)
2(n + 1)

-e- x2 Hn+ dx)

Jx e- t Hn(t) dt Hn- 1 (0) - e-x Hn- 1 (x)

f- tne-t2 Hn(xt) dt -J; n ! Pn (X)
=

"'

27.26
This is called the addition formula for Hermite polynomials.

27.27

Hn + 1 (x) Hn(Y) - Hn(x) Hn + 1(Y)

2n + 1n ! (x - y)

28

L A G U E R R E P O LY N O M I A L S

LAG U E R R E ' S D I F F EREN T I A L E Q UAT I O N

28.1

xy" + (1 - x)y' + ny = 0

LA G U ER R E P O LY N O M I A LS

If n = 0, 1, 2, . . then solutions of Laguerre's equation are Laguerre polynomials Ln (x) and are given
by Rodrigue's formula.
.

28.2

S P E C I A L LAG U ER R E POLY N OM I A LS

28.3

L0(x)

28.6

L3(x)

-x3 + 9x2 - 18x + 6

28.4

L1(x)

-x + 1

28.7

L4(x)

x4 - 16x3 + 72x2 - 96x

28.5

L2 (x)

x 2 - 4x + 2

28.8

L5(x)

-x5 + 25x4 - 200x3 + 600x2 - 600x + 120

28.9

L6(x)

x6 - 36x5 + 450x4 - 2400x3 + 5400x2 - 4320x + 720

28. 1 0

L 7(x)

-x7 + 49x6 - 882x5 + 7350x4 - 29,400x3 + 52,920x2 - 35,280x + 5040

G EN E RA T I N G F U N CT I O N

28. 1 1

6 - x t/1 - t

1-t

:i

n=O

Ln (X) tn
n!

R E C U R R E N C E FORMULAS

28. 1 2
28. 1 3
28. 1 4
153

+ 24

154

LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS
ORTH O G O N A LITY OF L A G U E R R E P O LY N OMIA LS

28. 1 5

m ,., n

28. 1 6

O R T H O GONAl. S E R lE$

28. 1 7

f(x)

where
28. 1 8

S P E C IAL R E S U LTS.

28. 1 9

28.2 1

Ln(O)

n!
Ln(x)

(-l) n xn

n2xn - 1
1!

--

n2(n

1 )2xn -2
2!

if
11

ko

Lk(x) Lk(y)
(k ! )2

L11(x)

= n

Ln (x) Ln + dY) - Ln+ l (x) Ln(Y)

(n !)2 (x - y)

28.24

28.25

if p < n

28.22

28.23

f0"' unex-u J0 (2VXU ) du

(-l) nn !

29

ASSOCIATED LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS.

LAG U E R R E' S A S S O C IA TE D D I FF E R E NT IA L E Q U AT IO N

29. 1

xy" + (m + 1 - x)y' + (n - m)y

A S S O C I ATE D LAG U E R R E P O L Y N O M I A L S

Solutions o f 29.1 for nonnegative integers m and n are given b y the associated LagueJ;re polynomials

29.2
where Ln(x) are Laguerre polynomials [see page 153].

29.3
29.4

if m > n

S P E C IA L A S S O CI A T E D L A G U E R R E P O LY N O MI A LS

-1

29. 1 0

L (x)

2x - 4

29. 1 1

L!(x)

4x3 - 48x2

29. 1 2

L! (x)

12x2 - 96x + 144

L (x)

-3x2 + 18x - 18

29. 1 3

L! (x)

24x - 96

L(x)

-6x

29. 1 4

L! (x)

24

29.5

L (x)

29.6

L(x)

29.7

L (x)

29.8
29.9

18

-6

G E NE R AT I N G FU N C T I O N FO R L':(x)

29.15

(-1)mtm e-xt/( 1 -t)

(1 - t)m + l
155

L::'(x) n
t
n=m n!
oo

--

144x - 96

A SSOCIATED LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS

156

REC U R R E N C E F O R M U LAS

29. 1 6

m+!
Ln (x)

d m
n
dx {L (x) }

29. 1 7

29. 1 8

m
m- 1
(x - m) Ln (x) + (m - n - 1) Ln (x)

29. 1 9

O RTHOG O NA L I TY

f oo xme- x Lmn (x) Lvm(x) dx

29.20

29.2 1

p#n

(n !)3
(n - m) !

ORTHOGONAL S ER I E S
29.22

f(x)

where

(k - m) !
(k ! )3

29.23

f "' xmrx Lmk (x) f(x) dx

0

S P EC IA L R ESULTS
29.24

' {

n.
(-1) n (n - m) ! xn-m
29.25

n (n - m) x n -m-!
1!

n(n - 1)(n - m)(n - m - 1) n -m-2

+
x
2!
(2n - m + 1)(n !)3
(n - m) !

30

CH EBYS H EV POLYN O M I ALS

C HE B YS H EV'S D I FF E RE NTIAL EQ UATION

30. 1

n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

(1 - x2)y" - xy' + n2y = 0

C H E BY S H E V

P O LY N OM fA LS O F

T H E FI.RST K I N D

Solutions o f 30.1 are given by

30.2

S P E C IA L C H E BY S H EV

P O LY N O M IALS O F

T H E FIRST K I N D

30.3

T0 (x)

30.7

T4 (x)

30.4

T1 (x)

= X

30.8

T5 (x)

30.5

T2(x)

2x2 - 1

30.9

T6 (x)

32x6 - 48x4 + 18x2 - 1

30.6

T3 (x)

4x3 - 3x

30. 1 0

T7 (x)

64x7 - 112x5

8x4 - 8x2 + 1
16x5 - 20x3 + 5x

+ 56x3 - 7x

G E NERATING F U N CTION FOR T.()

1 - tx
1 - 2tx + t2

30. 1 1

S P ECIAl. VALUES

30. 1 3

Tn (1)

30. 1 4

Tn (-1)

30. 1 5

T2n (O)
157

=
=

(-1)n
(-1)n

30. 1 6

T2n + 1 (0)

CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS

158

R E C U R S I O N F O R M U LA FOR

Tn(x)

30.17
O RT H O G O N A L ITY

m#n
{ ,. if n 0
,.;2 if n 1,2, . . .

30.18
f1 {Tn (x)} 2 dx
_ 1 yl -x2

30.19

O RT H O G O N A L S E R I E S

f(x)

30.20
where

Ak =

30.21

-2 J f(xy1) T-dxx2) dx
1

,.

-1

C H E BY S H EV P O LY N O M I A L S O F T H E S E C O N D K I N D

30.22

1) cos1 x)- 1 x}
{sin(n (cos( n ; 1) xn - (n ; 1) xn-2 (1 - x2) (n ; 1) xn- 4(1 - x2)2 sin

S P E C I A L C H E BYS H EV P O lY N O M I A L S O F T H E SEC O N D K I N D

30.23
30.24
30.25
30.26

U0(x) 1
U1(x) 2x
U2(x) 4x2 - 1
U3(x) 8x3 - 4x
=

30.27
30.28
30.29
30.30

U4(x)
U5(x)
U6(x)
U7(x)

=
=

16x4 - 12x2 1
32x5 - 32x3 + 6x
64x6 - 80x4 24x2 - 1
128x7 - 192x5 80x3 - 8x
+

G E N E RAT I N G F U N C T I O N F O R

30.31

1 - 2tx1 + t2

Un(x)

CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS

159

S P E C I A L VA L U E S

30.33

Un( -1 ) = (-1)n (n + 1 )

30.34

Un(1) = n + 1

R E C U R S I O N FORMU LA FOR

Un(x)

30.37
O RT H O G O N A L ITY

f1-1 y1 - x2 Um(x) Un(x) dx

30.38

1
f- 1 V1 - x2 { Un(x)}2 dx

30.39

m ""' n

0
7T

O RT H O G O N AL S ER I E S

/(x)

30.40
where
30.41

R E L A T IO N S H I P S B ET W E E N

30.42
30.43
=

30.44
Tn (x)

30.45

Tn (x)

AND

Un(x)

f1 Tn + 1 (v) dv
; -1 (v - x) \h - v2
1 v' 2
-1 J 1 - xv -Unv - dv) dv
1

1r

-- 1

G E N E R A L S O L U T I O N O F C H E B Y S H EV'S D I F F E R E N T I A L E Q U AT I O N

30.46

A Tn (x) + By1 - x2 Un_1 (x)

A + B sin - 1 x

if n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

if n = 0

31

HYPERG E O M E T R I C F U N C T I O N S

HYPERGIOMETRIC D I FF E R E N T IAL EQUAT I O N

x(1 - x)y " + {c - (a + b + 1)x}y' - aby = 0

31.1

HYPERG E O M E T R I C F U N C T I O N S

A solution of 31 . 1 i s given by

a(a + 1)b(b + 1)
a(a + 1)(a + 2)b(b + 1)(b + 2) 3
a b
x +
F(a ' b; c ' x) = 1 + 1 c x + 1 2 c(c + 1) x2 +
1 2 3 c(c + 1)(c + 2)
If a, b, c are real, then the series converges for -1 < x < 1 provided that c - (a + b) > -1.

31.2

S P E C IAL C A S E S

31.3
31.4
31.5
31.6
31.7

F(-p, 1; 1; -x) = (1 + x)P

F(1, 1 ; 2; -x) = [ln (1 + x)]/x
lim F(1, n; 1; x/n) = ex

F(-!, --!; f; sin2 x) = cos x

F(f, 1; 1; sin2 x) = sec x

F(-!, -!; ; x2) = (sin - ! x)/x

31.8
31.9
31.10
31.1 1
31.12

F(-!, 1 ; ; -x2) = (tan - l x)/x

F(1, p ; p ; x)

1/(1 - x)

F(n + 1, -n; 1; ( 1 - x)/2) = Pn (x)

F(n, -n; t; (1 - x)/2)

Tn (X)

G E N E R A L SOLUT I O N O F THE H Y P E R G EO M E T R I C E Q U AT I O N

If c, a - b and c - a - b are all nonintegers, the general solution valid for l x l < 1 is

31.13

y = A F(a, b; c; x) + Bxl - c F(a - c + 1, b - c + 1; 2 - c; x)

M I S C E LLAN E O U S PRO P E R T I ES

31.14
31.15
31.16
31.17

r(c) r(c - a - b)
r(c - a) r(c - b)

F(a, b; c; 1)

d
ab
dx F(a, b; c; x) = c F( a + 1, b + 1; c + 1; x)

r(c)
F(a, b ., c,. x ) - r(b) r(c _ b)

Jl ub - 1 (1 - u)c -b- 1 (1 - ux) - a du

0

F(a, b; c; x) = (1 - x)c - a - b F(c - a, c - b; c; x)

160

32

L A P L A C E T R A N S FO RM s
___________

______

--

__

D E F I N IT I O N O F T H E LAP LAC E T RA N S FO RM O F

.t:_

32. 1

{F(t)}

In general f(s) will exist for s

operator.

>

f "" e - st F( t) dt

where

F(t)

f(s)

is some constant. .t:_ is called the Laplace transform

D E F I NI TI O N O F T H E I NVERS E L A P LAC E T R A N S F O R M O F

f(s)

If .t:_ {F(t)} = f(s), then we say that F(t) = .c- 1 {f(s)} is the inverse Laplace transform of f(s) .
.c - 1 is called the inverse Laplace transform operator.

COMPLEX I N V E R S I O N F ORMU LA

The inverse Laplace transform of f(s) can be found directly by methods of complex variable theory.
The result is

32.2

F(t)

1T 't

f c+ ioo est f(s) ds

c -ioo

2"'" lim
7Tt T -+ oo

c + iT

c-iT

est f(s) ds

where c is chosen so that all the singular points of f(s) lie to the left of the line Re {s} = c in the complex
s plane.
161

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

162

TABLE OF G E NERAl PROP ER T I E S O F LAPLAC E TRA N SFORMS

/(8)

F(t)

32.3

a !1 (8) + b !2 (8)

a F1 (t) + b F2 (t)

32.4

/(8/a)

a F(at)

32.5

/(8 - a)

eat F(t)

32.6

e - as /(8)

'U(t -

a) {:(t- a) tt >< aa
:=

32.7

8 /(8) - F(O)

F'(t)

32.8

82 /(8) - 8 F(O) - F'(O)

F "(t)

32.9

8n /(8) - 8n-1 F(O) - 8n -2 F'(O) -

F<n - 1 ) (0)

F<n>(t)

32.10

/'(8)

-t F(t)

32.1 1

!"(8)

t2 F(t)

32.12

J<n>(8)

(-l)ntn F(t)

32.13

/(8)
8

Jt F(u) du

32.14

/(8)
8n

32.15

/(8) g (8)

ft ft F(u) dun .r (t u)n- 1 F(u) du

it F(u) G(t - u) du
o

(n - 1) !

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

32. 1 6

163

f(s)

F(t)

f "' f(u) du

F(t)
t

32. 1 7

1-

sT

e - su

32. 1 8

/(Vs )

32. 1 9

l f(l/s)
s

F(t) = F(t + T)

F(u) du

1 /(1/s)

32.20

sn + 1

32.2 1

f(s + 1/s)
s2

_
_

32.22

2 -y:;;. 0

"'

+1

f(ln s)
s In s

32.24

P(s)

Q( s)

...[;i o

polynomial of degree less than n,

Q (s) = (s - a 1)(s - a2) (s - an)

where a 1 , a2 ,
an are all distinct.
,

2
e -u

!4 t F(u) du

f"'0 J0(2VUt ) F(u) du

tn/2

f"'0 u- n/2 Jn (2VUt ) F(u) du

J0 J0 (2yu(t - u) ) F(u) du
t

u - 3 12 e -s' l4u f(u) du

32.23

P(s)

f"'

F(t2)

f"' r(utu F(u)

+ 1) du
o

:i

k=l

P(ak)
(ak)

-- e
'

"' t

164

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

TABlE OF

S P E C I A L LAPLAC E T R A N S F O R M S

f(s)

F(t)

32.25

32.26

1
-

32.27

1
-

32.28

1
-

32.29

1
--

32.30

1
--

32.31

1
---

s2

sn

sn

n = 1, 2, 3,

n>O

(s - a) n
1

(n - 1) ! '

tn- 1

r(n)

n = 1 , 2, 3, . . ,

n>O

tn - 1 e a t
(n - 1) ! '

n- 1

at

t
e
-r(n)

32.32

s2 + a 2

32.33

s2 + a2

cos

32.34

(s - b) 2 + a2

eb t sin

32.35

s-b
(s - b) 2 + a2

ebt cos at

32.36

1
--

sinh at
--

s 2 - a2
8

0! = 1

ea t

s-a

(s - a)n

tn- 1

sin at
--

at

at

32.37

s2 - a2

cosh

32.38

(s - b) 2 - a2

ebt sinh

at

at

0! = 1

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

165

/(8)

F(t)

32.39

8-b
(8 - b) 2 - a2

ebt cosh at

32.40

(8 - a)(8 - b)

a#b

e bt - eat
b-a

32.41

8
(8 - a)(8 - b)

a#b

beb t - aeat
b-a

32.42

(82 + a2)2

sin at - at cos at

32.43

8
(82 + a2)2

t sin at
2a

32.44

82
(82 + a2)2

32.45

(82 + a2)2

cos at - !at sin at

32.46

82 - a2
(82 + a2)2

t cos at

32.47

(82 - a2)2

at cosh at
sinh at
2a3

32.48

8
(82 - a2)2

t sinh at
2a

32.49

s2
(82 - a2)2

32.50

g3
(s2 - a2)2

cosh at + !at sinh at

32.51

82 + a2
(82 - a2)2

t cosh at

32.52

(82 + a2)3

(3 - a2t2) sin at - 3at cos at

8a5

32.53

8
(82 + a2)3

t sin at - at2 cos at

8a3

32.54

82
(82 + a2)3

(1 + a2 t2) sin at - at cos at

32.55

(82 + a2)3

s3

8a

2a3

sin at

at cos at
2a

sinh at

at cosh at
2a

8a3

3t sin at + at2 cos at

Sa

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

166

f(s)

F(t)

32.56

(s2 + a2)3

s4

(3 - aZtZ) sin at + 5at cos at

Sa

32.57

s5
(s2 + a2)3

(S - a2t2) cos at - 7at sin at

32.58

3s2 - a2
(82 + a2)3

tz sin at
2
a

32.59

s3 - 3a2s
(s2 + a2)3

ft2 cos at

32.60

s4 - 6a2s2 + a4
(s2 + a2)4

1Jt3 cos at

32.61

s3 - a2s
(s2 + a2)4

t3 sin at
2
4a

(s2 - a2)3

(3 + a2t2) sinh at - 3at cosh at

Sa5

32.63

s
(s2 - a2)3

at2 cosh at - t sinh at

Sa3

32.64

s2
(s2 - a2)3

at cosh at + (a2t2 - 1) sinh at

Sa3

32.65

s3
(s2 - a2)3

3t sinh at + atz cosh at

Sa

32.66

s4
(s2 - a2)3

(3 + a2tZ) sinh at + 5at cosh at

Sa

32.67

s5
(s2 - a2)3

(S + a2t2) cosh at + 7at sinh at

32.68

3s2 + a2
(s2 - a2)3

t2 sinh at
2
a

32.69

s3 + 3a2s
(s2 a2)3

ft2 cosh at

32.70

s4 + 6a2s2 + a4
(82 - a2)4

ft3 cosh at

32.71

s3 + a2s
(82 - a2)4

t3 sinh at
24a

32.62

32.72

s3 + a3

--

at
eat/ J y13 . v'3 at
- cos v'32
Sill -2
+ e- 3 at/2
--2
3a2 L
-

--

1 67

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

/(8)

32.73

32.74
32.75

8
8 3 + a3

---

83 - a3
8

32.77

---

32.80

32. 8 1

83 - a3

--

e -at/2

--

3a

{
{..J33

at

e3a t /2

82

84 + 4 a4

..;3 at

cos

sm -- 2

..;3 at

--

..;3 at
-

+ eHat/2

2 a2

at cosh at + cos at sinh at)

83
84 + 4a4

cos at cosh at

3 (sinh at - sin at)

---

8 4 - a4

84 - a4

1
(cosh at
2 a2

- cos at)

82
8 4 - a4

1
(sinh at
2a

+ sin at)

83
84 - a4

f(cosh at + cos at)

e - bt - e - at

V8 + a + Vs+b

2(b

Va

sys + a

eat

V8 - a + b

- a) v;;i3

erf Vat

---

vs (s - a)
eat

}
}

1
(sin
2a

at
..j3 at
- yg sin -/:3
cos -2
2

3 eat + 2 e - at1 2 cos

1

sin at sinh at

32.84

32.89

8
84 + 4a4

---

32.88

..;3

at
sm -- - e - 3at/2
2

(sin at cosh at - cos at sinh at)

4 3

32.83

32.87

..;3

---

84 + 4a4

---

32.86

e - at/2

82

32.82

32.85

83 - a3
1

..J3 at

--

..;3 3 e - at + 2 eat12 cos -

82

---

32.79

-- cos
3a

83 + a3

32.76

32.78

eat /2

F(t)

erf Vat

Va

1
b2
- - b e t erfc (b

..;;t

Vtt )}

168

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

32.90

/(8)

F(t)

1
z
...j8 + a2

J0 (at)

10 (at)

32.91

V82 - a2

32.92

( V82 + a2 - 8) n
...j8z + a2

32.93

(8 - V82 - a2)n
-.j8z - a2

32.94
32.95

e bCs - Js2 + a2 l

> -1

an Jn (at)

> -1

an In (at)
J0 (ayt(t + 2b) )

-.j8z + a2

e- b Js2 + a2

l_ o

r Jo (ayt2 - b2 )

V82 + a2

>

t b
t<b

tJ1 (at)
a

32.96

1
(82 + a2) 3/2

32.97

8
(82 + a2) 3/2

t J0 (at)

32.98

82
(82 + a2) 3/2

J0 (at) - atJ1 (at)

32.99

(82

32.100

8
(82 - a2) 3/2

tl0 (at)

32.101

82
(82 - a2) 3/2

10 (at) + atl1 (at)

c -s
1
8(1 - e - )
8(e - 1)
See also entry 32.165.

F(t) = n, n t < n + 1, n = 0, 1 , 2, . . .

32.102

---

tldat)
a

1
a2)3/2

32.103

e -s
1
s(e - r)
s(1 - re - )

32.104

e - 1
s(e - r)

---

F(t)

1 - e- s
8(1 - re )

where [ t]

F(t)

[tl

rk

k=l

greatest integer t

rn, n t < n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

See also entry 32.167.

32.105

e - ats

--

Vs

cos 2...;-;;t

...;;t

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

/(8)

F(t)

e -a/s

sin 2yat

32.106

8372

32.107

e- a/ s
8n + 1

(r

e - a2 !4t

1 - e- a Ys
8

erf (a/2Vt )

2v:;;t3

e -a Ys

erfc (a/2Vt)

e- a Vs

e b<bt + al erfc b Vt +

Vs (Vs + b)
e -a ! Ys

32.1 13

1
,;;;t a2n + 1

> -1

In [(82 + a2)fa2J
In [(8 + a)/a]

- (y + In 8)
=

Euler's constant = .5772156 0 .

0

32.1 18

In

-2

68 +

In t

Ei(at)

32.1 17

f"'un e(-" 14a t Jzn (2,_ru ) du

Ci(at)

28

32.1 16

_!!:_
)___
2Vt

e - b t - e - at
t

: ! )

In

32.1 15

v;;t

a_
_ e - az /4t

--

32.1 14

Jn (2yat )

e -a Ys

32.1 1 1
32.1 12

/2

--

Vs

32.1 10

32.121

> -1

e -a Ys

32.109

32.120

y;;a

--

32.108

32.1 19

1 69

2 (cos at - cos bt)

t

82 + a2
82 + b2

(y + In 8)2

ln2 t

Euler's constant = .5772156 0

0 .

In 8

- (In t + y)

y = Euler's constant

ln2 8

.5772156 . 0
0

(In t + y)2 - i7T2

--

Euler's constant = .5772156 0 0 0

170

32.122
32.123
32.124
32.125
32.126
32.127
32.128
32.129
32.130
32.131
32.132
32.133
32.134
32.135
32.136
32.137
32.138

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

/(s)
r'(n + - r(n +
sn +1
tan -1 (a/s)
tan-1s (a/s)
1)

1) In s

F(t)
tn In t
sint at

> -1

--

Si(at)
e-2-lai

eals
erfc (VUJ8
a/s)
Vs
es2!4a2 erfc (s/2a)
es2/4a2 erfcs (s/2a)
eas

--

v;;t

8-a2t2
y;

erf (at)

erfc .,;;8

V1r(t + a)
t+a
t2 + a2

Vs

Ei(as)
[cosas{- Si(as) } - sinas Ci(as)J

--

eas

sin as {i- Si (as)} + cos as Ci (as)

cosas{ - Si(as)} - sinas Ci(as)

s
sinas{ - Si(as)} + cosas Ci(as)
s
[i- Si(as)J + Ci2 (as)
0

tan-1 (t/a)

+a2 a2)
-1 In c2--2

1 (t2 a2)
-In
--t
a2
"N.._ ( t)
null function
8(t)
delta function
<'l (t-a)
'U(t - a)
+

1
e-as
e-as

--

s
See also entry

t2 + a2

32.1 63.

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

/(s)

32.139
32.140
32.141
32.142
32.143

--

:l:_

sinh sx
s sinh sa

--

F(t)

'

171

ntrt
2 (-1) n . ntrX
_., -- stn -- cos a
a
n= 1 n
-

7T

sinh sx
s cosh sa

4 (-1)n . (2n - 1)trX . (2n - 1)7rt

- _.,
Si ll ---- Sill --;::2a
2a
7T n = 1 2n - 1

cosh sx
s sinh as

t
2 (-1) n
ntrx . ntrt
- + - _., -- cos -- sin a
a
a
n= l n

cosh sx
s cosh sa

4 (-1) n
(2n - 1),.t
(2n - 1)trx
1 + - .. --- cos
cos --;::2a
7T n = 1 2n - 1
2a

sinh sx
s2 sinh sa

xt + 2 :i ( -1 ) n
n,.x
n,.t
sin
sin
a
a
a
7T n = l n2

---

,.

---r------r-- ---;

32.144
32.145
32.146
32.147
32.148
32.149
32.150

sinh sx
s2 cosh sa
cosh sx
s2 sinh sa

cosh sx
s2 cosh sa
cosh sx
s3 cosh sa

X +

(-1) n

Sa

_.,
2
,. n= 1 (2n - 1)2

S ill

(2n - 1),.x
2a

t2 + 2a (-1) n
n,.x
- _., -- co s 2a
a
,.2 n = 1 n2

COS

(2n - 1),.t
2a

n,.t
1 - cos a

(-1) n
(2n - 1)1TX . (2n - 1)1Tt
Sa
t +
Si ll
cos
2
2a
2a
1T n1 (2n - 1)2

_21 (t2 + x2 - a2)

2
(2n - 1) 1T X
(-1) n
(2n - 1)1Tt
- 1 6 a :i
cos
cos
2a
,.a n = 1 (2n - 1)3
2a

sinh xvs
sinh avs
cosh xvs
cosh avs
sinh xys

Vs cosh ays
cosh xvs

32.151

v'8 sinh ays

32.152

s sinh avs

32.153

sinh xvs

cosh xvs
cosh avs

7T
(-1 ) n - 1 (2n - 1)
a2 n = l

e - < 2n-1 )',ht4a'

cos

(2n - 1)1TJ;
2a

2 00
:I (-1) n - 1 e - < 2n- l )2 7T2 tl4a2 sm (2n - 1)1TX
a n=l
2a

1
2 00
n7TX
:I (-1)n e - n2 772 t I a2 cos -+
a
a
a n=l

x
2 (-1) n
t 2
- + - _., -- e n27T2 /a
a
n
7T n = l
_

n1TX
a

Sin --

(2n - 1)7T X
( -1 ) n e - (2n- l)27T2 t !4a2
cos
1 + _.,
2a
,. n= 1 2 n - 1

sinh xvs

32.154

s2 sinh avs

32.155

s2 cosh ays

cosh xvs

(2n - 1) 7TX
1 2 :i
(-1) n e - < 2n-1 )27T2 t /4a2
cos
f(x2 - a2) + t - 6
2a
,. n = l (2n - 1)3

1 72

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

f(s)

F(t)
e- >-t/a2 Jo CA.nx!a)
1 - 2
An J l ( \n)
n=l
where \ 1 , \2 ,
are the positive roots of Jo ( \) = 0

J0 (ix ys )
s J0 (iays)

32. 1 56

00

e->- ! tlaz Jo ( \nxla)

! (x2 - a2 ) + t + 2a2
n=l
\Jl (\n)
are the positive roots of Jo ( \) = 0
where \ 1 , \2 ,

J0 (ixys)
s2 J0 (iays)

32. 1 57

00

Triangular wave function

32. 1 58

v
:_

(2)

1
as
-2 tanh as

2a

6a

4a

Fig. 32-1

Square wave function

F(t)

tanh (s)

32. 1 59

I
I

I
I
1 2a

1a
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

j 3a

1 5a

1 4a

L..-

Fig. 32-2

Rectified sine wave function

32. 1 60

( )

a
as
2
a2s2 + 2 coth

'.Vvvv
a

2a

3a

Fig. 32-3

Half rectified sine wave function

32. 1 6 1

a
(a2 s2 + 2 )(1 - e

as)

'h

/\

2a

3a

Fig. 32-4

4a

Saw tooth wave function

32. 1 62

1 as2

e -as

s(1 - e

as)

1 _V/Vv
a

2a

Fig. 32-5

3a

4a

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

173

F(t)

/(s)

Heaviside's unit function

e - as

--

32. 1 63

See also

entry 32.138.

T''

1/( t - a)

I
I
I

Fig. 32-6

--

Pulse function

e - as

32. 1 64

(1 - e - s)
s

f'

:f'

I
I
I
I
a+

Fig. 32-7

Step function

1
s(1 - e - as)

32. 1 65
See

also

entry 32.102.

I
I
I
I

F(t)

n2, n

3a

2a

t < n + 1,

n =

F(t)

e -s

s(1 -

e - 2s

e - 5) 2

3-

1 - e-s
s(1 - re - s)

See

also entry

32.104.

tra(l + e - as)
azsz trz

:r'

rn, n

t < n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
I
'

I
I
I

in (tr t!a)

I
3

Fig. 32-10

--

Ota
t>a

h
0

t
3

Fig. 32-9

F(t) =

32. 1 68

1
0

32. 1 67

0, 1, 2, . . .

F(t)

Fig. 32-8

32. 1 66

4a

Fig. 32-11

33

FO U R I E R T R A N S FO RMS

F O U R I E R ' S I N T E G R A L T H EO R E M

f "' {A (a) cos ax + B(a) sin ax} da

f(x) =

33. 1

where
33.2

A (a)

J f(x)
1 - f(x)
f"'oo
"'

B(a)

- oc

cos aX dx
sin ax dx

Sufficient conditions under which this theorem holds are:

(i)
(ii)

f(x) and f'(x) are piecewise continuous in every finite interval -L

f "'

- oo

lf(x) l dx

converges;

< x < L;

(iii) f(x) i s replaced b y !{f(x + 0) + f(x - 0)} i f x is a point o f discontinuity.

E Q U I VA LE N T F O R M S O F F O U R I ER'S I NT E G RA L T H E O R E M

33.3

33.4

277 Ja"'= -x ftl"'= -x

1

f(x)

f(x)

2-7i J "' e.ax da f "'

1

"'

oo

-oo

da

where f(x) is an odd function [f(-x) = -f(x)] .

33.6

f(u) e - au du

2, f f "' f(u) eia(x - u) du

x
-2 f sin ax da f "' f(u) sin au du
7T
1

f(x) =

- oo

- oo

---=

33.5

f(u) cos a (x - u) du da

2 J" "' cos ax da f"' f(u) cos au du

f(x) = 7T

where f(x) is an ev en function [/(-x) = f(x)].

174

FOURIER TRANSFORMS

175

FO U R I E R T R A N S F O R M S

f"'

The Fourier transform of f(x) i s defined as

33.7

'f{f(x) }

F(a)

Then from 33.7 the inverse Fourier transform o f F(a) i s

33.8

'f - 1 {F(a)}

f(x) e - iax dx

- oo

f(x)

2 7i

We call f(x) and F(a) Fourier transform pairs.

f "'

- oo

F(a) eiax da

C O N V O L U T I O N T H E O R EM F O R F O U R I ER T R A N S F O R M S

If F(a) = 'f{f(x) } and G(a)

1
-

33.9

f"'

- oo

J'{g(x) } , then
.

F(a) G(a) eax da

f "'

f(u) g(x - u) du

- oo

where f*g i s called the convolution of f and g. Thus

33. 1 0

'f{f*g }

'J{f} 'J{g }

P A R S EVA L' S I D EN T I T Y

If F(a)

'f{f(x) } , then

f "'

33. 1 1

- oo

l/(x) l 2 dx

,.
2

f "'

IF(a ) l2 da

- oo

More generally if F(a) = 'f{f(x)} and G(a) = 'f{g(x) } , then

33. 1 2

f"'

- oo

f(x) g(x) dx

1,.

where the bar denotes complex conjugate.

"'

- oo

F(a) G(a) da

F O U RI E R S I N E T R A N S FO R M S

The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is defined as

33.1 3

Fs(a)

'fs {/(x) }

"'

t(x) sin ax dx

Then from 33.13 the inverse Fourier sine transform of Fs (a) is

33. 1 4

f(x)

'f,S 1 {Fs (a) }

7T

"'

Fs (a) sm ax da

f*g

FOURIER TRANSFORMS

176

F O U R I E R C O S I N E TRANS FORMS

The Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is defined as

Fc (a)

33. 1 5

J'c {f(x)}

f "' f(x)
0

cos ax dx

Then from 33.15 the inverse Fourier cosine transform of Fc (a) is

33. 1 6

f(x)

Y'c 1 {Fc (a)}

2
1T

"'

Fc (a) cos ax da

S P E C IA L F O U R I E R T RA N S F O R M PA I R S

f(x)

33. 1 7

F(a)

<

lxl b
lxl > b

ba
--a
2

sin

-rre - ba

33. 1 8

x2

33. 1 9

x2

33.20

j< n > (x)

inanF(a)

33.2 1

xnJ(x)

. dnF
tn n

33.22

f(bx) eltx

F (a t )

b2

b2

- rria e - ba
b

da

FOURIER TRANSFORMS

177

S P E C IA L FO U R I ER S I N E T R A N S F O R M S

f(x)

33.23

O<x<b
x>b

Fc (a)
1 - cos ba

-2

33.24

x-1

33.25

x2 + b 2

E. e - b a

33.26

e - bx

a
--a 2 + b2

33.27

x n - 1 e -bx

r(n) sin (n tan- 1 alb)

(a2 + b 2) nl2

33.28

xe - bx

33.29

x - 1 /2

33.30

x -n

rran - 1 esc (nrr/2)

--bx

1T

y; ae -a2! 4b

4b 3!2

2 r(n)

33.32

bx
-x2

( )
{ rra/2 a < b
rrb/2

a>b

33.33

--bx

a<b
a=b
a>b

33.31

sin

sin

cos

33.34

tan- 1 (x/b)

33.35

esc bx

33.36

e2x - 1

b
! ln a +
2
a-b

rr/2

e-ba
.!!_
2a

;b tanh ;

( ) -2a

coth rr2a

- 1

O<n<2

178

FOURIER TRANSFORMS

S PE C I A L FOU R I E R C O S I N E TRANS FORMS

f(x)

33.37
33.38
33.39
33.40
33.41

O<x<b
x>b

b
a2 + b 2

e-bx2
x -n

x2 + b 2
I n ( x 2 + c2

33.47

cos bx2

33.48

sech bx
cosh (....r; x/2)
cosh (y:;;: x)
e - b Yx

--

Vx

b e- cx'l4b

.!

sin bx

sin bx2

r(n) cos (n tan - 1 alb)

(a2 + b 2) nl2
2

--

33.46

33.50

2b

- bx

33.43

33.49

"e - ba

--

e-bx
xn - 1 e

x - 112

33.45

sin ba
a

--

1
xz + b 2

33.42

33.44

Fc (a)

1ran- 1 sec (n"/2)

2 r(n)

e-ca - e-ba

O<n<l

'

7Ta

a<b
a=b
a>b

7T/4

cos

{fi (

cos

a2
4b

. a2
sm
4b

. a2
a2
+ sm
4b
4b

7T sech 7Ta
2b
2b

cosh (y:;;: a/2)

cosh (....r; a)

{cos (2bVa)

sin (2bVa-)}

3_4__

T_
IO
N_c_
U_
C_F_
T I_
P_
LI_
_s
L_
_E_
_N
____

____

I N C O MPLETE E L LIPT I C I N T E G RAL O F T H E F I R S T K I N D

34.1

f<t>

F(k, cp)

do

where = am u is called the amplitude of

./1 - k2 sin2 o

dv

fx

y(1 - v2)(1 - k2v2)

and x = sin cp, and where here and below 0

C O M P L ET E E L LI P T I C I N TEGRAL O F T H E F I R ST K I N D

34.2

{ ()

!!.. 1 +
2

F(k, 1r/2)

!.
2

rr/2

do

( )

k2 +

24

k4 +

E(k, cp)

f <t> v/1 - k2 sin2 o do

34.4

E(k, 1r/2)

?!:

{ ()
1 -

rr/2

!. 2 k2 2

I N CO M PL E TE EL LI PT I C

34.5

OF

OF

!._:1 2 k4 3
24

179

k6 + . .

v 1 - v2

T H E S EC O N D K I N D

k2v2
f l y1v'f=-;2
dv

( )

1 - v2
o
2
6
k - ..
246
5

I N TEGRAL O F

n (k, n, )

dv

-;==::::=::::
::=

::

v/(1 - v2)(1 - k2v2)

fx -../1 - k2v2 dv

v/1 - k2 sin2 o do

( )

T H E S EC O N D K I N O

C O M P L ET E E LLI P T I C I N T E G RA L

fl

246

I N COMP LETE E L LI P TIC I N T E G R A L

34.3

--

( )

y1 - k2 sin2 o

THE THIRD

KIND

<

k < 1.

180

ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS

C O M P L ETE E L LI P T I C I N T E G R A L O F T H E T H I R D K I N D

34.6

.f

IT (k, n, 1r/2)

rr/2

do
(1 + n sin2 o) y1 - k2 sin2 o

LAN D E N ' S T R A N S F O RMAT I O N

34.7

sin 2 1
k + cos 2 1

tan

This yields

34.8

F(k, )

i<P
o

or

k sin = sin (2 1 - )

do
y1 - k2 sin2 o

and 1 , 2 , 3 , o o
where k 1 = 2Vkf(1 + k)o By successive applications, sequences k 1 , k2 , k3,
such that k < k 1 < k 2 < k 3
< 1 where lim kn = 1. It follows that
n -+ oo

<

34.9

F(k, <I>)

where

34.10

k1 =

\} -,;:-- In tan

d
==
=
y
--,::1=- Ion=z=o

2Vk

and

1 +k'

(7T "')
4+2

lim n

n -+ oo

The result i s used i n the approximate evaluation of F'(k, )o

J A C O B I ' S E LL I P T I C F U N CT I O N S

From 34.1 we define the following elliptic functions.

34.1 1
34.12
34.13

sin (am u)

cos (am u)

sn u
=

cn u

y1 - k2x2 = y1 - k2 sn2 u = dn u

We can also define the inverse functions sn - 1 x, en - 1 x, dn - 1 x and the following

cn u
sn u
1
cs u = sn u
sc u
ns u =
cn u
sn u

34.17

34.14

34.15

nc u

34.16

nd u

cn u

dn u

34.20

34.18

sd u

sn u
dn u

34.21

dc u

dn u
cn u

34.19

cd u

cn u
dn u

34.22

ds u

dn u
sn u

ADD IT I O N F O R M U LAS

sn u

en v dn v + en u sn v dn u

34.23

sn (u + v)

34.24

en (u + v)

cn u cn v - sn u sn v dn u dn v
1 - k2 sn2 u sn2 v

34.25

dn (u + v)

dn u dn v - k2 sn u sn v cn u cn v
1 - k2 sn2 u sn2 v

1 - k2 sn2 u sn2 v

are obtained

ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS

181

D ER I VATI V ES

d
34.26 sn u
du

34.27

d
- en u
du

en u dn u

34.28

d
du

- sn u dn u

34.29

d
- se u
du

- k2

dn u

sn u en u

de u ne u

S E R I ES E X P A N S I O N S

34.30

sn u

34.31

;3

u - (1 + k2) !

en u

34.32

- (1 + 135k2 + 135k4 + k6) ! +

(1 + 14k2 + k4)
5!
7

1
4
1 - k2 '!!:___ + k2(4 + k2) '!!:___ - k2(1 6 + 44k2 + k4) 6 +
2!
4!

dn u

6!

C ATALAN ' S CONSTANT

34.33

f 1 f 7r/2 --;:::.=d=fJ=d=k =
:::::::;
2 k = O o=o y1 - k2 sin2

1 (1

J , K dk

.915965594 . . . 1(1..
-

fJ

P E R I O D S O F E LL I PT I C F U N C TIO N S

Let
34.34
Then
34.35
34.36
34.37

f 7r/2
o

dfJ
f 7r/2 ====
where
y1 - k2 sin2
y1 - k'2 sin2
sn u has periods 4K and 2iK'
en u has periods 4K and 2K + 2iK'
dn u has periods 2K and 4iK'
dfJ

(J

'

K'

(J

k' = y1 - k2

I D E N TIT I E S I N VOLV I N G E LLI P T I C F U N C TIO N S

34.38 sn2u + en2 u 1

34.40 dn2u - k2 en2 u = k' 2 where
34.42 cn2 u = dn12u+ +dnen2u2u
en 2u sn u dn u
34.44 11 +- en
en u
2u
=

k' = y'1 - k2

34.39 dn2 u + k2 sn2 u

en 2u
34.41 sn2 u = 11 +- dn
2u
34.43 dn2 u
34.45

11 +

1 - k2 +
2u +
1+
2u

dn 2u
dn 2u

dn k2 en u
dn
k sn u en u
dn u

182

ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS
S P E C IAL VA L U E S

34.46 sn 0

34.47 en 0

34.48 dn 0

34.49 sc 0

I N TE G R ALS

34.51
34.52
34.53
34.54
34.55
34.56
34.57
34.58
34.59
34.60
34.61
34.62

J sn u du
f cn u du
f dn u du
f sc u du
f cs u du
f cd u du

k1 In (dn u - k en u)
k

J dc u du
f sd u du

cos- 1 (dn u)

sin- 1 (sn u)
/1 - k2 nc u)
1
In (de u +
2
In (ns u - ds u)
k1 In (nd u + k sd u)
In (nc u + se u)
-1
1
k2 sin- (k cd u)
In (ns u - csu)

f ds u du
J ns u du
f ne u du
f nd u du

In (ds u - csu)

2 In (dc u

/1sc-u k2)

2 cos-1 (cd u)
LE G E N D R E ' S R E L AT I O N

71'/2

EK' + E'K - KK'

34.63

where

34.64

34.65

E'

f rr/2 ./1 - k2 sin2 fJ dfJ

fr./2 \h - k' 2 sin2 fJ
0

K'

f rr/2 y d(J
1 - k2 sin2 (J
/
2
frr V dfJ2
o

1 - k ' sin2 9

34.50

am O

35

M I S C EL LA N E O U S S P E C I A L F U N C T I O N S

E R RO R FU N C T IO N

35.1

erf (x)

35.2
35.3

erf (x)

e - x
1 - y:;;.

1o3o5 +
1 + 1o3
...
(2x2)2 - (2x2)3

2x2

erf (O) = 0,

erf ( -x) = - erf (x),

erf ( oo ) = 1

COMPLEM E N TARY E R RO R F U N CTION

erfc (x)

1 - y; x - x0 1 + xo ! - x7
+
5 2
703!
3 1

35.4

erfc (x)

35.5
35.6

erfc (x)

- y:;;

e- x

erfc (0) = 1,

1 o3
1o3o5+
1
1 - 2+
2x
(2x2)2 - (2x2)3

erfc ( oo ) = 0

-y

35.7

Ei(x)

35.8

Ei(x)

35.9
35.10

Ei(x)

e
- x

Ei( oo)

-x

- ln x

1 -

1 1.
x

x 1 - e-u

' 31
+ 2; -
x

Si(x)

35.12
35.13

Si(x)

-Si(x),

Si(O)

0,

Si(x)

Si(oo)

1r/2
183

--

e-u d

)
=

erf (x)

Ei(x)

e
du
U
-u

..

Si(-x)

du

S I NE I NTEG RAL

35.1 1

v:;;: o
2

EXPONE N T IA L I N T EG RAL

erf (x)

r x sin
u du
u
Jo

y:;;:

.(
x

"'

e-u

du

MISCELLANEOUS SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

184

Ci(x)

C OS I N E I N TE G R A L

35.14

Ci(x)

35.15

Ci(x)

35.16

Ci(x)

35.17

Ci( oo )

-y

- ln x +

fx1 0

COS U

du

S(x)

F R E S N E L S I N E I NT EG RA L

35.18

S(x)

35.19

S(x)

35.20

S(-x)

1 { 2 (1 -1. -3 + 1
-21 - ...j2;,. (cos x ) x - 22x5

-S(x),

0,

S(O)

S(oo)

3.5.7
24x9

C(x)

35.22

C(x)

35.23

C(-x)

)z; {(sin ( - 2x 1 ' ;

1
C( oo )
-C(x),
x2)

C(O)

1 - -1 23x3 7. 5 +
(sin x2) (2x3

'7
4x

0,

C(x)

o o o

.J! J:x

(x)

35.25

w - x)

35.26

(2k)

1 f"'

r(x)
=

ux- l
du,
-

eu

2l-x1T-x r(x)

22k - t"2kBk

(2k)!

(cos x2) (23 - 1 ;:x 5

x > 1

cos (1Tx/2) (x) [extension to other values]

k=

2 3
,

)}

cos 'l/J du

R I EMAN N Z ETA F U N C T I O N

35o24

FRES N EL COS I N E I N T E G RA L

35.21

,J!irsin'l/Jdu

0 0

o o

)}

36

I N E Q U A L I TI ES

T R IA N GLE I N E QU A LITY

36. 1
36.2

CAUCHY-S C HWAllZ I N E Q U A L ITY

The equality holds if and only if a/b 1 = a2/b2 = = a,./b,..

INIQU.AUTIES I NVOLVI N G

AltiTHM.ITIC, G EOMETR IC A N D HARMOJUC A\INS

If A, G and H are the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means of the positive numbers a1 , a2,
then

a,.,

36.4
where

36.5

36.6

The equality holds if and only if a1 = a2 = = a,..

H O L D Ell'S I N E Q UA LIT Y

where

36.9

!_
p

!.

The equality holds if and only if ja1jP- 1/jb1j

duces to 36.3.

p > 1, q > 1

ja2 jP-1/jb2 j = = ja,.jP-1/jb,.j. For p = q = 2 it

185

re

INEQUALITIES

186

C HE BY S HEV'S INE QUALI T Y

36. 1 0

or

36. 1 1

M I N KO W S K I ' S I N E Q U A L ITY

If a11

a2,

, an, b 1 1 b 2,

bn

are all positive and

> 1,

then

CA U C HY-S C H WA R Z INE Q U A L IT Y FO R I N TEGRA LS

I fab /(x) g(x) dx 12

36. 1 3

{jb !f(x) !2 dx}{fab !u(x)! 2 dx }

The equality holds if and only if f(x)/g(x) is a constant.

H O L D E R 'S I N E Q U A L ITY F O R I N T E G RA L S

36. 1 4

f b !f(x) g(x)! dx
a

p =

{Jba !f(x) !P dx} 1/p {f b !u(x) ! q dx} 1/q

a

where 1/p + 1/q = 1, > 1, q > 1. If q 2, this reduces to 36.13.

The equality holds if and only if !f(x)!v-1/lu(x) ! is a constant.

M I N KO W S K I ' S IN E Q U A L ITY FOR I N II! G RA LS

If

>

1,

36. 1 5

The equality holds if and only if f(x)/g(x) is a constant.

37

PA R T I A L F R A C T I O N E X PA N S I O N S

1
- +

37.1

cotx

37.2

escx

37.3

secx

37.4

tanx

37.5

sec2x

37.6

csc2x

37.7

cothx

37.8

cschx

37.9

sechx

37.10

tanh x

(1r- 2x)2

..!._ +

x2

2x --x2 -

x2 - 4 1T2

+ (1r +12x) 2 +

(x- 1r)2

(x+ 1r)2

+ x2 -1 91T2 +

(81r - 2x)2

(x- 217")2

187
-

(81r + 2x)2

(x+ 217")2

38
38.1

sin x

38.2

cos x

38.3

sinh x

38.4

coshx

38.5

38.8

r(x)
See also 16.12, page 102.

where A 1, A2, A3,

where A t> Az, A3,

sin x
X

are the positive roots of J (x)

are the positive roots of J1 (x)

cos 2X cos 4X cos 8X cos 16X

38.9

This is called Wallis' product.

188

0.

0.

<; ;:
0

:L

' 0 ,c

39

PR O BA B I L I T Y D I S T R I B U T I O N S

B I N O M I A L D I STR I B U TI O N
p

39.1

> 0 , q > 0, p

q = 1

P O I S S O N D I S T R I B U TI O N

39.2

<l>(x)

A. t e- ll.
""'
-
t!
t ;2;x

A. > 0

H Y P E R G E O M E T R I C D I STR I B U T I O N

39.3

<l>(x)

N d'RM A L D I S TR I B U T I O N

39.4

<l>(x)

-
2

v 7T

fx

- oo

e- t dt

S T U D ENT'S t D I S T R I BU T I O N

39.5

<l>(x)

yn;,
1

r() f x (
r(n/2)

- C n + l l /2
+ t2

-;i

C H I S Q U A R E D I S TR IB U T I O N

39.6

<l>(x)

1
2nl2 r(n/2)

fx
0

t Cn -2)/2 e - t/2 dt

F D IS T R I B U T I O.N

<l>(x}

39.7

189

dt

SPECIAL MOME N TS
OF I N E RT I A

40

The table below shows the moments of inertia of various rigid bodies of mass M. In all cases it is
assumed the body has uniform [i.e. constant] density.
TY P E O F R I G I D BODY

Thin rod of length a

40. 1

(a)
(b)

about axis perpendicular to the rod through the center of

mass,
about axis perpendicular to the rod through one end.

40.2

(a)

(b)

(b)

(b)
(c)

(a)
(b)
(c)

c.

!Ma2

l2 M(a2 + b2)
{ M(4a2 + b2)
2

Thin rectangular plate with sides a, b

about axis perpendicular to the plate through center,

about axis parallel to side b through center.

112 M(a2 + b2)

{'i.Ma2

Circular cylinder of radius a and height h

about axis of cylinder,

about axis through center of maS!,! and perpendicular to
cylindrical axis,
about axis coinciding with diameter at one end.

40.5

l2 Ma2

40.4

(a)

Rectangular parallelepiped with sides a, b,

about axis parallel to and through center of face ab,

about axis through center of face be and parallel to

40.3

(a)

M O M E N T OF I N E R T I A

!Ma2

{ M(h2 + 3a2)
2

{2 M(4h2 + 3a2)

Hollow circular cylinder of outer radius a,

inner radius b and height h

about axis of cylinder,

about axis through center of mass and perpendicular to
cylindrical axis,
about axis coinciding with diameter at one end.
190

!M(a2 + b2)
{ M(3a2 + 3b2 + h2)
2

{ M(3a2 + 3b2 + 4h2)

2

'

SPECIAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA

C ircular plate of radius a

40.6
e--

(a) about axis perpendicular to plate through center,

(b) about axis coinciding with a diameter.

40.7

191

Hollow circular plate or ring with outer radius a

and inner radius b

(a) about axis perpendicular to plane of plate through center,

(b) about axis coinciding with a diameter.

40. 8

Thin circular ring of radius

fM(a2 + b 2)
-!:M(a2 + b 2)

(a.) about axis perpendicular to plane of ring through center,

(b) about axis coinciding with diameter.

40.9

J,Ma2
14 Ma2

Ma2
fMa2

Sphere of radius a

(a) about axi s coinciding with a diameter,

f,Ma2

(b) about axis tangent to the surface.

iMa2

40. 1 0

Hollow sphere of outer radius a and inner radius b

(a) about axis coinciding with a diameter,

!M(a5 - b5)f(a3 - b3) + Ma2

(b) about axis tangent to the surface.

40. 1 1

!M(a5 - b 5) /(a3 - b3)

Hollow spherical shell of radius a

(a) about axis coinciding with a diameter,

Ma2

(b) about axis tangent to the surface.

2Ma2

40. 1 2

Ellipsoid with semi-axes a , b , c

(a) about axis coinciding with semi-axis

c,

(b) about axis tangent to surface, parallel to semi-axis c and

at distance a from center.
40. 1 3

!M(a2 + b2)
!M(6a2 + b2)

Circular cone o f radius a and height h

(a ) about axis of cone,

(b) about axis through vertex and perpendicular to axis,

13o Ma2
-lo-M(a2 + 4h2)

(c) about axis through center of mass and perpendicular to axis.

foM(4a2

40. 1 4

Torus with outer radius

+ h2)

and inner radius b

(a) about axis through center of mass and perpendicular to

!M(7a2 - 6ab + 3b2)

(b) about axis through center of mass and in the plane of the

-!M(9a2 - lOab + 5b2)

plane of torus,

torus.

41

C O N V E R S I O N FA C T O R S

Length

1 kilometer (km)
1 meter (m)
1 centimeter (em)
1 millimeter (mm)
1 micron (fl )
1 millimicron (mfl)
1 angstrom (A)

Area

1 square meter (m2)

1 square foot (ft2)

Volume

Mass

Speed

Density

Force

Energy

Power

Pressure

1000 meters (m)

100 centimeters (em)
10-2 m
10-3 m
10-6 m
10-9 m
10- 10 m
1 0.7B ft2
929 cm2

1 inch (in.)
1 foot (ft)
1 mile (mi)
1 mil
1 centimeter
1 meter
1 kilometer

2.540 em
30.48 em
1 .609 km
10-3 in.
0.3937 in.
39.37 in.
0.6214 mile
640 acres
43,560 ft2

1 square mile (mi2)

1 acre

61.02 in3 = 0.03532 ft3

1 liter (Z) = 1000 cm3 = 1.057 quart (qt)
1 cubic meter (m3) = 1000 l = 35.32 ft3
1 cubic foot (ft3) = 7.481 U.S. gal = 0.02832 m3 = 28.32 l
1 U.S. gallon (gal) = 231 in3 = 3.785 I; 1 British gallon = 1.201 U .S. gallon = 277.4 in:!
1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2046 pounds (lb)
1 slug = 32.174 lb = 14.59 kg

0.06852 slug;

1 lb = 453.6

gm

= 0.03108 slug

1 km/hr = 0.2778 m/sec = 0.6214 mi/hr = 0.9113 ft/sec

1 mi/hr = 1.467 ft/sec
1.609 km/hr = 0.4470 m/sec
62.43 lb/ft3
1 gm/cm3 = 103 kg/m3
1 lb/ft3 = 0.01602 gm/cm3; 1 slug/ft3
1
1
1
1

1.940 slug/ft3
0.5154 gm/cm3

newton (nt) = 105 dynes = 0.1020 kgwt = 0.2248 lbwt

pound weight (lbwt) = 4.448 nt = 0.4536 kgwt = 32.17 poundals
kilogram weight (kgwt) = 2.205 lbwt = 9.807 nt
U.S. short ton = 2000 lbwt; 1 long ton = 2240 lbwt; 1 metric ton

2205 lbwt

1 joule = 1 nt m = 107 ergs

0.7376 ft lbwt = 0.2389 cal = 9.481 X 10- 4 Btu
1 ft lbwt = 1. 356 joules = 0.3239 cal = 1.285 X 10-3 Btu
1 calorie (cal) = 4.186 joules = 3.087 ft lbwt = 3.968 X 10- 3 Btu
1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 778 ft lbwt = 1055 joules
0.293 watt hr
=
=
=
3413
Btu
860.0
kcal
3.60
X
106
joules
1 kilowatt hour (kw hr)
1 electron volt (ev) = 1.602 X 1 0 - 1 9 joule
=

1 watt = 1 joule/sec = 10' ergs/sec = 0.2389 cal/sec

1 horsepower (hp)
550 ft lbwt/sec = 33,000 ft lbwt/min = 745.7 watts
1 kilowatt (kw) = 1.341 hp = 737.6 ft lbwt/sec = 0.9483 Btu/sec
1 nt/m2 = 10 dynes/cm2 = 9.869 X 10-6 atmosphere = 2.089 X 10-2 lbwt/ft2
1 lbwt/in2 = 6895 nt/m2 = 5.171 em mercury = 27.68 in. water
1 atmosphere (atm)
1.013 X 105 ntfm2 = 1 .013 X 106 dynes/cm2 = 14.70 lbwt/in2
76 em mercury = 406.8 in. water
192

Part II

TA B L E S

SAMP L E P R O B L E M S
I L L U S T RATI N G U S E O F T H E TA B LE S

COMMON LOGARITHMS
1. Find log 2.36.
We must find the number such that lOP = 2.36 = N. Since 100 1 and 101 = 10, lies
between 0 and 1 and can be found from the tables of common logarithms on page 202.
Thus to find log 2.36 we glance down the left column headed N until we come to the first two digits,
23. Then we proceed right to the column headed 6. We find the entry 3729. Thus log 2. 36 = 0.3729,
i.e. 2.36 = 100.3729.
Find (a) log 23.6, (b) log 236, (c) log 2360.
From Problem 1, 2.36 = 100.3729. Then multiplying successively by 10 we have
23 . 6 = 10 1.3729, 236
102.3729, 2360
103.3729
Thus
(a) log 23.6
1 .3729
(b) log 236 2.3729
(c) log 2360 3.3729.
The number .3729 obtained from the table is called the mantissa of the logarithm. The number
before the decimal point is called the characteristic. Thus in (b) the characteristic is 2.
The following rule is easily demonstrated.
Rule 1. For a number greater than 1, the characteristic is one less than the number of digits before
the decimal point. For example since 2360 has four digits before the decimal point, the
characteristic is 4 - 1 = 3.
3. Find (a) log .236, (b) log .0236, (c) log .00236.
From Problem 1, 2.36 = 100.3729. Then dividing successively by 10 we have
=

2.

.236

100.3729- 1

109.3729- 10

l0 - .6271

.0236

100.3729-2

108.3729-10

10 - 1.6271

00236

100.3729-3

107.3729 - 10

l 0 -2.6271

Then
(a) log .236
9.3729 - 10
- .6271
(b) log .0236 8.3729 - 10 -1 .6271
7.3729 - 10
(c) log .00236
-2.6271.
The number .3729 is the mantissa of the logarithm. The number apart from the mantissa [:for
example 9 - 10, 8 - 10 or 7 - 10] is the characteristic.
The following rule is easily demonstrated.
Rule For a positive number less than 1 , the characteristic is negative and numerically one more
than the number of zeros immediately following the decimal point. For example since .00236
has two zeros immediately following the decimal point, the characteristic is -3 or 7 - 10.
2.

194

SAMPLE PROBLEMS ILLUSTRATING USE OF THE TABLES

4.

195

Verify each of the following logarithms.

(a) log 87.2. Mantissa
.9405, characteristic = 1 ; then log 87.2 1.9405.
(b) log 395,000 5.5966.
(c) log .0482. Mantissa = .6830, characteristic = 8 - 10; then log1 0 .0482 = 8.6830 - 10.
(d) log .000827 = 6.9175 - 10.
=

5.

Find log 4.638.

Since the number has four digits, we must use interpolation to find the mantissa. The mantissa
of log 4638 is .8 of the way between the mantissas of log 4630 and log 4640.
Mantissa of log 4640 = .6665
Mantissa of log 4.638 .6656 + (.8)(.0009)
.6663 to four digits
Mantissa of log 4630 = .6656
Tabular difference = .0009
Then log 4.638 0.6663
If desired the proportional parts table on page 202 can be used to give the mantissa directly
(6656 + 7).

6.

Verify each of the following logarithms.

(2625 + 5)
2.2630
(a) log 183.2
(9425 2)
(b) log 87,640
4.9427
9.4062 - 10
(c) log .2548
(4048 + 14)
7.9933 - 10
(d) log .009848
(9930 + 3)
+

COMMON ANTILOGARITHMS
Find (a) antilog 1.7530, (b) antilog (7.7530 - 10).
(a) We must find the value of 101.7530. Since the mantissa is .7530 we glance down the left column
headed p in the table on page 205 until we come to the first two digits 75. Then we proceed right
to the column headed 3. We find the entry 5662. Since the characteristic is 1, there are two
digits before the decimal point. Then the required number is 56.62.
(b) As in part (a) we find the entry 5662 corresponding to the mantissa .7530. Then since the char
acteristic is 7 - 10, the number must have two zeros immediately following the decimal point.
Thus the required number is .005662.
7.

8.

Find antilog (9.3842 - 10).

The mantissa .3842 lies between .3840 and .3850 and we must use interpolation. From the table
on page 204 we have
Given mantissa = .3842
Number corresponding to .3850 = 2427
Next smaller mantissa = .3840
Number corresponding to .3840 = 2421
Difference = .0002
6
Tabular difference
Then 2421 + 120 (2427 - 2421) = 2422 to four digits, and the required number is 0.2422.
The proportional parts table on page 204 can also be used.

9.

Verify each of the following antilogarithm.

469.3
(a) antilog 2.6715
.4063
(b) antilog 9.6089 - 10
1 5,930
(c) antilog 4.2023

196

SAMPLE PROBLEMS ILLUSTRATING USE OF THE TABLES

COMPUTATIONS USING LOGARITHMS

(7842.431) . log P log 784.6 + log .0431 - log 28.23.
log 784.6 2.8947
(+) log .0431 8.6345 - 10
11.5292 - 10
(-) log 28.23 = 1.4507
log P
10.0785 - 10 = .0785. Then P = . 98.
Note the exponential significance of the computation, i.e.
(784.6)(.0431)
=
=
1.198
28.23
(5.395)8. log P 8 log 5.395 8(0.7320) 5.8560, and P 717,800.
y387.2 (387.2)112. log P = ! log 387.2 = !(2.5879) = 1.2940 and P = 19.68.
y.08317 = (.08317)115. log P = t log .08317 = -!(8.9200 - = !(48.9200 - = 9.7840 P
and P = .6081.
y.003654 (18.37)3
P =
(8.724)4 y743.8 . logP ! log .003654 + 3 log 18.37 - (4 log 8.724 + ! log 743.8)
10.

1 1

( 1 028947)(1 08 6345 - 1 0)

1 02.894 7 + 8 .6345 - 1 0 - 1 . 4 5 07

1 0 1 .4 5 07

11.

12.

1 0 0 785

13.

10 )

50)

14.

Numerator N

t log .003654
3 log 18.37
Add:

Denominator D

10)

!(7.5628 4 log 8.724 4(0.9407)

!(17.5628 - 20) 8.7814 ! log 743.6 !(2.8714)
3(1.2641)
3.7923
Add:
log D
log N 12.5737 - 10
logN 12.5737 - 10
(-) log D 4.4806
logP 8.0931
Then = .01239
10

3.7628
0.7178
4.4806

/,

- 1 0.

NATURAL OR NAPIERIAN LOGARITHMS

Find (a) In 7.236, (b) In 836.2, (c) In .002548.
(a) Use the table on page 225.
15.

In 7.240 1.97962
In 7.230 1.97824
Tabular difference .00138
Then
In 7.236 1.97824 + 160 (.00138) 1.97907
In terms of exponentials this means that
= 7.236.
As in part (a) we find
In 8.362 = 2.12346 /0(2.12465 - 2.12346) = 2.12370
Then
In 836.2 In (8.362 X = log 8.362 + 2 In = 2.12370 + 4.60517 = 6.72887
In terms of exponentials this means that
836.2.
As in part (a) we find
In 2.548 = 0.93216 + 180(0.93609 - 0.93216) = 0.93530
Then
= In 2.548 - 3 In
0.93530 - 6.90776 -5.97246
In .002548 In (2.548 X
= .002548.
In terms of exponentials this means that
=

e! .97907

(b)

1 02)

10

e6.72887

(c)

1 0 - 3)

10

e - 5.97246

10

SAMPLE PROBLEMS ILLUSTRATING USE OF THE TABLE S

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (DEGREES AND MINUTES)
16. Find (a) sin 7423', (b) cos 35 42', (c) tan 82 56'.
(a) Refer to the table on page 206.

sin 74 30' = .9636

sin 74 20'
.9628
=

Tabular difference = .0008

Then

sin 7423' = .9628 + .ft, (.0008) = .9630

(b) Refer to the table on page 207.

cos 3540' = .8124

cos 3550' = .8107

Tabular difference
.0017
=

Then

.8124 - -i\ (.0017)

.8121

or

.8107

+ 180 (.0017)

.8121

(c) Refer to the table on page 208.

tan 8260'

tan 830'

8.1443
= 7.9530
.1913

tan 8250'
Tabular difference
Then

tan 8256' = 7.9530 + 160 (.1913 )

8.0678

17. Find (a) cot 451 6', (b) sec 7348', (c) csc 28 33'.
(a) Refer to the table on page 209.

cot 4510' = .9942

cot 4520'
.9884
Tabular difference = .0058
=

Then

.9942 - 160 (.0058)

.9907

or

.9884 + /0 (.0058)

.9907

(b) Refer to the table on page 210.

sec 73 50' = 3.592

sec 7340' = 3.556
Tabular difference

Then

sec 73 48'

(c) Refer to the table on page 211.

.036

3.556 + 180 (.036)

3.585

esc 28 30' = 2.096

esc 28 40' = 2.085
Tabular difference
- 130

.011

Then

2.096

(.011)

2.093

or

2.085 + 170 (.011 )

2.093

197

198

SAMPLE PROBLEMS ILLUSTRATING USE OF THE TABLES

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (DEGREES AND MINUTES)

1 8. Find (a) sin - 1 (.2143), (b) cos - 1 (.5412) , (c ) tan - 1 ( 1 .1 536).
(a) Refer to the table on page 206.

sin 1 2 30' = .2164

sin 1 2 20' = .2136

Tabular difference
Since .2143 is 2143 - 2136
12"20 ' + :l-(10')

.0028
1 2 22.5'.

.0028

i of the way between

(b) Refer to the table on page 207.

.2136 and .2164, the required angle is

cos 5710'
.5422
cos 5720' = .5398
=

Tabular difference = .0024

.5412 - .5398
(10')
.0024

Then

cos-1 (.5412)

57 0 20' -

or

cos-1 (.5412)

.5422 - .5412
57 0 10' +
(10')
.0024

(c) Refer to the table on page 208.

Then

tan 49 10'

1 . 1 571

tan 490'
Tabular difference

1 . 1 504

tan - 1 ( 1 . 1 536) = 49 o 0 '

.0067

+ 1 .1 536 - 1 . 1 504 (10')

.0067

Other inverse trigonometric functions can be obtained similarly.

TRIGONOMETRIC AND INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (RADIANS)

19.

Find (a) sin (.627), (b) cos (1.056), (c) tan (.153).
(a) Refer to the table on page 213.

Then

sin (.630) = .58914

sin (.620) = .58104
Tabular difference = .0081 0

sin (.627) = .58104 + 170 (.00810) = .58671

(b) Refer to the table on page 214.

cos (1.050) = .49757

cos ( 1.060) = .48887
Tabular difference

(c)

.00870

to (.00870)
+ /0 (.00870)

Then

cos (1.056)

.49757 -

.49235

or

cos (1.056)

.48887

.49235

Refer to the table on page 212.

tan (.160)

.16138

.15114
tan (.150)
Tabular difference = .01024

Then

tan (.153) = .15114 + 130 (.01024) = . 1 5421

Similarly other trigonometric functions are obtained.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS ILLUSTRATING USE OF THE TABLES

199

20. Find sin - I (.512) in radians.

Refer to the table on page 213.

sin ( .540) = .51414

sin (.530) = .50553

Tabular difference = .00861
sin - I (.512)

Then

.530 +

512 - 50553 (.01) = .5375 radians

.00861

Similarly the other inverse trigonometric functions are obtained.

COMMON LOGARITHMS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

21 . Find (a) log sin 6317 ' , (b) log cos 4844'.
(a) Refer to the table on page 217.

log sin 63 20'

log sin 63 10'
Tabular difference
Then

log sin 6317'

(b) Refer to the table on page 219.

9.9505 - 10

log cos 48 40'

log cos 48 50'
Tabular difference

9.9512 - 10
9.9505 - 10
.0007
f0 (.0007)

9.8198 - 10
9.8184 - 10
.0014

9.8198 - 10 - !0 (.0014)

Then

9.8184 - 10 + f0 (.0014)

or

9.9510 - 10

9.8192 - 10
9.8192 - 10

Similarly we can find logarithms of other trigonometric functions. Note that log sec x = -log cos x ,
log cot x = -log tan x, log esc x = -log sin x.
22. If log tan x

9.6845 - 10, find x.

Refer to the table on page 220.

log tan 25 50'
log tan 25 40'
Tabular difference
X

Then

25 0 40'

9.6850 - 10
9.6817 - 10
.0033

9.6845 - 9.6817 (10 ')

.0033

CONVERSION OF DEGREES, MINUTES AND SECONDS TO RADIANS

23. Find 75 28' 47" in radians.
Refer to the table on page 223.
70

1.221730 radians
.087267
.005818

20'
8'

.002327
40"
7"

Adding,

75 28' 47"

.000194
.000034
1.317370 radians

SAMPLE PROBLEMS ILLUSTRATING USE OF THE TABLES

200

CONVERSION OF RADIANS TO DEGREES, MINUTES AND SECONDS

24. Find 2.547 radians in degrees, minutes and seconds.
Refer to the table on page 222.
2
radians

Adding,

114

35' 29.6"

.5

28

38' 52.4"

.04

20

1 7' 30.6"

.007

oo

24'

2.547 radians

3.9"

144 114' 1 16.5"

145 55' 56.5"

CONVERSION OF RADIANS TO FRACTIONS OF A DEGREE

25. Find 1.382 radians in terms of degrees.
Refer to the table on page 222.
57.2958
radian
1
1 7.1887

.3

Adding,

.08

4.5837

.002

.1146

1.382 radians

79.1828

EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

26. Find (a) e5 .24, (b) e - . 1 58 .
(a) Refer to the table on page 226.

e5.30
e5. 2o

Tabular difference
Then

=
=

200.34
1 81 .27
19.07

181.27 + 140 (19.07) = 188.90

e 5.24

(b) Refer to the table on page 227.

e - .1 50 = .86071
e - . 160 = .85214

Tabular difference = .00857

27.

Then

e - . 1 58

.86071 - 180 (.00857)

.85385

or

e - .1 58

.85214 + 120 (.00857)

.85385

Find (a) sinh (4.846),

(b) sech (.163).

(a) Refer to the table on page 229 .

Then

sinh (4.850)
sinh (4.840)
Tabular difference

63.231
.635

cosh (.170) = 1 .0145

cosh (.160) = 1 .0128
Tabular difference

and so

63.866

63.231 + 1fi0 (.635) = 63.612

sinh (4.846)

(b) Refer to the table on page 230.

Then

cosh (.163)
sech (.163)

= 1 .0128
=

.0017

+ /o (.0017) = 1 .0133

cosh ( .16 3)

1
= .98687
1 .0133

SAMPLE PROBLEMS ILLUSTRATING USE OF THE TABLES

28.

Find tanh - 1

201

(. 71423).

Refer to the table on page

232.

(.900) = .71630
(.890) = .71139
Tabular difference = . 0 0491
- .71139 (10) .8958
.890 .7142.300491
tanh - I (. 7 1423 )
tanh
tanh

Then

INTEREST AND ANNUITIES

A man deposits
amount to in 8 years?
There are n =
amount is

$2800 in a bank which pays 5'/o compounded quarterly. What will the deposit
8 4 32 payment periods at interest rate r = .05/4 .0125 per period. Then the
A
$2800(1 + .0125)32 $2800(1.4881) = $4166.68
using the table on page 240.
A man expects to receive $12,0 00 in 10 years. How much is that money worth now, considering interest
at 6% compounded semi-annually?
We are asked for the present value P which will amount to A = $12,000 in 10 years. Since there
are n = 10 2 = 20 payment periods at interest rate r = .06/2 .03 per period, the present value is
$12,000(1 + .03)-20 = $12,000(.55368) = $6644.16
using the table on page 241.
An investor has an annuity in which a payment of $500 is made at the end of each year. If interest
is 4% compounded annually, what is the amount of the annuity after 20 years?
Here r = . 0 4, n = 20 and the amount is [ see table on page 242],
$500 [(1 0.044)20- 1] $500(29 .7781) $14,889.05
32. What is the present value of an annuity of $120 at the end of each 3 months for 12 years at 6%
compounded quarterly?
Here n = 4 12 = 48 payment periods, r = . 0 6/4 . 015 and the present value is
.015)-48 ] $120(34.0426) $4085.11
$120 [1- (1.015
using the table on page 243.

29.

30.

31.

FO U R P L A C E C OMMO N LOG A R I T H M S

TABLE

log10 N

or

log

10
11
12
13
14

0000
0414
0792
1 139
1461

0043
0453
0828
1 173
1492

0086
0492
0864
1206
1523

0128
0531
0899
1239
1553

0170
0569
0934
1271
1584

0212
0607
0969
1303
1614

0253
0645
1004
1335
1644

0294
0682
1038
1367
1673

0334
0719
1072
1399
1703

15
16
17
18
19

1761
2041
2304
2553
2788

1790
2068
2330
2577
2810

1818
20!)5
2355
2601
2833

1847
2122
2380
2625
2856

1875
2148
2405
2648
2878

1903
2175
2430
2672
2900

1931
2201
2455
2695
2923

1959
2227
2480
2718
2945

20
21
22
23
24

3010
3222
3424
3617
3802

3032
3243
3444
3636
3820

3054
3263
3464
3655
3838

3075
3284
3483
3674
3856

3096
3304
3502
3692
3874

3118
3324
3522
3711
3892

3139
3345
3541
3729
390!)

25
26
27
28
29

3979
4150
4314
4472
4624

3997
4166
4330
4487
4639

4014
4183
4346
4502
4654

4031
4200
4362
4518
4669

4048
4216
4378
4533
4683

4065
4232
4393
4548
4698

30
31
32
33
34

4771
4914
5051
5185
5315

4786
4928
5065
5 198
5328

4800
4942
5079
5211
5340

4814
4955
5092
5224
5353

4829
4969
5105
5237
5366

35
36
37
38
39

5441
5563
5682
5798
5911

5453
5575
5694
5809
5922

5465
5587
5705
5821
5933

5478
5599
5717
5832
5944

40
41
42
43
44

6021
6128
6232
6335
6435

6031
6138
6243
6345
6444

6042
6149
6253
6355
6454

45
46
47
48
49

6532
6628
6721
6812
6902

6542
6637
6730
6821
6911

50
51
52
53
54

6990
7076
7160
7243
7324

Proportional Parts
1

0374
0755
1 106
1430
1732

4
4
3
3
3

8
8
7
6
6

12
11
10
10
9

17
15
14
13
12

21
19
17
16
15

25
23
21
19
18

29
26
24
23
21

33
30
28
26
24

37
34
31
2!)
27

1987
2253
2504
2742
2!)67

2014
2279
2529
2765
2989

3
3
2
2
2

6
5
5
5
4

8 11 14
8 1 1 13
7 10 12
7 9 12
7 9 11

17
16
15
14
13

20
18
17
16
16

22
21
20
19
18

25
24
22
21
20

3160
3365
3560
3747
3927

3181
3385
3579
3766
3945

3201
3404
35!)8
3784
3!)62

2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4
4

6
6
6
6
5

8 11 13
8 10 12
8 10 12
7 !) 1 1
7 9 11

15
14
14
13
12

17
16
15
15
14

1!1
18
17
17

4082
4249
4409
4564
4713

4099
4265
4425
4579
4728

4116
4281
4440
4594
4742

4133
4298
4456
4609
4757

2
2
2
2
1

3
3
3
3
3

5
5
5
5
4

7
7
6
6
6

9 10 12 14 15
8 10 11 13 15
8 9 1 1 13 14
8 9 1 1 12 14
7 9 1 0 12 13

4843
4983
5119
5250
5378

4857
4997
5132
5263
5391

4871
5011
5145
5276
5403

4886
5024
5159
5289
5416

4900
5038
5172
5302
5428

1
1
1
1
1

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

6
6
5
5
5

7
7
7
6
6

9 1 0 11
8 10 1 1
8 9 11
8 9 10
8 9 10

5490
5611
5729
5843
5955

5502
5623
5740
5855
5966

5514
5635
5752
5866
5977

5527
5647
5763
5877
5988

5539
5658
5775
5888
5999

5551
5670
5786
5899
6010

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

4
4
3
3
3

5
5
5
5
4

6
6
6
6
5

7
7
7
7
7

9 10 11
8 10 11
8 9 10
8 9 10
8 9 10

6053
6160
6263
6365
6464

6064
6170
6274
6375
6474

6075
6180
6284
6385
6484

6085
6191
6294
6395
6493

6096
6201
6304
6405
6503

6107
6212
6314
6415
6513

6117
6222
6325
6425
6522

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
6

8
7
7
7

9 10
8 9
8 !l
8 !l
8 9

6551
6646
6739
6830
6920

6561
6656
6749
6839
6928

6571
6665
6758
6848
6937

6580
6675
6767
6857
6946

6590
6684
6776
6866
6955

6599
6693
6785
6875
6964

6609
6702
6794
6884
6972

6618
6712
6803
6893
6981

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
4
4

6
6
5
5
5

7
7
6
6
6

8
7
7
7
7

!l
8
8
8
8

6998
7084
7168
7251
7332

7007
7093
7177
7259
7340

7016
7101
7185
7267
7348

7024
7110
7193
7275
7356

7033
7118
7202
7284
7364

7042
7126
721 0
7292
7372

7050
7135
7218
7300
7380

7059
7143
7226
7308
7388

7067
7152
7235
7316
7396

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
6

7
7
7
6
6

8
8
7
7
7

202

Hi

13
12
12
12
11

Table

FO U R

(continued)

55
56
57
58
59

7404
7482
7559
7634
7709

log10 N or log N

7419
7497
7574
7649
7723

8136
8202
8267
8331
8395

8142
8209
8274
8338
8401

7782
7853
7924
7993
8062

7789
7860
7931
8000
8069

70
71
72
73
74

8451
8513
8573
8633
8692

8457
8519
8579
8639
8698

8129
8195
8261
8325
8388

75
76
77
78
79

8751
8808
8865
8921
8976

85
86
87
88
89

9294
9345
9395
9445
9494

80
81
82
83
84

90
91
92
93
94

95
96
97
98
99
N

9031
9085
9138
9191
9243

9542
9590
9638
9685
9731

9777
9823
9868
9912
9956
0

7412
7490
7566
7642
7716

60
61
62
63
64

65
66
67
68
69

COMMON LOGAR I T HMS

P LA C E

8756
8814
8871
8927
8982

9036
9090
9143
9196
9248

9299
9350
9400
9450
9499
9547
9595
9643
9689
9736

9782
9827
9872
9917
9961
1

3
7427
7505
7582
7657
7731

7435
7513
7589
7664
7738

7443
7520
7597
7672
7745

8156
8222
8287
8351
8414

8162
8228
8293
8357
8420

7796
7868
7938
8007
8075

7803
7875
7945
8014
8082

7810
7882
7952
8021
8089

8463
8525
8585
8645
8704

8470
8531
8591
8651
8710

8476
8537
8597
8657
8716

8762
8820
8876
8932
8987
9042
9096
9149
9201
9253

9304
9355
9405
9455
9504
9552
9600
9647
9694
9741

9786
9832
9877
9921
9965
2

8149
8215
8280
8344
8407

8768
8825
8882
8938
8993

9047
9101
9154
9206
9258

9309
9360
9410
9460
9509
9557
9605
9652
9699
9745

9791
9836
9881
9926
9969
3

7451
7528
7604
7679
7752

7466
7543
7619
7694
7767

7474
7551
7627
7701
7774

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
1
1

8176
8241
8306
8370
8432

8182
8248
8312
8376
8439

8189
8254
8319
8382
8445

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

7825
7896
7966
8035
8102

7832
7903
7973
8041
8109

8482
8543
8603
8663
8722

8488
8549
8609
8669
8727

8494
8555
8615
8675
8733

7839
7910
7980
8048
8116

8500
8561
8621
8681
8739

7846
7917
7987
8055
8122

8506
8567
8627
8686
8745

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

8774
8831
8887
8943
8998

8779
8837
8893
8949
9004

8785
8842
8899
8954
9009

8791
8848
8904
8960
9015

8797
8854
8910
8965
9020

8802
8859
8915
8971
9025

9315
9365
9415
9465
9513

9320
9370
9420
9469
9518

9325
9375
9425
9474
9523

9330
9380
9430
9479
9528

9335
9385
9435
9484
9533

9340
9390
9440
9489
9538

1
1
0
0
0

9818
9863
9908
9952
9996

0
0
0
0
0

9053
9106
9159
9212
9263

9562
9609
9657
9703
9750

9795
9841
9886
9930
9974
4

9058
9112
9165
9217
9269

9566
9614
9661
9708
9754

9800
9845
9890
9934
9978
5

9063
9117
9170
9222
9274

9069
9122
9175
9227
9279

9571
9619
9666
9713
9759

9576
9624
9671
9717
9763

9805
9850
9894
9939
9983

7459
7536
7612
7686
7760

7818
7889
7959
8028
8096

8169
8235
8299
8363
8426

9809
9854
9899
9943
9987

203

9074
9128
9180
9232
9284

9581
9628
9675
9722
9768
9814
9859
9903
9948
9991
8

9079
9133
9186
9238
9289

9586
9633
9680
9727
9773

1
1
1
1
1

0
0
0
0
0

Proportional Parts

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

5
5
5
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
4
4

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
3
3
3

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
2

1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4
4

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

6
6
6
6
6

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

6
5
5
5
5

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

7
7
7
7
7

6
6
6
5
5

4
4
4
4
4

3
3
3
3
3

6
6
6
6
6

5
5
5
5
5

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3
7

5
5
5
5
5

5
5
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
3

6
6
6
6
6

5
5
5
5
5

5
5
5
5
5

5
5
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

TABLE

FO U R P LA C E COMMO N A N T I L O G A R IT H M S

)QP

or

antilog p

.00
.01
.02
.03
.04

1000
1023
1047
1072
1096

1002
1026
1050
1074
1099

1005
1028
1052
1076
1 102

1007
1030
1054
1079
1 104

1009
1033
1057
1081
1107

1012
1035
1059
1084
1 109

1014
1038
1062
1086
1 1 12

1016
1040
1064
1089
1114

1019
1042
1067
1091
1 1 17

.05
.06
.07
.08
.09

1 122
1 148
1 175
1202
1230

1125
1151
1 178
1205
1233

1 127
1 153
1 180
1208
1236

1 130
1 156
1 183
1211
1239

1 1 32
1 159
1 186
1213
1242

1 135
1161
1 189
1216
1245

1 138
1 164
1 191
1219
1247

1 140
1 167
1 194
1222
1250

.10
.11
.12
.13
.14

1259
1288
1318
1349
1380

1262
1291
1321
1352
1384

1265
1294
1324
1355
1387

1268
1297
1327
1358
1390

1271
1300
1330
1361
1393

1274
1303
1334
1365
1396

1276
1306
1337
1368
1400

.15
.16
.17
.18
.19

1413
1445
1479
1514
1549

1416
1449
1483
1517
1552

1419
1452
1486
1521
1556

1422
1455
1489
1524
1560

1426
1459
1493
1528
1563

1429
1462
1496
1531
1567

.20
.21
.22
.23
.24

1585
1622
1660
1698
1738

1589
1626
1663
1702
1742

1592
1629
1667
1706
1746

1596
1633
1671
1710
1750

1600
1637
1675
1714
1754

.25
.26
.27
.28
.29

1778
1820
1862
1905
1950

1782
1824
1866
1910
1954

1786
1828
1871
1914
1959

1791
1832
1875
1919
1963

30
.31
.32
.33
.34

1995
2042
2089
2138
2188

2000
2046
2094
2143
2193

2004
2051
2099
2148
2198

.35
.36
.37
.38
.39

2239
2291
2344
2399
2455

2244
2296
2350
2404
2460

.40
.41
.42
.43
.44

2512
2570
2630
2692
2754

.45
.46
.47
.48
.49

Proportional Parts

1021
1045
1069
1094
1 1 19

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

1 143
1 169
1 197
1225
1253

1 146
1 172
1 199
1227
1256

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
3
3

1279
1309
1340
1371
1403

1282
1312
1343
1374
1406

1285
1315
1346
1377
1409

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

1432
1466
1500
1535
1570

1435
1469
1503
1538
1574

1439
1472
1507
1542
1578

1442
1476
1510
1545
1581

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
3

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

1603
1641
1679
1718
1758

1607
1644
1683
1722
1762

1611
1648
1687
1726
1766

1614
1652
1690
1730
1770

1618
1656
1694
1734
1774

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
4
4

1795
1837
1879
1923
1968

1799
1841
1884
1928
1972

1803
1845
1888
1932
1977

1807
1849
1892
1936
1982

1811
1854
1897
1941
1986

1816
1858
1901
1945
1991

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

2009
2056
2104
2153
2203

2014
2061
2109
2158
2208

2018
2065
2113
2163
2213

2023
2070
2118
2168
2218

2028
2075
2123
2173
2223

2032
2080
2128
2178
2228

2037
2084
2133
2183
2234

0
0
0
0
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
3

3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
4

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
5

2249
2301
2355
2410
2466

2254
2307
2360
2415
2472

2259
231
2366
2421
2477

2265
2317
2371
2427
2483

2270
2323
2377
2432
2489

2275
2328
2382
2438
2495

2280
2333
2388
2443
2500

2286
2339
2393
2449
2506

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
5

5
5
5
5
5

2518
2576
2636
2698
2761

2523
2582
2642
2704
2767

2529
2588
2649
2710
2773

2535
2594
2655
2716
2780

2541
2600
2661
2723
2786

2547
2606
2667
2729
2793

2553
2612
2673
2735
2799

2559
2618
2679
2742
2805

2564
2624
2685
2748
2812

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

5
5
6
6
6

2818
2884
2951
3020
3090

2825
2891
2958
3027
3097

2831
2897
2965
3034
3105

2838
2904
2972
3041
3112

2844
2911
2979
3048
3119

2851
2917
2985
3055
3126

2858
2924
2992
3062
3 133

2864
2931
2999
3069
3141

2871
2938
3006
3076
3148

2877
2944
3013
3083
3 155

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

5
5
5
6
6

6
6
6
6
6

204

1
1

F O U R P L A C E C OMMO N A N T I L O G A R ITHMS

Table 2

10v

(continued)

or

antilog

50
.51
.52
.53
.54

3162
3236
3:3 1 1
3388
3467

3170
3243
3319
3396
3475

3177
3251
3327
3404
3483

3184
3258
3334
3412
3491

3192
3266
3342
3420
3499

3199
3273
3350
3428
3508

3206
3281
3357
3436
3516

3214
3289
3365
3443
3524

3221
3296
3373
3451
3532

.55
.56
.57
.58
.59

3548
3631
3715
3802
3890

3556
3639
3724
3811
3899

3565
3648
3733
3819
3908

3573
3656
3741
3828
3917

3581
3664
3750
3837
3926

3589
3673
3758
3846
3936

3597
3681
3767
3855
3945

3606
3690
3776
3864
3954

60

.61
.62
.63
.64

3981
4074
4169
4266
4365

3990
4083
4178
4276
4375

3999
4093
4188
4285
4385

4009
4102
4198
4295
4395

4018
4111
4207
4305
4406

4027
4121
4217
4315
4416

4036
4130
4227
4325
4426

.65
.66
.67
.68
.69

4467
4571
4677
4786
4898

4477
4581
4688
4797
4909

4487
4592
4699
4808
4920

4498
4603
4710
4819
4932

4508
4613
4721
4831
4943

4519
4624
4732
4842
4955

70
.71
.72
.73
.74

5012
5129
5248
5370
5495

5023
5140
5260
5383
5508

5035
5152
5272
5395
5521

5047
5164
5284
5408
5534

5058
5176
5297
5420
5546

.75
.76
.77
.78
.79

5623
5754
5888
6026
6166

5636
5768
5902
6039
6180

5649
5781
5916
6053
6194

5662
5794
5929
6067
6209

.80
.81
.82
.83
.84

6310
6457
6607
6761
6918

6324
6471
6622
6776
6934

6339
6486
6637
6792
6950

.85
.86
.87
.88
.89

7079
7244
7413
7586
7762

7096
7261
7430
7603
7780

.90
.91
.92
.93
.94

7943
8128
8318
8511
8710

.95
.96
.97
.98
.99

p
Proportional Parts
4 5 6 7 8
3

3228
3304
3381
3459
3540

1
1
1
1
1

1
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

4
5
5
5
5

5
5
5
6
6

6
6
6
6
6

7
7
7
7
7

3614
3698
3784
3873
3963

3622
3707
3793
3882
3972

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
4
4

4
4
4
4
5

5
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
6

7
7
7
7
7

7
8
8
8
8

4046
4140
4236
4335
4436

4055
4150
4246
4345
4446

4064
4159
4256
4355
4457

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
6

6
7
7
7
7

7
8
8
8
8

8
9
9
9
9

4529
4634
4742
4853
4966

4539
4645
4753
4864
4977

4550
4656
4764
4875
4989

4560
4667
4775
4887
5000

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
5

5
5
5
6
6

6
6
7
7
7

7
7
8
8
8

8
9
9
9
9

9
10
10
10
10

5070
5188
5309
5433
5559

5082
5200
5321
5445
5572

5093
5212
5333
5458
5585

5105
5224
5346
5470
5598

5117
5236
5358
5483
5610

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
6

7
7
7
8
8

8 9
8 10
9 10
9 10
9 10

11
11
11
11
12

5675
5808
5943
6081
6223

5689
5821
5957
6095
6237

5702
5834
5970
6109
6252

5715
5848
5984
6124
6266

5728
5861
5998
6138
6281

5741
5875
6012
6152
6295

1
1
1
1
1

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
6
6

7
7
7
7
7

8 9 10
8 9 11
8 1 0 11
8 1 0 11
9 10 11

12
12
12
13
13

6353
6501
6653
6808
6966

6368
6516
6668
6823
6982

6383
6531
6683
6839
6998

6397
6546
6699
6855
7015

6412
6561
6714
6871
7031

6427
6577
6730
6887
7047

6442
6592
6745
6902
7063

1
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
6

7 9
8 9
8 9
8 9
8 10

10
11
11
11
11

12
12
12
13
13

13
14
14
14
15

7112
7278
7447
7621
7798

7129
7295
7464
7638
7816

7145
7311
7482
7656
7834

7161
7328
7499
7674
7852

7178
7345
7516
7691
7870

7194
7362
7534
7709
7889

7211
7379
7551
7727
7907

7228
7396
7568
7745
7925

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

7
7
7
7
7

8
8
9
9
9

10
10
10
11
11

12
12
12
12
13

13
13
14
14
14

15
15
16
16
16

7962
8147
8337
8531
8730

7980
8166
8356
8551
8750

7998
8185
8375
8570
8770

8017
8204
8395
8590
8790

8035
8222
8414
8610
8810

8054
8241
8433
8630
8831

8072
8260
8453
8650
8851

8091
8279
8472
8670
8872

8110
8299
8492
8690
8892

2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4
4

7 9 11
8 9 11
8 1 0 12
8 10 12
8 10 12

13
13
14
14
14

15
15
15
16
16

17
17
17
18
18

8913
9120
9333
9550
9772

8933
9141
9354
9572
9795

8954
9162
9376
9594
9817

8974
9183
9397
9616
9840

8995
9204
9419
9638
9863

9016
9226
9441
9661
9886

9036
9247
9462
9683
9908

9057
9268
9484
9705
9931

9078
9290
9506
9727
9954

9099
9311
9528
9750
9977

2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4

12
13
13
13
14

15
15
15
16
16

17
17
17
18
18

19
19
20
20
20

205

6
6
6
6
6
6

7
7

8 10
8 11
9 11
9 11
9 11

TABLE

Sin

(x in degrees and minutes)

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

0'

1 0'

20'

30'

40'

50'

oo
1
2
3
4

.0000
.0175
.0349
.0523
.0698

.0029
.0204
.0378
.0552
.0727

.0058
.0233
.0407
.0581
.0756

.0087
.0262
.0436
.0610
.0785

.01 1 6
.0291
.0465
.0640
.0814

.0145
.0320
.0494
.0669
.0843

45
46
47
48
49

.7071
.7193
.7R14
.7431
.7547

.7092
.7214
.7R33
.7451
.7566

.71 1 2
.7234
.7353
.7470
.7585

.7133
.7254
.7373
.7490
.7604

.7153
.7274
.7392
.7509
.7623

.7173
.7294
.7412
.7528
.7642

50
6
7
8
9

.0872
. 1045
.1219
.1392
. 1 564

.0901
.1074
.1248
.1421
. 1 593

.0929
. 1 1 03
. 1276
. 1449
.1 622

.0958
. 1 1 32
. 1305
.1 478
.1 650

.0987
. 1 1 61
. 1334
. 1 507
. 1 679

.1016
. 1 1 90
.1363
. 1536
.1708

50
51
52
53
54

.7660
.7771
.7880
.7!186
.8090

.7679
.7790
.7898
.8004
.8107

.7698
.7808
.7916
.8021
.8124

.7716
.7826
.7934
.8039
.8141

.7735
.7844
.7951
.8056
.8158

.7753
.7862
.7H69
.8073
.8175

10
11
12
13
14

. 1 736
.1908
.2079
.2250
.2419

. 1 765
. 1 937
.2108
.2278
.2447

. 1 794
. 1965
.2136
.2306
.2476

.1 822
. 1994
.2164
.2334
.2504

.1851
.2022
.2193
.2363
.2532

.1 880
.2051
.2221
.2391
.2560

55
56
57
58
59

.8192
.8290
.8387
.8480
.8572

.8208
.8307
.8403
.8496
.8587

.8225
.8323
.8418
.85 1 1
.8601

.8241
.8339
.8434
.8526
.8616

.8258
.8355
.8450
.8542
.8631

.8274
.8W1
.8465
.8557
.8Ei46

15
16
17
18
19

.2588
.2756
.2924
.3090
.3256

.2616
.2784
.2952
.3118
.3283

.2644
.2812
.2979
.3145
.331 1

.2672
.2840
.3007
.3173
.3338

.2700
.2868
.3035
.3201
.3365

.2728
.2896
.3062
.3228
.3393

60
61
62
63
64

.8660
.8746
.882H
.8!110
.8988

.8675
.8760
.8843
.8923
.9001

.8689
.8774
.8857
.8936
.9013

.8704
.8788
.8870
.8H49
.9026

.8718
.8802
.8884
.8962
.9038

.8732
.8816
.8897
.8975
.9051

20
21
22
23
24

.3420
.3584
.3746
.3907
.4067

.3448
.3611
.3773
.3934
.4094

.3475
.3638
.3800
.3961
.4120

.3502
.3665
.3827
.3987
.4147

.3529
.3692
.3854
.4014
.4173

.3557
.3719
.3881
.4041
.4200

65
66
67
68
69

.9063
.9135
.9205
.9272
.9336

.9075
.9147
.9216
.9283
.9346

.9088
.9159
.H228
.9293
.9356

.9100
.9171
.9239
.9304
.9367

.9112
.9182
.9250
.9315
.9377

.9124
.9194
.9261
.9325
.9387

25
26
27
28
29

.4226
.4384
.4540
.4695
.4848

.4253
.4410
.4566
.4720
.4874

.4279
.4436
.4592
.4746
.4899

.4305
.4462
.4617
.4772
.4924

.4331
.4488
.4643
.4797
.4950

.4358
.4514
.4669
.4823
.4975

70
71
72
73
74

.9397
.9455
.951 1
.9563
.9613

.9407
.9465
.9520
.9572
.9621

.9417
.9474
.9528
.9580
.9628

.9426
.9483
.9537
.9588
.9636

.9436
.9492
.9546
.9596
.9644

.9446
.9502
.9555
.9605
.9652

30
31
32
33
34

.5000
.5150
.5299
.5446
.5592

.5025
.5175
.5324
.5471
.5616

.5050
.5200
.5348
.5495
.5640

.5075
.5225
.5373
.5519
.5664

.5100
.5250
.5398
.5544
.5688

.5125
.5275
.5422
.5568
.5712

75
76
77
78
79

.9659
.9703
.9744
.9781
.9816

.9667
.9710
.9750
.9787
.9822

.9674
.9717
.9757
.9793
.9827

.9681
.9724
.9763
.9799
.9833

.9689
.9730
.9769
.9805
.9838

.9696
.97R7
.9775
.98 1 1
.9843

35
36
37
38
39

.5736
.5878
.6018
.61 57
.6293

.5760
.5901
.6041
.6180
.6316

.5783
.5925
.6065
.6202
.6338

.5807
.5948
.6088
.6225
.6361

.5831
.5972
.61 1 1
.6248
.6383

.5854
.5995
.61 34
.6271
.6406

80
81
82
83
84

.9848
.9877
.9903
.9925
.9945

.9853
.9881
.9907
.9929
.9948

.9858
.9886
.9911
.9932
.9951

.9863
.H890
.9914
.9936
.9954

.9868
.9894
.9918
.9939
.9957

.9872
.9899
.9922
.99,12
.9959

40
41
42
43
44

.6428
.6561
.6691
.6820
.6947

.6450
.6583
.6713
.6841
.6967

.6472
.6604
.6734
.6862
.6988

.6494
.6626
.6756
.6884
.7009

.6517
.6648
.6777
.6905
.7030

. 6539
.6670
.6799
.6926
.7050

85
86
87
88
89

.9962
.9976
.9986
.9994
.99!18

.9964
.9978
.9988
.9995
.9!199

.9967 .9969 .!J971 .9974

.9980 .9981 .9983 .9985
.9989 .9990 .9992 .9993
.9996 .9997 .9997 .99!18
.9999 1 .0000 1 .0000 1 .0000

45

.7071

.7092

.7112

.7133

.7153

.7173

go o 1 .0000

206

TABLE

Cos

(x in degrees and minutes)

40'

50'

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

o o 1.0000 1 .0000 1 .0000 1 .0000

1
.9998 .9998 .9997 .9997
2
.9994 .9993 .9992 .9990
3
.9986 .9985 .9983 .9981
4
.9976 .9974 .9971 .9969

.9999
.9996
.9989
.9980
.9967

.9999
.9995
.9988
.9978
.9964

45
46
47
48
49

.7071
.6947
.6820
.6691
.6561

.7050
.6926
.6799
.6670
.6539

.7030
.6905
.6777
.6648
.6517

.7009
.6884
.6756
.6626
.6494

.6988
.6862
.6734
.6604
.6472

.6967
.6841
.6713
.6583
.6450

50
6
7
8
9

.9962
.9945
.9925
.9903
.9877

.9959
.9942
.9922
.9899
.9872

.9957
.9939
.9918
.9894
.9868

.9954
.9936
.9914
.9890
.9863

.9951
.9932
.991 1
.9886
.9858

.9948
.9929
.9907
.9881
.9853

50
51
52
53
54

.6428
.6293
.6157
.6018
.5878

.6406
.6271
.6134
.5995
.5854

.6383
. 6248
.6111
.5972
.5831

.G361
.6225
.6088
.5948
.5807

.6338
.6202
.6065
.5925
.5783

.6316
.6180
.6041
.5901
.5760

10
11
12
13
14

.9848
.9816
.9781
.9744
.9703

.9843
.9811
.9775
.9737
.9696

.9838
.9805
.9769
.9730
.9689

.9833
.9799
.9763
.9724
.9681

.9827
.9793
.9757
.9717
.9674

.9822
.9787
.9750
.9710
.9667

55
56
57
58
59

.5736
.5592
.5446
.5299
.5150

.5712
.5568
.5422
.5275
.5125

.5688
.5544
.5398
.5250
.5100

.5664
.5519
.5373
.5225
.5075

.5640
.5495
.5348
.5200
.5050

.5616
.5471
.5324
.5175
.5025

15
16
17
18
19

.9659
.9613
.9563
.9511
.9455

.9652
.9605
.9555
.9502
.9446

.9644
.9596
.9546
.9492
.9436

.9636
.9588
.9537
.9483
.9426

.9628
.9580
.9528
.9474
.9417

.9621
.9572
.9520
.9465
.9407

60
61
62
63
64

.5000
.4848
.4695
.4540
.4384

.4975
.4823
.4669
.4514
.4358

.4950
.4797
.4643
.4488
.4331

.4924
.4772
.4617
.4462
.4305

.4899
.4746
.4592
.4436
.4279

.4874
.4720
.4566
.4410
.4253

20
21
22
23
24

.9397
.9336
.9272
.9205
.9135

.9387
.9325
.9261
.9194
.9124

.9377
.9315
.9250
.9182
.911 2

.9367
.9304
.9239
.9171
.9100

.9356
.9293
.9228
.9159
.9088

.9346
.9283
.9216
.9147
.9075

65
66
67
68
69

.4226
.4067
.3907
.3746
.3584

.4200
.4041
.3881
.3719
.3557

.4173
.4014
.3854
.3692
. 3529

.4147
.3987
.3827
.3665
.3502

.4120
.3961
.3800
.3638
.3475

.4094
.3934
.3773
.3611
.3448

25
26
27
28
29

.9063
.8988
.8910
.8829
.8746

.9051
.8975
.8897
.8816
.8732

.9038
.8962
.8884
.8802
.8718

.9026
.8949
.8870
.8788
.8704

.9013
.8936
.8857
.8774
.8689

.9001
.8923
.8843
.8760
.8675

70
71
72
73
74

.3420
.3256
.3090
.2924
.2756

.3393
.3228
.3062
.2896
.2728

.3365
.3201
.3035
.2868
.2700

.3338
.3173
.3007
.2840
.2672

.3311
.3145
.2979
.2812
.2644

.3283
.3118
.2952
.2784
.2616

goo
31
32
33
34

.8660
.8572
.8480
.8387
.8290

.8646
.8557
.8465
.8371
.8274

.8631
.8542
.8450
.8355
.8258

.8616
.8526
.8434
.8339
.8241

.8601
.8511
.8418
.8323
.8225

.8587
.8496
.8403
.8307
.8208

75
76
77
78
79

.2588
.2419
.2250
.2079
.1908

.2560
.2391
.2221
.2051
.1880

.2532
.2363
.2193
.2022
.1851

.2504
.2334
.2164
.1994
.1822

.2476
.2306
.2136
.1965
. 1 794

.2447
.2278
.2108
.1937
.1765

35
36
37
38
39

.8192
.8090
.7986
.7880
.7771

.8175
.8073
.7969
.7862
.7753

.8158
.8056
.7951
.7844
.7735

.8141
.8039
.7934
.7826
.7716

.8124
.8021
.7916
.7808
.7698

.8107
.8004
.7898
.7790
.7679

80
81
82
83
84

.1736
.1564
. 1 392
.1219
.1045

.1708
.1536
.1363
. 1 190
.1016

.1679
.1 507
. 1334
.1161
.0987

.1650
.1478
.1305
.1132
.0958

.1622
.1449
.1276
.1103
.0929

.1593
.1421
.1248
.1074
.0901

40
41
42
43
44

.7660
.7547
.7431
.7314
.7193

.7642
.7528
.7412
.7294
.7173

.7623
.7509
.7392
.7274
.7153

.7604
.7490
.7373
.7254
.7133

.7585
.7470
.7353
.7234
.7112

.7566
.7451
.7333
.7214
.7092

85
86
87
88
89

.0872
.0698
.0523
.0349
.0175

.0843
.0669
.0494
.0320
.0145

.0814
.0640
.0465
.0291
.0116

.0785
.0610
.0436
.0262
.0087

.0756
.0581
.0407
.0233
.0058

.0727
.0552
.0378
.0204
.0029

45

.7071

.7050

.7030

.7009

.6988

.6967

goo

.0000

0'

10'

20'

30'

207

TABLE

Tan

(x in degrees and minutes)

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

oo
1
2
3
4

.0000
.0175
.0349
.0524
.0699

.0029
.0204
.0378
.0553
.0729

.0058
.0233
.0407
.0582
.0758

.0087
.0262
.0437
.0612
.0787

.0116
.0291
.0466
.0641
.0816

.0145
.0320
.0495
.0670
.0846

45
46
47
48
49

1 .0000
1 .0355
1.0724
1 . 1 106
1.1 504

1 .0058
1 .0416
1.0786
1 . 1 171
1.1 571

1.0117
1 .0477
1 .0850
1 .1237
1 .1640

1.0176
1.0538
1.0913
1 . 1 303
1.1708

1.0235
1.0599
1 .0977
1.1369
1.1778

1 .0295
1 .0661
1.1041
1.1436
1.1847

so
6
7
8
9

.0875
.1051
.1228
.1405
.1584

.0904
.1080
.1257
.1435
.1614

.0934
. 1 1 10
.1287
.1465
.1644

.0963
.11 39
.1317
.1495
.1673

.0992
.1 169
.1 346
. 1 524
.1703

.1022
. 1 198
.1376
.1 554
.1733

50
51
52
53
54

1 .1918
1 .2349
1.2799
1 .3270
1 .3764

1 .1988
1 .2423
1 .2876
1 .3351
1 .3848

1.2059
1.2497
1 .2954
1.3432
1.3934

1.2131
1 .2572
1.3032
1 .3514
1.4019

1 .2203
1 .2647
1.3111
1.3597
1 .4106

1 .2276
1.:723
l .:H90
La6so
1 .4193

10
11
12
13
14

.1763
.1944
.2126
.2309
.2493

. 1 793
.1974
.2156
.2339
.2524

.1823
.2004
.2186
.2370
.2555

.1853
.2035
.2217
.2401
.2586

.1883
.2065
.2247
.2432
.2617

.1914
.2095
.2278
.2462
.2648

55
56
57
58
59

1.4281
1 .4826
1 .5399
1 .6003
1 .6643

1 .4370
1 .4919
1.5497
1 .6107
1 .6753

1.4460
1.5013
1.5597
1 .6212
1 .6864

1 .4550
1 .5108
1.5697
1.6319
1 .6977

1 .4641
1.5204
1 . 5798
1.6426
1 .7090

1 .4733
1 .5301
1 . !5900
l.G534
1 .'7205

15
16
17
18
19

.2679
.2867
.3057
.3249
.3443

.2711
.2899
.3089
.3281
.3476

.2742
.2931
.3121
.3314
.3508

.2773
.2962
.3153
.3346
.3541

.2805
.2994
.3185
.3378
.3574

.2836
.3026
.3217
.3411
.3607

60
61
62
63
64

1 .7321
1 .8040
1.8807
1 .9626
2.0503

1 .7437
1 .8165
1.8940
1 .9768
2.0655

1 .7556
1.8291
1 .9074
1 .9912
2.0809

1 .7675
1 .8418
1.9210
2.0057
2.0965

1 .7796
1 .8546
1 .9347
2.0204
2.1 123

1 .'7917
1 .8676
UJ486
2.0353
2.1283

20
21
22
23
24

.3640
.3839
.4040
.4245
.4452

.3673
.3872
.4074
.4279
.4487

.3706
.3906
.4108
.4314
.4522

.3739
.3939
.4142
.4348
.4557

.3772
.3973
.4176
.4383
.4592

.3805
.4006
.4210
.4417
.4628

65
66
67
68
69

2.1445
2.2460
2.3559
2.4751
2.6051

2.1609
2.2637
2.3750
2.4960
2.6279

2.1775
2.2817
2.3945
2.5172
2.6511

2.1943
2.2998
2.4142
2.5386
2.6746

2.2113
2.3183
2.4342
2.5605
2.6985

2.2286
2.:33G9
2.4545
2.5826
2.7228

25
26
27
28
29

.4663
.4877
.5095
.5317
.5543

.4699
.4913
.5132
.5354
.5581

.4734
.4950
.5169
.5392
.5619

.4770
.4986
.5206
.5430
.5658

.4806
.5022
.5243
.5467
.5696

.4841
.5059
.5280
.5505
.5735

70
71
72
73
74

2.7475
2.9042
3.0777
3.2709
3.4874

2.7725
2.9319
3.1084
3.3052
3.52G1

2.7980
2.9GOO
3.1397
3.3402
3.5656

2.8239
2.9887
3.1716
3.3759
3.6059

2.8502
3.0178
3.2041
3.4124
3.6470

2.8770
3.0475
3.2371
3.4495
3.G891

30
31
32
33
34

.5774
.6009
.6249
.6494
.6745

.5812
.6048
.6289
.6536
.6787

.5851
.6088
.6330
.6577
.6830

.5890
.6128
.6371
.6619
.6873

.5930
.6168
.6412
.6661
.6916

.5969
.6208
.6453
.6703
.6959

75
76
77
78
79

3.7321
4.0108
4.3315
4.7046
5.1446

3.7760
4.0611
4.3897
4.7729
5.2257

3.8208
4.1126
4.44!J4
4.8430
5.3093

3.8667
4.1653
4.5107
4.9152
5.3955

3.9136
4.2l!J3
4.5736
4.9894
5.4845

3.!J617
4.2747
4.G382
5.0658
5.15764

35
36
37
38
39

.7002
.7265
.7536
.7813
.8098

.7046
.7310
.7581
.7860
.8146

.7089
.7355
.7627
.7907
.8195

.7133
.7400
.7673
.7954
.8243

.7177
.7445
.7720
.8002
.8292

.7221
.7490
.7766
.8050
.8342

80
81
82
83
84

5.6713
6.3138
7.1154
8.1443
!J.5144

5.7694
6.4348
7.2687
8.3450
9.7882

5.8708
6.5606
7.4287
8.5555
10.078

5.9758
6.6912
7.5958
8.7769
10.385

6.0844
6.8269
7.7704
9.0098
10.712

6.1970
6.1!682
7.!J530
9.2553
1 1 .059

40
41
42
43
44

.8391
.8693
.9004
.9325
.9657

.8441
.8744
.9057
.9380
.9713

.8491
.8796
.9110
.9435
.9770

.8541
.8847
.9163
.9490
.9827

.8591
.8899
.9217
.9545
.9884

.8642
.8952
.9271
.9601
.9942

85 1 1 .430 1 1 .826 12.251 12.706

86 14.301 14.924 1 5.605 16.350
19.081 20.206 21.470 22.904
87
88 28.636 31 .242 34.368 38.188
57.290 68.750 85.940 114.59
89

13.197
17.169
24.542
42.964
171 .89

13.727
18.075
26.432
49.104
343.77

45 1.0000 1.0058 1.0117 1.0176 1.0235 1.0295

goo

208

00

TABLE

Cot

(x in degrees and minutes)

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

oo
1
2
3
4

57.290
28.636
19.081
1 4.301

""

343.77
49.104
26.432
18.075
1 3.727

171.89
42.964
24.542
1 7.169
13.197

1 1 4.59
38.188
22.904
16.350
12.706

85.940
34.368
21.470
1 5.605
12.251

68.750
31.242
20.206
14.924
1 1.826

45
46
47
48
49

1 .000
.9657
.9325
.9004
.8693

.9942
.9601
.9271
.8952
.8642

.9884
.9545
.9217
.8899
.8591

.9827
.9490
.9163
.8847
.8541

.9770
.9435
.911 0
.8796
.8491

.9713
.9380
.9057
.8744
.8441

so
6
7
8
9

1 1 .430
9.5144
8.1443
7.1154
6.3138

1 1.059
9.2553
7.9530
6.9682
6.1970

10.712
9.0098
7.7704
6.8269
6.0844

10.385
8.7769
7.5958
6.6912
5.9758

10.078
8.5555
7.4287
6.5606
5.8708

9.7882
8.3450
7.2687
6.4348
5.7694

50
51
52
53
54

.8391
.8098
.7813
.7536
.7265

.8342
.8050
.7766
.7490
.7221

.8292
.8002
.7720
.7445
.7177

.8243
.7954
.7673
.7400
.7133

.8195
.7907
.7627
.7355
.7089

.8146
.7860
.7581
.7310
.7046

10
11
12
13
14

5.6713
5.1446
4.7046
4.3315
4.0108

5.5764
5.0658
4.6382
4.2747
3.9617

5.4845
4.9894
4.5736
4.2193
3:9136

5.3955
4.9152
4.5107
4.1653
3.8667

5.3093
4.8430
4.4494
4.1126
3.8208

5.2257
4.7729
4.3897
4.0611
3.7760

55
56
57
58
59

.7002
.6745
.6494
.6249
.6009

.6959
.6703
.6453
.6208
.5969

.6916
.6661
.6412
.6168
.5930

.6873
.6619
.6371
.6128
.5890

.6830
.6577
.6330
.6088
.5851

.6787
.6536
.6289
.6048
.5812

15
16
17
18
19

3.7321
3.4874
3.2709
3.0777
2.9042

3.6891
3.4495
3.2371
3.0475
2.8770

3.6470
3.4124
3.2041
3.0178
2.8502

3.6059
3.3759
3.1716
2.9887
2.8239

3.5656
3.3402
3.1397
2.9600
2.7980

3.5261
3.3052
3.1084
2.9319
2.7725

60
61
62
63
64

.5774
.5543
.5317
.5095
.4877

.5735
.5505
.5280
.5059
.4841

.5696
.5467
.5243
.5022
.4806

.5658
.5430
.520fl
.4986
.4770

.5619
.5392
.5169
.4950
.4734

.5581
.5354
.5132
.4913
.4699

20
21
22
23
24

2.7475
2.6051
2.4751
2.3559
2.2460

2.7228
2.5826
2.4545
2.3369
2.2286

2.6985
2.5605
2.4342
3.3183
2.2113

2.6746
2.5386
2.4142
2.2998
2.1943

2.6511
2.5172
2.3945
2.2817
2.1775

2.6279
2.4960
2.3750
2.2637
2.1609

65
66
67
68
69

.4663
.4452
.4245
.4040
.3839

.4628
.4417
.4210
.4006
.3805

.4592
.4383
.4176
.3973
.3772

.4557
.4348
.4142
.3939
.3739

.4522
.4314
.4108
.3906
.3706

.4487
.4279
.4074
.3872
.3673

25
26
27
28
29

2.1445
2.0503
1 .9626
1 .8807
1 .8040

2.1283
2.0353
1 .9486
1 .8676
1. 791 7

2.11 23
2.0204
1 .9347
1 .8546
1 .7796

2.0965
2.0057
1 .9210
1 .8418
1.7675

2.0809
1 .9912
1 .9074
1 .8291
1 .7556

2.0655
1.9768
1 .8940
1 .8165
1 .7437

70
71
72
73
74

.3640
.3443
.3249
.3057
.2867

.3607
.3411
.3217
.3026
.2836

.3574
.3378
.3185
.2994
.2805

.3541
.3346
.3153
.2962
.2773

.3508
.3314
.3121
.2931
.2742

.3476
.3281
.3089
.2899
.2711

30
31
32
33
34

1 .7321
1 .6643
1.6003
1 .5399
1 .4826

1 . 7205
1 .6534
1 .5900
1 . 5301
1 .4733

1 .7090
1 .6426
1 .5798
1.5204
1 .4641

1 .6977
1 .6319
1.5697
1 .5108
1 .4550

1 .6864
1 .6212
1 . 5597
1 .5013
1 .4460

1.6753
1 .6107
1.5497
1 .4919
1 .4370

75
76
77
78
79

.2679
.2493
.2309
.2126
.1944

.2648
.2462
.2278
.2095
.1914

.2617
.2432
.2247
.2065
.1883

.2586
.2401
.2217
.2035
. 1853

.2555
.2370
.2186
.2004
.1823

.2524
.2339
.2156
.1974
.1793

35 1 .4281 1 .4193 1 .4106

36
1 .3764 1 .3680 1 . 3597
37 1 .3270 1 .3190 1 . 3 1 1 1
38 1 .2799 1 .2723 1 .2647
39
1 .2349 1.2276 1 .2203

1 .4019
1 .3514
1 .3032
1 .2572
1 .2131

1 .3934
1 .3432
1.2954
1 .2497
1 .2059

1 .3848
1 .3351
1 .2876
1 .2423
1 .1988

80
81
82
83
84

.1763
.1 584
.1405
.1228
.1051

.1733
.1554
.1376
. 1198
.1022

. 1 703
.1524
. 1346
.1169
.0992

.1673
.1495
.1317
. 1 1 39
.0963

. 1644
.1465
.1287
. 1 1 10
.0934

.1614
.1435
.1257
.1080
.0904

40
41
42
43
44

.0846
.0670
.0495
.0320
.0145

.0816
.0641
.0466
.0291
.0116

.0787
.0612
.0437
.0262
.0087

.0758
.0582
.0407
.0233
.0058

.0729
.0553
.0378
.0204
.0029

1 .1918
1 . 1 504
1 . 1 106
1 .0724
1 .0355

1 .1847
1 . 1 436
1 .1041
1 .0661
1 .0295

1 . 1 778
1 . 1 369
1 .0977
1 .0599
1 .0235

1 . 1 708
1 . 1 303
1 .0913
1 .0538
1 .0176

1 . 1 640
1 .1237
1 .0850
1 .0477
1.01 1 7

1 . 1 571
1 . 1 1 71
1.0786
1 .0416
1 .0058

85
86
87
88
89

.0875
.0699
.0524
.0349
.0175

45 1.0000

.9942

.9884

.9827

.9770

.9713

goo

.0000

209

TABLE

Sec

(x

in degrees

and minutes)

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

oo
1
2
3
4

1 .000
1 .000
1 .001
1 .001
1 .002

1 .000
1 .000
1 .001
1.002
1.003

1 .000
1 .000
1 .001
1 .002
1.003

1 .000
1 .000
1 .001
1.002
1 .003

1 .000
1 .000
1 .001
1.002
1 .003

1 .000
1 .001
1.001
1 .002
1 .004

45
46
47
48
49

1 .414
1.440
1 .46G
1 .494
1.524

1 .418
1.444
1.471
1.499
1.529

1.423
1 .448
1.47G
1.504
1.535

1 .427
1 .453
1 .480
1 . 509
1.5 10

1.431
1 .457
1 .485
1. 514
1 .545

1.485
1 .4G2
1 .4HO
1 .519
1 .550

so
6
7
8
9

1.004
1 .006
1 .008
1 .010
1 .012

1 .004
1.006
1.008
1.010
1.013

1 .004
1 .006
1.008
1.011
1.013

1.005
1 .006
1.009
1.011
1 .014

1 .005
1 .007
1.009
1.012
1.014

1 .005
1.007
1.009
1 .012
1.015

50
51
52
53
54

1 .556
1 . 589
1.624
1 .662
1 .701

1.561
1.595
1 .630
1.668
1 .708

1 .567
1 .601
1 .636
1 .675
1.715

1 .572
1 .606
1 .643
1 .681
1 .722

1 .578
1 .612
1.649
1 .688
1 .729

1 .583
1 .618
1.655
1 .6H5
1 .736

100
11
12
13
14

1.015
1.019
1 .022
1 .026
1.031

1 .016
1 .019
1 .023
1.027
1 .031

1 .016
1.020
1 .024
1 .028
1 .032

1 .017
1 .020
1 .024
1 .028
1 .033

1 .018
1 .021
1.025
1.029
1 .034

1 .018
1 .022
1 .026
1 .030
1 .034

55
56
57
58
59

1 .743
1.788
1 .836
1 .887
1 .942

1 .751
1 .796
1.844
1 .896
1.951

1.758
1 .804
1.853
1 .905
1 .961

1 .766
1 .812
1.861
1 .914
1 .970

1 .773
1 .820
1.870
1 .923
1 .980

1 .781
1.828
1 .878
1 .932
1.990

15
16
17
18
19

1.035
1 .040
1 .046
1 .051
1 .058

1.036
1 .041
1 .047
1 .052
1 .059

1.037
1 .042
1 .048
1.053
1 .060

1 .038
1 .043
1 .048
1.054
1 .061

1.039
1 .044
1 .049
1 .056
1.062

1 .039
1 .045
1 .050
1 .057
1 .063

60
61
62
63
64

2.000
2.063
2.130
2.203
2.281

2.010
2.074
2.142
2.215
2.295

2.020
2.085
2.154
2.228
2.309

2.031
2.096
2.166
2.241
2.323

2.041
2.107
2.178
2.254
2.337

2.052
2.118
2.190
2.2(i8
2.352

20
21
22
23
24

1 .064
1 .071
1 .079
1.086
1.095

1 .065
1 .072
1 .080
1 .088
1 .096

1 .066
1 .074
1 .081
1 .089
1 .097

1 .068
1 .075
1.082
1 .090
1 .099

1 .069
1 .076
1 .084
1 .092
1 .100

1 .070
1 .077
1 .085
1 .093
1 .102

65
66
67
68
69

2.366
2.459
2.559
2.669
2.790

2.381
2.475
2.577
2.689
2.812

2.396
2.491
2.595
2.709
2.833

2.411
2.508
2.613
2.729
2.855

2.427
2.525
2.632
2.749
2.878

2.443
2.542
2.650
2.769
2.901

25
26
27
28
29

1 .103
1.113
1 .122
1.133
1 .143

1 .105
1 . 1 14
1 .124
1 .134
1.145

1.106
1.116
1 .126
1.136
1.147

1.108
1.117
1 .127
1 .1 38
1 .149

1 .109
1 . 1 19
1.129
1 .140
1 . 1 51

1.111
1.121
1.131
1 .142
1.153

70
71
72
73
74

2.924
3.072
3.236
3.420
3.628

2.947
3.098
8.265
3.453
3.665

2.971
3.124
3.2H5
3.487
3.703

2.996
3.152
3.326
3.521
3.742

3.021
3.179
3.357
3.556
3.782

3.046
3.207
3.388
3.592
3.822

goo
31
32
33
34

1.155
1.167
1 .179
1.192
1 .206

1.157
1 .169
1.181
1.195
1 .209

1 .1 59
1.171
1 .184
1.197
1.211

1.161
1.173
1 .186
1 .199
1 .213

1 .163
1.175
1 .188
1 .202
1 .216

1 .165
1 .177
1 .190
1 .204
1 .218

75
76
77
78
79

3.864
4.134
4.445
4.810
5.241

3.906
4.182
4.502
4.876
5.320

3.950
4.232
4.5GO
4.945
5.403

3.9H4
4.284
4.620
5.016
5.487

4.039
4.336
4.682
5.089
5.575

4.086
4.390
4.745
5.164
5.665

35
36
37
38
39

1.221
1.236
1 .252
1.269
1 .287

1 .223
1 .239
1 .255
1 .272
1.290

1 .226
1 .241
1 .258
1.275
1 .293

1 .228
1 .244
1 .260
1 .278
1 .296

1 .231
1 .247
1 .263
1 .281
1 .299

1 .233
1 .249
1 .266
1 .284
1 .302

goo
81
82
83
84

5.759
6.392
7.185
8.206
9.567

5.855
6.512
7.337
8.405
H.839

5.955
6.636
7.496
8.614
10.13

6.059
6.765
7.661
8.834
10.43

6.166
6.900
7.834
9.065
10.76

6.277
7.04 0
8.01 6
9.309
1 1 .1 0

40
41
42
43
44

1 .305
1.325
1 .346
1 .367
1 .390

1 .309
1 . 328
1 .349
1 .371
1 .394

1 .312
1.332
1 .353
1 .375
1 .398

1.315
1.335
1 .356
1 .379
1 .402

1 .318
1 .339
1 .360
1 .382
1 .406

1 .322
1 .342
1.364
1 .386
1 .410

85
86
87
88
89

1 1 .47
1 4.34
19.11
28.65
57.30

1 1 .87
14.H6
20.23
31.2G
68.76

12.2H
1 5.64
21 .4H
34.88
85.95

12.75
16.88
22.H3
38.20
1 14.6

1 3.23
1 7.20
24.56
42.H8
171.9

13.76
18.10
26.45
49.11
343.8

45

1 .414

1.418

1 .423

1.427

1.431

1.435

goo

r:LJ

210

TABLE

Csc

(x in degrees and minutes)

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

00

3
4

57.30
28.65
19.1 1
14.34

343.8
49.11
26.45
18.1 0
13.76

1 71 .9
42.98
24.56
17.20
1 3 .23

1 14.6
38.20
22.93
1 6.38
12.75

85.95
34.38
21.49
1 5.64
12.29

68.76
31 .26
20.23
14.96
1 1 .87

45
46
47
48
49

1 .414
1 .390
1.367
1.346
1.325

1 .410
1.386
1 .364
1.342
1 .322

1 .406
1 .382
1 .360
1 .339
1.318

1 .402
1.379
1 .356
1.335
1.315

1.398
1 .375
1.353
1 .332
1 .312

1.394
1 .371
1.349
1.328
1 .309

50
6
7
8
9

1 1 .47
9.567
8.206
7.185
6.392

11.10
9.309
8.016
7.040
6.277

10.76
9.065
7.834
6.900
6.166

10.43
8.834
7.661
6.765
6.059

10.13
8.614
7.496
6.636
5.955

9.839
8.405
7.337
6.512
5.855

50
51
52
53
54

1 .305
1.287
1.269
1 .252
1.236

1 .302
1 .284
1.266
1 .249
1.233

1.299
1.281
1.263
1.247
1 .231

1 .296
1.278
1 .260
1 .244
1.228

1.293
1 .275
1 .258
1 .241
1 .226

1.290
1.272
1 .255
1.239
1 .223

10
11
12
13
14

5.759
5 . 241
4.810
4.445
4.134

5.665
5.164
4.745
4.390
4.086

5.575
5.089
4.682
4.336
4.039

5.487
5.016
4.620
4.284
3.994

5.403
4.945
4.560
4.232
3.950

5.320
4.876
4.502
4.182
3.906

55
56
57
58
59

1.221
1 .206
1 .192
1.179
1 .167

1 .218
1 .204
1 .190
1.177
1.165

1 .216
1.202
1 .188
1 .175
1 .163

1 .213
1 .199
1.186
1 .173
1 .161

1 .211
1 .197
1 .184
1.171
1.159

1 .209
1.195
1.181
1.169
1.157

15
16
17
18
19

3.864
3.628
3.420
3.236
3.072

3.822
3.592
3.388
3.207
3.046

3.782
3.556
3.357
3.179
3.021

3.742
3.521
3.326
3.152
2.996

3.703
3.487
3.295
3.124
2.971

3.665
3.453
3.265
3.098
2.947

60
61
62
63
64

1.155
1.143
1.133
1 .122
1.113

1.153
1.142
1.131
1 .121
1.111

1.151
1 .140
1.129
1.119
1 .109

1 .149
1 .138
1 .127
1.117
1 .108

1 .147
1 .136
1 .126
1.116
1 .106

1.145
1 .1 34
1 .124
1 .114
1.105

20
21
22
23
24

2.924
2.790
2.669
2.559
2.459

2.901
2.769
2.650
2.542
2.443

2.878
2.749
2.632
2.525
2.427

2.855
2.729
2.613
2.508
2.411

2.833
2.709
2.595
2.491
2.396

2.812
2.689
2.577
2.475
2.381

65
66
67
68
69

1 .103
1.095
1 .086
1.079
1.071

1.102
1.093
1.085
1.077
1 .070

1 .100
1.092
1 .084
1.076
1 .069

1 .099
1.090
1 .082
1.075
1.068

1.097
1.089
1 .081
1 .074
1 .066

1 .096
1 .088
1 .080
1 .072
1 .065

25
26
27
28
29

2.366
2.281
2.203
2.130
2.063

2.352
2.268
2.190
2.1 1 8
2.052

2.337
2.254
2.178
2.107
2.041

2.323
2.241
2.166
2.096
2.031

2.309
2.228
2.154
2.085
2.020

2.295
2.215
2.142
2.074
2.010

70
71
72
. 73
74

1 .064
1.058
1.051
1.046
1.040

1 .063
1.057
1 .050
1 .045
1 .039

1 .062
1.056
1 .049
1 .044
1 .039

1 .061
1.054
1 .048
1 .043
1 .038

1 .060
1.053
1 .048
1.042
1 .037

1 .059
1.052
1 .047
1 .041
1 .036

30
31
32
33
34

2.000
1 .942
1 .887
1 .836
1 .788

1.990
1.932
1.878
1 .828
1.781

1 .980
1.923
1.870
1.820
1.773

1.970
1 .914
1 .861
1 .812
1.766

1 .961
1.905
1 .853
1 .804
1 .758

1.951
1 .896
1 .844
1 .796
1 .751

75
76
77
78
79

1 .035
1 .031
1 .026
1 .022
1.019

1.034
1.030
1 .026
1 .022
1.018

1.034
1.029
1.025
1.021
1 .018

1 .033
1.028
1.024
1 .020
1 .017

1 .032
1 .028
1 .024
1 .020
1 .016

1 .031
1 .027
1 .023
1 .019
1 .016

35
36
37
38
39

1 .743
1 .701
1.662
1 .624
1.589

1 . 736
1 .695
1 .655
1 .618
1.583

1 .729
1 .688
1.649
1 .612
1.578

1 . 722
1 .681
1 .643
1 .606
1.572

1.715 1 .708
1 .675 . 1 .668
1 .636 1 .630
1 .601 1 .595
1 . 567 1 .561

goo
81
82
83
84

1 .015
1 .012
1.010
1 .008
1 .006

1.015
1 .012
1 .009
1 .007
1 .005

1 .014
1 .012
1 .009
1 .007
1 .005

1 .014
1 .011
1 .009
1 .006
1 .005

1.013
1 .011
1 .008
1 .006
1 .004

1 .013
1 .010
1 .008
1 .006
1 .004

40
41
42
43
44

1. 556
1 . 524
1.494
1 .466
1 .440

1 .550
1.519
1 .490
1.462
1 .435

1 .545
1.514
1.485
1.457
1 .431

1 .540
1 .509
1 .480
1 .453
1 .427

1.535
1.504
1 .476
1 .448
1 .423

1.529
1 .499
1 .471
1 .444
1 .418

85
86
87
88
89

1 .004
1 .002
1 .001
1 .001
1.000

1 .004
1.002
1 .001
1 .001
1 .000

1 .003
1 .002
1.001
1 .000
1 .000

1.003
1 .002
1 .001
1 .000
1 .000

1.003
1 .002
1 .001
1 .000
1 .000

1 .003
1 .002
1 .001
1 .000
1 .000

45

1 .414

1 .410

1 .406

1 .402

1 .398

1 .394

goo

1 .000

oo
1

211

TABLE

NATU R A L T R I G O N OMETR IC F U N CT I O N S

(in radians)

Sin x

Cos x

Tan x

Cotx

Csc x

.00
.01
.02
.03
.04

.00000
.01000
.02000
.03000
.03999

1 .00000
.99995
.99980
.99955
.99920

.00000
.01000
.02000
.03001
.04002

00

Sec x

99.9967
49.9933
33.3233
24.9867

1.00000
1.00005
1.00020
1.00045
1.00080

100.0017
50.0033
33.3383
25.0067

.05
.06
.o7
.08
.09

.04998
.05996
.06994
.07991
.08988

.99875
.99820
.99755
.99680
.99595

.05004
.06007
.07011
.08017
.09024

19.9833
16.6467
14.2624
12.4733
11.0811

1 .00125
1.00180
1.00246
1.00321
1.00406

20.0083
16.6767
14.2974
12.5133
1 1.1261

.10
.11
.12
.13
.14

.09983
.10978
.11971
.12963
.13954

.99500
.99396
.99281
.99156
.99022

.10033
.11045
.12058
.13074
.14092

9.9666
9.0542
8.2933
7.6489
7.0961

1.00502
1.00608
1.00724
1.00851
1.00988

10.0167
9.1093
8.3534
7.7140
7.1662

.15
.16
.17
.18
.19

.14944
.15932
.16918
.17903
.18886

.98877
.98723
.98558
.98384
.98200

.15114
.16138
.17166
.18197
.19232

6.6166
6.1966
5.8256
5.4954
5.1997

1.01136
1.01294
1 .01463
1.01642
1.01833

6.6917
6.2767
5.9108
5.5857
5.2950

.20
.21
.22
.23
.24

.19867
.20846
.21823
.22798
.23770

.98007
.97803
.97590
.97367
.97134

.20271
.21314
.22362
.23414
.24472

4.9332
4.6917
4.4719
4.2709
4.0864

1.02034
1.02246
1.02470
1.02705
1 .02951

5.0335
4.7971
4.5823
4.3864
4.2069

.25
.26
.27
.28
.29

.24740
.25708
.26673
.27636
.28595

.96891
.96639
.96377
.96106
.95824

.25534
.26602
.27676
.28755
.29841

3.9163
3.7591
3.6133
3.4776
3.351 1

1.03209
1.03478
1.03759
1.04052
1.04358

4.0420
3.8898
3.7491
3.6185
3.4971

.30
.31
.32
.33
.34

.29552
.30506
.31457
.32404
.33349

.95534
.95233
.94924
.94604
.94275

.30934
.32033
.33139
.34252
.35374

3.2327
3.1218
3.0176
2.9195
2.8270

1.04675
1.05005
1.05348
1.05704
1 .06072

3.3839
3.2781
3.1790
3.0860
2.9986

.35
.36
.37
.38
.39

.34290
.35227
.36162
.37092
.38019

.93937
.93590
.93233
.92866
.92491

.36503
.37640
.38786
.39941
.41105

2.7395
2.6567
2.5782
2.5037
2.4328

1.06454
1 .06849
1.07258
1.07682
1 .08119

2.9163
2.8387
2.7654
2.6960
2.6303

.40

.38942

.92106

.42279

2.3652

1 .08570

2.5679

212

00

Table 9
(continued)

NATUR A L TRIG ONOMETRIC FUN C T IO N S

(in radians)

Sin x

Cos x

.40
.41
.42
.43
.44

.38942
.39861
.40776
.41687
.42594

Tan x

.92106
.91712
.91309
.90897
.90475

Cot x

Sec x

.42279
.43463
.44657
.45862
.47078

2.3652
2.3008
2.2393
2.1804
2.1241

Csc x

1.0857
1.0904
1.0952
1.1002
1.1053

2.5679
2.5087
2.4524
2.3988
2.3478

.45
.46
.47
.48
.49

.43497
.44395
.45289
.46178
.47063

.90045
.89605
.89157
.88699
.88233

.48306
.49545
.50797
.52061
.53339

2.0702
2.0184
1.9686
1.9208
1.8748

1.1106
1.1160
1.1216
1.1274
1.1334

2.2990
2.2525
2.2081
2.1655
2.1248

.50
.51
.52
.53
.54

.47943
.48818
.49688
.50553
.51414

.87758
.87274
.86782
.86281
.85771

.54630
.559.36
.57256
.58592
.59943

1.8305
1.7878
1.7465
1.7067
1 .6683

1.1395
1.1458
1.1523
1.1590
1.1659

2.0858
2.0484
2.0126
1.9781
1.9450

.55
.56
.57
.58
.59

.52269
.53119
.53963
.54802
.55636

.85252
.84726
.84190
.83646
.83094

.61311
.62695
.64097
.65517
.66956

1.6310
1.5950
1.5601
1.5263
1.4935

1.1730
1.1803
1.1878
1.1955
1.2035

1.9132
1.8826
1.8531
1.8247
1.7974

.60
.61
.62
.63
.64

.56464
.57287
.58104
.58914
.59720

.82534
.81965
.81388
.80803
.80210

.68414
.69892
.71391
.72911
.74454

1.4617
1.4308
1 .4007
1.3715
1.3431

1 .2116
1.2200
1.2287
1.2376
1.2467

1 .7710
1.7456
1.7211
1.6974
1 .6745

.65
.66
.67
.68
.69

.60519
.61312
.62099
.62879
.63654

.79608
.78999
.78382
.77757
.77125

.76020
.77610
.79225
.80866
.82534

1.3154
1.2885
1.2622
1.2366
1.2116

1.2561
1.2658
1 .2758
1.2861
1.2966

1.6524
1 .6310
1.6103
1.5903
1.5710

.70
.71
.72
.73
.74

.64422
.65183
.65938
.66687
.67429

.76484
.75836
.75181
.74517
.73847

.84229
.85953
.87707
.89492
.91309

1.1872
1.1634
1.1402
1.1174
1.0952

1.3075
1.3186
1.3301
1 .3420
1 .3542

1.5523
1.5341
1.5166
1 .4995
1.4830

.75
.76
.77
.78
.79

.68164
.68892
.69614
.70328
.71035

.73169
.72484
.71791
.71091
.70385

.93160
.95045
.96967
.98926
1.0092

1.0734
1.0521
1.0313
1.0109
.99084

1.3667
1.3796
1 .3929
1.4066
1 .4208

1.4671
1.4515
1.4365
1 .4219
1.4078

.80

.71736

.69671

1.0296

.97121

1.4353

1.3940

213

Table 9
(continued)

NATU R A L T R I G O N OM ET R I C FU N C T I O N S

(in radians)

Sin x

Cos x

Tan x

Cot x

.80
.81
.82
.83
.84

.71736
.72429
.73115
.73793
.74464

Sec x

Csc x

.69671
.68950
.68222
.67488
.66746

1.0296
1.0505
1.0717
1.0934
1 .1156

.97121
.95197
.93309
.91455
.89635

1.4353
1.4503
1.4658
1.4818
1.4982

1.3940
1.3807
1.3677
1 .3551
1.3429

.85
.86
.87
.88
.89

.75128
.75784
.76433
.77074
.77707

.65998
.65244
.64483
.63715
.62941

1 .1383
1.1616
1.1853
1.2097
1.2346

.87848
.86091
.84365
.82668
.80998

1.5152
1.5327
1.5508
1.5695
1.5888

1.3311
1.3195
1.3083
1.2975
1.2869

.90
.91
.92
.93
.94

.78333
.78950
.79560
.80162
.80756

.62161
.61375
.60582
.59783
.58979

1.2602
1.2864
1.3133
1.3409
1.3692

.79355
.77738
.76146
.74578
.73034

1.6087
1.6293
1.6507
1.6727
1.6955

1.2766
1.2666
1.2569
1.2475
1.2383

.95
.96
.97
.98
.99

.81342
.81919
.82489
.83050
.83603

.58168
.57352
.56530
.55702
.54869

1.3984
1.4284
1.4592
1.4910
1 .5237

.71511
.70010
.68531
.67071
.65631

1.7191
1 .7436
1.7690
1.7953
1.8225

1.2294
1.2207
1.2123
1.2041
1.1961

1.00
1 .01
1 .02
1.03
1.04

.84147
.84683
.85211
.85730
.86240

.54030
.53186
.52337
.51482
.50622

1.5574
1.5922
1.6281
1.6652
1.7036

.64209
.62806
.61420
.60051
.58699

1.8508
1.8802
1.9107
1.9424
1.9754

1 .1884
1.1809
1.1736
1.1665
1.1595

1 .05
1.06
1 .07
1 .08
1 .09

.86742
.87236
.87720
.88196
.88663

.49757
.48887
.48012
.47133
.46249

1.7433
1.7844
1.8270
1.8712
1 .9171

.57362
.56040
.54734
.53441
.52162

2.0098
2.0455
2.0828
2.1217
2.1622

1.1528
1.1463
1.1400
1 .1338
1 .1279

1.10
1.11
1 .12
1.13
1.14

.89121
.89570
.90010
.90441
.90863

.45360
.44466
.43568
.42666
.41759

1.9648
2.0143
2 .0660
2.1198
2.1759

.50897
.49644
.48404
.47175
.45959

2.2046
2.2489
2.2952
2.3438
2.3947

1.1221
1.1164
1.1110
1.1057
1.1006

1 .15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

.91276
.91680
.92075
.92461
.92837

.40849
.39934
.39015
.38092
.37166

2.2345
2.2958
2.3600
2.4273
2 .4979

.44753
.43558
.42373
.41199
.40034

2.4481
2.5041
2.5631
2.6252
2 .6906

1.0956
1.0907
1.0861
1 .0815
1 .0772

1.20

.93204

.36236

2.5722

.38878

2.7597

1 .0729

214

Table 9
(continued)

N A T U R A L T R I G O N O M ET R I C F U N C TI O N S

(in radians)

Sin x

Cos x

Tan x

Cot x

Sec x

Csc x

1 .20
1 .21
1 .22
1 .23
1 .24

.93204
.93562
.93910
.94249
.94578

.36236
.35302
.34365
.33424
.32480

2.5722
2.6503
2.7328
2.8198
2.9119

.38878
.37731
.36593
.35463
.34341

2.7597
2.8327
2.9100
2.9919
3.0789

1.07292
1 .06881
1 .06485
1 .06102
1 .05732

1 .25
1.26
1 .27
1 .28
1 .29

.94898
.95209
.95510
.95802
.96084

.31532
.30582
.29628
.28672
.27712

3.0096
3.1133
3.2236
3.3414
3.4672

.33227
.32121
.31021
.29928
.28842

3.1714
3.2699
3.3752
3.4878
3.6085

1 .05376
1 .05032
1.04701
1.04382
1 . 04076

1 .30
1 .31
1 .32
1 .33
1.34

.96356
.96618
.96872
.97115
.97348

.26750
.25785
.24818
.23848
.22875

3.6021
3.7471
3.9033
4.0723
4.2556

.27762
.26687
.25619
.24556
.23498

3.7383
3 .8782
4.0294
4.1933
4.3715

1 .03782
1 .03500
1 .03230
1 .02971
1 .02724

1 .35
1 .36
1.37
1 .38
1 .39

.97572
.97786
.97991
.98185
.98370

.21901
.20924
.19945
.18964
.17981

4.4552
4.6734
4.9131
5 .1774
5.4707

.22446
.21398
.20354
.19315
.18279

4.5661
4.7792
5.0138
5.2731
5.5613

1 .02488
1 .02264
1.02050
1 .01848
1.01657

1.40
1.41
1 .42
1.43
1.44

.98545
.98710
.98865
.99010
.99146

.16997
.16010
.15023
.14033
.13042

5.7979
6.1654
6.5811
7.0555
7.6018

.17248
.16220
.15195
.14173
.13155

5.8835
6.2459
6.6567
7.1260
7 .6673

1 .01477
1.01307
1 .01148
1 .00999
1 .00862

1.45
1 .46
1.47
1 .48
1 .49

.99271
.99387
.99492
.99588
.99674

.12050
.11057
.10063
.09067
.08071

8.2381
8.9886
9.8874
10.9834
12.3499

.12139
.1 1 125
.10114
.09105
.08097

8.2986
9.0441
9.9378
1 1 .0288
12.3903

1 .00734
1 .00617
1 .00510
1 .00414
1 .00327

1 .50
1.51
1.52
1 .53
1.54

.99749
.99815
.99871
.99917
.99953

.07074
.06076
.05077
.04079
.03079

14.1014
1 6.4281
1 9.6695
24.4984
32.461 1

.07091
.06087
.05084
.04082
.03081

14.1368
16.4585
19.6949
24.5188
32.4765

1 .00251
1 .00185
1 .00129
1 .00083
1 .00047

1 .55
1 .56
1 .57
1 .58
1.59

.99978
.99994
1.00000
.99996
.99982

.02079
.01080
.00080
-.00920
-.01920

48.0785
92.6205
1255.77
-108.649
-52.0670

.02080
.01080
.00080
-.00920
- .01921

48.0889
92.6259
1255.77
-108.654
-52.0766

1 .00022
1 .00006
1 .00000
1 .00004
1.00018

1 .60

.99957

-.02920

-34.2325

-.02921

-34.2471

1 .00043

215

log Sin

TABLE

10

[subtract

(x in degrees and minutes)

10 from

each entry]

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

oo
1
2
3
4

8.2419
8.5428
8.7188
8.8436

7.4637
8.3088
8.5776
8.7423
8.8613

7.7648
8.3668
8.6097
8.7645
8.8783

7.9408
8.4179
8.6397
8.7857
8.8946

8.0658
8.4637
8.6677
8.8059
8.9104

8.1627
8.5050
8.6940
8.8251
8.9256

50
6
7
8
9

8.9403
9.0192
9.0859
9.1436
9.1943

8.9545
9.0311
9.0961
9.1525
9.2022

8.9682
9.0426
9.1060
9.1612
9.2100

8.9816
9.0539
9.1157
9.1697
9.2176

8.9945
9.0648
9.1252
9.1781
9.2251

9.0070
9.0755
9.1345
9.1863
9.2324

10 0
11
12
13
14

9.2397
9.2806
9.3179
9.3521
9.3837

9.2468
9.2870
9.3238
9.3575
9.3887

9.2538
9.2934
9.3296
9.3629
9.3937

9.2606
9.2997
9.3353
9.3682
9.3986

9.2674
9.3058
9.3410
9.3734
9.4035

9.2740
9.3119
9.3466
9.3786
9.4083

15
16
17
18
19

9.4130
9.4403
9.4659
9.4900
9.5126

9.4177
9.4447
9.4700
9.4939
9.5163

9.4223
9.4491
9.4741
9.4977
9.5199

9.4269
9.4533
9.4781
9.5015
9.5235

9.4314
9.4576
9.4821
9.5052
9.5270

9.4359
9.4618
9.4861
9.5090
9.5306

20
21
22
23
24

9.5341
9.5543
9.5736
9.5919
9.6093

9.5375
9.5576
9.5767
9.5948
9.6121

9.5409
9.5609
9.5798
9.5978
9.6149

9.5443
9.5641
9.5828
9.6007
9.6177

9.5477
9.5673
9.5859
9.6036
9.6205

9.5510
9.5704
9.5889
9.6065
9.6232

25
26
27
28
29

9.6259
9.6418
9.6570
9.6716
9.6856

9.6286
9.6444
9.6595
9.6740
9.6878

9.6313
9.6470
9.6620
9.6763
9.6901

9.6340
9.6495
9.6644
9.6787
9.6923

9.6366
9.6521
9.6668
9.6810
9.6946

9.6392
9.6546
9.6692
9.6833
9.6968

30
31
32
33
34

9.6990
9.7118
9.7242
9.7361
9.7476

9.7012
9.7139
9.7262
9.7380
9.7494

9.7033
9.7160
9.7282
9.7400
9.7513

9.7055
9.7181
9.7302
9.7419
9.7531

9.7076
9.7201
9.7322
9.7438
9.7550

9.7097
9.7222
9.7342
9.7457
9.7568

35
36
37
38
39

9.7586
9.7692
9.7795
9.7893
9.7989

9.7604
9.7710
9.7811
9.7910
9.8004

9.7622
9.7727
9.7828
9.7926
9.8020

9.7640
9.7744
9.7844
9.7941
9.8035

9.7657
9.7761
9.7861
9.7957
9.8050

9.7675
9.7778
9.7877
9.7973
9.8066

40
41
42
43
44

9.8081
9.8169
9.8255
9.8338
9.8418

9.8096
9.8184
9.8269
9.8351
9.8431

9.8111
9.8198
9.8283
9.8365
9.8444

9.8125
9.8213
9.8297
9.8378
9.8457

9.8140
9.8227
9.8311
9.8391
9.8469

9.8155
9.8241
9.8324
9.8405
9.8482

45

9.8495

9.8507

9.8520

9.8532

9.8545

9.8557

216

log Sin

(x in degrees and minutes)

[subtract 10 from each entry]

Table 10
(continued)

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

45
46
47
48
49

9.8495
9.8569
9.8641
9.8711
9.8778

9.8507
9.8582
9.8653
9.8722
9.8789

9.8520
9.8594
9.8665
9.8733
9.8800

9.8532
9.8606
9.8676
9.8745
9.8810

9.8545
9.8618
9.8688
9.8756
9.8821

9.8557
9.8629
9.8699
9.8767
9.8832

50
51
52
53
54

9.8843
9.8905
9.8965
9.9023
9.9080

9.8853
9.8915
9 .8975
9.9033
9.9089

9.8864
9.8925
9.8985
9.9042
9.9098

9.8874
9.8935
9.8995
9.9052
9.9107

9.8884
9.8945
9.9004
9.9061
9.9116

9.8895
3.8955
9.9014
9.9070
9.9125

55
56
57
58
59

9.9134
9.9186
9.9236
9.9284
9.9331

9.9142
9.9194
9.9244
9.9292
9.9338

9.9151
9.9203
9.9252
9.9300
9.9346

9.9160
9.9211
9.9260
9.9308
9.9353

9.9169
9.9219
9.9268
9.9315
9.9361

9.9177
9.9228
9.9276
9.9323
9.9368

60
61
62
63
64

9.9375
9.9418
9.9459
9.9499
9.9537

9.9383
9.9425
9.9466
9.9505
9.9543

9.9390
9.9432
9.9473
9.9512
9.9549

9.9397
9.9439
9.9479
9.9518
9.9555

9.9404
9.9446
9.9486
9.9524
9.9561

9.9411
9.9453
9.9492
9.9530
9.9567

65
66
67
68
69

9.9573
9.9607
9.9640
9.9672
9.9702

9.9579
9.9613
9.9646
9.9677
9.9706

9.9584
9.9618
9.9651
9.9682
9.9711

9.9590
9.9624
9.9656
9.9687
9.9716

9.9596
9.9629
9.9661
9.9692
9.9721

9.9602
9.9635
9.9667
9.9697
9.9725

70
71
72
73
74

9.9730
9.9757
9.9782
9.9806
9.9828

9.9734
9.9761
9.9786
9.9810
9.9832

9.9739
9.9765
9.9790
9.9814
9.9836

9.9743
9.9770
9.9794
9.9817
9.9839

9.9748
9.9774
9.9798
9.9821
9.9843

9.9752
9.9778
9.9802
9.9825
9.9846

75
76
77
78
79

9.9849
9.9869
9.9887
9.9904
9.9919

9.9853
9.9872
9.9890
9.9907
9.9922

9.9856
9.9875
9.9893
9.9909
9.9924

9.9859
9.9878
9.9896
9.9912
9.9927

9.9863
9.9881
9.9899
9.9914
9.9929

9.9866
9.9884
9.9901
9.9917
9.9931

80
81
82
83
84

9.9934
9.9946
9.9958
9.9968
9.9976

9.9936
9.9948
9.9959
9.9969
9.9977

9.9938
9.9950
9.9961
9.9971
9.9979

9.9940
9.9952
9.9963
9.9972
9.9980

9.9942
9.9954
9.9964
9.9973
9.9981

9.9944
9.9956
9.9966
9.9975
9.9982

85
86
87
88
89

9.9983
9.9989
9.9994
9.9997
9.9999

9.9985
9.9990
9.9995
9.9998
10.0000

9.9986
9.9991
9.9995
9.9998
10.0000

9.9987
9.9992
9.9996
9.9999
10.0000

9.9988
9.9993
9.9996
9.9999
10.0000

9.9989
9.9993
9.9997
9.9999
1 0.0000

90

10.0000

217

log

TABLE

11

COS X

[subtract

(x in degrees and minutes)

10 from

each entry]

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

oo
1
2
3
4

10.0000
9.9999
9.9997
9.9994
9.9989

10.0000
9.9999
9.9997
9.9993
9.9989

10.0000
9.9999
9.9996
9.9993
9.9988

10.0000
9.9999
9.9996
9.9992
9.9987

10.0000
9.9998
9.9995
9.9991
9.9986

10.0000
9.9998
9.9995
9.9990
9.9985

50
6
7
8
9

9.9983
9.9976
9.9968
9.9958
9.9946

9.9982
9.9975
9.9966
9.9956
9.9944

9.9981
9.9973
9.9964
9.9954
9.9942

9.9980
9.9972
9.9963
9.9952
9.9940

9.9979
9.9971
9.9961
9.9950
9.9938

9.9977
9.9969
9.9959
9.9948
9.9936

10
11
12
13
14

9.9934
9.9919
9.9904
9.9887
9.9869

9.9931
9.9917
9.9901
9.9884
9.9866

9.9929
9.9914
9.9899
9.9881
9.9863

9.9927
9.9912
9.9896
9.9878
9.9859

9.9924
9.9909
9.9893
9.9875
9.9856

9.9922
9.9907
9.9890
9.9872
9.9853

15
16
17
18
19

9.9849
9.9828
9.9806
9.9782
9.9757

9.9846
9.9825
9.9802
9.9778
9.9752

9.9843
9.9821
9.9798
9.9774
9.9748

9.9839
9.9817
9.9794
9.9770
9.9743

9.9836
9.9814
9.9790
9.9765
9.9739

9.9832
9.9810
9.9786
9.9761
9.9734

20
21
22
23
24

9.9730
9.9702
9.9672
9.9640
9.9607

9.9725
9.9697
9.9667
9.9635
9.9602

9.9721
9.9692
9.9661
9.9629
9.9596

9.9716
9.9687
9.9656
9.9624
9.9590

9.9711
9.9682
9.9651
9.9618
9.9584

9.9706
9.9677
9.9646
9.9613
9.9579

25
26
27
28
29

9.9573
9.9537
9.9499
9.9459
9.9418

9.9567
9.9530
9.9492
9.9453
9.9411

9.9561
9.9524
9.9486
9.9446
9.9404

9.9555
9.9518
9.9479
9.9439
9.9397

9.9549
9.9512
9.9473
9.9432
9.9390

9.9543
9.9505
9.9466
9.9425
9.9383

30
31
32
33
34

9.9375
9.9331
9.9284
9.9236
9.9186

9.9368
9.9323
9.9276
9.9228
9.9177

9.9361
9.9315
9.9268
9.9219
9.9169

9.9353
9.9308
9.9260
9.9211
9.9160

9.9346
9.9300
9.9252
9.9203
9.9151

9.9338
9.9292
9.9244
9.9194
9.9142

35
36
37
38
39

9.9134
9.9080
9.9023
9.8965
9.8905

9.9125
9.9070
9.9014
9.8955
9.8895

9.9116
9.9061
9.9004
9.8945
9.8884

9.9107
9.9052
9.8995
9.8935
9.8874

9.9098
9.9042
9.8985
9.8925
9.8864

9.9089
9.9033
9.8975
9.8915
9.8853

40
41
42
43
44

9.8843
9.8778
9.8711
9.8641
9.8569

9.8832
9.8767
9.8699
9.8629
9.8557

9.8821
9.8756
9.8688
9.8618
9.8545

9.8810
9.8745
9.8676
9.8606
9.8532

9.8800
9.8733
9.8665
9.8594
9.8520

9.8789
9.8722
9.8653
9.8582
9.8507

45

9.8495

9.8482

9.8469

9.8457

9.8444

9.8431

218

log

Table 1 1

(continued)

COS X

(x in degrees and minutes)

[subtract 10

from

each entry]

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

45
46
47
48
49

9.8495
9.8418
9.8338
9.8255
9.8169

9.8482
9.8405
9.8324
9.8241
9.8155

9.8469
9.8391
9.831 1
9.8227
9.8140

9.8457
9.8378
9.8297
9.8213
9.8125

9.8444
9.8365
9.8283
9.8198
9.8 1 1 1

9.8431
9.8351
9.8269
9.8184
9.8096

50
51
52
53
54

9.8081
9.7989
9.7893
9.7795
9.7692

9.8066
9.7973
9 .7877
9.7778
9.7675

9.8050
9.7957
9 .7861
9.7761
9.7657

9.8035
9.7941
9.7844
9.7744
9.7640

9.8020
9.7926
9. 7828
9.7727
9.7622

9.8004
9.7910
9.7811
9.7710
9.7604

55
56
57
58
59

9.7586
9.7476
9.7361
9.7242
9.7118

9.7568
9.7457
9.7342
9.7222
9.7097

9.7550
9.7438
9.7322
9.7201
9.7076

9.7531
9.7419
9.7302
9.7181
9.7055

9.7513
9.7400
9.7282
9.7160
9.7033

9.7494
9.7380
9.7262
9.7139
9.7012

60
61
62
63
64

9.6990
9.6856
9.6716
9.6570
9.6418

9.6968
9.6833
9.6692
9.6546
9.6392

9.6946
9.6810
9.6668
9.6521
9.6366

9.6923
9.6787
9.6644
9.6495
9.6340

9.6901
9.6763
9.6620
9.6470
9.6313

9.6878
9.6740
9.6595
9.6444
9.6286

65
66
67
68
69

9.6259
9.6093
9.5919
9.5736
9.5543

9.6232
9.6065
9.5889
9.5704
9.5510

9.6205
9.6036
9.5859
9.5673
9.5477

9.6177
9.6007
9.5828
9.5641
9.5443

9.6149
9.5978
9.5798
9.5609
9.5409

9.6121
9.5948
9.5767
9.5576
9.5375

70
71
72
73
74

9.5341
9.5126
9.4900
9.4659
9.4403

9.5306
9.5090
9.4861
9.4618
9 .4359

9.5270
9.5052
9.4821
9.4576
9.4314

9.5235
9.5015
9.4781
9.4533
9.4269

9.5199
9.4977
9.4741
9.4491
9.4223

9.5163
9.4939
9.4700
9.4447
9.4177

75
76
77
78
79

9.4130
9.3837
9.3521
9.3179
9.2806

9.4083
9.3786
9.3466
9.3119
9.2740

9.4035
9.3734
9.3410
9.3058
9.2674

9.3986
9.3682
9.3353
9.2997
9.2606

9.3937
9.3629
9.3296
9.2934
9.2538

9.3887
9.3575
9.3238
9.2870
9.2468

80
81
82
83
84

9.2397
9.1943
9.1436
9.0859
9.0192

9.2324
9.1863
9.1345
9.0755
9.0070

9.2251
9.1781
9.1252
9.0648
8.9945

9.2176
9.169 7
9.1157
9.0539
8.9816

9.2100
9.1612
9.1060
9.0426
8.9682

9.2022
9.1 525
9.0961
9.0311
8.9545

85
86
87
88
89

8.9403
8.8436
8.7188
8.5428
8.2419

8.9256
8.8251
8.6940
8.5050
8.1 627

8.9104
8.8059
8.6677
8.4637
8.0658

8.8946
8.7857
8.6397
8.4179
7.9408

8.8783
8.7645
8.6097
8.3668
7.7648

8.8613
8.7423
8.5776
8.3088
7.4637

goo
219

log tan

TABLE

12

X (x in degrees and minutes)

[subtract 10 from each entry]

0'
-

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

oo
1
2
3
4

8.2419
8.5431
8.7194
8.8446

7.4637
8.3089
8.5779
8.7429
8.8624

7.7648
8.3669
8.6101
8.7652
8.8795

7.9409
8.4181
8.6401
8.7865
8.8960

8.0658
8.4638
8.6682
8.8067
8.9118

8.1627
8.5053
8.6945
8.8261
8.9272

50
6
7
8
9

8.9420
9.0216
9.0891
9.1478
9.1997

8.9563
9.0336
9.0995
9.1569
9.2078

8.9701
9.0453
9.1096
9.1 658
9.2158

8.9836
9.0567
9.1 194
9.1745
9.2236

8.9966
9.0678
9.1291
9.1831
9.2313

9.0093
9.0786
9.1385
9.1915
9.2389

10
11
12
13
14

9.2463
9.2887
9.3275
9.3634
9.3968

9.2536
9.2953
9.3336
9.3691
9.4021

9.2609
9.3020
9.3397
9.3748
9.4074

9.2680
9.3085
9.3458
9.3804
9.4127

9.2750
9.3149
9.3517
9.3859
9.4178

9.2819
9.3212
9.3576
9.3914
9.4230

15
16
17
18
19

9.4281
9.4575
9.4853
9.51 1 8
9.5370

9.4331
9.4622
9.4898
9.5161
9.5411

9.4381
9.4669
9.4943
9.5203
9.5451

9.4430
9.4716
9.4987
9.5245
9.5491

9.4479
9.4762
9.5031
9.5287
9.5531

9.4527
9.4808
9.5075
9.5329
9.5571

20
21
22
23
24

9.5611
9.5842
9.6064
9.6279
9.6486

9.5650
9.5879
9.6100
9.6314
9.6520

9.5689
9.5917
9.6136
9.6348
9.6553

9.5727
9.5954
9.6172
9.6383
9.6587

9.5766
9.5991
9.6208
9.6417
9.6620

9.5804
9.6028
9.6243
9.6452
9.6654

25
26
27
28
29

9.6687
9.6882
9.7072
9.7257
9.7438

9.6720
9.6914
9.7103
9.7287
9.7467

9.6752
9.6946
9.7134
9.7317
9.7497

9.6785
9.6977
9.7165
9.7348
9.7526

9.6817
9.7009
9.7196
9.7378
9.7556

9.6850
9.7040
9.7226
9.7408
9.7585

30
31
32
33
34

9.7614
9.7788
9.7958
9.8125
9.8290

9.7644
9.7816
9.7986
9.8153
9.8317

9.7673
9.7845
9.8014
9.8180
9.8344

9.7701
9.7873
9.8042
9.8208
9.8371

9.7730
9.7902
9.8070
9.8235
9.8398

9.7759
9.7930
9.8097
9.8263
9.8425

35
36
37
38
39

9.8452
9.8613
9.8771
9.8928
9.9084

9.8479
9.8639
9.8797
9.8954
9.9110

9.8506
9.8666
9.8824
9.8980
9.9135

9.8533
9.8692
9.8850
9.9006
9.9161

9.8559
9.8718
9.8876
9.9032
9.9187

9.8586
9.8745
9.8902
9.9058
9.9212

40
41
42
43
44

9.9238
9.9392
9.9544
9.9697
9.9848

9.9264
9.9417
9.9570
9.9722
9.9874

9.9289
9.9443
9.9595
9.9747
9.9899

9.9315
9.9468
9.9621
9.9772
9.9924

9.9341
9.9494
9.9646
9.9798
9.9949

9.9366
9.9519
9.9671
9.9823
9.9975

45

10.0000

10.0025

10.0051

10.0076

10.0101

10.0126

220

log

Table 1 2

(continued)

tan X

[subtract

(x in degrees and minutes)

10 from

each entry]

0'

10'

20'

30'

40'

50'

45
46
47
48
49

10.0000
10.0152
10.0303
10.0456
10.0608

10.0025
10.0177
10.0329
10.0481
10.0634

10.0051
10.0202
10.0354
10.0506
10.0659

10.0076
10.0228
10.0379
10.0532
10.0685

10.0101
10.0253
10.0405
10.0557
10.0711

10.0126
10.0278
10.0430
10.0583
10.0736

50
51
52
53
54

10.0762
10.0916
10.1072
10.1229
10.1387

10.0788
10.0942
10.1098
10.1255
10.1414

10.0813
10.0968
10.1124
10. 1282
10.1441

10.0839
10.0994
10.1150
10.1308
10.1467

10.0865
10.1020
10.1176
10.1334
10.1494

10.0890
10.1046
10.1203
10.1 361
10.1521

55
56
57
58
59

10.1548
10.1710
1 0.1875
10.2042
10.2212

10.1575
10.1737
10. 1903
10.2070
10.2241

10.1602
10.1 765
10.1930
10.2098
10.2270

10.1 629
10.1792
10.1958
10.2127
10.2299

10.1656
10.1820
10.1986
10.2155
10.2327

10.1683
10.1847
10.2014
10.2184
10.2356

60
61
62
63
64

10.2386
10.2562
10.2743
10.2928
10.3118

10.2415
10.2592
10.2774
10.2960
10.3150

10.2444
10.2622
10.2804
10.2991
10.3183

10.2474
10.2652
10.2835
10.3023
10.3215

10.2503
10.2683
10.2866
10.3054
10.3248

10.2533
10.2713
10.2897
10.3086
10.3280

65
66
67
68
69

10.3313
10.3514
10.3721
10.3936
10.4158

10.3346
10.3548
10.3757
10.3972
10.4196

10.3380
10.3583
10.3792
10.4009
10.4234

10.3413
10.3617
10.3828
10.4046
10.4273

10.3447
10.3652
10.3864
10.4083
10.4311

10.3480
10.3686
10.3900
10.4121
10.4350

70
71
72
73
74

10.4389
10.4630
10.4882
10.5147
10.5425

1 0.4429
10.4671
10.4925
10.5192
10.5473

10.4469
10.4713
1 0.4969
10.5238
10.5521

10.4509
10.4755
10.5013
10.5284
10.5570

10.4549
10.4797
10.5057
10.5331
10.5619

10.4589
10.4839
1 0.5102
10.5378
10.5669

75
76
77
78
79

10.5719
1 0.6032
10.6366
10.6725
10.71 13

10.5770
10.6086
10.6424
10.6788
10.7181

10.5822
10.6141
10.6483
10.6851
10.7250

10.5873
10.6196
10.6542
10.6915
10.7320

10.5926
10.6252
10.6603
10.6980
10.7391

10.5979
10.6309
10.6664
10.7047
10.7464

80
81
82
83
84

10.7537
10.8003
10.8522
10.9109
10.9784

10.7611
10.8085
10.8615
10.9214
10.9907

10.7687
10.8169
10.8709
10.9322
1 1.0034

10.7764
10.8255
10.8806
10.9433
1 1.0164

10.7842
10.8342
10.8904
10.9547
11.0299

10.7922
10.8431
10.9005
10.9664
11 .0437

85
86
87
88
89

1 1.0580
1 1.1554
11 .2806
11 .4569
11.7581

11 .0728
11.1 739
11 .3055
11 .4947
1 1.8373

11 .0882
11.1933
1 1 .3318
1 1 .5362
11.9342

11 .1040
11.2135
11.3599
11 .5819
12.0591

11.1205
11 .2348
11.3899
11 .6331
12.2352

11.1376
11.2571
11.4221
11.6911
12.5363

goo
221

TABLE

13

C O N V E RS I O N O F RA D IA N S T O D E G R E E S ,
M I N U T ES A N D S E C O N D S O R F R AC T IO N S O F D E G R E E S

Deg.

Min.

Sec.

Fractions of
Degrees

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

57
114
171
229
286
343
401
458
515
572

17'
35'
53'
10'
28'
46'
4'
21'
39'
57'

44.8"
29.6"
14.4"
59.2"
44.0"
28.8"
13.6"
58.4"
43.3"
28.1"

57.2958
1 14.5916
171 .8873
229.1831
286.4789
343.7747
401.0705
458.3662
51 5.6620
572.9578

.1

50
110
17
22
28
34
40
45
51

43'
27'
11'
55'
38'
22'
6'
50'
33'

46.5"
33.0"
19.4"
5.9"
52.4"
38.9"
25.4"
1 1 .8"
58.3"

oo

22.6"
45.3"
7.9"
30.6"
53.2"
1 5.9"
38.5"
1 .2"
23.8"

Radians

.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09

10
20
20
so
40
40
50

34'
8'
43'
17'
51'
26'
0'
35'
9'

.001
.002
.003
.004
.005
.006
.007
.008
.009

oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo

3'
6'
10'
13'
17'
20'
24'
27'
30'

26.3"
52.5"
18.8"
45.1"
1 1 .3"
37.6"
3.9"
30.1"
56.4"

.0001
.0002
.0003
.0004
.0005
.0006
.0007
.0008
.0009

oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo

0'
0'
1'
1'
1'
2'
2'
2'
3'

20.6"
41.3"
1 .9"
22.5"
43.1"
3.8"
24.4"
45.0"
5.6"

222

TABLE

14

C O NV E R S I O N O F D E G R E E S, M I N U T E S
A N D S E C O N D S T O RA D I A N S

Degrees

Radians

10

.01 74533
.0349066

20

go

.0523599

40
50

.0872665

60
70

.1047198
.1221730

.0698132

go

. 1 396263

go

. 1570796

10

. 1 745329

Minutes

Radians

1'

.00029089

2'

.00058178

3'
4'

.00116355

.00087266

5'
6'

.00145444

7'

.00203622

.00174533

8'

.00232711

9'
10'

.00261800

Seconds

Radians

.00290888

1"

.0000048481

2"

.0000096963

3"

.0000145444

4"

.0000193925

5"

.0000242407

6"

.0000290888

7"

.0000339370

8"

.0000387851

9"

.0000436332

10"

.0000484814

223

N ATU RAL OR N A P I E R I A N L O G A R IT H MS

TABLE

15
X

loge

or

In

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

.00000
.09531
.18232
.26236
.33647

.00995
.10436
.19062
.27003
.34359

.01980
.11333
.19885
.27763
.35066

.02956
.12222
.20701
.28518
.35767

.03922
.13103
.21511
.29267
.36464

.04879
.13976
.22314
.30010
.37156

.05827
.14842
.23111
.30748
.37844

.06766
.15700
.23902
.31481
.38526

.07696
.16551
.24686
.32208
.39204

.08618
.17395
.25464
.32930
.39878

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

.40547
.47000
.53063
.58779
.64185

.41211
.47623
.53649
.59333
.64710

.41871
.48243
.54232
.59884
.65233

.42527
.48858
.54812
.60432
.65752

.43178
.49470
.55389
.60977
.66269

.43825
.50078
.55962
.61519
.66783

.44469
.50682
.56531
.62058
.67294

.45108
.51282
.57098
.62594
.67803

.45742
.51879
.57661
.63127
.68310

.46373
.52473
.58222
.63658
.68813

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

.69315
.74194
.78846
.83291
.87547

.69813
.74669
.79299
.83725
.87963

.70310
.75142
.79751
.84157
.88377

.70804
.75612
.80200
.84587
.88789

.71295
.76081
.80648
.85015
.89200

.71784
.76547
.81093
.85442
.89609

.72271
.77011
.81536
.85866
.90016

.72755
.77473
.81978
.86289
.90422

.73237
.77932
.82418
.86710
.90826

.73716
.78390
.82855
.87129
.91228

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

.91629
.95551
.99325
1.02962
1.06471

.92028
.95935
.99695
1 .03318
1.06815

.92426
.96317
1.00063
1.03674
1.07158

.92822
.96698
1.00430
1 .04028
1 .07500

.93216
.97078
1.00796
1 .04380
1.07841

.93609
.97456
1.01160
1.04732
1.08181

.94001
.97833
1.01523
1.05082
1.08519

.94391
.98208
1.01885
1.05431
1.08856

.94779
.98582
1.02245
1.05779
1.09192

.95166
.98954
1 .02604
1.06126
1.09527

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.09861
1.13140
1.16315
1.19392
1.22378

1.10194
1.13462
1 .16627
1.19695
1.22671

1 .10526
1.13783
1.16938
1.19996
1 .22964

1.10856
1.14103
1 .17248
1.20297
1 .23256

1.11186
1.14422
1.17557
1 .20597
1.23547

1.11514
1.14740
1 .17865
1.20896
1.23837

1 .1 1841
1.15057
1 .18173
1 .21194
1.24127

1.12168
1 .15373
1.18479
1.21491
1.24415

1.12493
1.15688
1.18784
1 .21788
1.24703

1 .12817
1.16002
1 .19089
1 .22083
1.24990

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.25276
1 .28093
1.30833
1.33500
1.36098

1.25562
1 .28371
1 .31103
1.33763
1.36354

1.25846
1.28647
1.31372
1.34025
1 .36609

1.26130
1.28923
1.31641
1.34286
1.36864

1.26413
1.29198
1.31909
1 .34547
1.37118

1.26695
1.29473
1 .32176
1.34807
1.37372

1 .26976
1.29746
1.32442
1.35067
1 .37624

1.27257
1 .30019
1.32708
1.35325
1.37877

1.27536
1.30291
1 .32972
1.35584
1.38128

1.27815
1 .30563
1.33237
1 .35841
1 .38379

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1 .38629
1.41099
1.43508
1.45862
1.48160

1.38879
1 .41342
1 .43746
1.46094
1 .48387

1 .39128
1.41585
1.43984
1.46326
1.48614

1 .39377
1.41828
1.44220
1.46557
1.48840

1.39624
1.42070
1 .44456
1 .46787
1.49065

1.39872
1.42311
1.44692
1.47018
1.49290

1 .40118
1.42552
1 .44927
1 .47247
1.49515

1 .40364
1.42792
1.45161
1.47476
1.49739

1.40610
1.43031
1.45395
1.47705
1.49962

1.40854
1.43270
1.45629
1 .47933
1.50185

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1 .50408
1.52606
1.54756
1.56862
1.58924

1.50630
1.52823
1.54969
1.57070
1 .59127

1.50851
1.53039
1.55181
1.57277
1.59331

1.51072
1 .53256
1.55393
1.57485
1.59534

1 .51293
1.53471
1 .55604
1.57691
1.59737

1 .51513
1.53687
1.55814
1.57898
1.59939

1.51732
1 .53902
1 .56025
1 .58104
1.60141

1 .51951
1.54116
1.56235
1.58309
1.60342

1.52170
1.54330
1.56444
1.58515
1.60543

1.52388
1 .54543
1.56653
1.58719
1 .60744

16.11810

In 10

2.30259

4 In 1 0

9.21034

7 ln 10

2 In 1 0

4.60517

5 In 1 0

1 1 .51293

8 In 10

18.42068

9 In 10

20.72327

3 I n 10

6.90776

6 I n 10

13.81551

224

Table 1 5

(continued)

N A T U R A L O R N A P I E R I A N L O G A R IT H M S

loge

or

In

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5 .4

1 .60944
1.62924
1.64866
1 .66771
1 .68640

1 .61144
1 .63120
1 .65058
1 .66959
1 .68825

1 .61343
1 .63315
1 .65250
1 .67147
1 .69010

1.61542
1 .6351 1
1.65441
1.67335
1 .69194

1 .61741
1.63705
1 .65632
1.67523
1 .69378

1 .61939
1.63900
1 .65823
1.67710
1.69562

1.62 1 37
1.64094
1.66013
1 .67896
1 .69745

1 .62334
1 .64287
1.66203
1 .68083
1 .69928

1 .62531
1 .64481
1 .66393
1 .68269
1.70111

1 .62728
1.64673
1.66582
1 .68455
1.70293

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.70475
1 .72277
1 .74047
1.75786
1 .77495

1 .70656
1 .72455
1 .74222
1.75958
1 .77665

1 .70838
1.72633
1.74397
1 .76130
1.77834

1 .71019
1 .72811
1 .74572
1 .76302
1 .78002

1.71199
1 .72988
1.74746
1.76473
1 .78171

1 .71380
1.73166
1 .74920
1 .76644
1 .78339

1 .71560
1.73342
1.75094
1.76815
1.78507

1.71740
1.73519
1 .75267
1 .76985
1 .78675

1 .71919
1.73695
1.75440
1 .77156
1 .78842

1 .72098
1 .73871
1 .75613
1.77326
1.79009

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.79176
1 .80829
1 .82455
1 .84055
1 .85630

1 .79342
1 .80993
1 .82616
1 .84214
1.85786

1.79509
1 .81156
1 .82777
1.84372
1 .85942

1 .79675
1 .81319
1.82938
1 .84530
1 .86097

1.79840
1 .81482
1.83098
1 .84688
1.86253

1.80006
1 .81645
1 .83258
1 .84845
1 .86408

1 .80171
1 .81808
1 .83418
1 .85003
1 .86563

1 .80336
1 .81970
1.83578
1 .85160
1 .86718

1.80500
1 .82132
1 .83737
1 .85317
1 .86872

1.80665
1 .82294
1 .83896
1 .85473
1 .87026

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1 .87180
1.88707
1 .90211
1.91692
1.93152

1 .87334
1 .88858
1.90360
1 .91839
1 .93297

1 .87487
1 .89010
1 .90509
1 .91986
1 .93442

1.87641
1 .89160
1 .90658
1 .92132
1.93586

1 .87794
1 .8931 1
1 .90806
1 .92279
1.93730

1.87947
1.89462
1 .90954
1.92425
1 .93874

1 .88099
1 .89612
1 .91102
1 .92571
1 .94018

1 .88251
1.89762
1 .91250
1.92716
1.94162

1.88403
1.89912
1.91398
1..92862
1 .94305

1 .88555
1.90061
1 .91545
1 .93007
1 .94448

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1 .94591
1.96009
1 .97408
1 .98787
2.00148

1 .94734
1.96150
1 .97547
1 .98924
2.00283

1 .94876
1.96291
1 .97685
1.99061
2.00418

1.95019
1 .96431
1 .97824
1 .99198
2.00553

1.95161
1 .96571
1 .97962
1.99334
2.00687

1 .95303
1 .96711
1 .98100
1 .99470
2.00821

1.95445
1 .96851
1 .98238
1.99606
2.00956

1 .95586
1 .96991
1 .98376
1 .99742
2.01089

1 .95727
1 .97130
1 .98513
1.99877
2.01223

1 .95869
1 .97269
1.98650
2.00013
2.01357

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.01490
2.02815
2.04122
2.05412
2.06686

2.01624
2.02946
2.04252
2.05540
2.06813

2.01757
2.03078
2.04381
2.05668
2.06939

2.01890
2.03209
2.045 1 1
2.05796
2.07065

2.02022
2.03340
2.04640
2.05924
2.07191

2.02155
2.03471
2.04769
2.06051
2.07317

2.02287
2.03601
2.04898
2.06179
2.07443

2 .02419
2.03732
2.05027
2.06306
2.07568

2 .02551
2.03862
2.05156
2.06433
2.07694

2.02683
2.03992
2.05284
2.06560
2.07819

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.07944
2.09186
2.10413
2.11626
2.12823

2.08069
2.09310
2.10535
2.1 1746
2.12942

2.08194
2.09433
2.10657
2.11866
2.13061

2.08318
2.09556
2.10779
2.11986
2.13180

2.08443
2.09679
2.10900
2.12106
2.13298

2.08567
2.09802
2.1 1021
2.12226
2.13417

2.08691
2.09924
2.11142
2.12346
2.13535

2.08815
2.10047
2.11263
2.12465
2.13653

2.08939
2.10169
2.11384
2.12585
2 .13771

2.09063
2.10291
2.11505
2.12704
2.13889

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14007
2.15176
2.16332
2.17475
2.18605

2.14124
2.15292
2.16447
2 .17589
2.18717

2.14242
2.15409
2.16562
2.17702
2.18830

2.14359
2.15524
2.16677
2.17816
2.18942

2.14476
2.15640
2.16791
2.17929
2.19054

2.14593
2.15756
2.16905
2.18042
2.19165

2.14710
2.15871
2.17020
2.18155
2.19277

2.14827
2.15987
2.17134
2.18267
2.19389

2.14943
2 .16102
2.17248
2.18380
2.19500

2.15060
2.16217
2.17361
2.18493
2.19611

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.19722
2.20827
2.21920
2.23001
2.24071

2.19834
2.20937
2.22029
2.23109
2.24177

2 .19944
2.21047
2.22138
2.23216
2.24284

2.20055
2.21 157
2.22246
2.23324
2.24390

2.20166
2.21266
2.22354
2.23431
2.24496

2.20276
2.21375
2.22462
2.23538
2.24601

2.20387
2.21485
2.22570
2.23645
2.24707

2.20497
2.21594
2.22678
2.23751
2.24813

2.20607
2.21703
2.22786
2.23858
2.24918

2.20717
2.21812
2.22894
2.23965
2.25024

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25129
2.26176
2.27213
2.28238
2.29253

2.25234
2.26280
2.27316
2.28340
2.29354

2.25339
2.26384
2.27419
2.28442
2.29455

2.25444
2.26488
2.27521
2.28544
2.29556

2.25549
2.26592
2.27624
2.28646
2.29657

2.25654
2.26696
2.27727
2.28747
2.29757

2.25759
2.26799
2.27829
2.28849
2.29858

2.25863
2.26903
2 .27932
2.2895 0
2.29958

2.25968
2.27006
2 .28034
2.29051
2.30058

2.26072
2.27109
2 .28136
2.29152
2.30158

225

TABLE

EXPON E N TIAL F U N C T I O N S

16
X

.4

1 .0000
1.1052
1.2214
1 .3499
1.4918

1 .0101
1 . 1 1 63
1 .2337
1 .3634
1 .5068

1 .0202
1 . 1 275
1 . 2461
1 .3771
1 .5220

1 .0305
1 . 1 388
1 .2586
1 .3910
1 .5373

1 .0408
1 . 1 503
1 .2712
1 .4049
1 . 5527

1.0513
1 .1618
1 .2840
1.4191
1 .5683

1 .0618
1 . 1 735
1 .2969
1 .4333
1 .5841

1 .0725
1 . 1 853
1 .3100
1 .4477
1 . 6000

1 .0833
1 . 1 972
1 .3231
1 .4623
1.6161

1 .0942
1 .2092
1 .3364
1 .4770
1 .6323

.5
.6
.7
.8
.9

1 . 6487
1.8221
2.0138
2.2255
2.4596

1 .6653
1.8404
2.0340
2.2479
2.4843

1 .6820
1 .8589
2.0544
2.2705
2.5093

1 . 6989
1 .8776
2.0751
2.2933
2.5345

1 .7160
1 .8965
2.0959
2.3164
2.5600

1.7333
1 .9155
2.1 1 70
2.3396
2.5857

1 .7507
1 .9348
2.1383
2.3632
2.61 1 7

1. 7683
1.9542
2.1598
2.3869
2.6379

1.7860
1 .9739
2.1815
2.4109
2.6645

1 .8040
1 .9937
2.2034
2.4351
2.6912

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

2.7183
3.0042
3.3201
3.6693
4.0552

2.7456
3.0344
3.3535
3.7062
4.0960

2.7732
3.0649
3.3872
3.7434
4.1 371

2.80 1 1
3.0957
3.4212
3.7810
4.1787

2.8292
3.1268
3.4556
3.8190
4.2207

2.8577
3.1 582
3.4903
3.8574
4.2631

2.8864
3.1899
3.5254
3.8962
4.3060

2.9154
3.2220
3.5609
3.9354
4.3492

2.9447
3.2544
3.5966
3.9749
4.3929

2.9743
3.2871
3.6328
4.0149
4.4371

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

4.4817
4.9530
5.4739
6.0496
6.6859

4.5267
5.0028
5.5290
6.1104
6.7531

4.5722
5.0531
5.5845
6.1719
6.8210

4.6182
5.1039
5.6407
6.2339
6.8895

4.6646
5.1552
5.6973
6.2965
6.9588

4.71 1 5
5.2070
5.7546
6.3598
7.0287

4.7588
5.2593
5.8124
6.4237
7.0993

4.8066
5.3122
5.8709
6.4883
7.1 707

4.8550
5.3656
5.9299
6.5535
7.2427

4.9037
5.4195
5.9895
6.6194
7.3155

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

7.3891
8.1662
9.0250
9.9742
1 1.023

7.4633
8.2482
9.1157
1 0.074
1 1 .134

7.5383
8.3311
9.2073
10.176
1 1.246

7.6141
8.4149
9.2999
1 0.278
1 1.359

7.6906
8.4994
9.3933
10.381
1 1.473

7.7679
8.5849
9.4877
10.486
1 1 .588

7.8460
8.6711
9.5831
1 0.591
1 1 .705

7.9248
8.7583
9.6794
10.697
1 1 .822

8.0045
8.8463
9.7767
10.805
1 1 .941

8.0849
8.9352
9.8749
1 0.913
1 2.061

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1 2.182
13.464
14.880
1 6.445
18.174

1 2.305
1 3.599
1 5.029
1 6.610
1 8.357

12.429
1 3.736
1 5.180
1 6.777
1 8.541

12.554
13.874
1 5.333
1 6.945
18.728

1 2.680
1 4.013
1 5.487
17.116
1 8.916

1 2.807
14.154
1 5.643
1 7.288
19.106

1 2.936
14.296
15.800
1 7.462
19.298

1 3 .066
14.440
1 5.959
1 7.637
19.492

13.197
1 4.585
16.119
1 7.814
1 9.688

1 3.330
14.732
1 6.281
1 7.993
19.886

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

20.086
22.1 98
24.533
27. 1 1 3
29.964

20.287
22.421
24.779
27.385
30.265

20.491
22.646
25.028
27.660
30.569

20.697
22.874
25.280
27.938
30.877

20.905
23.1 04
25.534
28.219
3 1 . 1 87

21.115
23.336
25.790
28.503
31 .500

21.328
23.571
26.050
28.789
31.817

21.542
23.807
26.31 1
29.079
32.137

21 .758
24.047
26.576
29.371
32.460

21.977
24.288
26.843
29.666
32.786

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

33.1 1 5
36.598
40.447
44.701
49.402

33.448
36.966
40.854
45.150
49.899

33.784
37.338
41 .264
45.604
50.400

34.124
37.71 3
41 .679
46.063
50.907

34.467
38.092
42.098
46.525
51.419

34.813
38.475
42.521
46.993
51.935

35. 1 63
38.861
42.948
47.465
52.457

35.517
39.252
43.380
47.942
52.985

35.874
39.646
43.816
48.424
53.517

36.234
40.045
44.256
48.911
54.055

54.598
148.41
403.43
1 096.6
2981.0
8103.1
22026

60.340
1 64.02
445.86
1 2 1 2.0
3294.5
8955.3

66.686
1 81.27
492.75
1 339.4
3641.0
9897.1

73.700
200.34
544.57
1480.3
4023.9
1 0938

81.451
221.41
601.85
1 636.0
4447.1
12088

90.017
244.69
665.14
1 808.0
4914.8
1 3360

99.484
270.43
735.1 0
1 998.2
5431.7
14765

1 09.95
298.87
812.41
2208.3
6002.9
1 6318

121.51
330.30
897.85
2440.6
6634.2
1 8034

1 34.29
365.04
992.27
2697.3
7332.0
19930

.0
.1
.2
.3

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

226

TABLE

E X PO N E N T I A L F U N C T I O N S

17
X

e-x

.0
.1
.2
.3
.4

1.00000
.90484
.81873
.74082
.67032

.99005
.89583
.81058
.73345
.66365

.98020
.88692
.80252
.72615
.65705

.97045
.87810
.79453
.71892
.65051

.96079
.86936
.78663
.71177
.64404

.95123
.86071
.77880
.70469
.63763

.94176
.85214
.77105
.69768
.63128

.93239
.84366
.76338
.69073
.62500

.92312
.83527
.75578
.68386
.61878

.91393
.82696
.74826
.67706
.61263

.5
.6
.7
.8
.9

.60653
.54881
.49659
.44933
.40657

.60050
.54335
.49164
.44486
.40252

.59452
.53794
.48675
.44043
.39852

.58860
.53259
.48191
.43605
.39455

.58275
.52729
.47711
.43171
.39063

.57695
.52205
.47237
.42741
.38674

.57121
.51685
.46767
.42316
.38289

.56553
.51171
.46301
.41895
.37908

.55990
.50662
.45841
.41478
.37531

.55433
.50158
.45384
.41066
.37158

1 .0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1 .4

.36788
.33287
.30119
.27253
.24660

.36422
.32956
.29820
.26982
.24414

.36060
.32628
.29523
.26714
.24171

.35701
.32303
.29229
.26448
.23931

.35345
.31982
.28938
.26185
.23693

.34994
.31664
.28650
.25924
.23457

.34646
.31349
.28365
.25666
.23224

.34301
.31037
.28083
.2541 1
.22993

.33960
.30728
.27804
.25158
.22764

.33622
.30422
.27527
.24908
.22537

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

.22313
.20190
.18268
.16530
.14957

.22091
.19989
.18087
.1 6365
.14808

.21871
.19790
.17907
.1 6203
.14661

.21654
.19593
.17728
.16041
.14515

.21438
.19398
.1 7552
.15882
.14370

.21225
.19205
.17377
.15724
.14227

.21014
.19014
.17204
. 15567
.14086

.20805
.18825
.1 7033
.15412
.13946

.20598
.18637
.16864
.15259
.13807

.20393
.18452
.16696
.1 5107
.13670

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

.13534
.12246
.1 1080
.10026
.09072

.13399
.12124
.10970
.09926
.08982

.13266
.12003
.10861
.09827
.08892

.13134
.1 1884
.10753
.09730
.08804

.13003
.11 765
.10646
.09633
.08716

.12873
.11648
.10540
.09537
.08629

.12745
.1 1533
.10435
.09442
.08543

.12619
.11418
.10331
.09348
.08458

.12493
.11304
.10228
.09255
.08374

.12369
.11 192
.10127
.09163
.08291

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

.08208
.07427
.06721
.06081
.05502

.08127
.07353
.06654
.06020
.05448

.08046
.07280
.06587
.05961
.05393

.07966
.07208
.06522
.05901
.05340

.07887
.07136
.06457
.05843
.05287

.07808
.07065
.06393
.05784
.05234

.07730
.06995
.06329
.05727
.05182

.07654
.06925
.06266
.05670
.05130

.07577
.06856
.06204
.05613
.05079

.07502
.06788
.06142
.05558
.05029

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

.04979
.04505
.04076
.03688
.03337

.04929
.04460
.04036
.03652
.03304

.04880
.04416
.03996
.03615
.03271

.04832
.04372
.03956
.03579
.03239

.04783
.04328
.03916
.03544
.03206

.04736
.04285
.03877
.03508
.03175

.04689
.04243
.03839
.03474
.03143

.04642
.04200
.03801
.03439
.03112

.04596
.04159
.03763
.03405
.03081

.04550
.04117
.03725
.03371
.03050

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

.03020
.02732
.02472
.02237
.02024

.02990
.02705
.02448
.02215
.02004

.02960
.02678
.02423
.02193
.01984

.02930
.02652
.02399
.02171
.01964

.02901
.02625
.02375
.02149
.01945

.02872
.02599
.02352
.02128
.01925

.02844
.02573
.02328
.02107
.01906

.02816
.02548
.02305
.02086
.01887

.02788
.02522
.02282
.02065
.01869

.02760
.02497
.02260
.02045
.01850

.012277
.0245166
.0216616
.0361125
.0322487
.0482724

.011109
.0240868
.0215034
.0355308
.0320347
.0474852

.010052
.0236979
.0213604
.0350045
.0318411
.0467729

.0290953
.0233460
.0212309
.0345283
.0316659
.0461283

.0282297
.0230276
.0211138
.0340973
.0315073
.0455452

.0274466
.0227394
.0210078
.0337074
.0313639
.0450175

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

.018316 .016573 .014996 .013569

.0267379 .0260967 .0255166 .0249916
.0224788 .0222429 .0220294 .0218363
.0391188 .0382510 .0374659 .0367554
.0333546 .0330354 .0327465 .0324852
.0312341 .0311167 .0310104 .0491424
.0445400

227

TABLE

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

18a

sinh

.0
.1
.2
.3
.4

.0000
.1002
.2013
.3045
.4108

.0100
.1102
.2115
.3150
.4216

.0200
.1203
.2218
.3255
.4325

.0300
.1304
.2320
.3360
.4434

.0400
.1405
.2423
.3466
.4543

.0500
.1506
.2526
.3572
.4653

.0600
.1607
.2629
.3678
.4764

.0701
.1708
.2733
.3785
.4875

.0801
.1810
.2837
.3892
.4986

.0901
.1911
.2941
.4000
.5098

.5
.6
.7
.8
.9

.5211
.6367
.7586
.8881
1.0265

.5324
.6485
.7712
.9015
1.0409

.5438
.6605
.7838
.9150
1.0554

.5552
.6725
.7966
.9286
1.0700

.5666
.6846
.8094
.9423
1 .0847

.5782
.6967
.8223
.9561
1 .0995

.5897
.7090
.8353
.9700
1 . 1 144

.6014
.7213
.8484
.9840
1 .1294

.6131
.7336
.8615
.9981
1.1446

.6248
.7461
.8748
1.0122
1.1598

1 .0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1 .1752
1.3356
1.5095
1 .6984
1.9043

1 .1907
1.3524
1 .5276
1 .7182
1.9259

1 .2063
1.3693
1.5460
1.7381
1 .9477

1 .2220
1 .3863
1 .5645
1.7583
1 .9697

1 .2379
1.4035
1.5831
1.7786
1 .9919

1 .2539
1.4208
1.6019
1.7991
2.0143

1 .2700
1.4382
1.6209
1.8198
2.0369

1 .2862
1.4558
1 .6400
1.8406
2.0597

1 .3025
1 .4735
1.6593
1 .8617
2.0827

1 .3190
1.4914
1 .6788
1 .8829
2.1059

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

2.1293
2.3756
2.6456
2.9422
3.2682

2.1529
2.4015
2.6740
2.9734
3.3025

2.1768
2.4276
2.7027
3.0049
3.3372

2.2008
2.4540
2.7317
3.0367
3.3722

2.2251
2.4806
2.7609
3.0689
3.4075

2.2496
2.5075
2.7904
3.1013
3.4432

2.2743
2.5346
2.8202
3.1340
3.4792

2.2993
2.5620
2.8503
3.1671
3.5156

2.3245
2.5896
2 .8806
3.2005
3.5523

2.3499
2.6175
2.9112
3.2341
3.5894

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

3.6269
4.0219
4.4571
4.9370
5.4662

3.6647
4.0635
4.5030
4.9876
5.5221

3.7028
4.1056
4.5494
5.0387
5.5785

3.7414
4.1480
4.5962
5.0903
5.6354

3.7803
4.1909
4.6434
5.1425
5.6929

3.8196
4.2342
4.6912
5.1951
5.7510

3.8593
4.2779
4.7394
5.2483
5.8097

3.8993
4.3221
4.7880
5.3020
5.8689

3.9398
4.3666
4.8372
5.3562
5.9288

3.9806
4.4116
4.8868
5.4109
5.9892

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

6.0502
6.6947
7.4063
8.1919
9.0596

6.1118
6.7628
7.4814
8.2749
9.1512

6.1741
6.8315
7.5572
8.3586
9.2437

6.2369
6.9008
7.6338
8.4432
9.3371

6.3004
6.9709
7.7112
8.5287
9.4315

6.3645
7.0417
7.7894
8.6150
9.5268

6.4293
7.1132
7.8683
8.7021
9.6231

6.4946
7.1854
7.9480
8.7902
9.7203

6.5607
7.2583
8.0285
8.8791
9.8185

6.6274
7.3319
8.1098
8.9689
9.9177

228

HYPERBOLIC FU NC T I O N S

sinh

Table 1 8a

(continued)

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

10.018
11.076
12.246
13.538
14.965

10.119
1 1.188
12.369
13.674
15.116

10.221
1 1.301
1 2.494
13.812
15.268

10.324
1 1.415
12.620
13.951
1 5.422

10.429
1 1 .530
1 2.747
14.092
1 5.577

10.534
11.647
12.876
14.234
1 5.734

10.640
11.764
13.006
14.377
1 5.893

10.748
1 1.883
1 3.137
14.522
16.053

10.856
12.003
13.269
14.668
1 6.215

10.966
12.124
13.403
14.816
1 6.378

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

16.543
18.285
20.211
22.339
24.691

1 6.709
18.470
20.415
22.564
24.939

1 6.877
18.655
20.620
22.791
25.190

1 7.047
18.843
20.828
23.020
25.444

17.219
19.033
21.037
23.252
25.700

1 7.392
19.224
21.249
23.486
25.958

17.567
19.418
21.463
23.722
26.219

17.744
19.613
21.679
23.961
26.483

17.923
19.811
21.897
24.202
26.749

18.103
20.010
22.117
24.445
27.018

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

27.290
30.162
33.336
36.843
40.719

27.564
30.465
33.671
37.214
41.129

27.842
30.772
34.009
37.588
41.542

28.122
31.081
34.351
37.965
41.960

28.404
31.393
34.697
38.347
42.382

28.690
31.709
35.046
38.733
42.808

28.979
32.028
35.398
39.122
43.238

29.270
32.350
35.754
39.515
43.673

29.564
32.675
36.11 3
39.913
44.112

29.862
33.004
36.476
40.314
44.555

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

45.003
49.737
54.969
60.751
67.141

45.455
50.237
55.522
61.362
67.816

45.912
50.742
56.080
61.979
68.498

46.374
51.252
56.643
62.601
69.186

46.840
51.767
57.213
63.231
69.882

47.311
52.288
57.788
63.866
70.584

47.787
52.813
58.369
64.508
71.293

48.267
53.344
58.995
65.157
72.010

48.752
53.880
59.548
65.812
72.734

49.242
54.422
60.147
66.473
73.465

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

74.203
82.008
90.633
100.17
110.70

74.949
82.832
91.544
101.17
111.81

75.702
83.665
92.464
102.19
1 12.94

76.463
84.506
93.394
103.22
1 14.07

77.232
85.355
94.332
104.25
1 1 5.22

78.008
86.213
95.281
105.30
1 16".38

78.792
87.079
96.238
106.36
1 1 7.55

79.584
87.955
97.205
1 07.43
1 18.73

80.384
88.839
98.182
108.51
1 19.92

81.192
89.732
99.169
109.60
121.13

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

122.34
135.21
149.43
165.15
182.52

123.57
136.57
150.93
1 66.81
184.35

124.82
137.94
1 52.45
168.48
186.20

126.o7
139.33
1 53.98
1 70.18
188.08

127.34
140.73
1 55.53
1 71 .89
189.97

128.62
142.14
1 57.09
1 73.62
191.88

1 29.91
143.57
158.67
175.36
193.80

131.22
145.02
160.27
1 77.12
195.75

132.53
146.47
1 61.88
1 78.90
197.72

133.87
147.95
163.51
180.70
199.71

229

TABLE

H Y P E R B O LI C F U N C T I O N S

cosh

.0
.1
.2
.3
.4

1.0000
1 .0050
1 .0201
1 .0453
1.0811

1 .0001
1.0061
1.0221
1.0484
1 .0852

1 .0002
1.0072
1 .0243
1 .0516
1 .0895

1.0005
1 .0085
1.0266
1 .0549
1.0939

1.0008
1.0098
1.0289
1.0584
1 .0984

1.0013
1.0113
1 .0314
1.0619
1 .1030

1 .0018
1 .0128
1 .0340
1 .0655
1 .1077

1.0025
1 .0145
1 .0367
1.0692
1.1125

1.0032
1 .0162
1 .0395
1.0731
1 .1 1 74

1.0041
1.0181
1.0423
1 .0770
1 .1225

.5
.6
.7
.8
.9

1 .1276
1 .1855
1.2552
1 .3374
1.4331

1 .1329
1.1919
1 .2628
1 .3464
1 .4434

1 .1383
1 .1984
1 .2706
1 .3555
1 .4539

1.1438
1 .2051
1 .2785
1.3647
1.4645

1 . 1494
1.2119
1 .2865
1.3740
1 .4753

1.1551
1 .2188
1 .2947
1 .3835
1.4862

1.1609
1.2258
1 .3030
1 .3932
1.4973

1.1669
1 .2330
1.3114
1 .4029
1 .5085

1 .1 730
1.2402
1 .3199
1.4128
1.5199

1.1792
1.2476
1.3286
1 .4229
1 .5314

1 .0
1.1
1.2
1 .3
1.4

1 .5431
1.6685
1 .8107
1 .9709
2.1509

1 .5549
1.6820
1.8258
1 .9880
2.1700

1 .5669
1.6956
1 .8412
2.0053
2.1894

1 .5790
1 .7093
1.8568
2.0228
2.2090

1.5913
1 .7233
1.8725
2.0404
2.2288

1.6038
1.7374
1.8884
2.0583
2.2488

1 .6164
1.7517
1 .9045
2.0764
2.2691

1.6292
1 .7662
1.9208
2.0947
2.2896

1.6421
1.7808
1.9373
2.1132
2.3103

1 .6552
1.7957
1 .9540
2.1320
2.3312

1.5
1 .6
1.7
1 .8
1.9

2.3524
2.5775
2.8283
3.1075
3.4177

2.3738
2.6013
2.8549
3.1371
3.4506

2.3955
2.6255
2.8818
3.1669
3.4838

2.4174
2.6499
2.9090
3.1972
3.5173

2.4395
2.6746
2.9364
3.2277
3.5512

2.4619
2.6995
2.9642
3.2585
3.5855

2.4845
2.7247
2.9922
3.2897
3.6201

2.5073
2.7502
3.0206
3.3212
3.6551

2.5305
2.7760
3.0492
3.3530
3.6904

2.5538
2.8020
3.0782
3.3852
3.7261

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

3.7622
4.1443
4.5679
5.0372
5.5569

3.7987
4.1847
4.6127
5.0868
5.61 19

3.8355
4.2256
4.6580
5.1370
5.6674

3.8727
4.2669
4.7037
5.1876
5.7235

3.9103
4.3085
4.7499
5.2388
5.7801

3.9483
4.3507
4.7966
5.2905
5.8373

3.9867
4.3932
4.8437
5.3427
5.8951

4.0255
4.4362
4.8914
5.3954
5.9535

4.0647
4.4797
4.9395
5.4487
6.0125

4.1043
4.5236
4.9881
5.5026
6.0721

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

6.1323
6.7690
7.4735
8.2527
9.1146

6.1931
6.8363
7.5479
8.3351
9.2056

6.2545
6.9043
7.6231
8.4182
9.2976

6.3166
6.9729
7.6991
8.5022
9.3905

6.3793
7.0423
7.7758
8.5871
9.4844

6.4426
7.1123
7.8533
8.6728
9.5791

6.5066
7.1831
7.9316
8.7594
9.6749

6.5712
7.2546
8.0106
8.8469
9.7716

6.6365
7.3268
8.0905
8.9352
9.8693

6.7024
7.3998
8.1712
9.0244
9.9680

230

H Y P E R B O LI C F U N C T I O N S

Table 1 8b

cosh

(continued)

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

10.068
11.121
12.287
13. 575
14.999

10.168
1 1.233
12.410
13.711
1 5.149

10.270
1 1 .345
12.534
13.848
15.301

10.373
11.459
12.660
13.987
15.455

10.476
1 1.574
12.786
14.127
1 5.610

10.581
1 1 .689
12.915
14.269
15.766

10.687
1 1 .806
13.044
14.412
1 5.924

10.794
1 1.925
13.175
14.556
16.084

10.902
12.044
13.307
14.702
16.245

1 1 .0 1 1
12.165
13.440
14.850
16.408

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

16.573
1 8.313
20.236
22.362
24.711

16.739
18.497
20.439
22.586
24.959

1 6.907
18.682
20.644
22.813
25.210

1 7.077
18.870
20.852
23.042
25.463

17.248
19.059
21 .061
23.273
25.719

17.421
19.250
21 .272
23.507
25.977

1 7.596
19.444
21.486
23.743
26.238

17.772
19.639
21.702
23.982
26.502

1 7.951
19.836
21.919
24.222
26.768

1 8.131
20.035
22.139
24.466
27.037

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

27.308
30.178
33.351
36.857
40.732

27.583
30.482
33.686
37.227
41.141

27.860
30.788
34.024
37.601
4 1.554

28.139
31.097
34.366
37.979
41.972

28.422
31.409
34.711
38.360
42.393

28.707
31 .725
35.060
38.746
42.819

28.996
32.044
35.412
39.135
43.250

29.287
32.365
35.768
39.528
43.684

29.581
32.691
36.127
39.925
44.123

29.878
33.019
36.490
40.326
44.566

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

45.014
49.747
54.978
60.759
67.149

45.466
50.247
55.531
61.370
67.823

45.923
50.752
56.089
61.987
68.505

46.385
5 1.262
56.652
62.609
69.193

46.851
51.777
57.221
63.239
69.889

47.321
52.297
57.796
63.874
70.591

47.797
52.823
58.377
64.516
71.300

48.277
53.354
58.964
65.164
72.017

48.762
53.890
59.556
65.819
72.741

49.252
54.431
60.155
66.481
73.472

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

74.210
82.014
90.639
100.17
110.71

74.956
82.838
91.550
101.18
1 11.82

75.709
83.671
92.470
102.19
1 12.94

76.470
84.512
93.399
103.22
1 14.08

77.238
85.361
94.338
104.26
1 1 5.22

78.014
86.219
95.286
105.31
116.38

78.798
87.085
96.243
106.67
1 1 7.55

79.590
87.960
97.211
107.43
118.73

80.390
88.844
98.188
108.51
1 19.93

81 .198
89.737
99.174
109.60
121.13

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

122.35
135.22
149.44
165.15
182.52

123.58
136.57
150.94
1 66.81
184.35

124.82
1 37.95
152.45
1 68.49
186.21

1 26.07
139.33
153.99
1 70.18
188.08

127.34
140.73
155.53
1 71.89
189.97

1 28.62
142.15
157.10
1 73.62
191.88

129.91
143.58
158.68
175.36
193.81

1 31.22
145.02
160.27
177.13
195.75

132.54
146.48
1 61.88
178.91
197.72

133.87
147.95
1 63.51
180.70
199.71

231

TABLE

H Y P E R BO LI C F U N C T I O N S

1 8c

tanh

.0
.1
.2
.3
.4

.00000
.09967
.19738
.29131
.37995

.01000
.10956
.20697
.30044
.38847

.02000
.11943
.21652
.30951
.39693

.02999
.12927
.22603
.31852
.40532

.03998
.13909
.23550
.32748
.41364

.04996
.14889
.24492
.33638
.42190

.05993
.15865
.25430
.34521
.43008

.06989
.16838
.26362
.35399
.43820

.07983
.17808
.27291
.36271
.44624

.08976
.18775
.28213
.37136
.45422

.5
.6
.7
.8
.9

.46212
.53705
.60437
.66404
.71630

.46995
.54413
.61068
.66959
.72113

.47770
.55113
.61691
.67507
.72590

.48538
.55805
.62307
.68048
.73059

.49299
.56490
.62915
.68581
.73522

.50052
.57167
.63515
.69107
.73978

.50798
.57836
.64108
.69626
.74428

.51536
.58498
.64693
.70137
.74870

.52267
.59152
.65271
.70642
.75307

.52990
.59798
.65841
.71139
.75736

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

.76159
.80050
.83365
.86172
.88535

.76576
.80406
.83668
.86428
.88749

.76987
.80757
.83965
.86678
.88960

.77391
.81102
.84258
.86925
.89167

.77789
.81441
.84546
.87167
.89370

.78181
.81775
.84828
.87405
.89569

.78566
.82104
.85106
.87639
.89765

.78946
.82427
.85380
.87869
.89958

.79320
.82745
.85648
.88095
.90147

.79688
.83058
.85913
.88317
.90332

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

.90515
.92167
.93541
.94681
.95624

.90694
.92316
.93665
.94783
.95709

.90870
.92462
.93786
.94884
.95792

.91042
.92606
.93906
.94983
.95873

.91212
.92747
.94023
.95080
.95953

.91379
.92886
.94138
.95175
.96032

.91542
.93022
.94250
.95268
.96109

.91703
.93155
.94361
.95359
.96185

.91860
.93286
.94470
.95449
.96259

.92015
.93415
.94576
.95537
.96331

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

.96403
.97045
.97574
.98010
.98367

.96473
.97103
.97622
.98049
.98400

.96541
.97159
.97668
.98087
.98431

.96609
.97215
.97714
.98124
.98462

.96675
.97269
.97759
.98161
.98492

.96740
.97323
.97803
.98197
.98522

.96803
.97375
.97846
.98233
.98551

.96865
.97426
.97888
.98267
.98579

.96926
.97477
.97929
.98301
.98607

.96986
.97526
.97970
.98335
.98635

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

.98661
.98903
.99101
.99263
.99396

.98688
.98924
.99118
.99278
.99408

.98714
.98946
.99136
.99292
.99420

.98739
.98966
.99153
.99306
.99431

.98764
.98987
.99170
.99320
.99443

.98788
.99007
.99186
.99333
.99454

.98812
.99026
.99202
.99346
.99464

.98835
.99045
.99218
.99359
.99475

.98858
.99064
.99233
.99372
.99485

.98881
.99083
.99248
.99384
.99496

232

H Y P E R BOLIC FU N C T I O NS

Table 1 8c
(continued)

ta nh

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

.99505
.99595
.99668
.99728
.99777

.99515
.99603
.99675
.99734
.99782

.99525
.9961 1
.99681
.99739
.99786

.99534
.99618
.99688
.99744
.99790

.99543
.99626
.99694
.99749
.99795

.99552
.99633
.99700
.99754
.99799

.99561
.99641
.99706
.99759
.99803

.99570
.99648
.99712
.99764
.99807

.99578
.99655
.9971 7
.99768
.99810

.99587
.99662
.99723
.99773
.99814

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

.99818
.99851
.99878
.99900
.99918

.99821
.99853
.99880
.99902
.99920

.99825
.99857
.99883
.99904
.99921

.99828
.99859
.99885
.99906
.99923

.99832
.99862
.99887
.99908
.99924

.99835
.99865
.99889
.99909
.99926

.99838
.99868
.99892
.99911
.99927

.99842
.99870
.99894
.99913
.99929

.99845
.99873
.99896
.9991 5
.99930

.99848
.99875
.99898
.99916
.99932

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

.99933
.99945
.99955
.99963
.99970

.99934
.99946
.99956
.99964
.99970

.99936
.99947
.99957
.99965
.99971

.99937
.99948
.99958
.99966
.99972

.99938
.99949
.99958
.99966
.99972

.99939
.99950
.99959
.99967
.99973

.99941
.99951
.99960
.99967
.99973

.99942
.99952
.99961
.99968
.99974

.99943
.99953
.99962
.99969
.99974

.99944
.99954
.99962
.99969
.99975

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

.99975
.99980
.99983
.99986
.99989

.99976
.99980
.99984
.99987
.99989

.99976
.99981
.99984
.99987
.99990

.99977
.99981
.99984
.99987
.99990

.99977
.99981
.99985
.99987
.99990

.99978
.99982
.99985
.99988
.99990

.99978
.99982
.99985
.99988
.99990

.99979
.99982
.99986
.99988
.99990

.99979
.99983
.99986
.99988
.99991

.99979
.99983
.99986
.99989
.99991

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

.99991
.99993
.99994
.99995
.99996

.99991
.99993
.99994
.99995
.99996

.99991
.99993
.99994
.99995
.99996

.99991
.99993
.99994
.99995
.99996

.99992
.99993
.99994
.99995
.99996

.99992
.99993
.99994
.99995
.99996

.99992
.99993
.99995
.99996
.99996

.99992
.99994
.99995
.99996
.99996

.99992
.99994
.99995
.99996
.99997

.99992
.99994
.99995
.99996
.99997

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

.99997
.99997
.99998
.99998
.99998

.99997
.99997
.99998
.99998
.99999

.99997
.99997
.99998
.99998
.99999

.99997
.99997
.99998
.99998
.99999

.99997
.99997
.99998
.99998
.99999

.99997
.99998
.99998
.99998
.99999

.99997
.99998
.99998
.99998
.99999

.99997
.99998
.99998
.99998
.99999

.99997
.99998
.99998
.99998
.99999

.09997
.99998
.99998
.99998
.99999

233

TABLE

19

n!

'I

FACTOR IA L n
=

n!

1 2 8 n

n!

40
41
42
43
44

8.15915
3.34525
1.40501
6.04153
2.65827

n!

80
81
82
83
84

7.15 695 X
5.79713 X
4.75364 X
3.94552 X
3.31424 X

10 11 8
10 1 20
10122
10 1 24
10 1 26

85
86
87
88
89

2.81 7 1 0 X
2.42271 X
2.10776 X
1.85483 X
1.65080 X

10 1 28

1064
1066
1067
1069
1071

90
91
92
93
94

1.48572 X
1.35200 X
1.24384 X
1.15677 X
1.08737 X

10 1 38
10 1 40
10 1 42
10 1 44

1.26964 X
7.10999 X
4.05269 X
2.35056 X
1.38683 X

1073
1074
1076
1078
1080

95
96
97
98
99

1.03300 X
9.91678 X
9.61928 X
9.42689 X
9.33262 X

10 1 48
10 1 49
1 0 1 51
10153
10155

60
61
62
63
64

8.32099 X
5.07580 X
3.14700 X
1.98261 X
1.26887 X

1081
1083
1085
1087
1089

100

65
66
67
68
69

8.24765 X 1090
5.44345 X 1092
3.64711 X 1094
2.48004 X 1096
1.71122 X 1098

1033
1035
1036
1038

70
71
72
73
74

1 .19786
8.50 479
6.12345
4.47012
3.3 0 789

X
X
X
X
X

1010 0
1010 1
10103
10105
101 07

1040
.1041
1043
1044
1046

75
76
77
78
79

2.48091 X
1.88549 X
1.45183 X
1.13243 X
8.9 4 618 X

10109
101 1 1
10113
10115
101 16

(by definition)

0
1
2
3
4

1
1
2
6
24

5
6
7
8
9

120
720
5040
40,320
362,880

45
46
47
48
49

1.19622
5.50262
2.58623
1.24139
6.08282

10
11
12
13
14

3,628,800
39,916,800
479,001,600
6,227,020,800
87,1 78,291,200

50
51
52
53
54

3.04141 X
1.55112 X
8.06582 X
4.27488 X
2.30844 X

15
16
17
18
19

1,307,674,368,000
20,922,789,888,000
355,687,428,096,000
6,402,373, 705,728,000
121,645,100,408,832,000

55
56
57
58
59

20
21
22
23
24

2,432,902,008,176,640,000
51,090,942,171 ,709,440,000
1,124,000,727,777,607,680,000
25,852,016,738,884,976,640,000
620,448,401,733,239,439,360,000

25
26
27
28
29
30

1 511 10433085840000
403,291,461,126,605,635,584,000,000
10,888,869,450,418,352,160,768,000,000
304,888,344,611 '713,860 ,501,504,000,000
8,841, 761,993,739,701,954,543,616,000,000
265,252,859,812,191,058,636,308,480,000,000

31
32
33
34

8.22284 X
2.63131 X
8.68332 X
2.95233 X

35
36
37
38
39

1.03331 y
3.71993 X
1.37638 X
5.23023 X
2.03979 X

234

X 1047

X
X
X
X

1049
1051
1052
1054

X 1056
X 1057

X 1059

X 1061
X 1062

10 1 30
10132
10134
10136

10 1 46

9.33262 X 10157

G A M M A F U N C TI O N

TABLE

20

T(x)

.{"'

tx- te-t dt

for 1 X 2

[For other values use the formula r(x

+ 1)

==

x r(x)]

r(x)

r(x)

1 .00
1.01
1 .02
1 .03
1 .04
1 .05
1 .06
1 .07
1.08
1.09

1 .00000
.99433
.98884
.98355
.97844
.97350
.96874
.96415
.95973
.95546

1.50
1.51
1 .52
1 .53
1 . 54
1.55
1.56
1. 57
1 .58
1 .59

.88623
.88659
.88704
.88757
.88818
.88887
.88964
.89049
.891 42
.89243

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1 .1 5
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

.95135
.94740
.94359
.93993
.93642
.93304
.92980
.92670
.92373
.92089

1 .60
1 .61
1 .62
1.63
1 .64
1 .65
1 .66
1 .67
1 .68
1.69

.89352
.89468
.89592
.89724
.89864
.90012
.90167
.90330
.90500
.90678

1 .20
1 .21
1 .22
1 .23
1 .24
1 .25
1 .26
1 .27
1 .28
1 .29

.91817
.91 558
.91311
.91075
.90852
.90640
.90440
.90250
.90072
.89904

1 .70
1 .71
1 .72
1 .73
1 .74
1 .75
1 .76
1 .77
1 .78
1 .79

.90864
.91057
.91258
.91467
.91 683
.91906
.92137
.92376
.92623
.92877

1 .30
1 .31
1 .32
1 .33
1 .34
1.35
1 .36
1 .37
1 .38
1 .39

.89747
.89600
.89464
.89338
.89222
.89 1 1 5
.89018
.88931
.88854
.88785

1 .80
1.81
1 .82
1 .83
1.84
1 .85
1 .86
1 .87
1 .88
1 .89

.93138
.93408
.93685
.93969
.94261
.94561
.94869
.95184
.95507
.95838

1 .40
1 .41
1 .42
1 .43
1 .44
1 .45
1 .46
1 .47
1 .48
1 .49

.88726
.88676
.88636
.88604
.88581
.88566
.88560
.88563
.88575
.88595

1 .90
1 .91
1 .92
1 .93
1 .94
1 .95
1 .96
1 .97
1 .98
1 .99

.96177
.96523
.96877
.97240
.97610
.97988
.98374
.98768
.99171
.99581

1.50

.88623

2.00

1 .00000

235

>>

TABLE

21

> >>

n!
k f (n :.,. !c)T

llNOMIL COEFFICIEN TS
>

c c,' > >>C > ' :>

n1n .... t)
,,,

(n :.;... k + 1)
=
kl

O! = 1

Note that each number is the sum of two numbers in the row above; one of these numbers i s in the same
column and the other is in the preceding column [e.g. 56 = 35 + 21 ] . The arrangement is often called
Pascal's triangle [see 3.6, page 4 ] .

IX

1
2
3
4
5

1
1
1
1
1

1
2
3
4
5

1
3
6
10

1
4
10

1
5

6
7
8
9
10

1
1
1
1
1

6
7
8
9
10

15
21
28
36
45

20
35
56
84
120

15
35
70
126
210

6
21
56
126
252

1
7
28
84
210

1
8
36
120

1
9
45

1
10

11
12
13
14
15

1
1
1
1
1

11
12
13
14
15

55
66
78
91
105

165
220
286
364
455

330
495
715
1001
1365

462
792
1287
2002
3003

462
924
1 716
3003
5005

330
792
1716
3432
6435

165
495
1287
3003
6435

55
220
715
2002
5005

16
17
18
19
20

1
1
1
1
1

16
17
18
19
20

120
136
153
1 71
190

560
680
816
969
1140

1820
2380
3060
3876
4845

4368
6188
8568
11628
15504

8008
12376
18564
27132
38760

1 1440
19448
31824
50388
77520

12870
24310
43758
75582
125970

11440
24310
48620
92378
167960

21
22
23
24
25

1
1
1
1
1

21
22
23
24
25

210
231
253
276
300

1330
1 540
1 771
2024
2300

5985
7315
8855
10626
12650

20349
26334
33649
42504
53130

54264
74613
100947
134596
177100

116280
170544
245157
346104
480700

203490
319770
490314
735471
1081575

293930
497420
817190
1307504
2042975

26
27
28
29
30

1
1
1
1
1

26
27
28
29
30

325
351
378
406
435

2600
2925
3276
3654
4060

14950
1 7550
20475
23751
27405

65780
80730
98280
1 18755
142506

230230
296010
376740
475020
593775

657800
888030
1184040
1 560780
2035800

1562275
2220075
3108105
4292145
5852925

3124550
4686825
6906900
1001 5005
14307150

236

B I N O M IA L C O E F FI C I EN T S

Table 21
(continued)

n(n - 1) " (n - k + 1)
k!

n!
k ! (n - k) !

11

fO

13

12

0 ! =: 1

14

15

10

11
12
13
14
15

11
66
286
1001
3003

1
12
78
364
1365

1
13
91
455

1
14
105

1
15

16
17
18
19
20

8008
19448
43758
92378
184756

4368
12376
31824
75582
167960

1820
6188
18564
50388
125970

560
2380
8568
27132
77520

120
680
3060
1 1628
38760

16
136
816
3876
15504

21
22
23
24
25

352716
646646
1 144066
1961256
3268760

352716
705432
1352078
2496144
4457400

293930
646646
1352078
2704156
5200300

203490
497420
1144066
2496144
5200300

1 16280
319770
817190
1961256
4457400

54264
170544
490314
1307504
3268760

26
27
28
29
30

5311735
8436285
13123110
20030010
30045015

7726160
13037895
21474180
34597290
54627300

9657700
17383860
30421755
51895935
86493225

10400600
20058300
37442160
67863915
119759850

9657700
20058300
401 16600
77558760
145422675

7726160
1 7383860
37442160
77558760
155117520

For k > 1 5 use the fact that

() ( )
n

k
237

TABLE

22
n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

n2

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2

1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
100
121
144
169
196
225
256
289
324
361
400
441
484
529
576
625
676
729
784
841
900
961
024
089
156
225
296
369
444
521
600
681
764
84!)
936
025
116
209
304
401
500

S Q U A R E S , C U B E S , R O O T S A N D R E C I P R O C A LS

n3

1
1
1
2
2
3
4
4
5
6
8
9
10
12
13
15
17
19
21
24
27
29
32
35
39
42
46
50
54
59
64
68
74
79
85
!)1

97
103
110
117
125

1
8
27
64
125
216
343
512
729
000
331
728
197
744
375
096
913
832
859
000
261
648
167
824
625
576
683
952
389
000
791
768
937
304
875
656
653
872
319
000
921
088
507
184
125
336
823
592
649
000

Vn

v10n

Tn

yriOr;

ylOOn

1 .000 000
1.414 214
1.732 051
2.000 000
2.236 068
2.449 490
2.645 751
2.828 427
3.000 000
3.162 278
3.316 625
3.464 102
3.605 551
3.741 657
3.872 983
4.000 000
4.123 106
4.242 641
4.358 899
4.472 136
4.582 576
4.690 416
4.795 832
4.898 979
5.000 000
5.099 020
5.196 152
5.291 503
5.385 165
5.477 226
5.567 764
5.656 854
5.744 563
5.830 952
5.916 080
6.000 000
6.082 763
6.164 414
6.244 998
6.324 555
6.403 124
6.480 741
6.557 439
6.633 250
6.708 204
6.782 330
6.855 655
6.928 203
7.000 000
7.071 068

3.162 278
4.472 136
5.477 226
6.324 555
7.071 068
7.745 967
8.366 600
8.944 272
9.486 833
10.000 00
10.488 09
10.954 45
11.401 75
11.832 16
12.247 45
12.649 11
13.038 40
13.416 41
13.784 05
14.142 14
14.491 38
14.832 40
15.165 75
15.491 93
15.811 39
16.124 52
16.431 68
16.733 20
17.029 39
17.320 5 1
17.606 82
17.888 54
18.165 90
18.439 09
18.708 29
18.973 67
19.235 38
19.493 59
19.748 42
20.000 00
20.248 46
20.493 90
20.736 44
20.976 18
21.213 20
21 .447 61
21.679 48
21.908 90
22.135 94
22.360 68

1.000 000
1.259 921
1.442 250
1.587 401
1.709 976
1.817 121
1.912 931
2.000 000
2.080 084
2.154 435
2.223 980
2.289 428
2.351 335
2.410 142
2.466 212
-2.519 842
2.571 282
2.620 741
2.668 402
2.714 418
2.758 924
2.802 039
2.843 867
2.884 499
2.924 018
2.962 496
3.000 000
3.036 589
3.072 317
3.107 233
3.141 381
3.174 802
3.207 534
3.239 612
3.271 066
3.301 927
3.332 222
3.361 975
3.391 211
3.419 952
3.448 217
3.476 027
3.503 398
3.530 348
3.556 893
3.583 048
3.608 826
3.634 241
3.659 306
3.684 031

2.154 435
2.714 418
3.107 233
3.419 952
3.684 031
3.914 868
4.121 285
4.308 869
4.481 405
4.641 589
4.791 420
4.932 424
5.065 797
5.192 494
5.313 293
5.428 835
5.539 658
5.646 216
5.748 897
5.848 035
5.943 922
6.036 811
6.126 926
6.214 465
6.299 605
6.382 504
6.463 304
6.542 133
6.619 106
6.694 330
6.767 899
6.839 904
6.910 423
6.979 532
7.047 299
7.113 787
7.179 054
7.243 156
7.306 144
7.368 063
7.428 959
7.488 872
7.547 842
7.605 !)05
7.663 094
7.719 443
7.774 980
7.829 735
7.883 735
7.937 005

4.641 589
5.848 035
6.694 330
7.368 063
7.937 005
8.434 327
8.879 040
9.283 178
9.654 894
10.000 00
10.322 80
10.626 59
10.913 93
1 1.186 89
11.447 14
11.696 07
11.934 83
12.164 40
12.385 62
12.599 21
12.805 79
13.005 91
13.200 06
13.388 66
13.572 09
13.750 69
13.924 77
14.094 60
14.260 43
14.422 50
14.581 00
14.736 13
14.888 06
15.036 95
1 5.182 94
1 5.326 19
15.466 80
15.604 91
15.740 61
15.874 01
1 6.005 21
16.134 29
1 6.261 33
16.386 43
16.50!) 64
1 6.631 03
16.750 69
1 6.868 65
16.984 99
1 7.099 76

238

1/n
1.000 000
.500 000
.333 333
.250 000
.200 000
.166 667
.142 857
.125 000
.111 111
.100 000
.090 909
.083 333
.076 923
.071 429
.066 667
.062 500
.058 824
.055 556
.052 632
.050 000
.047 619
.045 455
.043 478
.041 667
.040 000
.038 462
.037 037
.035 714
.034 483
.033 333
.032 258
.031 250
.030 303
.029 412
.028 571
.027 778
.027 027
.026 316
.025 641
.025 000
.024 3!)0
.023 810
.023 256
.022 727
.022 222
.021 739
.021 277
.020 883
.020 408
.020 000

Table 22

S Q U A R E S , C U B E S , R O O T S A N D R E C I P RO C A L S

(continued)

n n2
50 2 500
51 2 601
52 2 704
53 2 809
54 2 916
55 3 025
56 3 136
57 3 249
58 3 364
59 3 481
60 3 600
61 3 721
62 3 844
63 3 969
64 4 096
65 4 225
66 4 356
67 4 489
68 4 624
69 4 761
70 4 900
71 5 041
72 5 184
73 5 329
74 5 476
75 5 625
76 5 776
77 5 929
78 6 084
79 6 241
80 6 400
81 6 561
82 6 724
83 6 889
84 7 056
85 7 225
86 7 396
87 7 569
88 7 744
89 7 921
90 8 100
91 8 281
92 8 464
93 8 649
94 8 836
95 9 025
96 9 216
97 9 409
98 9 604
99 9 801
100 10 000

n3
Vn
yTh:
125 000 7.071 068 22.360 68
132 651 7.141 428 22.583 18
140 608 7.211 103 22.803 51
148 877 7.280 110 23.021 73
157 464 7.348 469 23.237 90
166 375 7.416 198 23.452 08
175 616 7.483 315 23.664 32
185 193 7.549 834 23.874 67
195 112 7.615 773 24.083 19
205 379 7.681 146 24.289 92
216 000 7.745 967 24.494 90
226 981 7.810 250 24.698 18
238 328 7.874 008 24.899 80
250 047 7.937 254 25.099 80
262 144 8.000 000 25.298 22
274 625 8.062 258 25.495 10
287 496 8.124 038 25.690 47
300 763 8.185 353 25.884 36
314 432 8.246 211 26.076 81
328 509 8.306 624 26.267 85
343 000 8.366 600 26.457 51
357 911 8.426 150 26.645 83
373 248 8.485 281 26.832 82
389 017 8.544 004 27.018 51
405 224 8.602 325 27.202 94
421 875 8.660 254 27.386 13
438 976 8.717 798 27.568 10
456 533 8.774 964 27.748 87
474 552 8.831 761 27.928 48
493 039 8.888 194 28.106 94
512 000 8.944 272 28.284 27
531 441 9.000 000 28.460 50
551 368 9.055 385 28.635 64
571 787 9.110 434 28.809 72
592 704 9.165 151 28.982 75
614 125 9.219 544 29.154 76
636 056 9.273 618 29.325 76
658 503 9.327 379 29.495 76
681 472 9.380 832 29.664 79
704 969 9.433 981 29.832 87
729 000 9.486 833 30.000 00
753 571 9.539 392 30.166 21
778 688 9.591 663 30.331 50
804 357 9.643 651 30.495 90
830 584 9.695 360 30.659 42
857 375 9.746 794 30.822 07
884 736 9.797 959 30.983 87
912 673 9.848 858 31.144 82
941 192 9.899 495 31.304 95
970 299 9.949 874 31.464 27
000 000 10.00 000 31.622 78
239

Vn

3.684 031
3.708 430
3.732 511
3.756 286
3.779 763
3.802 952
3.825 862
3.848 501
3.870 877
3.892 996
3.914 868
3.936 497
3.957 892
3.979 057
4.000 000
4.020 726
4.041 240
4.061 548
4.081 655
4.101 566
4.121 285
4.140 818
4.160 168
4.179 339
4.198 336
4.217 163
4.235 824
4.254 321
4.272 659
4.290 840
4.308 869
4.326 749
4.344 481
4.362 071
4.379 519
4.396 830
4.414 005
4.431 048
4.447 960
4.464 745
4.481 405
4.497 941
4.514 357
4.530 655
4.546 836
4.562 903
4.578 857
4.594 701
4.610 436
4.626 065
4.641 589

7.937 005
7.989 570
8.041 452
8.092 672
8.143 253
8.193 213
8.242 571
8.291 344
8.339 551
8.387 207
8.434 327
8.480 926
8.527 019
8.572 619
8.617 739
8.662 391
8.706 588
8.750 340
8.793 659
8.836 556
8.879 040
8.921 121
8.962 809
9.004 113
9.045 042
9.085 603
9.125 805
9.165 656
9.205 164
9.244 335
9.283 178
9.321 698
9.359 902
9.397 796
9.435 388
9.472 682
9.509 685
9.546 403
9.582 840
9.619 002
9.654 894
9.690 521
9.725 888
9.761 000
9.795 861
9.830 476
9.864 848
9.898 983
9.932 884
9.966 555
10.00 000

lOOn

1/n
17.099 76 .020 000
17.213 01 .019 608
17.324 78 .019 231
17.435 13 .018 868
17.544 11 .018 519
17.t:51 74 .018 182
17.758 08 .017 857
17.863 16 .017 544
17.967 02 .017 241
18.069 69 .016 949
18.171 21 .016 667
18.271 60 .016 393
18.370 91 .016 129
18.469 15 .015 873
18.566 36 .015 625
18.662 56 .015 385
18.757 77 .015 152
18.852 04 .014 925
18.945 36 .014 706
19.037 78 .014 493
19.129 31 .014 286
19.219 97 .014 085
19.309 79 .013 889
19.398 77 .013 699
19.486 95 .013 514
19.574 34 .013 333
19.660 95 .013 158
19.746 81 .012 987
19.831 92 .012 821
19.916 32 .012 658
20.000 00 .012 500
20.082 99 .012 346
20.165 30 .012 195
20.246 94 .012 048
20.327 93 .011 905
20.408 28 .011 765
20.488 00 .011 628
20.567 10 .011 494
20.645 60 .011 364
20.723 51 .011 236
20.800 84 .011 111
20.877 59 .010 989
20.953 79 .010 870
21.029 44 .010 753
21.104 54 .010 638
21.179 12 .010 526
21.253 17 .010 417
21.326 71 .010 309
21.399 75 .010 204
21.472 29 .010 101
21.544 35 .010 000

TABLE

23

C O M P O U N D AMOU N T :

(1 + r)"

If a principal. P is deposited at interest rate r (in decimals)

annually, then a t the end of n years the accumulated amount A

compounded
= P(l + r)n.

1%

1!%

1 f!'o

2%

2 %

3%

4%

5%

6%

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1 .0100
1.0201
1.0303
1.0406
1.0510
1.0615
1.0721
1.0829
1 .0937
1.1046

1.0125
1.0252
1.0380
1.0509
1.0641
1 .0774
1.0909
1.1045
1.1183
1.1323

1 .0150
1 .0302
1.0457
1 .0614
1 .0773
1 .0934
1.1098
1 .1265
1.1434
1 .1605

1.0200
1.0404
1.0612
1.0824
1 .1041
1.1 262
1 . 1 487
1.1717
1.1951
1.2190

1.0250
1.0506
1 .0769
1.1038
1.1314
1 .1597
1.1887
1.2184
1.2489
1.2801

1 .0300
1 .0609
1.0927
1 .1255
1.1593
1 .1941
1 .2299
1.2668
1 .3048
1.3439

1.0400
1.0816
1 .1249
1.1699
1.2167
1.2653
1.3159
1.3688
1.4233
1.4802

1.0500
1.1025
1.1 576
1 .2155
1 .2763
1.3401
1.4071
1.4775
1 .5513
1.6289

1 . 0600
1 .1236
1.1910
1.2635
1.3382
1.4185
1.5036
1 .5938
1.6895
1 .7908

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

1.1 1 57
1.1268
1.1381
1.1495
1.1610
1.1 726
1.1843
1.1961
1.2081
1.2202

1 .1464
1.1 608
1 .1 753
1.1900
1 .2048
1.2199
1.2351
1 .2506
1 .2662
1.2820

1.1 779
1 .1956
1.2136
1.2318
1.2502
1.2690
1.2880
1.3073
1.3270
1.3469

1.2434
1.2682
1.2936
1.3195
1 .3459
1.3728
1.4002
1.4282
1 .4568
1 .4859

1 .3121
1.3449
1.3785
1 .4130
1.4483
1 .4845
1 .5216
1.5597
1.5987
1.6386

1.3842
1 .4258
1.4685
1.5126
1 .5580
1.6047
1.6528
1.7024
1.7535
1.8061

1.5395
1.6010
1.6651
1 .7317
1.8009
1.8730
1.9479
2.0258
2.1068
2.1911

1.7103
1.7959
1.8856
1 .9799
2.0789
2.1829
2.2920
2.4066
2.5270
2.6533

1.8983
2.01 22
2.1829
2.2609
2.3966
2.5404
2.6928
2.8543
3.0256
3.2071

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

1.2324
1.2447
1.2572
1.2697
1.2824
1.2953
1.3082
1.3213
1.3345
1.3478

1.2981
1.3143
1.3307
1 .3474
1.3642
1.3812
1.3985
1.4160
1.4337
1.4516

1.3671
1 .3876
1.4084
1.4295
1.4509
1.4727
1.4948
1 .5172
1.5400
1 .5631

1.5157
1.5460
1.5769
1.6084
1 .6406
1.6734
1.7069
1.7410
1. 7758
1 .8114

1.6796
1.7216
1.7646
1.8087
1 .8539
1.9003
1 .9478
1.9965
2.0464
2.0976

1 .8603
1.9161
1.9736
2.0328
2.0938
2.1 566
2.2213
2.2879
2.3566
2.4273

2.2788
2.3699
2.4647
2.5633
2.6658
2.7725
2.8834
2.9987
3.1187
3.2434

2.7860
2.9253
3.0715
3.2251
3.3864
3.5557
3.7335
3.9201
4.1161
4.3219

3.3996
3.6035
3.8197
4.0489
4.2919
4.5494
4.8223
5.1117
5.4184
5.7<135

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

1.3613
1.3749
1.3887
1.4026
1 .4166
1.4308
1 .4451
1.4595
1.4741
1.4889

1.4698
1.4881
1.5067
1.5256
1 .5446
1.5639
1 .5835
1 .6033
1 .6233
1.6436

1.5865
1.6103
1 .6345
1.6590
1.6839
1 .7091
1.7348
1.7608
1 .7872
1.8140

1.8476
1.8845
1 .9222
1.9607
1.9999
2.0399
2.0807
2.1223
2.1647
2.2080

2.1500
2.2038
2.2589
2.3153
2.3732
2.4325
2.4933
2.5557
2.6196
2.6851

2.5001
2.5751
2.6523
2.7319
2.8139
2.8983
2.9852
3.0748
3.1670
3.2620

3.3731
3.5081
3.6484
3.7943
3.9461
4.1039
4.2681
4.4388
4.6164
4.8010

4.5380
4.7649
5.0032
5.2533
5.5160
5.7918
6.0814
6.3855
6.7048
7.0400

6.0881
6.4534
6.8406
7.2510
7.6861
8.1<!73
8.6361
9.1543
9.7035
10.2857

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

1.5038
1.5188
1.5340
1.5493
1.5648
1 .5805
1.5963
1.6122
1 .6283
1.6446

1.6642
1.6850
1.7060
1.7274
1 .7489
1 .7708
1.7929
1 .8154
1.8380
1.8610

1.8412
1 .8688
1.8969
1.9253
1 .9542
1 .9835
2.0133
2.0435
2.0741
2.1052

2.2522
2.2972
2.3432
2.3901
2.4379
2.4866
2.5363
2.5871
2.6388
2.6916

2.7522
2.8210
2.8915
2.9638
3.0379
3.1139
3.1917
3.271 5
3.3533
3.4371

3.3599
3.4607
3.5645
3.6715
3.7816
3.8950
4.0119
4.1323
4.2562
4.3839

4.9931
5.1928
5.4005
5.6165
5.8412
6.0748
6.3178
6.5705
6.8333
7.1067

7.3920
7.7616
8.1497
8.5572
8.9850
9.4343
9.9060
10.4013
10.9213
1 1.4674

10.9029
11 .5570
12.2505
12.9855
1 3.7646
14.5905
1 5.4659
16.3939
17.3775
18.4202

240

PRESENT VALUE OF A N AMO U NT :

TABLE

24
X

(1 + r)-n

The present value P which will amount to A in n years at an in

terest rate of r (in decimals) compounded annually is P = A (1 + r)n.

1%

1 !%

1 i%

2%

2 !%

3%

4%

5%

6%

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

.99010
.98030
.97059
.96098
.95147
.94205
.93272
.92348
.91434
.90529

.98765
.97546
.96342
.95152
.93978
.92817
.91672
.90540
.89422
.88318

.98522
.97066
.95632
.94218
.92826
.91454
.90103
.88771
.87459
.86167

.98039
.96117
.94232
.92385
.90573
.88797
.87056
.85349
.83676
.82035

.97561
.95181
.92860
.90595
.88385
.86230
.84127
.82075
.80073
.78120

.97087
.94260
.91514
.88849
.86261
.83748
.81309
.78941
.76642
.74409

.96154
.92456
.88900
.85480
.82193
.79031
.75992
.73069
.70259
.67556

.95238
.90703
.86384
.82270
.78353
.74622
.71068
.67684
.64461
.61391

.94340
.89000
.83962
.79209
.74726
.70496
.66506
.62741
.59190
.55839

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

.89632
.88745
.87866
.86996
.86135
.85282
.84438
.83602
.82774
.81954

.87228
.86151
.85087
.84037
.82999
.81975
.80963
.79963
.78976
.78001

.84893
.83639
.82403
.81185
.79985
.78803
.77639
.76491
.75361
.74247

.80426
.78849
.77303
.75788
.74301
.72845
.71416
.70016
.68643
.67297

.76214
.74356
.72542
.70773
.69047
.67362
.65720
.6411 7
.62553
.61027

.72242
.70138
.68095
.66112
.641 86
.62317
.60502
.58739
.57029
.55368

.64958
.62460
.60057
. 57748
.55526
.53391
.51337
.49363
.47464
.45639

.58468
.55684
.53032
.50507
.48102
.45811
.43630
.41552
.39573
.37689

.52679
.49697
.46884
.44230
.41727
.39365
.37136
.35034
.33051
.31180

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

.81143
.80340
.79544
.78757
.77977
.77205
.76440
.75684
.74934
.74192

.77038
.76087
.75147
.74220
.73303
.72398
.71505
.70622
.69750
.68889

.73150
.72069
.71004
.69954
.68921
.67902
.66899
.65910
.64936
.63976

.65978
.64684
.63416
.62172
.60953
.59758
.58586
.57437
.56311
.55207

.59539
.58086
.56670
.55288
.53939
.52623
.51340
.50088
.48866
.47674

.53755
.52189
.50669
.49193
.47761
.46369
.45019
.43708
.42435
.41199

.43883
.42196
.40573
.39012
.37512
.36069
.34682
.33348
.32065
.30832

.35894
.34185
.32557
.31007
.29530
.28124
.26785
.25509
.24295
.23138

.2941 6
.27751
.26180
.24698
.23300
.21981
.20737
.19563
.18456
.17411

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

.73458
.72730
.72010
.71297
.70591
.69892
.69200
.68515
.67837
.67165

.68038
.67198
.66369
.65549
.64740
.63941
.63152
.62372
.61602
.60841

.63031
.62099
.61182
.60277
.59387
.58509
.57644
.56792
.55953
.55126

.54125
.53063
.52023
.51003
.50003
.49022
.48061
.47119
.46195
.45289

.46511
.45377
.44270
.43191
.42137
.41109
.40107
.39128
.38174
.37243

.39999
.38834
.37703
.36604
.35538
.34503
.33498
.32523
.31575
.30656

.29646
.28506
.27409
.26355
.25342
.24367
.23430
.22529
.21662
.20829

.22036
.20987
.19987
.19035
.18129
.17266
.16444
.15661
.14915
.14205

.16425
.15496
.14619
.13791
.13011
.12274
.1 1579
.10924
.10306
.09722

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

.66500
.65842
.65190
.64545
.63905
.63273
.62646
.62026
.61412
.60804

.60090
.59348
.58616
.57892
.57177
.56471
.55774
.55086
.54406
.53734

.54312
.53509
.52718
.51939
.51171
.50415
.49670
.48936
.48213
.47500

.44401
.43530
.42677
.41840
.41020
.40215
.39427
.38654
.37896
.37153

.36335
.35448
.34584
.33740
.32917
.321 1 5
.31331
.30567
.29822
.29094

.29763
.28896
.28054
.27237
.26444
.25674
.24926
.24200
.23495
.22811

.20028
.19257
.18517
.17805
.17120
.16461
.15828
.15219
.14634
.14071

.13528
.12884
.12270
.11686
.11130
.10600
.10095
.09614
.09156
.08720

.09172
.08653
.08163
.07701
.07265
.06854
.06466
.06100
.05755
.05429

241

AMOUNT OF AN

TABLE

25
I

ANNUITY:

(1 + r)n - 1

a principal P is deposited at the end of each year at interest rate r (in

decimals) compounded annually, then at the end of n years the accumulated

If

amount is

(1 +

r;n -

The process is often called an annuity.

1%

1 -!- %

1 t%

2%

2! %

3%

4%

5%

6o/o

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1.0000
2.0100
3.0301
4.0604
5.1010
6.1520
7.2135
8.2857
9.3685
10.4622

1.0000
2.0125
3.0377
4.0756
5.1266
6.1907
7.2680
8.3589
9.4634
10.5817

1 .0000
2.0150
3.0452
4.0909
5.1523
6.2296
7.3230
8.4328
9.5593
10.7027

1.0000
2.0200
3.0604
4.1216
5.2040
6.3081
7.4343
8.5830
9.7546
10.9497

1.0000
2.0250
3.0756
4.1525
5.2563
6.3877
7.5474
8.7361
9.9545
11 .2034

1.0000
2.0300
3.0909
4.1836
5.3091
6.4684
7.6625
8.8923
10.1 591
11.4639

1.0000
2.0400
3.1216
4.2465
5.4163
6.6330
7.8983
9.2142
10.5828
12.0061

1.0000
2.0500
3.1525
4.3101
5.5256
6.8019
8.1420
9.5491
11 .0266
12.5779

1.0000
2.0600
3.1836
4.3746
5.6371
6.9753
8.39:38
9.8975
11.4913
13.1808

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

1 1.5668
12.6825
13.8093
14.9474
16.G%9
1 7.2579
18.4304
19.6147
20.8109
22.0190

11.7139
12.8604
14.0211
15.1964
1 6.3863
17.5912
18.811 1
20.0462
21.2968
22.5630

1 1 .8633
13.0412
14.2368
1 5.4504
16.6821
1 7.9324
19.2014
20.4894
21.7967
23.1237

12.1687
13.4121
14.6803
1 5.9739
17.2934
18.6393
20.0121
21.4123
22.8406
24.2974

12.4835
13.7956
1 5.1404
1 6.5190
1 7.9319
19.3802
20.8647
22.3863
23.9460
25.5447

12.8078
14.1920
15.6178
17.0863
18.5989
20.1569
21.7616
23.4144
25.1169
26.8704

13.4864
15.0258
16.6268
18.2919
20.0236
21.8245
23.6975
25.6454
27.6712
29.7781

14.2068
15.9171
1 7.7130
19.5986
21.5786
23.6575
25.8404
28.1324
30.5390
33.0660

14.9716
1 6.8699
18.8821
21.0151
23.2760
25.6725
28.2129
30.9057
33.7600
36.7856

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

23.2392
24.4716
25.7163
26.9735
28.2432
29.5256
30.8209
32.1291
33.4504
34.7849

23.8450
25.1431
26.4574
27.7881
29.1354
30.4996
31.8809
33.2794
34.6954
36.1291

24.4705
25.8376
27.2251
28.6335
30.0630
31.5140
32.9867
34.4815
35.9987
37.5387

25.7833
27.2990
28.8450
30.4219
32.0303
33.6709
35.3443
37.0512
38.7922
40.5681

27.1833
28.8629
30.5844
32.3490
34.1578
36.0117
37.9120
39.8598
41.8563
43.9027

28.6765
30.5368
32.4529
34.4265
36.4593
38.5530
40.7096
42.9309
45.2189
47.5754

31.9692
34.2480
36.6179
39.0826
41.6459
44.3117
47.0842
49.9676
52.9663
56.0849

35.7193
38.5052
41.4305
44.5020
47.7271
51.1135
54.6691
58.4026
62.3227
66.4388

39.9927
43.3923
46.9958
50.8156
54.8645
59.1564
63.7058
68.5281
73.6398
79.0582

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

36.1327
37.4941
38.8690
40.2577
41.6603
43.0769
44.5076
45.9527
47.4123
48.8864

37.5807
39.0504
40.5386
42.0453
43.5709
45.1155
46.6794
48.2629
49.8662
51.4896

39.1018
40.6883
42.2986
43.9331
45.5921
47.2760
48.9851
50.7199
52.4807
54.2679

42.3794
44.2270
46.1116
48.0338
49.9945
51.9944
54.0343
56.1149
58.2372
60.4020

46.0003
48.1503
50.3540
52.6129
54.9282
57.3014
59.7339
62.2273
64.7830
67.4026

50.0027
52.5028
55.0778
57.7302
60.4621
63.2759
66.1742
69.1594
72.2342
75.4013

59.3283
62.7015
66.2095
69.8579
73.6522
77.5983
81.7022
85.9703
90.4091
95.0255

70.7608
75.2988
80.0638
85.0670
90.3203
95.8363
101.6281
107.7095
1 14.0950
1 20.7998

84.8017
90.8898
97.3432
104.1838
111 .4348
119.1209
127.2681
135.9042
145.0585
1 54.7620

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

50.3752
51.8790
53.3978
54.9318
56.4811
58.0459
59.6263
61.2226
62.8348
64.4632

53.1332
54.7973
56.4823
58.1883
59.9157
61.6646
63.4354
65.2284
67.0437
68.8818

56.0819
57.9231
59.7920
61.6889
63.6142
65.5684
67.5519
69.5652
71.6087
73.6828

62.6100
64.8622
67.1595
69.5027
71.8927
74.3306
76.8172
79.3535
81.9406
84.5794

70.0876
72.8398
75.6608
78.5523
81.5161
84.5540
87.6679
90.8596
94.1311
97.4843

78.6633
82.0232
85.4839
89.0484
92.7199
96.5015
100.3965
104.4084
108.5406

99.8265
104.819 6
1 10.0124
1 15.4129
121.0294
126.8706
132.9454
139.2632
145.8337

127.8398
135.2318
142.9933
151.1430
1 59.7002
168.6852
178.1194
188.0254
198.4267

165.0477
175.9505
187.5076
199.7580
212.7435
226.5081
241.0986
256.5645
272.9584

242

112.7969

152.6671

209.3480

290.3359

TABLE

26

1%

P R E S E N T VAL U E O F A N A N NUITY:

1 -

(1 + r) - n
r

[1 - r+ r)-n].

An annuity in which the yearly payment at the end of each of n years is A at an

interest rate r (in decimals) compounded annually has present value A

1 i%

1 !%

2%

(1

2! %

3%

4%

5%

6%

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.9901
1.9704
2.9410
3.9020
4.8534
5.7955
6.7282
7.6517
8.5660
9.4713

0.9877
1.9631
2.9265
3.8781
4.8178
5.7460
6.6627
7.5681
8.4623
9.3455

0.9852
1.9559
2.9122
3.8544
4.7826
5.6972
6.5982
7.4859
8.3605
9.2222

0.9804
1.9416
2.8839
3.8077
4.7135
5.6014
6.4720
7.3255
8.1622
8.9826

0.9756
1.9274
2.8560
3.7620
4.6458
5.5081
6.3494
7.1701
7.9709
8.7521

0.9709
1.9135
2.8286
3.7171
4.5797
5.4172
6.2303
7.0197
7.7861
8.5302

0.9615
1.8861
2.7751
3.6299
4.4518
5.2421
6.0021
6.7327
7.4353
8.1109

0.9524
1.8594
2.7232
3.5460
4.3295
5.0757
5.7864
6.4632
7.1078
7.7217

0.9434
1.8334
2.6730
3.4651
4.2124
4.9173
5.5824
6.2098
6.8017
7.3601

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

10.3676
1 1.2551
12.1337
13.0037
13.8651
14.7179
1 5.5623
1 6.3983
1 7.2260
18.0456

1 0.2178
1 1.0793
1 1.9302
12.7706
13.6005
14.4203
15.2299
16.0295
16.8193
1 7.5993

10.0711
10.9075
1 1.7315
12.5434
13.3432
14.1313
14.9076
1 5.6726
1 6.4262
1 7.1686

9.7868
10.5753
1 1.3484
12.1062
12.8493
13.5777
14.2919
14.9920
15.6785
1 6.3514

9.5142
10.2578
10.9832
1 1.6909
12.3814
13.0550
13.7122
14.3534
14.9789
15.5892

9.2526
9.9540
10.6350
1 1.2961
1 1.9379
12.5611
13.1661
13.7535
14.3238
14.8775

8.7605
9.3851
9.9856
10.5631
1 1.1184
11.6523
12.1657
12.6593
13.1339
13.5903

8.3064
8.8633
9.3936
9.8986
1 0.3797
10.8378
1 1.2741
1 1.6896
12.0853
12.4622

7.8869
8.3838
8.8527
9.2950
9.7122
10.1059
10.4773
10.8276
1 1.1581
1 1 .4699

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

18.8570
19.6604
20.4558
21.2434
22.0232
22.7952
23.5596
24.3164
25.0658
25.8077

1 8.3697
19.1306
19.8820
20.6242
21.3573
22.0813
22.7963
23.5025
24.2000
24.8889

1 7.9001
1 8.6208
19.3309
20.0304
20.7196
21.3986
22.0676
22.7267
23.3761
24.0158

1 7.01 12
1 7.6580
1 8.2922
18.9139
19.5235
20.1210
20.7069
21 .2813
21.8444
22.3965

1 6.1845
16.7654
1 7.3321
1 7.8850
18.4244
18.9506
19.4640
19.9649
20.4535
20.9303

15.4150
15.9369
1 6.4436
16.9355
1 7.4131
1 7.8768
1 8.3270
18.7641
1 9.1885
19.6004

14.0292
14.4511
14.8568
15.2470
15.6221
1 5.9828
16.3296
1 6.6631
16.9837
1 7.2920

12.8212
13.1630
13.4886
13.7986
14.0939
14.3752
14.6430
14.8981
15.1411
15.3725

11.7641
12.0416
12.3034
12.5504
12.7834
13.0032
13.2105
13.4062
13.5907
13.7648

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

26.5423
27.2696
27.9897
28.7027
29.4086
30.1075
30.7995
31.4847
32.1630
32.8347

25.5693
26.2413
26.9050
2 7.5605
28.2079
28.8473
29.4788
30.1025
30.7185
31.3269

24.6461
25.2671
25.8790
26.4817
27.0756
27.6607
28.2371
28.8051
29.3646
29.9 1 58

22.9377
23.4683
23.9886
24.4986
24.9986
25.4888
25.9695
26.4406
26.9026
27.3555

21.3954
21.8492
22.2919
22.7238
23.1452
23.5563
23.9573
24.3486
24.7303
25.1028

20.0004
20.3888
20.7658
21.1318
21.4872
21.8323
22.1672
22.4925
22.8082
23.1148

1 7.5885
1 7.8736
18.1476
18.4112
18.6646
1 8.9083
19.1426
19.3679
19.5845
19.7928

1 5.5928
1 5.8027
1 6.0025
16.1929
1 6.3742
16.5469
16.7113
16.8679
1 7.0170
17.1591

13.9291
14.0840
14.2302
14.3681
14.4982
14.6210
14.7368
14.8460
14.9491
1 5.0463

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

33.4997
34.1581
34.8100
35.4555
36.0945
36.7272
37.3537
37.9740
38.5881

31.9278
32.5213
33.1075
33.6864
34.2582
34.8229
35.3806
35.9315
36.4755

39.1961

37.0129

30.4590
30.9941
31.5212
32.0406
32.5523
33.0565
33.5532
34.0426
34.5247
34.9997

27.7995
28.2348
28.6616
29.0800
29.4902
29.8923
30.2866
30.6731
31.0521
31.4236

25.4661
25.8206
26.1664
26.5038
26.8330
27.1542
27.4675
27.7732
28.0714
28.3623

23.4124
23.7014
23.9819
24.2543
24.5187
24.7754
25.0247
25.2667
25.5017
25.7298

19.9931
20.1856
20.3708
20.5488
20.7200
20.8847
21.0429
21.1951
21.3415
21.4822

1 7.2944
1 7.4232
1 7.5459
1 7.6628
1 7.7741
1 7.8801
1 7.9810
18.0772
18.1687
18.2559

1 5.1380
15.2245
15.3062
15.3832
15.4558
1 5.5244
15.5890
1 5.6500
1 5.7076
15.7619

243

TABLE

B E S S E L F U N CT I O N S

27

lo (X)

0.
1.

1.0000
.7652

.9975
.7196

.9900
.6711

.9776
.6201

2.
3.

.2239
-.2601

.1666
-.2921

.1104
-.3202

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

-.3971
-.1776
.1 506
.3001
.1717

9.

-.0903

-.3887
-.1443
.1773
.2991
.1475
-.1142

-.3766
-.1103
.2017
.2951
.1222
-.1367

.9385
.5118

.9120

.8812

.8463

.4554

.2818

-.0484
-.3801

-.0968
-.3918

.3980
-.1424
-.3992

.3400

.0555
-.3443

.9604
.5669
.0025
-.3643

-.1850
-.4026

-.2243
-.4018

-.3610
-.0758
.2238
.2882
.0960
-.1 577

-.3423
-.0412
.2433
.2786
.0692
-.1768

-.3205
-.0068
.2601
.2663
.0419
-.1939

-.2961
.0270
.2740
.2516
.0146
-.2090

-.2693
.0599
.2851
.2346
-.0125
-.2218

-.2404
.0917
.2931
.2154
-.0392
-.2323

-.20!)7
.1220
.2981
.1944
-.0653
-.2403

TABLE

.8075

B ES S E L FU N CT I O N S

28

/1 (x)

0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

.0000
.4401
.5767
.3391
-.0660
-.3276
-.2767
-.0047
.2346

.0499
.4709
.5683
.3009
-.1033
-.3371
-.2559

.0995
.4983
.5560
.2613
-.1386
-.3432
-.2329
.0543

.1483
.5220
.5399
.2207
-.1719
-.3460
-.2081
.0826

.1960
.5419
.5202
.1792
-.2028
-.3453

-.0953
.1813

.3688
.5815
.4097
.0128
-.2!)85
-.3110
-.0652
.2014

.4059
.5812
.3754
-.0272
-.3147
-.2951
-.0349
.2192

.2580

.2657

.2708

.2731

.2867
.5699
.4708
.0955
-.2566
-.3343
-.1250
.1592
.2728

.3290
.5778
.4416
.0538
-.2791
-.3241

-.1816
.1096

.2423
.5579
.4971
.1374
-.2311
-.3414
-.1538
.1352

.2697

.2641

.2559

9.

.2453

.2324

.2174

.2004

.1816

.1613

.1395

.1166

.0928

.0684

.0252
.2476

244

TABLE

29
X

0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

0
-

00

.0883
.5104
.3769
-.0169
-.3085
-.2882

-.0259
.2235
.2499

B E S S E L F U NCTIONS

Y0 (x)

-1.5342
.1622
.5183
.3431
-.0561
-.3216
-.2694
.0042

-1.0811
.2281
.5208
.3071
-.0938
-.3313
-.2483

-.8073
.2865
.5181
.2691
-.1296
-.3374
-.2251

-.6060
.3379
.5104
.2296
-.1633
-.3402
-.1999

-.4445
.3824
.4981
.1890

- .3085

-.1907
.4520
.4605
.1061
-.2494

-.0868
.4774
.4359
.0645
-.2723
-.3177

.0628
.2595
.2086

.0907

-.1947
-.3395
-.1732
.1173

.4204
.4813
.1477
-.2235
-.3354

.2662
.1907

.2702
.1712

.2700
.1279

-.0864
.1872
.2659
.1045

.0056
.4968
.4079
.0234
-.2921
-.3044
-.0563
.2065
.2592
.0804

.2381
.2383

.0339
.2501
.2245

TABLE

0.

- co

1.
2.
3.
4.

-.7812
-.1070
.3247
.3979
.1479
-.1750
-.3027
-.1581
.1043

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

.1424
.2715
.1502

-.3282
-.1162
.1658

B E S SE L F U N CT I O N S

30
X

-.1452

Y1 (x)

-6.4590
-.6981
-.0517
.3496
.3846

-3.3238

-2.2931
-.5485
.0523
.3879
.3484

-1.7809
-.4791
.1005
.4010
.3260

-1.4715
-.4123
.1459
.4102
.3010

-1.2604
-.3476

-1.1032

-.6211
.0015
.3707
.3680

-.9781
-.2237
.2635
.4141
.2136

-.8731
-.1644
.2959
.4078
.1812

.0445
-.2422
-.2846
-.0806
.1691

.0101
-.2596
-.2731
-.0535
.1871

-.0238
-.2741
-.2591
-.0262
.2032

- .0568

-.1192
-.3002
-.2039
.0544
.2379

-.1481
-.3029
-.1817
.0799
.2447

.1137
-.1998
-.2995
-.1331
.1275

.0792
-.2223
-.2934
-.1072
.1491

245

.1884
.4154
.2737
-.2857
-.2428
.0011
.2171

-.2847
.2276
.4167
.2445
-.0887
-.2945
-.2243
.0280
.2287

TABLE

B ES S E L F U N C:T I O N S

31
X

I0 (x)

1 .1 67

1 .213

0.

1.000

1.003

1.010

1.023

1.040

1.063

1.092

1 .126

1.

1.266

1 .326

1.394

1.469

1.553

1 .647

1 .750

1.864

1.990

2.128

2.

2.280

2.446

2.629

2.830

3.049

3.290

3.553

3.842

4.157

4.503

3.

4.881

5.294

5.747

6.243

6.785

7.378

8.028

8.739

9.517

10.37

4.

1 1.30

12.32

13.44

14.67

16.01

17.48

19.09

20.86

22.79

24.91

5.

27.24

29.79

32.58

35.65

39.01

42.69

46.74

51.17

56.04

61.38

6.

67.23

73.66

80.72

88.46

96.96

106.3

116.5

1 27.8

140.1

1 53.7

7.

168.6

185.0

202.9

222.7

244.3

268.2

294.3

323.1

354.7

389.4

8.

427.6

469.5

515.6

566.3

621.9

683.2

750.5

824.4

905.8

995.2

9.

1094

1202

1321

1451

1 595

1 753

1927

2119

2329

2561

TABLE

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

32

I1 (x)

0.

.0000

.0501

.1005

.1517

.2040

.2579

.3137

.3719

.4329

.4971

1 .317

1 .448

1.

.5652

.6375

.7147

.7973

.8861

.981 7

1 .085

1.196

2.

1.591

1.745

1.914

2.098

2.298

2. 517

2.755

3.016

3.301

3.613
8.913

3.

3.953

4.326

4.734

5.181

5.670

6.206

6.793

7.436

8.140

4.

9.759

10.69

1 1.71

12.82

14.05

15.39

1 6.86

18.48

20.25

22.20
55.90

5.

24.34

26.68

29.25

32.08

35.18

38.59

42.33

46.44

50.95

6.

61.34

67.32

73.89

81.10

89.03

97.74

107.3

1 1 7.8

1 29.4

142.1

7.

156.0

171.4

188.3

206.8

227.2

249.6

274.2

301.3

331.1

363.9

8.

399.9

439.5

483.0

531.0

583.7

641.6

705.4

775.5

852.7

937.5

9.

1031

1 134

1247

1371

1508

1658

1824

2006

2207

2428

246

TABLE

33
X

0.

00

1.

.4210

B E S SE L F U N C T I O N S

Ko (X)

2.4271

1 .7527

1 .3725

1.1145

.9244

.7775

.6605

.5653

.4867

.3656

.3185

.2782

.2437

.2138

.1880

.1655

.1459

.1288

2.

.1139

.1008

.08927

.07914

.07022

.06235

.05540

.04926

.04382

.03901

3.

.03474

.03095

.02759

.02461

.02196

.01960

.01750

.01563

.01397

.01248

4.

.01 1 1 6

.029980

.028927

.027988

.027149

.026400

.025730

.025132

.024597

.024119

5.

.023691

.023308

.022966

.022659

.022385

.022139

.021918

.021721

.021544

.021386

6.

.021244

.021 1 1 7

.021003

.039001

.038083

.037259

.036520

.035857

.035262

.034728

7.

.034248

.033817

.033431

.033084

.032772

.032492

.032240

.032014

.031811

.031629

8.

.031465

.031317

.031185

.031066

.049588

.048626

.047761

.046983

.046283

.045654

9.

.045088

.044579

.044121

.043710

.043339

.043006

.042706

.042436

.042193

.041975

TABLE

3.4
X

0.

00

B E S S E L F U N CT I O N S

K1 (x)

9.8538

4.7760

3.0560

2.1844

1 .6564

1 .3028

1 .0503

.8618

.7165

1.

.6019

.5098

.4346

.3725

.3208

.2774

.2406

.2094

.1826

.1597

2.

.1399

.1227

.1079

.09498

.08372

.07389

.06528

.05774

.05111

.04529

3.

.04016

.03563

.03164

.02812

.02500

.02224

.01979

.01763

.01 571

.01400

4.

.01248

.01114

.029938

.028872

.027923

.027078

.026325

.025654

.025055

.024521

5.

.024045

.023619

.023239

.022900

.022597

.022326

.022083

.021866

.021673

.021499

6.

.021344

.021205

.021081

.039691

.038693

.037799

.036998

.036280

.035636

.035059

7.

.034542

.034078

.033662

.033288

.032953

.032653

.032383

.032141

.031924

.031729

8.

.031554

.031396

.031255

.0311 28

.031014

.049120

.048200

.047374

.046631

.045964

9.

.045364

.044825

.044340

.043904

.043512

.043160

.042843

.042559

.042302

.042072

247

TABLE

B E S S E L F U NCTIO N S

35
X

Ber (x)

.9999

.9996

.9990

.9980

.9962

.9936

.9898

0.

1.0000

1.0000

1.

.9844

.9771

.9676

.9554

.9401

.9211

.8979

.8700

.8367

.7975

2.

.7517

.6987

.6377

.5680

.4890

.4000

.3001

.1887

.06511

-.07137

1.0000

3.

-.2214

-.3855

-.5644

-.7584

-.9680

-1.1936

-1.4353

-1.6933

-1.9674

-2.2576

4.

-2.5634

-2.8843

-3.2195

-3.5679

-3.9283

-4.2991

-4.6784

-5.0639

-5.4531

-5.8429

5.

-6.2301

-6.6107

-6.9803

-7.3344

-7.6674

-7.9736

-8.2466

-8.4794

-8.6644

-8.7937

6.

-8.8583

-8.8491

-8.7561

-8.5688

-8.2762

-7.8669

-7.3287

-6.6492

-5.8155

-4.8146

7.

-3.6329

-2.2571

-.6737

1.1308

3.1695

5.4550

7.9994

10.814

13.909

1 7.293

8.

20.974

24.957

29.245

33.840

38.738

43.936

49.423

55.187

61.210

67.469

9.

73.936

80.576

87.350

94.208

101.10

107.95

1 1 4.70

121.26

127.54

133.43

TABLE

B E S S EL FUNCTIONS

36
X

0.

0
.0000

Bei (x)

1
.022500

2
.01000

3
.02250

4
.04000

.06249

6
.08998

.1224

.1599

.2023

1.

.2496

.3017

.3587

.4204

.4867

.5576

.6327

.7120

.7953

.8821

2.

.9723

1.0654

1.1610

1.2585

1.3575

1.4572

1.5569

1.6557

1.7529

1.8472

3.

1.9376

2.0228

2.1016

2.1723

2.2334

2.2832

2.3199

2.3413

2.3454

2.3300

4.

2.2927

2.2309

2.1422

2.0236

1.8726

1.6860

1.4610

1.1946

.8837

.5251

5.

.1160

-.3467

-.8658

-1.4443

-2.0845

-2.7890

-3.5597

-4.3986

-5.3068

-6.2854

6.

-7.3347

-8.4545

-9.6437

-10.901

-12.223

-13.607

-15.047

-16.538

-18.Q74

-19.644

7.

-21.239

-22.848

-24.456

-26.049

-27.609

-29.116

-30.548

-31.882

-33.092

-34.147

8.

-35.017

-35.667

-36.061

-36.159

-35.920

-35.298

-34.246

-32.714

-30.651

-28.003

9.

-24.713

-20.724

-15.976

-10.412

-3.9693

3.4106

1 1.787

21.218

31.758

43.459

248

TABLE

B E S S EL F U N C T I O N S

37
X

0.

00

1.

.2867

Ker (x)

2.4205

1.7331

1.3372

.2228

.1689

.1235

4
1.0626
.08513

.8559

.6931

.5614

.4529

.3625

.05293

.02603

.023691

-.01470

-.02966

-.07030

-.06894

2. -.04166

-.05111

-.05834

-.06367

-.06737

-.06969

-.o7083

-.07097

3. -.06703

-.06468

-.06198

-.05903

-.05590

-.05264

-.04932

-.04597

-.04265

-.03937

-.01960

-.01734

-.01525

-.01330

4. -.03618

-.03308

-.03011

-.02726

-.02456

-.02200

5.

-.01151

-.029865

-.028359

-.026989

-.025749

-.024632 -.023632 -.022740 -.021952 -.021258

6.

-.036530

-.031295

.033191

.036991

.021017

.021278

.021488

.021653

.021777

.021866

7.

.021922

.021951

.021956

.021940

.021907

.021860

.021800

.021731

.021655

.021572

8.

.021486

.021397

.021306

.021216

.021126

.021037

.039511

.038675

.037871

.037102

9.

.036372

.035681

.035030

.034422

.033855

.033330

.032846

.032402

.031996

.031628

TABLE

38
X

B ES S E L F U N CT I O N S

Kei (x)

0.

-.7854

-.7769

-.7581

-.7331

-.7038

-.6716

-.6374

-.6022

-.5664

-.5305

1.

-.4950

-.4601

-.4262

-.3933

-.3617

-.3314

-.3026

-.2752

-.2494

-.2251

2.

-.2024

-.1812

-.1614

-.1431

-.1262

-.1107

-.09644

-.08342

-.07157

-.06083

-.04240

-.03458

-.02762

-.02145

-.01600

-.01123

-.027077 -.023487 -.034108

3. -.05112
4.

.022198

.024386

.026194

.027661

.028826

.029721

.01038

.01083

.01110

.01121

5.

.01119

.01105

.01082

.Q1051

.01014

.029716

.029255

.028766

.028258

.027739

6.

.027216

.026696

.026183

.025681

.025194

.024724

.024274

.023846

.023440

.023058

7.

.022700

.022366

.022057

.021770

.021507

.021267

.021048

.038498

,036714

.035117

.043809

-.044449

-.031149

-.033552

-.033574

-.033557 -.033508 -.033430 -.033329

8.

.033696

.032440

.031339

9.

-.033192

-.033368

-.033486

249

-.031742 -.032233 -.032632 -.032949

-.033210

TABLE

VALUES F O R A P P R OXIMATE

39

Z E R OS O F B E S S E L F U N C T I O N S

The following table lists the first few positive roots of various equations. Note that for all cases
listed the successive large roots differ approximately by 1r = 3.14159 . . . .

n = O

Jn (x) = 0

Yn (x) = 0

J(x) = 0

Y (x) = 0

n = 1

n=2

n=3

n=4

n= 5

n = 6

2.4048

3.8317

5.1356

6.3802

7.5883

8.7715

9.9361

5.5201

7.0156

8.4172

9.7610

11.0647

12.3386

13.5893

8.6537

10.1735

11.6198

13.0152

14.3725

15.7002

17.0038

18.9801

20.3208

1 1.7915

13.3237

14.7960

16.2235

1 7.6160

14.9309

16.4706

17.9598

19.4094

20.8269

22.2178

23.5861

18.Q711

19.6159

21.1170

22.5827

24.0190

25.4303

26.8202

0.8936

2.1971

3.3842

4.5270

5.6452

6.7472

7.8377

3.9577

5.4297

6.7938

8.0976

9.3616

10.5972

1 1.8110

7.0861

8.5960

10.0235

1 1.3965

12.7301

14.0338

15.3136

10.2223

1 1.7492

13.2100

14.6231

15.9996

17.3471

18.6707

13.3611

14.8974

1 6.3790

1 7.8185

19.2244

20.6029

21 .9583

1 6.5009

18.0434

19.5390

20.9973

22.4248

23.8265

25.2062

0.0000

1.8412

3.0542

4.2012

5.3176

6.4156

7.5013

3.8317

5.3314

6.7061

8.0152

9.2824

10.5199

1 1.7349

7.0156

8.5363

9.9695

1 1 .3459

12.6819

13.9872

15.2682

10.1735

11.7060

13.1704

14.5859

15.9641

1 7.3128

18.6374

13.3237

1 4.8636

16.3475

17.7888

19.1960

20.5755

21.9317

16.4706

18.0155

19.5129

20.9725

22.4010

23.8036

25.1839

2.1971

3.6830

5.0026

6.2536

7.4649

8.6496

9.8148

5.4297

6.9415

8.3507

9.6988

11.0052

12.2809

13.5328
16.9655

8.5960

10.1234

1 1 .5742

12.9724

14.3317

15.6608

11.7492

13.2858

14.7609

16.1905

17.5844

18.9497

20.2913

14.8974

16.4401

1 7.9313

19.3824

20.8011

22.1928

23.5619

18.0434

19.5902

21.0929

22.5598

23.9970

25.4091

26.7995

250

TABLE

40

EXPO N E N T I A L , S I N E A N D C OS I N E I N TE G RALS

Ei(x)

.0

.f"' - du
:1:

e-u
u

St'(X)

Ei(x)
00

:::::

ix sinu ud

Ci(x)

Si(x)

Ci(x)

--

.0000

U,

00

.5

.5598

.4931

.1778

1.0

.2194

.9461

-.3374

1.5

.1000

1.3247

-.4704

2.0

.04890

1.6054

-.4230

2.5

.02491

1.7785

-.2859

3.0

.01305

1.8487

-.1196

3.5

.026970

1 .8331

.0321

4.0

.023779

1 .7582

.1410

4.5

.022073

1.6541

.1935

5.0

.021148

1.5499

.1900

5.5

.036409

1.4687

.1421

6.0

.033601

1.4247

.0681

6.5

.032034

1.4218

-.0111

7.0

.031155

1.4546

-.0767

7.5

.046583

1 .5107

-.1156

8.0

.043767

1 .5742

-.1224

8.5

.042162

1 .6296

-.09943

9.0

.041245

1.6650

-.05535

9.5

.057185

1.6745

-.022678

10.0

.054157

1 .6583

.04546

251

JxC "' cos u du

U

TABLE

41

L E G E N D R E P O LY N O M IA LS

[Po (x)

P2 (x)

P3 (x)

1,

P1 (x)

P4 (x)

x]

Pn (x)

P5 (x)

.00

-.5000

.0000

.3750

.0000

.05

-.4963

-.0747

.3657

.0927

.10

-.4850

-.1475

.3379

.1788

.15

-.4663

-.2166

.2928

.2523

.20

-.4400

-.2800

.2320

.3075

.25

-.4063

-.3359

.1577

.3397

.30

-.3650

-.3825

.0729

.3454

.35

-.3163

-.4178

-.0187

.3225

.40

-.2600

-.4400

-.1130

.2706

.45

-.1963

-.4472

-.2050

.1917

.50

-.1250

-.4375

-.2891

.0898

.55

-.0463

-.4091

-.3590

-.0282

.60

.0400

-.3600

-.4080

-.1526

.65

.1338

-.2884

-.4284

-.2705

.70

.2350

-.1925

-.4121

-.3652

.75

.3438

-.0703

-.3501

-.4164

.80

.4600

.0800

-.2330

-.3995

.85

.5838

.2603

-.0506

-.2857

.90

.7150

.4725

.2079

-.0411

.95

.8538

.7184

.5541

.3727

1.00

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

252

TABLE

LEG&f!IDitE PO,L)'NOMILS Pn (cos 8)

42

[Po (cos 8) =

1]

()

P1 (cos o)

P2 (cos o)

P3 (cos o)

P4 (cos o)

P5 (cos o)

oo

1.0000

1 .0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

50

.9962

.9886

.9773

.9623

.9437

10

.9848

.9548

.9106

.8532

.7840

15

.9659

.8995

.8042

.6847

.5471

20

.9397

.8245

.6649

.4750

.2715

25

.9063

.7321

.5016

.2465

.0009

30

.8660

.6250

.3248

.0234

-.2233

35

.8192

.5065

.1454

-.1714

-.3691

40

.7660

.3802

-.0252

-.3190

-.4197

45

.7071

.2500

-.1768

-.4063

50

.6428

.1198

-.3002

-.4275

-.

55

.5736

-.0065

-.3886

-.3852

-.0868

60

.5000

-.1250

-.4375

-.2891

.0898
.2381

37 5 7

-.2545

65

.4226

-.2321

-.4452

-.1552

70

.3420

-.3245

-.4130

-.0038

.3281

75

.2588

-.3995

-.3449

.1434

.3427

80

.1737

-.4548

-.2474

.2659

.2810

85

.0872

-.4886

-.1291

.3468

.1577

90

.0000

-.5000

.0000

.3750

.0000

253

C O M P L ET E E L LI PT I C I N T E G RALS OF F I R ST AND S E C O N D K I N DS

TABLE

43

fo rrt2

Jo

yl

dO
_

k2 sin2 (}

frrt2

Jo

v' l

k2 sin2 (} dO,

s in tf;

"'

"'

"'

oo

1.5708

1.5708

30

1.6858

1 .4675

60

2.1565

1 .2111

1.5709

1.5707

31

1.6941

1.4608

61

2.1842

1.2015

1 .5713

1 .5703

32

1.7028

1.4539

62

2.2132

1 .1920

1.5719

1 .5697

33

1.7119

1 .4469

63

2.2435

1.1826

1.5727

1.5689

34

1 .7214

1.4397

64

2.2754

1.1732

1.5738

1 .5678

35

1.7312

1 .4323

65

2.3088

1.1638

1.7415

1.4248

66

2.3439

1.1545

67

2.3809

1.1453

1.5751

1 .5665

36

1.5767

1.5649

37

1.7522

1 .4171

1 .5785

1.5632

38

1 .7633

1 .4092

68

2.4198

1.1362

1.5805

1 .5611

39

1.7748

1.4013

69

2.4610

1.1272

10

1.5828

1.5589

40

1 .7868

1 .3931

70

2.5046

1.1184

11

1.5854

1.5[;64

41

1.7992

1.3849

71

2.5507

1 .1096

12

1 .5882

1.5537

42

1.8122

1.3765

72

2.5998

1 .1011

13

1.5913

1 .5507

43

1.8256

1.3680

73

2.6521

1 .0927

14

1.5946

1.5476

44

1.8396

1. 3594

74

2.7081

1.0844

15

1 .5981

1.5442

45

1.8541

1 .3506

75

2.7681

1 .0764

16

1.6020

1.5405

46

1.8691

1.3418

76

2.8327

1.0686

2.9026

1.0611
1.0538

17

1.6061

1.5367

47

1.8848

1 .3329

77

18

1.6105

1.5326

48

1.9011

1 .3238

78

2.9786

19

1.6151

1.5283

49

1.9180

1.3147

79

3.0617

1.0468

20

1 .6200

1.5238

50

1.9356

1.3055

80

3.1534

1.0401

21

1.6252

1.5191

51

1.9539

1 .2963

81

3.2553

1.0338

22

1 .6307

1.5141

52

1.9729

1 .2870

82

3.3699

1.0278

23

1.6365

1.5090

53

1.9927

1 .2776

83

3.5004

1.0223

24

1.6426

1 .5037

54

2.0133

1.2681

84

3.6519

1.0172

25

1.6490

1 .4981

55

2.0347

1 .2587

85

3.8317

1.0127

26

1 .6557

1.4924

56

2.0571

1.2492

86

4.0528

1.0086

27

1.6627

1.4864

57

2.0804

1.2397

87

4.3387

1 .0053

2.1047

1.2301

88

4.7427

1.0026

2.1300

1.2206

89

5.4349

1.0008

90

00

1 .0000

28

1.6701

1.4803

58

29

1.6777

1.4740

59

30

1.6858

1.4675

60

2.1565

254

1.2111

TABLE

I N C O M P L E TE E L L I P T I C I N T E G R A L O F T H E F I R S T K I N D

44

F(k, )

i<l> Vl d()k2 sin2 ()

o

oo

10

20

30

oo

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

10

0.1745

0.1 746

0.1746

0.1748

0.174g

40

50

sin if;

60

70

go o

goo

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.1751

0.1752

0.1753

0.1754

0.1754

20

0.34g1

0.34g3

0.34gg

0.3508

0.3520

0.3533

0.3545

0.3555

0.3561

0.3564

30

0.5236

0.5243

0.5263

0.52g4

0.5334

0.537g

0.5422

0.545g

0.5484

0.54g3

40

0.6g81

0.6gg7

0.7043

0.71 16

0.7213

0.7323

0.7436

0.7535

0.7604

0.762g

50

0.8727

0.8756

0.8842

o.sgs2

o.g173

o.g401

o.g647

o.g876

1.0044

1 .0107

60

1.0472

1.051g

1 .0660

1.0896

1.1226

1.1643

1.2126

1 .261g

1.3014

1 .3170

70

1 .221 7

1.2286

1.24g5

1.2853

1.3372

1.4068

1.4g44

1 .5g5g

1 .6g18

1.7354

80

1.3963

1.4056

1.4344

1.4846

1 .55g7

1.6660

1.8125

2.011g

2.2653

2.4362

goo

1.5708

1.5828

1.6200

1 .6858

1 .7868

I .g356

2.1 565

2.5046

3.1534

"'

I N C O M P L E T E E L L I P T I C I N TE G R A L O F T H E S E C O N D K I N D

TABLE

45

E(k, )

i<t> Vl - k2 sin2 ()

d(),

sin .p

oo

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

goo

oo

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

10

0.1745

0.1745

0.1744

0.1743

0.1742

0.1740

0.173g

0.1738

0.1737

0.1736

20

0.34g1

0.348g

0.3483

0.3473

0.3462

0.3450

0.3438

0.342g

0.3422

0.3420
0.5000

30

0.5236

0.522g

0.52og

0.517g

0.5141

0.5100

0.5061

0.502g

0.5007

40

0.6g81

0.6g66

0.6g21

0.6851

0.6763

0.6667

0.6575

0.64g7

0.6446

0.6428

50

0.8727

0.86g8

0.8614

0.8483

0.8317

0.8134

0.7g54

0.7801

0.7697

0.7660

60

1.0472

1.0426

l.02gO

1.0076

0.9801

0.9493

o.g184

0.8g14

0.8728

0.8660

70

1.2217

1 .214g

l .lg4g

1.1632

1 .1221

1.0750

1.0266

o.g830

o.g514

o.g3g7

80

1.3g63

1 .3870

1.35g7

1.3161

1.25go

1.1926

1 .1225

1 .0565

1 .0054

o.g848

goo

1 .5708

1 .558g

1 .5238

1 .4675

1 .3g31

1 .3055

1 .21 1 1

1.1184

1 .0401

1 .0000

255

O R D I N ATES Of T H E

TABLE

46

S TA N D A R D N ORMA L C UR V E

y ::::

_
1 _ e-x212

y'2;

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

.3989
.3970
.3910
.3814
.3683

.3989
.3965
.3902
.3802
.3668

.3989
.3961
.3894
.3790
.3653

.3988
.3956
.3885
.3778
.3637

.3986
.3951
.3876
.3765
.3621

.3984
.3945
.3867
.3752
.3605

.3982
.3939
.3857
.3739
.3589

.3980
.3932
.3847
.3725
.3572

.3977
.3925
.3836
.3712
.3555

.3973
.3918
.3825
.3697
.3538

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

.3521
.3332
.3123
.28.97
.2661

.3503
.3312
.3101
.2874
.2637

.3485
.3292
.3079
.2850
.2613

.3467
.3271
.3056
.2827
.2589

.3448
.3251
.3034
.2803
.2565

.3429
.3230
.3011
.2780
.2541

.3410
.3209
.2989
.2756
.2516

.3391
.3187
.2966
.2732
.2492

.3372
.3166
.2943
.2709
.2468

.3352
.3144
.2920
.2685
.2444

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

.2420
.2179
.1942
.1714
.1497

.2396
.2155
.1919
.1691
.1476

.2371
.2131
.1895
.1669
.1456

.2347
.2107
.1872
.1647
.1435

.2323
.2083
.1849
.1626
.1415

.2299
.2059
.1826
.1604
.1394

.2275
.2036
.1804
.1582
.1374

.2251
.2012
.1781
.1561
.1354

.2227
.1989
.1758
.1539
.1334

.2203
.1965
.1736
.1518
.1315

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

.1295
.1109
.0940
.0790
.0656

.1276
.1092
.0925
.0775
.0644

.1257
.1074
.0909
.0761
.0632

.1238
.1057
.0893
.0748
.0620

.1219
.1040
.0878
.0734
.0608

.1200
.1023
.0863
.0721
.0596

.1182
.1006
.0848
.0707
.0584

.1163
.0989
.0833
.0694
.0573

.1145
.0973
.0818
.0681
.0562

.1127
.0957
.0804
.0669
.0551

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

.0540
.0440
.0355
.0283
.0224

.0529
.0431
.0347
.0277
.0219

.0519
.0422
.0339
.0270
.0213

.0508
.0413
.0332
.0264
.0208

.0498
.0404
.0325
.0258
.0203

.0488
.0396
.0317
.0252
.0198

.0478
.0387
.0310
.0246
.0194

.0468
.0379
.0303
.0241
.0189

.0459
.0371
.0297
.0235
.0184

.0449
.0363
.0290
.0229
.0180

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

.0175
.0136
.0104
.0079
.0060

.0171
.0132
.0101
.0077
.0058

.0167
.0129
.0099
.0075
.0056

.0163
.0126
.0096
.0073
.0055

.0158
.0122
.0093
.0071
.0053

.0154
.0119
.0091
.0069
.0051

.0151
.0116
.0088
.0067
.0050

.0147
.0113
.0086
.0065
.0048

.0143
.0110
.0084
.0063
.0047

.0139
.0107
.0081
.0061
.0046

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

.0044
.0033
.0024
.0017
.0012

.0043
.0032
.0023
.0017
.0012

.0042
.0031
.0022
.0016
.0012

.0040
.0030
.0022
.0016
.0011

.0039
.0029
.0021
.0015
.0011

.0038
.0028
.0020
.0015
.001 0

.0037
.0027
.0020
.0014
.0010

.0036
.0026
.0019
.0014
.0010

.0035
.0025
.0018
.0013
.0009

.0034
.0025
.0018
.0013
.0009

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

.0009
.0006
.0004
.0003
.0002

.0008
.0006
.0004
.0003
.0002

.0008
.0006
.0004
.0003
.0002

.0008
.0005
.0004
.0003
.0002

.0008
.0005
.0004
.0003
.0002

.0007
.0005
.0004
.0002
.0002

.0007
.0005
.0003
.0002
.0002

.0007
.0005
.0003
.0002
.0002

.0007
.0005
.0003
.0002
.0001

.0006
.0004
.0003
.0002
.0001

3.9

256

TABLE

47

A R EAS U N D E R T H E
S TA N D A R D N O R M A L C U RV E

erf (x)

from

-oo

to x

fx e-tt2

y'2; -"'

dt

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

.500{)
.5398
.5793
.6179
.6554

.5040
.5438
.5832
.6217
.6591

.5080
.5478
.5871
.6255
.6628

.5120
.5517
.5910
.6293
.6664

.5160
.5557
.5948
.6331
.6700

.5199
.5596
.5987
.6368
.6736

.5239
.5636
.6026
.6406
.6772

.5279
.5675
.6064
.6443
.6808

.5319
.5714
.6103
.6480
.6844

.5359
.5754
.6141
.6517
.6879

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

.69 1 5
.7258
.7580
.7881
.8159

.6950
.7291
.7612
.7910
.8186

.6985
.7324
.7642
.7939
.8212

.7019
.7357
.7673
.7967
.8238

.7054
.7389
.7704
.7996
.8264

.7088
.7422
.7734
.8023
.8289

.7123
.7454
.7764
.8051
.8315

.7157
.7486
.7794
.8078
.8340

.7190
.7518
.7823
.8106
.8365

.7224
.7549
.7852
.8133
.8389

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1 .4

.8413
.8643
.8849
.9032
.9192

.8438
.8665
.8869
.9049
.9207

.8461
.8686
.8888
.9066
.9222

.8485
.8708
.8907
.9082
.9236

.8508
.8729
.8925
.9099
.9251

.8531
.8749
.8944
.91 1 5
.9265

.8554
.8770
.8962
.9131
.9279

.8577
.8790
.8980
.9147
.9292

.8599
.8810
.8997
.9162
.9306

.8621
.8830
.9015
.9177
.9319

1 .5
1.6
1.7
1 .8
1.9

.9332
.9452
.9554
.9641
.9713

.9345
.9463
.9564
.9649
.9719

.9357
.9474
.9573
.9656
.9726

.9370
.9484
.9582
.9664
.9732

.9382
.9495
.9591
.9671
.9738

.9394
.9505
.9599
.9678
.9744

.9406
.9515
.9608
.9686
.9750

.9418
.9525
.9616
.9693
.9756

.9429
.9535
.9625
.9699
.9761

.9441
.9545
.9633
.9706
.9767

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

.9772
.9821
.9861
.9893
.9918

.9778
.9826
.9864
.9896
.9920

.9783
.9830
.9868
.9898
.9922

.9788
.9834
.9871
.9901
.9925

.9793
.9838
.9875
.9904
.9927

.9798
.9842
.9878
.9906
.9929

.9803
.9846
.9881
.9909
.9931

.9808
.9850
.9884
.9911
.9932

.9812
.9854
.9887
.9913
.9934

.9817
.9857
.9890
.991 6
.9936

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

.9938
.9953
.9965
.9974
.9981

.9940
.9955
.9966
.9975
.9982

.9941
.9956
.9967
.9976
.9982

.9943
.9957
.9968
.9977
.9983

.9945
.9959
.9969
.9977
.9984

.9946
.9960
.9970
.9978
.9984

.9948
.9961
.9971
.9979
.9985

.9949
.9962
.9972
.9979
.9985

.9951
.9963
.9973
.9980
.9986

.9952
.9964
.9974
.9981
.9986

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

.9987
.9990
.9993
.9995
.9997

.9987
.9991
.9993
.9995
.9997

.9987
.9991
.9994
.9995
.9997

.9988
.9991
.9994
.9996
.9997

.9988
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

.9989
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

.9989
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

.9989
.9992
.9995
.9996
.9997

.9990
.9993
.9995
.9996
.9997

.9990
.9993
.9995
.9997
.9998

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

.9998
.9998
.9999
.9999
1 .0000

.9998
.9998
.9999
.9999
1 .0000

.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1 .0000

.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1 .0000

.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1 .0000

.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1 .0000

.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1 .0000

.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1 .0000

.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1.0000

.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1 .0000

257

TABLE

48

P E R C E N TIL E VA L U E.S

(tp) FOR

ST U D E NT'S t D I ST R I BUTIO N

with n degrees of freedom

(shaded area ::::: p)

tp

t .995

t.99

t.975

t.95

t.90

t.so

t.75

t. 70

t .60

t.ss

1
2
3
4

63.66
9.92
5.84
4.60

31.82
6.96
4.54
3.75

12.71
4.30
3.18
2.78

6.31
2.92
2.35
2.13

3.08
1.89
1.64
1.53

1.376
1.061
.978
.941

1.000
.816
.765
.741

.727
.617
.584
.569

.325
.289
.277
.271

.158
.142
.137
.134

5
6
7
8
9

4.03
3.71
3.50
3.36
3.25

3.36
3.14
3.00
2.90
2.82

2.57
2.45
2.36
2.31
2.26

2.02
1.94
1.90
1.86
1 .83

1 .48
1.44
1.42
1.40
1.38

.920
.906
.896
.889
.883

.727
.718
.711
.706
.703

.559
.553
.549
.546
.543

.267
.265
.263
.262
.261

.132
.131
.130
.130
.129

10
11
12
13
14

3.17
3.11
3.06
3.01
2.98

2.76
2.72
2.68
2.65
2.62

2.23
2.20
2.18
2.16
2.14

1.81
1.80
1 .78
1 .77
1.76

1.37
1.36
1.36
1 .35
1.34

.879
.876
.873
.870
.868

.700
.697
.695
.694
.692

.542
.540
.539
.538
.537

.260
.260
.259
.259
.258

.129
.129
.128
.128
.128

15
16
17
18
19

2.95
2.92
2.90
2.88
2.86

2.60
2.58
2.57
2.55
2.54

2.13
2.12
2.11
2.10
2.09

1.75
1.75
1 .74
1.73
1 .73

1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33
1 .33

.866
.865
.863
.862
.861

.691
.690
.689
.688
.688

.536
.535
.534
.534
.533

.258
.258
.257
.257
.257

.128
.128
.128
.127
.127

20
21
22
23
24

2.84
2.83
2.82
2.81
2.80

2.53
2.52
2.51
2.50
2.49

2.09
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.06

1.72
1.72
1.72
1.71
1.71

1.32
1 .32
1.32
1 .32
1 .32

.860
.859
.858
.858
.857

.687
.686
.686
.685
.685

.533
.532
.532
.532
.531

.257
.257
.256
.256
.256

.127
.127
.127
.127
.127

25
26
27
28
29

2.79
2.78
2.77
2.76
2.76

2.48
2.48
2.47
2.47
2.46

2.06
2.06
2.05
2.05
2.04

1.71
1 .71
1.70
1.70
1 .70

1 .32
1 .32
1.31
1.31
1.31

.856
.856
.855
.855
.854

.684
.684
.684
.683
.683

.531
.531
.531
.530
.530

.256
.256
.256
.256
.256

.127
.127
.127
.127
.127

30
40
60
120

2.75
2.70
2.66
2.62
2.58

2.46
2.42
2.39
2.36
2.33

2.04
2.02
2.00
1.98
1.96

1 .70
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.645

1.31
1.30
1.30
1 .29
1 .28

.854
.851
.848
.845
.842

.683
.681
.679
.677
.674

.530
.529
.527
.526
.524

.256
.255
.254
.254
.253

.127
.126
.126
.126
.126

00

Source:

R. A. Fisher and F. Yates, S tatis tical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and
Medical Research (6th edition, 1963), Table III, Oliver and Boyd Ltd., E din

burgh, by permission of the authors and publishers.

258

TABLE

49

PERC ENTILE VA L U ES

(x!)

FOR

THE CHI-S Q U A R E, D I ST R IBUTION

with n degrees of freedom
(shaded area

p)

x2

x995

X99

X975

X 29s

X 9o

x1s

Xso

x2s

xIO

Xos

Xo2s

x01

Xoos

1
2
3
4

7.88
10.6
12.8
14.9

6.63
9.21
11.3
13.3

5.02
7.38
9.35
1 1 .1

3.84
5.99
7.81
9.49

2.71
4.61
6.25
7.78

1 .32
2.77
4.11
5.39

.455
1.39
2.37
3.36

.102
.575
1.21
1 .92

.0158
.211
.584
1 .06

.0039
.103
.352
.711

.0010
.0506
.216
.484

.0002
.0201
.115
.297

.0000
.0100
.072
.207

5
6
7
8
9

16.7
18.5
20.3
22.0
23.6

1 5. 1
1 6.8
18.5
20.1
21.7

12.8
14.4
16.0
17.5
19.0

1 1 .1
12.6
14.1
15.5
1 6.9

9.24
10.6
12.0
13.4
14.7

6.63
7.84
9.04
10.2
1 1 .4

4.35
5.35
6.35
7.34
8.34

2.67
3.45
4.25
5.07
5.90

1 .61
2.20
2.83
3.49
4.17

1.15
1 .64
2.17
2.73
3.33

.831
1.24
1.69
2.18
2.70

.554
.872
1 .24
1.65
2.09

.412
.676
.989
1.34
1.73

10
11
12
13
14

25.2
26.8
28.3
29.8
31.3

23.2
24.7
26.2
27.7
29.1

20.5
21.9
23.3
24.7
26.1

18.3
19.7
21.0
22.4
23.7

16.0
17.3
18.5
19.8
21.1

12.5
13.7
14.8
1 6.0
17.1

9.34
10.3
1 1.3
12.3
13.3

6.74
7.58
8.44
9.30
10.2

4.87
5.58
6.30
7.04
7.79

3.94
4.57
5.23
5.89
6.57

3.25
3.82
4.40
5.01
5.63

2.56
3.05
3.57
4.11
4.66

2.16
2.60
3.07
3.57
4.07

15
16
17
18
19

32.8
34.3
35.7
37.2
38.6

30.6
32.0
33.4
34.8
36.2

27.5
28.8
30.2
31.5
32.9

25.0
26.3
27.6
28.9
30.1

22.3
23.5
24.8
26.0
27.2

18.2
19.4
20.5
21.6
22.7

14.3
15.3
1 6.3
17.3
18.3

11.0
11.9
12.8
13.7
14.6

8.55
9.31
10.1
10.9
11.7

7.26
7.96
8.67
9.39
10.1

6.26
6.91
7.56
8.23
8.91

5.23
5.81
6.41
7.01
7.63

4.60
5.14
5.70
6.26
6.84

20
21
22
23
24

40.0
41.4
42.8
44.2
45.6

37.6
38.9
40.3
41.6
43.0

34.2
35.5
36.8
38.1
39.4

31.4
32.7
33.9
35.2
36.4

28.4
29.6
30.8
32.0
33.2

23.8
24.9
26.0
27.1
28.2

19.3
20.3
21.3
22.3
23.3

1 5.5
16.3
17.2
18.1
19.0

12.4
13.2
14.0
14.8
15.7

10.9
1 1.6
12.3
13.1
13.8

9.59
10.3
11.0
11.7
12.4

8.26
8.90
9.54
10.2
10.9

7.43
8.03
8.64
9.26
9.89

25
26
27
28
29

46.9
48.3
49.6
51.0
52.3

44.3
45.6
47.0
48.3
49.6

40.6
41.9
43.2
44.5
45.7

37.7
38.9
40.1
41.3
42.6

34.4
35.6
36.7
37.9
39.1

29.3
30.4
31.5
32.6
33.7

24.3
25.3
26.3
27.3
28.3

19.9
20.8
21.7
22.7
23.6

1 6.5
17.3
18.1
18.9
19.8

14.6
15.4
16.2
16.9
17.7

13.1
13.8
14.6
1 5.3
1 6.0

11.5
12.2
1 2.9
13.6
14.3

10.5
11.2
1 1.8
1 2.5
13.1

30
40
50
60

53.7
66.8
79.5
92.0

50.9
63.7
76.2
88.4

47.0
59.3
71.4
83.3

43.8
55.8
67.5
79.1

40.3
51.8
63.2
74.4

34.8
45.6
56.3
67.0

29.3
39.3
49.3
59.3

24.5
33.7
42.9
52.3

20.6
29.1
37.7
46.5

18.5
26.5
34.8
43.2

1 6.8
24.4
32.4
40.5

15.0
22.2
29.7
37.5

13.8
20.7
28.0
35.5

70
80
90
100

104.2
116.3
128.3
140.2

100A
112.3
1 24.1
135.8

95.0
106.6
1 18.1
1 29.6

90.5
101.9
113.1
1 24.3

85.5
96.6
107.6
118.5

77.6
88.1
98.6
109.1

69.3
79.3
89.3
99.3

61.7
71.1
80.6
90.1

55.3
64.3
73.3
82.4

51.7
60.4
69.1
77.9

48.8
57.2
65.6
74.2

45.4
53.5
61.8
70.1

43.3
51.2
59.2
67.3

Source: Catherine M. Thompson, Table of percentage p oints of the

x2 distribution,

Biometrika, Vol. 32 (1941), by permission of the author and publisher.

259

TABLE

50

nr

nz

degrees of freedom for numerator

degrees of freedom for denominator

(shaded area

9 5 t h P E R C E N T I L E VA L U E S F O R
T H E F D ISTRIBUTION

.95)

12

16

F:95

20

30

40

50

100

"'

1 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 238.9 243.9 246.3 248.0 250.1 251.1 252.2 253.0 254.3
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.37 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.46 19.46 19.47 19.49 19.50
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.85 8.74 8.69 8.66 8.62 8.60 8.58 8.56 8.53
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.04 5.91 5.84 5.80 5.75 5.71 5.70 5.66 5.63
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.82 4.68 4.60 4.56 4.50 4.46 4.44 4.40 4.36

6
7
8
9
10

5.99
5.59
5.32
5.12
4.96

5.14
4.74
4.46
4.26
4.10

4.76
4.35
4.07
3.86
3.71

4.53
4.12
3.84
3.63
3.48

4.39
3.97
3.69
3.48
3.33

4.28
3.87
3.58
3.37
3.22

4.15
3.73
3.44
3.23
3.D7

4.00
3.57
3.28
3.07
2.91

3.92
3.49
3.20
2.98
2.82

3.87
3.44
3.15
2.93
2.77

3.81
3.38
3.08
2.86
2.70

3.77
3.34
3.05
2.82
2.67

3.75
3.32
3.03
2.80
2.64

3.71
3.28
2.98
2.76
2.59

3.67
3.23
2.93
2.71
2.54

11
12
13
14
15

4.84
4.75
4.67
4.60
4.54

3.98
3.89
3.81
3.74
3.68

3.59
3.49
3.41
3.34
3.29

3.36
3.26
3.18
3.11
3.06

3.20
3.11
3.03
2.96
2.90

3.09
3.00
2.92
2.85
2.79

2.95
2.85
2.77
2.70
2.64

2.79
2.69
2.60
2.53
2.48

2.70
2.60
2.51
2.44
2.39

2.65
2.54
2.46
2.39
2.33

2.57
2.46
2.38
2.31
2.25

2.53
2.42
2.34
2.27
2.21

2.50
2.40
2.32
2.24
2.18

2.45
2.35
2.26
2.19
2.12

2.40
2.30
2.21
2.13
2.07

16
17
18
19
20

4.49
4.45
4.41
4.38
4.35

3.63
3.59
3.55
3.52
3.49

3.24
3.20
3.16
3.13
3.10

3.01
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87

2.85
2.81
2.77
2.74
2.71

2.74
2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60

2.59
2.55
2.51
2.48
2.45

2.42
2.38
2.34
2.31
2.28

2.33
2.29
2.25
2.21
2.18

2.28
2.23
2.19
2.15
2.12

2.20
2.15
2.11
2.07
2.04

2.16
2.11
2.07
2.02
1.99

2.13
2.08
2.04
2.00
1 .96

2.07
2.02
1 .98
1.94
1.90

2.01
1.96
1 .92
1.88
1.84

22
24
26
28
30

4.30
4.26
4.23
4.20
4.17

3.44
3.40
3.37
3.34
3.32

3.05
3.01
2.98
2.95
2.92

2.82
2.78
2.74
2.71
2.69

2.66
2.62
2.59
2.56
2.53

2.55
2.51
2.47
2.45
2.42

2.40
2.36
2.32
2.29
2.27

2.23
2.18
2.15
2.12
2.09

2.13
2.09
2.05
2.02
1.99

2.07
2.03
1.99
1.96
1.93

1.98
1.94
1.90
1.87
1.84

1.93
1.89
1.85
1.81
1.79

1.91
1.86
1.82
1.78
1.76

1.84
1.80
1.76
1.72
1.69

1.78
1 .73
1.69
1 .65
1.62

40
50
60
70
80

4.08
4.03
4.00
3.98
3.96

3.23
3.18
3.15
3.13
3.11

2.84
2.79
2.76
2.74
2.72

2.61
2.56
2.53
2.50
2.48

2.45
2.40
2.37
2.35
2.33

2.34
2.29
2.25
2.23
2.21

2.18
2.13
2.10
2.07
2.05

2.00
1.95
1.92
1.89
1.88

1.90
1.85
1.8 1
1.79
1.77

1.84
1 .78
1.75
1 .72
1.70

1.74
1.69
1.65
1.62
1.60

1.69
1.63
1.59
1.56
1.54

1.66
1.60
1 .56
1.53
1.51

1.59
1.52
1.48
1 .45
1.42

1.51
1.44
1.39
1.35
1.32

100
150
200
400

3.94
3.91
3.89
3 .86
3.84

3.09
3.06
3.04
3.02
2.99

2.70
2.67
2.65
2.62
2.60

2.46
2.43
2.41
2.39
2.37

2.30
2.27
2.26
2.23
2.21

2.19
2.16
2.14
2.12
2.09

2.03
2.00
1.98
1 .96
1.94

1.85
1.82
1.80
1.78
1.75

1 .75
1.71
1.69
1.67
1.64

1.68
1 .64
1.62
1 .60
1.57

1.57
1.54
1 .52
1.49
1.46

1.51
1.47
1.45
1 .42
1.40

1.48
1.44
1.42
1.38
1.32

1 .39
1.34
1.32
1.28
1.24

1.28
1.22
1.19
1.13
1 .00

"'

Source: G. W. Snedecor and W. G. Cochran, Statistical Methods (6th edition, 1967), Iowa

State University Press, Ames, Iowa, by permission of the authors and publisher.
260

TABLE

51
I2
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10

n1

n2

9 9 t h P E R C E N TI L E VA L U E S F O R
T H E F D I S T R I B UT I O N
:::::: degrees of freedom for numerator
degrees of freedom for denominator

(shaded area = .99)

F99

12

16

20

30

40

50

100

00

4052
98.49
34.12
21.20
16.26

4999
99.01
30.81
18.00
13.27

5403
99.17
29.46
1 6.69
12.06

5625
99.25
28.71
15.98
11 .39

5764
99.30
28.24
15.52
1 0.97

5859
99.33
27.41
15.21
10.67

5981
99.36
27.49
14.80
10.27

6106
99.42
27.05
14.37
9.89

6169
99.44
28.63
14.15
9.68

6208
99.45
26.69
14.02
9.55

6258
99.47
26.50
13.83
9.38

6286
99.48
26.41
13.74
9.29

6302
99.48
26.35
1 3.69
9.24

6334
99.49
26.23
13.57
9.13

6366
99.50
26.12
13.46
9.02

13.74 10.92
12.25 9.55
11.26 8.65
10.56 8.02
10.04 7.56

9.78
8.45
7.59
6.99
6.55

9.15
7.85
7.01
6.42
5.99

8.75
7.46
6.63
6.06
5.64

8.47
7.19
6.37
5.80
5.39

8.10
6.84
6.03
5.47
5.06

7.72
6.47
5.67
5.11
4.71

7.52
6.27
5.48
4.92
4.52

7.39
6.15
5.36
4.80
4.41

7.23
5.98
5.20
4.64
4.25

7.14
5.90
5.11
4.56
4.17

7.09
5.85
5.06
4.51
4.12

6.99
5.75
4.96
4.41
4.01

6.88
5.65
4.86
4.31
3.91

11
12
13
14
15

9.05
9.33
9.07
8.86
8.68

7.20
6.93
6.70
6.51
6.36

6.22
5.95
5.74
5.56
5.42

5.67
5.41
5.20
5.03
4.89

5.32
5.06
4.86
4.69
4.56

5.07
4.82
4.62
4.46
4.32

4.74
4.50
4.30
4.14
4.00

4.40
4.16
3.96
3.80
3.67

4.21
3.98
3.78
3.62
3.48

4.10
3.86
3.67
3.51
3.36

3.94
3.70
3.51
3.34
3.20

3.86
3.61
3.42
3.26
3.12

3.80
3.56
3.37
3.21
3.07

3.70
3.46
3.27
3.11
2.97

3.60
3.36
3.16
3.00
2.87

16
17
18
19
20

8.53
8.40
8.28
8.18
8.10

6.23
6.11
6.01
5.93
5.85

5.29
5.18
5.09
5.01
4.94

4.77
4.67
4.58
4.50
4.43

4.44
4.34
4.25
4.17
4.10

4.20
4.10
4.01
3.94
3.87

3.89
3.79
3.71
3.63
3.56

3.55
3.45
3.37
3.30
3.23

3.37
3.27
3.19
3.12
3.05

3.25
3.16
3.07
3.00
2.94

3.10
3.00
2.91
2.84
2.77

3.01
2.92
2.83
2.76
2.69

2.96
2.86
2.78
2.70
2.63

2.86
2.76
2.68
2.60
2.53

2.75
2.65
2.57
2.49
2.42

22
24
26
28
30

7.94
7.82
7.72
7.64
7.56

5.72
5.61
5.53
5.45
5.39

4.82
4.72
4.64
4.57
4.51

4.31
4.22
4.14
4.07
4.02

3.99
3.90
3.82
3.76
3.70

3.76
3.67
3.59
3.53
3.47

3 .45
3.36
3.29
3.23
3.17

3.12
3.03
2.96
2.90
2.84

2.94
2.85
2.77
2.71
2.66

2.83
2.74
2.66
2.60
2.5 5

2.67
2.58
2.50
2.44
2.38

2.58
2.49
2.41
2.35
2.29

2.53
2.44
2.36
2.30
2.24

2.42
2.33
2.25
2.18
2.13

2.31
2.21
2.13
2.06
2.01

40
50
60
70
80

7.31
7.17
7.08
7.01
6.96

5.18
5.06
4.98
4.92
4.88

4.31
4.20
4.13
4.08
4.04

3.83
3.72
3.65
3.60
3.56

3.51
3.41
3.34
3.29
3.25

3.29
3.18
3.12
3.07
3.04

2.99
2.88
2.82
2.77
2.74

2.66
2.56
2.50
2.45
2.41

2.49
2.39
2.32
2.28
2.24

2.37
2.26
2.20
2.15
2.11

2.20
2.10
2.03
1.98
1.94

2.11
2.00
1.93
1.88
1.84

2.05
1.94
1.87
1.82
1.78

1.94
1.82
1.74
1.69
1.65

1.81
1 .68
1.60
1.53
1.49

100
150
200
400

6.90
6.81
6.76
6.70
6.64

4.82
4.75
4.71
4.66
4.60

3.98
3.91
3.88
3.83
3.78

3.51
3.44
3.41
3.36
3.32

3.20
3.14
3.11
3.06
3.02

2.99
2.92
2.90
2.85
2.80

2.69
2.62
2.60
2.55
2.51

2.36
2.30
2.28
2.23
2.18

2.19
2.12
2.09
2.04
1 .99

2.06
2.00
1.97
1 .92
1.87

1.89
1.83
1.79
1.74
1.69

1.79
1.72
1.69
1.64
1.59

1 .73
1.66
1.62
1.57
1.52

1.59
1.51
1.48
1.42
1.36

1.43
1.33
1.28
1.19
1 .00

00

Source: G. W. Snedecor and W. G. Cochran, Statistical Methods (6th edition, 1967), Iowa

State University Press, Ames, Iowa, by permission of the authors and publisher.
261

TABL
LE

R A N D O M N U MBERS

_
_
_
_

51772

74640

42331

29044

24033
45939
30586
03585

23491
60173
02133
79353

83587
52078
75797
81938

06568
25424
45406
82322

64937
15630

03355
64759

95863
51135

20790
98527

09448

56301

57683

30277

46621
21960
11645
31041
96799

62898

93582

21387
55870
86707
85659

76105
56974
12973
36081

04186
10863
37428
17169
50884

62586

55189
41889

00745
25439

65253
88036

94623

85418

68829

06652

-304

19640
97453
93507
88116
14070
11822
24034
41982

. 87056
90581
94271
42187
74950
15804
67283
49159

21631

91157

77331

60710

52290

16835

48653

71590

1 6159

14676

91097

17480

29414

06829

87843

28195

27279

47152

35683

47280

50532
07136
27989
85184

95652
79971
10744
36601
97810

42457
54195
08396
46253

73547
25708
56242
00477

76168
75936
20507
70185

32869

55261

24819
72484
99431
36574
59009

52984
94923
50995
72139

36764

76552
51817
90985
25234
11785

50020
36732
28868
09908

54398

25496
40876
64728
73949
21154

38714

38723

65544

34371

09591

07839

58892

92843

72828

91341

84821

63886

08263

65952

85762

64236

39238

18776

84303

99247

67906

48236

1 6057

81812

63700

85915

04077
90276

79443

95203
21944

02479
1 6530

15815
30763

46149
19219

03229

39817
62257
53298

92486
07516

54083
95715

23631
02526

05825
33537

62545

LJ

03878

,(),

/-1-

'0

262

45943

I nd ex of Special Sym bols and Notations

The following list shows special symbols and notations used in this book together with pages on which
they are defined or first appear. Cases where a symbol has more than one meaning will be clear from
the context.

Symbols
Bern (x), Bein (x)
B(m, n)
Bn
C(x)
Ci(x)
e

e1 , ez, e3
erf (x)
erfc (x)
E = E(k, TT/2)
E(k, )
Ei(x)
En
F(a, b; c; x)
F(k, )
'}',

'f' - 1

hv hz, h3
Hn (x)
H<l(x), H<!l (x)
i, j, k
ln (x)
Jn (x)
K = F(k, TT/2)
Kern (x), Kein (x)
Kn(x)
In x or loge x
log x or log1 0 x
Ln(x)
L\x)
o(, o( - 1
Pn (x)
P:;'(x)
Qn (x)
Q ;;' (x)
r
r
r

S(x)
Si(x)
Tn (x)
Un (X)
Yn ( x)

140

beta function, 103

Bernoulli numbers, 114
Fresnel cosine integral, 184
cosine integral, 184
natural base of logarithms, 1
unit vectors in curvilinear coordinates, 124
error function, 183
complementary error function, 183
complete elliptic integral of second kind, 179
incomplete elliptic integral of second kind, 179
exponential integral, 183
Euler numbers, 114
hypergeometric function, 160
incomplete elliptic integral of first kind, 179
Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform, 175, 1 76
scale factors in curvilinear coordinates, 124
H ermite polynomials, 151
Hankel functions of first and second kind, 1 38
imaginary unit, 21
unit vectors in rectangular coordinates, 1 1 7
modified Bessel function of first kind, 138
Bessel function of first kind, 136
complete elliptic integral of first kind, 179
140

modified Bessel function of second kind, 139

natural logarithm of x, 24
common logarithm .of x, 23
Laguerre polynomials, 153
associated Laguerre polynomials, 155
Laplace transform and inverse Laplace transform, 161
Legendre polynomials, 146
associated Legendre functions of first kind, 149
Legendre functions of second kind, 148
associated Legendre functions of second kind, 150
cylindrical coordinate, 49
polar coordinate, 22, 36
spherical coordinate, 50
Fresnel sine integral, 184
sine integral, 183
Chebyshev polynomials of first kind, 1 57
Chebyshev polynomials of second kind, 1 58
Bessel function of second kind, 136

263

INDEX OF SPE CIAL SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS

264

Greek Symbols
y

Euler's constant, 1

(}

r(x)

gamma function, 1, 101

7T

(x)

Riemann zeta function, 184

(}

cylindrical coordinate, 49

<l> (p)

(}

polar coordinate, 22, 36

<l>(x)

spherical coordinate, 50
1
spherical coordinate, 50
1
1 1
the sum 1 + + + + p ' 4>(0) = 0, 137
2 3
prbability distribution function, 189
-

Notations
A =B
A >B
A
A
A
A
A

<B
B
B
=B
-B
!AI
n!

y' =
y"

d2 y
= d 2=
x

()

f' (x) ,

f" (x) , etc.

DP = !!!__
at at
iJ 2f
iJx ' iJy ' ax ay '

dxv
dy

etc.

a(x, y, z)
a(ul, 1! 2 , u3)

J f(x) dx
J" /(x) dx
J A dr
a

A equals B or A is equal to B
A is greater than B [or B is less than A]
A is less than B [or B is greater than A]
A is greater than or equal to B
A is less than or equal to B
A is approximately equal to B
A is asymptotic to B or AlB approaches 1 , 102
A if A O
absolute value of A =
-A if A 0
factorial n, 3

binomial coefficients, 3

derivatives of y or f(x) with respect to x, 53, 55

pth derivative with respect to x, 55

differential of y, 55
partial derivatives, 56
Jacobian, 125
indefinite integral, 57
definite integral, 94
line integral of A along C, 121

AB

dot product of A and B, 117

AXB

cross product of A and B, 118

del operator, 119

V2 = V V
V4 = V 2 ( V 2)

Laplacian operator, 120

biharmonic operator, 120

I N D E X
Bernoulli ' s differential equation, 104
Bessel functions, 136-145
addition formulas for, 145
asymptotic expansions of, 143
definite integrals involving, 142, 143
generating functions for, 137, 139
graphs of, 141
indefinite integrals involving, 142
infmite products for, 188
integral representations for, 143
modified [see Modified Bessel functions]
of first kind of order n, 136, 137
of order half an odd integer, 138
of second kind of order n, 136, 137
orthogonal series for, 144, 145
recurrence formulas for, 137
tables of, 244-249
zeros of, 250
Bessel's differential equation, 106, 136
general solution of, 106, 137
transformed, 106
Bessel's modified differential equation, 138
general solution of, 139
Beta function, 103
relationship of to gamma function, 103
Biharmonic operator, 120
in curvilinear coordinates, 125
Binomial coefficients, 3
properties of, 4
table of values for, 236, 237
Binomial distribution, 189
Binomial formula, 2
Binomial series, 2, 110
Bipolar coordinates, 128, 129
Laplacian in, 128
Branch, principal, 17
Briggsian logarithms, 23

Addition formulas, for Bessel functions, 145

for elliptic functions, 180
for Hermite polynomials, 152
for hyperbolic functions, 27
for trigonometric functions, 15
Agnesi, witch of, 43
Algebraic equations, solutions of, 32, 33
Amplitude, of complex number, 22
of elliptic integral, 179
Analytic geometry, plane [see Plane analytic
geometry] ; solid [see Solid analytic geometry]
Angle between lines, in a plane, 35
in space, 47
Annuity, amount of, 201, 242
present value of, 243
Anti-derivative, 57
Antilogarithms, common, 23, 195, 204, 205
natural or Napierian, 24, 226, 227
Archimedes, spiral of, 45
Area integrals, 122
Argand diagram, 22
Arithmetic-geometric series, 107
Arithmetic mean, 185
Arithmetic series, 107
Associated Laguerre polynomials, 155, 156
[see also Laguerre polynomials]
generating function for, 155
orthogonal series for, 156
orthogonality of, 156
recurrence formulas for, 156
special, 155
special results involving, 156
Associated Legendre functions, 149, 150 [see also
Legendre functions
generating function for, 149
of the first kind, 149
of the second kind, 1 50
orthogonal series for, 150
orthogonality of, 150
recurrence formulas for, 149
special, 149
Associative law, 117
Asymptotes of hyperbola, 39
Asymptotic expansions or formulas, for Bernoulli
numbers, 115
for Bessel functions, 143
for gamma function, 102

Cardioid, 41, 42, 44

Cassini, ovals of, 44
Catalan's constant, 181
Catenary, 41
Cauchy or Euler differential equation, 105
Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, 185
for integrals, 186
Cauchy's form of remainder in Taylor series, 110
Chain rule for derivatives, 53
Characteristic, 194
Chebyshev polynomials, 157-159
generating functions for, 157, 158
of first kind, 157
of second kind, 158
orthogonality of, 158, 159
orthogonal series for, 158, 159
recursion formulas for, 158, 159
relationships involving, 159
special, 157, 158
special values of, 157, 159
Chebyshev's differential equation, 157
general solution of, 159

Base of logarithms, 23
change of, 24
Ber and Bei functions, 140, 141
definition of, 140
differential equation for, 141
graphs of, 141
Bernoulli numbers, 98, 107, 114, 115
asymptotic formula for, 115
definition of, 114
relationship to Euler numbers, 115
series involving, 115
table of first few, 114
265

266
Chebyshev 's inequality, 186
Chi square distribution, 189
percenti le values for, 259
Circle, area of, 6
equation of, 37
involute of, 43
perimeter of, 6
sector of [see Sector of circle]
segment of [see Segment of circle]
Cissoid of Diocles, 45
Common antilogarithms, 23, 195, 204, 205
sample problems involving, 195
table of, 204, 205
Common logarithms, 23, 194, 202, 203
computations using, 196
sample problems involving, 194
table of, 202, 203
Commutative law, for dot products, 118
for vector addition, 117
Complement, 20
Complementary error function, 183
Complex conjugate, 21
Complex inversion formula, 161
Complex numbers, 21, 22, 25
addition of, 21
amplitude of, 22
conjugate, 21
definitions involving, 21
division of, 21, 25
graphs of, 22
imaginary part of, 21
logarithms of, 25
modulus of, 22
multiplication of, 21, 25
polar form of, 22, 25
real part of, 21
roots of, 22, 25
subtraction of, 21
vector representation of, 22
Components of a vector, 117
Component vectors, 117
Compound amount, table of, 240
Cone, elliptic, 51
right circular [see Right circular cone]
Confocal ellipses, 127
ellipsoidal coordinates, 130
hyperbolas, 127
parabolas, 126
paraboloidal coordinates, 130
Conical coordinates, 129
Laplacian in, 129
Conics, 37 [see also Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola]
Conjugate, complex, 21
Constant of integration, 57
Convergence, interval of, 110
of Fourier series, 131
Convergence factors, table of, 192
Coordinate curves, 124
system, 1 1
Coordinates, curvilinear, 124-130
cylindrical, 49, 126
polar, 22, 36
rectangular, 36, 117

INDEX
Coordinates, curvilinear (cont.)
rotation of, 36, 49
special orthogonal, 126-130
spherical, 50, 126
transformation of, 36, 48, 49
translation of, 36, 49
Cosine integral, 184
Fresnel, 184
table of values for, 251
Cosines, law of for plane triangles, 19
law of for spherical triangles, 19
Counterclockwise, 1 1
Cross o r vector product, 118
Cube, duplication of, 45
Cube roots, table of, 238, 239
Cubes, table of, 238, 239
Cubic equation, solution of, 32
Curl, 120
in curvilinear coordinates, 125
Curtate cycloid, 42
Curves, coordinate, 124
special plane, 40-45
Curvilinear coordinates, 124, 125
orthogonal, 124-130
Cycloid, 40, 42
curtate, 42
prolate, 42
Cylinder, elliptic, 51
lateral surface area of, 8, 9
volume of, 8, 9
Cylindrical coordinates, 49, 126
Laplacian in, 126
Definite integrals, 94-100
approximate formulas for, 95
definition of, 94
general formulas involving, 94, 95
table of, 95-100
Degrees, 1, 199, 200
conversion of to radians, 199, 200, 223
relationship of to radians, 12, 199, 200
Del operator, 119
miscellaneous formulas involving, 120
Delta function, 170
DeMoivre's theorem, 22, 25
Derivatives, 53-56 [see also Differentiation]
anti-, 57
chain rule for, 53
definition of, 53
higher, 55
of elliptic functions, 181
of exponential and logarithmic functions, 54
of hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic
functions, 54, 55
of trigonometric and inverse trigonometric
functions, 54
of vectors, 119
partial, 56
Descartes, folium of, 43
Differential equations, solutions of basic, 104-106
Differentials, 55
rules for, 56
Differentiation, 53 [see also Derivatives]

INDEX
Differentiation (cont.)
general rules for, 53
of integrals, 95
Diocles, cissoid of, 45
Direction cosines, 46, 4 7
numbers, 46, 48
Directrix. 37
Discriminant, 32
Distance, between two points in a plane, 34
between two points in space, 46
from a point to a line, 35
from a point to a plane, 48
Distributions, probability, 189
Distributive law, 117
for dot products, 118
Divergence, 119
in curvilinear coordinates, 125
Divergence theorem, 123
Dot or scalar .product, 117, 118
Double angle formulas, for hyperbolic functions, 27
for trigonometric functions, 16
Double integrals, 122
Duplication formula for gamma functions, 102
Duplication of cube, 45
Eccentricity, definition of, 37
of ellipse, 38
of hyperbola, 39
of parabola, 37
Ellipse, 7, 37, 38
area of, 7
eccentricity of, 38
equation of, 37, 38
evolute of, 44
focus of, 38
perimeter of, 7
semi-major and-minor axes of, 7, 38
Ellipses, confocal, 127
Ellipsoid, equation of, 51
volume of, 10
Elliptic cone, 51
cylinder, 51
paraboloid, 52
Elliptic cylindrical coordinates, 127
Laplacian in, 127
Elliptic functions, 1 79-182 [see also Elliptic
integrals]
addition formulas for, 180
derivatives of, 181
identities involving, 1 81
integrals of, 182
Jacobi's, 180
periods of, 181
series expansions for, 181
special values of, 182
Elliptic integrals, 1 79, 180 [see also Elliptic functions]
amplitude of, 1 79
Landen's transformation for, 180
Legendre's relation for, 182
of the first kind, 1 79
of the second kind, 1 79
of the third kind, 179, 180
table of values for, 254, 255

267
Envelope, 44
Epicycloid, 42
Equation of line, 34
general, 35
in parametric form, 47
in standard form, 4 7
intercept form for, 34
normal form for, 35
perpendicular to plane, 48
Equation of plane, general, 47
intercept form for, 47
normal form for, 48
passing through three points, 47
Error function, 183
complementary, 183
table of values of, 257
Euler numbers, 114, 115
definition of, 114
relationship of, to Bernoulli numbers, 115
series involving, 115
table of first few, 114
Euler or Cauchy differential equation, 105
Euler-Maclaurin summation formula, 109
Euler's constant, 1
Euler's identities, 24
Evolute of an ellipse, 44
Exact differential equation, 104
Exponential functions, 23-25, 200
periodicity of, 24
relationship of to trigonometric functions, 24
sample problems involving calculation of, 200
series for, 111
table of, 226, 227
Exponential integral, 183
table of values for, 251
Exponents, 23
F distribution, 189

95th and 99th percentile values for, 260, 261

Factorial n, 3
table of values for, 234
Factors, 2
Focus, of conic, 37
of ellipse, 38
of hyperbola, 39
of parabola, 38
Folium of Descartes, 43
Fourier series, 131-135
complex form of, 131
convergence of, 131
definition of, 131
Parseval's identity for, 131
special, 132-135
Fourier transforms, 1 74-178
convolution theorem for, 175
cosine, 176
definition of, 175
Parseval's identity for, 1 75
sine, 1 75
table of, 176-178
Fourier's integral theorem, 174
Fresnel sine and cosine integrals, 1 84

268

Prullani's integral, 100

Frustrum of right circular cone, lateral surface
area of, 9
volume of, 9
Gamma function, 1, 101, 102
asymptotic expansions for, 102
definition of, 101, 102
derivatives of, 102
duplication formula for, 102
for negative values, 101
graph of, 101
infinite product for, 102, 188
recursion formula for, 101
relationship of to beta function, 103
relationships involving, 102
special values for, 101
table of values for, 235
Gaussian plane, 22
Gauss ' theorem, 123
Generalized integration by parts, 59
Generating functions, 137, 139, 146, 149, 151, 1 53,
1 55, 1 57, 1 58
Geometric formulas, 5-10
Geometric mean, 185
Geometric series, 107
arithmetic-, 107
Gradient, 119
in curvilinear coordinates, 125
Green ' s first and second identities, 124
Green 's theorem, 123
Half angle formulas, for hyperbolic functions, 27
for trigonometric functions, 16
Half rectified sine wave function, 1 72
Hankel functions, 138
Harmonic mean, 185
Heaviside's unit function, 173
Hermite polynomials, 151, 152
addition formulas for, 1 52
generating function for, 151
orthogonal series for, 1 52
orthogonality of, 1 52
recurrence' formulas for, 151
Rodrigue's formula for, 151
special, 151
special results involving, 1 52
Hermite ' s differential equation, 151
Higher derivatives, 55
Leibnitz rule for, 55
Holder's inequality, 185
for integrals, 186
Homogeneous differential equation, 104
linear second order, 105
Hyperbola, 37, 39
asymptotes of, 39
eccentricity of, 39
equation of, 37
focus of, 39
length of major and minor axes of, 39
Hyperbolas, confocal, 127
Hyperbolic functions, 26-31
addition formulas for, 27

INDEX
Hyperbolic functions (cont.)
definition of, 26
double angle formulas for, 27
graphs of, 29
half angle formulas for, 27
inverse [see Inverse hyperbolic functions]
multiple angle formulas for, 27
of negative arguments, 26
periodicity of, 31
powers of, 28
relationship of to trigonometric functions, 31
relationships among, 26, 28
sample problems for calculation of, 200, 201
series for, 112
sum, difference and product of, 28
table of values for, 228-233
Hyperbolic paraboloid, 52
Hyperboloid, of one sheet, 51
of two sheets, 52
Hypergeometric differential equation, 1 60
distribution, 189
H ypergeometric functions, 1 60
miscellaneous properties of, 160
special cases of, 160
Hypocycloid, general, 42
with four cusps, 40
Imaginary part of a complex number, 21
Imaginary unit, 21
Improper integrals, 94
Indefinite integrals, 57-93
definition of, 57
table of, 60-93
transformation of, 59, 60
Inequalities, 185, 186
I nfinite products, 102, 188
series [see Series ]
Initial point of a vector, 116
Integral calculus, fundamental theorem of, 94
Integrals, definite [see Definite integrals]
double, 122
improper, 94
indefinite [see Indefinite integrals]
involving vectors, 121
line [see Line integrals]
multiple, 122, 125
Integration, 57 [see also Integrals]
constants of, 57
general rules of, 57-59
Integration by parts, 57
generalized, 59
Intercepts, 34, 47
Interest, 201, 240-243
Interpolation, 195
Interval of convergence, 110
Inverse hyperbolic functions, 29-31
definition of, 29
expressed in terms of logarithmic functions, 29
graphs of, 30
principal values for, 29
relationship of to inverse trigonometric
functions, 31
relationships between, 30

INDEX
Inverse Laplace transforms, 161
Inverse trigonometric functions, 1 7-19
definition of, 17
graphs of, 18, 19
principal values for, 1 7
relations between, 18
relationship of to inverse hyperbolic
functions, 31
Involute of a circle, 43
Jacobian, 125
Jacobi's elliptic functions, 180
Ker and Kei functions, 140, 141
definition of, 140
differential equation for, 141
graphs of, 141
Lagrange form of remainder in Taylor series, 110
Laguerre polynomials, 153, 154
associated [see Associated Laguerre polynomials]
generating function for, 1 53
orthogonal series for, 154
orthogonality of, 154
recurrence formulas for, 153
Rodrigue's formula for, 153
special, 153
Laguerre's associated differential equation, 155
Laguerre's differential equation, 153
Landen's transformation, 180
Laplace transforms, 161-173
complex inversion formula for, 161
definition of, 161
inverse, 161
table of, 162-173
Laplacian, 120
in curvilinear coordinates, 125
Legendre functions, 146-148 [see also Legendre
polynomials]
associated [see Associated Legendre functions]
of the second kind, 148
Legendre polynomials, 146, 147 [see also
Legendre functionsJ
generating function for, 146
orthogonal series of, 147
orthogonality of, 147
recurrence formulas for, 147
Rodrigue's formula for, 146
special, 146
special results involving, 147
table of values for, 252, 253
Legendre's associated differential equation, 149
general solution of, 150
Legendre's differential equation, 106, 146
general solution of, 148
Legendre's relation for elliptic integrals, 182
Leibnitz's rule, for differentiation of integrals, 95
for higher derivatives of products, 55
Lemniscate, 40, 44
Limacon of Pascal, 41, 44
Line, equation of [see Equation of line]
integrals [see Line integrals]
slope of, 34

269
Linear first order differential equation, 104
second order differential equation, 105
Line integrals, 121, 122
definition of, 121
independence of path of, 121, 122
properties of, 121
Logarithmic functions, 23-25 [see also Logarithms]
series for, 1 1 1
Logarithms, 23 [see also Logarithmic functions]
antilogarithms and [see Antilogarithms]
base of, 23
Briggsian, 23
change of base of, 24
characteristic of, 194
common [see Common logarithms]
mantissa of, 194
natural, 24
of complex numbers, 25
of trigonometric functions, 216-221
Maclaurin series, 110
Mantissa, 194
Mean value theorem, for definite integrals, 94
generalized, 95
Minkowski's inequality, 186
for integrals, 186
Modified Bessel functions, 1 38, 139
differential equation for, 138
generating function for, 139
graphs of, 141
of order half an odd integer, 140
recurrence formulas for, 139
Modulus, of a complex number, 22
Moments of inertia, special, 190, 191
Multinomial formula, 4
Multiple angle formulas, for hyperbolic
functions, 27
for trigonometric functions, 1 6
Multiple integrals, 122
transformation of, 125
Napierian logarithms, 24, 196
tables of, 224, 225
Napier's rules, 20
Natural logarithms and antilogarithms, 24, 196
tables of, 224-227
Neumann's function, 136
Nonhomogeneous equation, linear second order, 105
Normal, outward drawn or positive, 123
unit, 122
Normal curve, areas under, 257
ordinates of, 256
Normal distribution, 189
Normal form, equation of line in, 35
equation of plane in, 48
Null function, 170
Null vector, 116
Numbers, complex [see Complex numbers]
Oblate spheroidal coordinates, 128
Laplacian in, 128
Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, 124-130
formulas involving, 125

270

INDEX

Orthogonality and orthogonal series, 144, 145,

147, 1 50, 152, 1 54, 1 56, 1 58, 1 59
Ovals of Cassini, 44

Parabola, 37, 38
eccentricity of, 37
equation of, 37, 38
focus of, 38
segment of [see Segment of parabola]
Parabolas, confocal, 126
"Rarabolic cylindrical coordinates, 126
Laplacian in, 126
Parabolic formula for definite integrals, 95
Paraboloid elliptic, 52
hyperbolic, 52
Paraboloid of revolution, volume of, 10
Paraboloidal coordinates, 127
Laplacian in, 127
Parallel, condition for lines to be, 35
Parallelepiped, rectangular [see Rectangular
parallelepiped]
volume of, 8
Parallelogram, area of, 5
perimeter of, 5
Parallelogram law for vector addition, 116
Parseval's identity, for Fourier transforms, 175
for Fourier series, 131
Partial derivatives, 56
Partial fraction expansions, 187
Pascal, limacon of, 41, 44
Pascal's triangle, 4, 236
Perpendicular, condition for lines to be, 35
Plane, equation of [see Equation of plane]
Plane analytic geometry, formulas from, 34-39
Plane triangle, area of, 5, 35
law of cosines for, 19
law of sines for, 19
law of tangents for, 19
perimeter of, 5
radius of circle circumscribing, 6
radius of circle inscribed in, 6
relationships between sides and angles of, 19
Poisson distribution, 189
Poisson summation formula, 109
Polar coordinates, 22, 36
transformation from rectangular to, 36
Polar form, expressed as an exponential, 25
multiplication and division in, 22
of a complex number, 22, 25
operations in, 25
Polygon, regular [see Regular polygon]
Power, 23
Power series, 1 1 0
reversion of, 1 1 3
Present value, o f a n amount, 241
of an annuity, 243
Principal branch, 17
Principal values, for inverse hyperbolic functions, 29
for inverse trigonometric functions, 1 7, 18
Probability distributions, 189
Products, infinite, 102, 188
special, 2
Prolate cycloid, 42

Prolate spheroidal coordinates, 128

Laplacian in, 128
Pulse function, 1 73
Pyramid, volume of, 9
Quadrants, 1 1
Quadratic equation, solution of, 32
Quartic equation, solution of, 33
Radians, 1, 12, 199, 200
relationship of to degrees, 12, 199, 200
table for conversion of, 222
Random numbers, table of, 262
Real part of a complex number, 21
Reciprocals, table of, 238, 239
Rectangle, area of, 5
perimeter of, 5
Rectangular coordinate system, 117
Rectangular coordinates, transformation of to
polar coordinates; 36
Rectangular formula for definite integrals, 95
Rectangular parallelepiped, volume of, 8
surface area of, 8
Rectified sine wave function, 172
half, 172
Recurrence or recursion formulas, 101, 1 37, 139,
147, 149, 151, 153, 156, 158, 159

Regular polygon, area of, 6

circumscribing a circle, 7
inscribed in a circle, 7
perimeter of, 6
Reversion of power series, 113
Riemann zeta function, 184
Right circular cone, frustrum of
[see Frustrum of right circular cone]
lateral surface area of, 9
volume of, 9
Right-handed system, 1 1 8
Rodrigue 's formulas, 146, 1 5 1 , 1 53
Roots, of complex numbers, 22, 25
table of square and cube, 238, 239
Rose, three- and four-leaved, 41
Rotation of coordinates, in a plane, 36
in space, 49
Saw tooth wave function, 1 72
Scalar or dot product, 117, 118
Scalars, 116
Scale factors, 124
Schwarz inequality [see Cauchy-Schwarz inequality]
Sector of circle, arc length of, 6
area of, 6
Segment of circle, area of, 7
Segment of parabola, area of, 7
arc length of, 7
Separation of variables, 104
Series, arithmetic, 107
arithmetic-geometric, 107
binomial, 2, 110
Fourier [see Fourier series]
geometric, 107
of powers of positive integers, 107, 108
of reciprocals of powers of positive integers,
108, 109

INDEX
Series, arithmetic (cont.)
orthogonal [see Orthogonality and orthogonal series 1
power, 110, 113
Taylor [see Taylor series]
Simple closed curve, 123
Simpson's formula for definite integrals, 95
Sine integral, 183
Fresnel, 184
table of values for, 251
Sines, law of for plane triangle, 1 9
law o f for spherical triangle, 19
Slope of line, 34
Solid analytic geometry, formulas from, 46-52
Solutions of algebraic equations, 32, 33
Sphere, equation of, 50
surface area of, 8
triangle on [see Spherical triangle]
volume of, 8
Spherical cap, surface area of, 9
volume of, 9
Spherical coordinates, 50, 126
Laplacian in, 126
Spherical triangle, area of, 10
Napier's rules for right angled, 20
relationships between sides and angles of, 19, 20
Spiral of Archimedes, 45
Square roots, table of, 238, 239
Square wave function, 172
Squares, table of, 238, 239
Step function, 173
Stirling's asymptotic series, 102
formula, 102
Stoke's theorem, 123
Student's t distribution, 189
percentile values for, 258
Summation formula, Euler-Maclaurin, 109
Poisson, 109
Sums [see Series]
Surface integrals, 122
relation of to double integral, 123
Tangent vectors to curves, 124
Tangents, law of for plane triangle, 19
law of for spherical triangle, 20
Taylor series, 1 10-11 3
for functions o f one variable, 1 1 0
for functions of two variables, 1 1 3
Terminal point of a vector, 1 1 6
Toroidal coordinates, 1 2 9
Laplacian in, 1 2 9
Torus, surface area of, 10
volume of, 10
Tractrix, 43
Transformation, Jacobian of, 125
of coordinates, 36, 48, 49, 1 24
of integrals, 59, 60, 125
Translation of coordinates, in a plane, 36
in space, 49
Trapezoid, area of, 5
perimeter of, 5
Trapezoidal formula for definite integrals, 95
Triangle, plane [see Plane triangle]
spherical [see Spherical triangle]

271
Triangle inequality, 185
Triangular wave function, 172
Trigonometric functions, 1 1-20
addition formulas for, 1 5
definition of, 1 1
double angle formulas for, 16
exact values of for various angles, 13
for various quadrants in terms of
quadrant I, 1 5
general formulas involving, 17
graphs of, 14
half angle formulas, 16
inverse [see Inverse trigonometric functions]
multiple angle formulas for, 16
of negative angles, 14
powers of, 16
relationship of to exponential functions, 24
relationship of to hyperboli<; functions, 31
relationships among, 12, 15
sample problems involving, 197-199
series for, 111
signs and variations of, 12
sum, difference and product of, 1 7
table o f in degrees and minutes, 206-211
table of in radians, 212-215
table of logarithms of, 216-221
Triple integrals, 122
Trochoid, 42
Unit function, Heaviside's, 173
Unit normal to a surface, 122
Unit vectors, 117
Vector algebra, laws of, 1 1 7
Vector analysis, formulas from, 116-130
Vector or cross product, 118
Vectors, 116
addition of, 116, 117
complex numbers as, 22
components of, 1 1 7
equality of, 1 1 7
fundamental definitions involving, 1 1 6 , 1 1 7
multiplication of by scalars, 1 1 7
notation for, 1 1 6
null, 1 1 6
parallelogram law for, 1 1 6
sums of, 116, 1 1 7
tangent, 124
unit, 1 1 7
Volume integrals, 122
Wallis' product, 188
Weber's function, 1 36
Witch of Agnesi, 43
x axis, 1 1
x intercept, 34
y
y

axis, 1 1
intercept, 34

Zero vector, 116

Zeros of Bessel functions, 250
Zeta function of Riemann, 1 84