The Material Support'' Bar: Denying Refuge To The Persecuted?

S. HRG.
110753
THE MATERIAL SUPPORT BAR: DENYING

REFUGE TO THE PERSECUTED?
HEARING
BEFORE THE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE LAW

OF THE
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

UNITED STATES SENATE
ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
SEPTEMBER 19, 2007
Serial No. J11056

Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary
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COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont, Chairman
EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts
ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania
JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Delaware
ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah
HERB KOHL, Wisconsin
CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, Iowa
DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California
JON KYL, Arizona
RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin
JEFF SESSIONS, Alabama
CHARLES E. SCHUMER, New York
LINDSEY GRAHAM, South Carolina
RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois
JOHN CORNYN, Texas
BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland
SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas
SHELDON WHITEHOUSE, Rhode Island
TOM COBURN, Oklahoma
BRUCE A. COHEN, Chief Counsel and Staff Director
MICHAEL ONEILL, Republican Chief Counsel and Staff Director
SUBCOMMITTEE
ON
CRIME
AND
DRUGS
RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois, Chairman

EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts
TOM COBURN, Oklahoma
JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Delaware
JON KYL, Arizona
RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin
LINDSEY GRAHAM, South Carolina
BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland
JOHN CORNYN, Texas
SHELDON WHITEHOUSE, Rhode Island
SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas
JOSEPH ZOGBY, Chief Counsel
MARY CHESSER, Republican Chief Counsel
(II)
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CONTENTS
STATEMENTS OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS
Page
Coburn, Hon. Tom, a U.S. Senator from the State of Oklahoma ........................
prepared statement ..........................................................................................
Durbin, Hon. Richard J., a U.S. Senator from the State of Illinois ....................
Feingold, Hon. Russell D., a U.S. Senator from the State of Wisconsin, prepared statement ...................................................................................................
Kennedy, Edward M., a U.S. Senator from the State of Massachusetts ............
Leahy, Hon. Patrick J., a U.S. Senator from the State of Vermont ....................
3
81
1
95
98
4
110
5
119
WITNESSES
Hughes, Anwen, Senior Counsel, Refugee Protection Program, Human Rights
First, New York, New York .................................................................................
Mariana, Colombian Refugee ..................................................................................
Rosenzweig, Paul, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy, U.S. Department
of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C. ...........................................................
Wenski, Bishop Thomas G., Diocese of Orlando, and Chairman, International
Policy Committee, U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, Orlando, Florida .....
18
23
6
22
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Responses of Anwen Hughes to questions submitted by Senators Coburn,
Kennedy and Feingold .........................................................................................
Responses of Paul Rosenzweig to questions submitted by Senators Coburn,
Feingold and Kennedy .........................................................................................
Responses of Bishop Thomas G. Wenski to questions submitted by Senator
Feingold ................................................................................................................
29
35
60
SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), New York, New York, statement .......
Aronoff, Gideon, President and Chief Executive Officer, Hebrew Immigrant
Aid Society, New York, New York, statement ...................................................
The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, Angela C. Wu, Esq., Acting Executive
Director and International Law Director, Washington, D.C., letter ................
Brand, Rachel L., Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.:
May 10, 2006, statement ..................................................................................
May 10, 2006, answers .....................................................................................
September 27, 2006, statement .......................................................................
Chicago, Illinois, Executive Council, resolution ....................................................
Church World Service, Washington, D.C., letter ..................................................
Daskal, Jennifer, Senior Counterterrorism Counsel, Human Rights Watch,
New York, New York, statement ........................................................................
Dewey, Arthur E., Assistant Secretary of State for Population, Refugees and
Migration, U.S. State Department, Washington, D.C., statement ...................
Hughes, Anwen, Senior Counsel, Refugee Protection Program, Human Rights
First, New York, New York, prepared statement ..............................................
Hutchins, Thomas, Esq., and James Feroli, Esq., Immigrant and Refugee
Appellate Center, Alexandria, Virginia, letter ..................................................
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IV
Page
Land, Richard, President, Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, Southern

Baptist Convention, statement ...........................................................................
Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service, Legislative Affairs Office, Washington, D.C., statement ........................................................................................
Mariana, Colombian Refugee, statement ...............................................................
National Association of Evangelicals (NAE), Washington, D.C., statement .......
National Immigrant Justice Center, Chicago, Illinois, statement .......................
Parkins, C. Richard, Director, Episcopal Migration Ministries, New York,
New York, statement ...........................................................................................
Physicians for Human Rights, Cambridge, Massachusetts, statement ...............
Rosenzweig, Paul, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy, U.S. Department
of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C., statement ........................................
Scharfen, Jonathan R., Deputy Director, Citizenship and Immigration Services, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C., statement ..........
Scheffer, David, Mayer Brown and Robert A. Helman answers to questions
submitted by Senator Durbin on the November 14, 2007, No Safe Haven .....
Steinberg, Naomi, Depuity Director, Southeast Asia Resource Action Center
(SEARAC), Washington, D.C., statement ..........................................................
Wah, Paw, Refugee, statement ...............................................................................
Washington Post, March 5, 2007, article ...............................................................
UNHCR, The UN Refugee Agency, Geneva, Switzerland, statement .................
Wenski, Bishop Thomas G., Diocese of Orlando, and Chairman, International
Policy Committee, U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, Orlando, Florida,
statement ..............................................................................................................
World Relief, Baltimore, Maryland, statement .....................................................
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THE MATERIAL SUPPORT BAR: DENYING

REFUGE TO THE PERSECUTED?
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2007
UNITED STATES SENATE,

HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE LAW,
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY,
Washington, DC.
The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:30 p.m., in room
SD226, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Richard J. Durbin,
Chairman of the Subcommittee, presiding.
Present: Senators Durbin, Kennedy, Feingold, Leahy, and
Coburn.
SUBCOMMITTEE
ON
OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. RICHARD J. DURBIN, A U.S.

SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
Chairman DURBIN. This hearing of the Subcommittee on Human

Rights and the Law will come to order. Good afternoon and welcome.
The hearing is entitled The Material Support Bar: Denying Refuge to the Persecuted? After opening remarks, I will recognize my
colleague and Ranking Member, Senator Coburn, for an opening
statement, then turn to witnesses.
First, a word about the origin of this hearing. Earlier this year,
the Subcommittee held a hearing on child soldiers. At the hearing,
Senator Coburn and I were surprised to learn that under our immigration laws, the Department of Homeland Security has branded
some former child soldiers as terrorists and prevented them from
obtaining asylum in the United States. Senator Coburn immediately suggested that we hold a hearing to explore this issue. I
want to thank him for requesting this hearing and commend him
for recognizing the importance of this issue.
At the outset, let me also commend Judiciary Committee Chairman Pat Leahy for his leadership on this issue. Senator Leahy recognized this problem long before the rest of us, and he continues
to fight to fix the problem with the material support bar.
As is our practice in the Human Rights and the Law Subcommittee, I would like to begin this hearing with a very brief
video providing some background on this issue. This video tells the
story of one refugee who has been affected by the material support. I want to thank UNHCR for providing this video footage and
for allowing us to use it at the hearing. And now please run the
video.
[Videotape played, material appears as a submission for the
record.]
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Chairman DURBIN. I want to thank UNHCR for providing that
video.
At the base of the Statute of Liberty, Emma Lazarus famous
verse says, I lift my lamp beside the golden door. For decades, the
golden door to the United States has been open to refugees seeking
safe haven from ethnic, religious, and political persecution. Our
Nation receives more refugees than any other nation. The American peoples generosity has made the United States a symbol of
freedom and liberty around the world and has given hundreds of
thousands of refugees the chance for a new life.
In the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, security is an imperative. We must carefully scrutinize everyone seeking to enter
our country, including refugees, to make sure that a wolf in sheeps
clothing does not slip through. But at the same time, we must ensure that the golden door remains open to those who are fleeing oppression.
Unfortunately, the so-called material support bar has prevented
many victims of human rights violations and terrorism from obtaining refugee and asylum status. Under current law, the Government denies asylum and refugee claims to anyone who has provided what the law terms material support to terrorist organizations. These terms are defined very broadly, and the Department
of Homeland Security has applied them in a manner that sweeps
in conduct that no reasonable person would consider material support or terrorism. As a result, the golden door has been slammed
shut for thousands.
Po Wah, whose story we heard in the video, is a good example.
Her application for resettlement in the United States was denied.
In 2006, the Secretary of State granted a waiver for the residents
of Tham Hin Camp. Po Wah has now lived in the camp for 13
years. She now has a 5-month-old baby. She is being permitted to
reapply for resettlement in the United States, but her parents will
not be able to join her. Her father is ineligible for a waiver because
he fought against the Burmese dictatorship.
Others have not been so fortunate. Here are some examples. The
material support bar blocks refugees who have provided support to
terrorist organizations or armed rebel groups under duress, including R.K., a captured Sri Lankan fisherman, forced to pay ransom
to his terrorist kidnappers. Helene, a Sierra Leonean woman who
was gang raped and burned by Revolutionary United Front members and forced to wash clothes and cook meals for them. Jennifer,
a 13-year-old Ugandan girl who was abducted by the Lords Resistance Army and forced to serve as the wife of an LRA leader. And
Mariana, a nurse from Colombia, who will testify at todays hearing. Marianas asylum claim was denied because she was kidnapped by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, also
known as FARC, and forced at gunpoint to provide nursing care to
FARC guerrillas. In addition, Laotian Hmong, Vietnamese
Montagnard, and Afghan members of the Northern Alliance, who
fought alongside U.S. soldiers and against their own governments,
have been affected by the material support bar because of the assistance they gave U.S. forces and their own armies.
It is not the role of this Subcommittee to assign blame. The fates
of thousands of innocent refugees are too important. Instead of
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pointing fingers, it is my hope we can join hands to assure that
fundamental human rights are protected. There is no question that
efforts are underway to address the problem created by this material support bar. The administration has taken some positive steps,
exercising its waiver authority in some cases. Congress has also
taken some steps. Language negotiated by Senators Kyl and Leahy
that would exclude some from the material support bar was included in the foreign operations appropriations bill the Senate recently passed. We will have an opportunity to discuss those measures today.
But there is also no question that many legitimate refugees are
still unjustly labeled terrorist supporters by the material support
bar. As I have said before, this Subcommittee focuses on legislation, not lamentation, and today we will discuss what more the administration and Congress can do to ensure victims of persecution
and terrorism are not denied safe haven in our country.
Now I would like to recognize Senator Coburn of Oklahoma, the
Ranking Member of this Subcommittee.
STATEMENT OF HON. TOM COBURN, A U.S. SENATOR FROM
THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA
Senator COBURN. Well, thank you, Senator Durbin, for having

this hearing. It is a complicated, but nevertheless, very important
issue.
Concern over the way U.S. anti-terror laws affect certain refugees and asylees who may otherwise be welcome in our country
was first raised before this Subcommittee during our last hearing.
At that hearing, we heard heart breaking stories about how children forced into servitude by rebel armies had been barred from
refugee status in the United States by laws that were intended to
exclude terrorists. Such stories prompted the Chairman and myself
to seek further information on the subject, and I look forward to
learning more about the subject today.
The United States has a rich and proud tradition of opening its
doors to those who are persecuted around the world. In fact, the
United States leads the world in refugee resettlement, accepting
more than 60 percent of those referred by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, and serving as that organizations single largest donor. Moreover, this country admits more refugees each year
than the rest of the world combined. Since 1975, the United States
has resettled more than 2.6 million refugees. Our compassion has
saved millions of lives, and as a result, our country has been greatly enriched and strengthened by the diversity that we have received.
It is true, however, that the number of refugees admitted annually by the United States fell precipitously after September 11th.
That tragic event presented security challenges never before seen
in this country, and the vulnerabilities in our immigration system
that were exploited and exposed on that day demand a response.
Unfortunately, the unintended result of that response has meant
delayed and sometimes denied access for innocent victims of persecution around the world. Hence, we are faced with dual, though not
inconsistent, interests and the obligation to maintain an aggressive
anti-terrorism policy that protects the lives of U.S. citizens and a
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desire to honor the commitment we have made to refugees around
the world.
I am encouraged that the number of refugees admitted annually
has risen since the initial post-9/11 decline. I understand that the
material support bar, which is the focus of todays hearing, continues to act as an unintended barrier to admission for some individuals. But I am also encouraged that the administration has
issued a number of waivers to provide for relief for many.
I am especially encouraged by the duress waivers issued this
year, which should provide relief to many who were forced to give
material support to terrorist organizations against their will. These
acts, though slow in issuance and implementation, demonstrate
progress in our attempt to resolve these problems. I remain concerned, however, that the progress we may have made has been insufficient. Former allies, such as the Laotian Hmong and the Vietnamese Montagnards, who fought alongside U.S. soldiers in past
conflicts, remain excluded from entering the United States as refugees by the material support bar.
Additionally, it seems that the relief has been slow to reach bona
fide refugees who should be covered by waivers that have not already been issued. I would like to hear more about whether and
how these waivers have provided relief to deserving refugees who
have been affected by the material support bar. I am also interested in learning more about how we can expedite the waiver process and alleviate some of these issues more efficiently.
I look forward to our witnesses testimony, and again, I thank
you and the other members of this Subcommittee for being in attendance at this hearing.
Chairman DURBIN. Thank you very much, Senator Coburn.
Senator Kennedy, do you have an opening statement?
STATEMENT OF HON. EDWARD M. KENNEDY, A U.S. SENATOR
FROM THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS
Senator KENNEDY. Mr. Chairman, I want to thank you and

thank Senator Coburn for having this enormously important hearing. Yesterday, Senator Cornyn and I met with the Secretary of
State in compliance with the statute to talk about refugees and
about the progress or the challenges, which are out there on refugees and also about the Departments attitude toward material
support. And we also talked about the issue of unaccompanied children.
I just want to thank you for having this hearing, and thank you
for both your attitude and Senator Coburns attitude. There is an
expectation that there will be a ruling by the Department on the
Hmongs and the Montagnards very, very soon, but it is long overdue.
And thank you for your reaction about the slowness in terms of
the consideration of these individuals who, according to the best estimate by refugee organizations, number about 12,000. And as we
are looking at those individuals, particularly the Iraqis4 million
now are homelessmany of the Iraqi interpreters, who served next
to American servicemen and -women, risking their lives and did so
bravely and courageously, and now, if found, are going to be shot
and killed, deserve to have more expedited consideration of their
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application. I think when you have, as we had yesterday, an American serviceman, a sergeant who had been in the military, in the
Army, and who explains that his particular interpreter saved his
life on countless occasions, now is hidden in Syria, unable to go
outside because of fear of assassination and killing. There needs to
be an expedited process.
There is a desperate situation out there with regard to material
support and with regard to refugees in particular. We are very conscious that there has to be a process in clearing security-wise, but
I find it very, very difficult, the delay of the administration, when
you have interpreters who have, effectively, crosshairs on their
back if they are found in Iraq, their names published and printed
on the doors of the mosques, their brothers and sisters who have
been interpreters killed and unable to get any kind of sanctuary in
the United States. We are not talking about tens of thousands. We
are talking about several thousand. We, I think, have a strong
moral responsibility to deal with those issues.
I appreciate the fact that the Chair and Senator Coburn mentioned unaccompanied children. There was legislation passed in
2004 dealing with this issue, and there has been virtually no movement. There is a conference that is going to take place next wintertime, an interagency conference about this. But when you find out
about the exploitation of children and women in these refugee
camps, it is horrific. And I know the Chair has been interested in
child soldiers and others, but we have not led the world in terms
of trying to recognize this particular group as being a particularly
vulnerable group. And I think we have some important responsibilities in those areas.
I thank the Chair.
Chairman DURBIN. Thank you, Senator Kennedy.
Like Senator Kennedy, Senator Leahy has been in the forefront,
a leader on so many human rights issues, including this issue of
material support, and I want to publicly thank him, as I have in
previous Subcommittee hearings, for allowing us to form this Subcommittee, the first Human Rights Subcommittee in the history of
the Senate. It has been a Subcommittee that we have tried to use
effectively for important issues, and we would not have had that
opportunity without his leadership. Senator Leahy.
STATEMENT OF HON. PATRICK J. LEAHY, A U.S. SENATOR
FROM THE STATE OF VERMONT
Chairman LEAHY. Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman. I, of course,

wanted to form the Human Rights Subcommittee after you had
agreed that you would chair it if we did. I think in our Nation, if
we actually believe in our moral core as a Nation, then we have
to stand up for these things.
I will put my full statement in the record, but I have said in that
regard that we need to bring our laws back into alignment with our
values. The revisions to the material support provisions that were
included in the PATRIOT Act and the REAL ID Act undermine our
Nations commitment to human rights. They are a reactionary,
blunt-instrument approach to a complex issue, and fear overcame
common sense and our collective conscience.
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Surely, a young Colombian refugee forced to dig graves for the
victims of Colombian paramilitary soldiers and told he would be
killed if he did not do it cannot rationally be said to have provided
material support to his persecutors. But he was denied asylum by
our Government. To think how we would point the finger of moral
outrage at other countries doing this, and yet we do it.
How about the Liberian woman who was raped and abducted by
rebels before being forced to cook and do laundry for them? Is that
providing material support? Mr. Rosenzweig, your administration
thinks it does. She was denied asylum.
We can give all kinds of other stories: Senators Coburn, Durbin,
Brownback, Kennedy, and Feingold have talked about child soldiers. They are an obvious example. It is time to bring our laws
back in line with our moral values.
Thank you. I will put my whole statement in the record.
Chairman DURBIN. Without objection, and thank you for being
here, Chairman Leahy.
[The prepared statement of Chairman Leahy appears as a submission for the record.]
Chairman DURBIN. Our first witness is Paul Rosenzweig. He is
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy at the Department of Homeland Security, and he has previously served as Acting Assistant
Secretary for Policy Development, Acting Assistant Secretary for
International Affairs, and Counselor to the Assistant Secretary for
Policy. Mr. Rosenzweig is also an adjunct professor of law at
George Mason University School of Law. Among other positions, he
was previously senior legal research fellow at the Center for Legal
and Judicial Studies of the Heritage Foundation. Mr. Rosenzweig
has a J.D. from the prestigious University of Chicago Law School,
has an M.S. in chemical oceanography from the University of California at San Diego, and a B.A. from Haverford College.
Thank you for joining us today, and if you would please stand
and raise your right hand. Do you swear or affirm that the testimony you are about to give is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?
Mr. Rosenzweig. I do.
Chairman DURBIN. Let the record indicate that the witness has
answered in the affirmative. Please make your opening statement.
Your written statement will be made part of the official record.
STATEMENT OF PAUL ROSENZWEIG, DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR POLICY, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, WASHINGTON, D.C.
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Thank you very much, Senator, and thank you
very much for holding this hearing on such an important issue. I
want to begin by assuring you that the Department of Homeland
Security is committed to providing protection to refugees while also
safeguarding our national security.
Let me begin, if I may, by reiterating precisely why the material
support provisions are so vital to our national security. One can define terrorism in two ways: either by listing an organization as a
terrorist organization, or by defining the conduct that makes an organization a terrorist one.
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With respect to listing, we must recall that this Congress as well
as the courts have said that such organizations are foreign organizations that engage in terrorist activity and are so tainted by their
criminal conduct that any contribution to the organization is itself
tainted.
With regard to a definition of terrorism by conduct, you must
also remember that the listing process is cumbersome and slow, not
nearly fast enough to keep up with the mutating terrorist
groupings. Thus, while al Qaeda is a listed terrorist organization,
its many subsidiary groups such as al Qaeda in the Magreb are
not. And, thus, support for those organizations is only captured
within the prohibition about broader conduct definitions.
Thus, while I know this Committee is focused on the barriers
that the material support law presents to deserving refugees, it is,
in our judgment, equally important to begin with the acknowledgment that this law provides absolutely vital protections to American national security. It has allowed the Department, for example,
to remove a Saudi national who had paid for and helped run the
webside for an al Qaeda front group, the so-called Committee for
the Defense of Legitimate Rights, an unlisted Tier III terrorist organization. And it allowed us to deport a supporter and fundraiser
for the Benevolence International Foundation, whose associates in
the United States conspired to support the Taliban, which, interestingly enough, remains today an unlisted organization.
Now, all that having been said, we are well aware at the Department that the material support bar has the potential to sweep too
broadly and to prevent us from providing immigration benefits to
those who are deserving of them and to whom the United States
is and ought to be willing to provide refuge.
Since my last testimony before the House in May of 2006, the administration has made substantial progress in assessing the material support problem and providing exemptions where appropriate.
Since then, Secretary Rice has issued 11 separate determinations
for 8 different organizations regarding refugee settlement applications. And as you noted, Mr. Chairman, the Tham Hin camp, because of its atrocious conditions, was the very first venue to which
one of our exemptions applied. Thus, the woman whose story is so
affecting will indeed be able to reapply now that the exemptions
are in place.
In addition to Secretary Rices actions, Secretary Chertoff has
issued parallel exemptions for the same eight groups with regard
to applications for immigration benefits or for asylum.
Just this past week, as Senator Kennedy noted, the administration determined to issue two further material support exemptions
for Hmong and Montagnards who were valuable allies in Vietnam.
That exemption is now in preparation for the Secretarys signature
and should be issued in a matter of days.
Earlier this year, Secretary Chertoff also issued an exemption for
cases of duress support provided to so-called Tier III groups, that
is, groups that are unlisted. He later also issued another duress
support exemption for Tier I and Tier II terrorist groups on the
listing.
Armed with these exemptions, we have turned our attention to
implementation. Here, too, the record is one of success, albeit slow-
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ly. DHS has issued more than 3,000 exemptions since the first of
the exemption authorities was signed. This has enabled us not only
to admit those who are exempt, but to process tens of thousands
in the camps in Burma, for example, not all of whom needed exemptions to be allowed to resettle. The exemptions have also allowed us to issue 200 exemptions to the Alzado Cubans who are
refugees.
Additionally, 124 duress-based exemptions have been issued.
That is up from the number cited in my testimony because each
day that goes by sees more additional grants. Those exemptions
have been issued to nationals of Iraq, Liberia, Somalia, and the
Democratic Republic of Congo.
And in the last days following an extensive national security review, DHS has authorized the beginning of the process for the first
set of Tier I duress cases involving the FARC.
But despite our success, one piece of work remains. We cannot
under current legislative authority exempt from the application of
the bar aliens who were actual combatants under arms, and this
accounts for our failure to provide relief to many of the Hmong and
Montagnards who fought beside our troops in Vietnam, as well as
to some of the child soldiers who are the subject of your earlier
hearing, as well as to the refugees father whom we saw in the
video today. We lack that authority.
The administration sent forward a legislative proposal to fix this
gap in January, and I invite and welcome your support for that
proposal. That limitation aside, however, the story of the material
support bars application is one of steady improvement. We are now
poised with all the tools we need to achieve our dual goals of both
protecting refugees and protecting the homeland. With your support, we can continue our efforts to achieve those goals.
Thank you for your attention to this timely and important issue,
and I look forward to what I anticipate will be many questions.
Chairman DURBIN. Thank you, Mr. Rosenzweig, and before your
testimony, you came up and we had a brief conversation about
child soldiers. I believe Senator Feingold is on the Foreign Relations Committee, and I think this matter may have been sent to
a staff attorney there, and I would like to see if you could help us
find out what progress has been made on that legislative suggestion, which I think is valuable.
It seems like when you look at the specific cases here, you find
elements that obviously would be taken into consideration by any
judge who is trying to be dispassionate and objective: age, duress,
circumstances, in some cases narcotics, other substances are being
used. All of these things would seem to me to be reasonable things
to bring into the material support conversation.
Are you allowed to take those things into consideration?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Absolutely, sir. And, indeed, that is part of
what we do. Let me give you an example. This is from the guidance
that we have issued to the field for adjudication of duress exemptions as opposed to some of the other factors, but each one is different.
We ask our adjudicators, when we provide them a non-exhaustive list, their direction is to assess each case under the totality of
the circumstances. But we ask them to first assess whether there
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is a reasonably perceived threat of a serious harm. And then we
tell them this means things like whether the applicant reasonably
could have avoided or taken steps to avoid providing the material
support; the severity and type of harm inflicted or threatened; to
whom the harm or threat of harm was directed; the imminence of
the harm threatened; the likelihood that the threatened harm
would be inflicted as opposed to just being an un-imminent threat.
In addition, we asked them to then also inquire on the other side
within the totality of the circumstances: the amount and type of
material support provided; the frequency of the material support
provided; the nature of the terrorist activities committed by the terrorist organization engaged; the applicants awareness of those terrorist activities, since lack of awareness would clearly be relevant;
the length of time that has passed since the applicant provided the
material support; the applicants conduct since that time. All of
those are a congery that go into a totality-of-the-circumstances
analysis that actually gives us a great deal of flexibility to ask
these questions on a fact-specific basis and address each case on a
case-by-case instance.
Chairman DURBIN. I am glad to hear that. The problem we have,
of course, is that we are given a capsule summary of the circumstances, and when we read of a 13-year-old Ugandan girl who
was abducted, sexually assaulted at the age of 13 by the Lords Resistance Army, and forced to serve as the so-called wife of one of
their leaders at the age of 13, it would seem that on its face this
is a case that would not argue that she was providing material
support to a terrorist organization but was, in fact, enslaved by
this organization. She was denied refugee status.
Do you know anything more about that case?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. I dont know about that particular case, but
what I do know is that the Lords Resistance Army is a Tier II listed organization as opposed to one of the unlisted Tier III organizations. And that is because of the many horrific things that the have
done, including, it would seem, this.
We have proceeded cautiously in using our authority to exempt
material support provided under duress to Tier I and Tier II organizations precisely because we do not want to create unintended
consequences that prevent us from continuing to use the same provisions to exclude people of the sort that I alluded to in my statement. The Lords Resistance Army is one of the groups that is
scheduled for an intensive national security analysis within the
interagency and within the administration, with the expectation
that if that analysis proves to warrant it, we will begin processing
such cases as well.
Chairman DURBIN. Let me just close by asking this question:
Aside from the substance of the law and its application, I would
like to ask you about the timing of the reviews.
Two years ago, under the REAL ID Act, we created waiver authority at your agency. You said that the Department of Homeland
Security has issued over 3,000 exemptions to individuals who provided material support, and most of these were for refugees outside
the country. You did not mention those who were already in the
U.S. and seeking asylum.
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It is my understanding that at this point the Government has
granted waivers to only nine asylum seekers; over 440 are pending.
Is that correct? And if so, what is the justification for delay in processing the waivers for these asylum seekers?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. I believe your numbers are correct. There have
only been nine grants within the asylum division, and there are approximately 440 that are on hold. There are a couple of reasons
that lie behind that time frame and sequencing. First, of course, is
that we started the process in which we were exploring how to exercise this waiver authority outside the United States rather than
inside. We did that for the reasons that are so radically demonstrated by the video that you showed us. The conditions there
are so horrific that we wanted to address those first, and we wanted to address those in a context where we could assess whether or
not we had the capability to adequately and accurately make determinations and adjudications about people. Having grown comfortable with that, we extended that authority back into the United
States.
Then there comes a second order of delay, which is the first extension within the United States applied to asylum seekers and immigration benefit seekers other than those who sought support
under duress. That, too, is a complicated issue that posed a series
of intricate legal problems. We particularly did not want to move
domestically on duress cases in a way that would affect pending
Department of Justice prosecutions, issues that they are more capable of addressing for you than I am.
It turns out that almost all of the asylum cases that are pending
on hold pose duress questions. Thus, since the issuance of the duress exemption for Tier III, we have processed eight Tier II duress
cases in the asylum, and there are approximately 70 more left.
There now are about 120 FARC duress exemption cases that have
been on hold that are in train to be processed expeditiously now
that the administration has determined to move forward with processing of those cases following the national security analysis I alluded to. We will then in train add the Lords Resistance Army, the
other opposition groups in Colombia, the AUC and the ELN.
Chairman DURBIN. What is the timeline on that?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Well, those determinations are out for review
within the national security community. I do not know the time
frame for them coming back. My experience in the group determinations that we began in Thailand is that the very first one of
them took a great deal of time because that was asking the national security and intelligence communities to do analysis that
they had never done before. They are very used to asking questions
like how many Russian tanks there are and things like that, but
not these sorts of questions. The first one for the FARC took a commensurately long time, but I am confident that the newer ones will
go more quickly, and you will see additional extensions of Tier I
duress waivers I would say for sure this calendar year.
Chairman DURBIN. Senator Coburn.
Senator COBURN. Thank you.
So, really, we have two problems. One is there are statutory
changes that need to be made, that you all feel need to be made,
and I would like for you to outline specifically what those are. And
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then the second problem is actually working through the process,
and I guess our question is: How do you speed up that process? So
two questions. One, what are the exact statutory changes that need
to be made, specifically? And number two, how do we help you
speed up the process or how do we hold your feet to the fire to get
the process speeded up?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Well, on the first of those, Senator, the administration has submitted a legislative proposal, the details of which
get into the intricacies of sub-sections and sub-sub-sections of the
INA. But, broadly speaking, today the exemption authority that the
Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security have is
limited to just a few subsets of terrorist-based exemptions.
We may exempt, for example, material support provisions. We
may also exempt from that people who are representatives of other
groups who espousewho engage in political speech. We lack the
authority to waive the application with respect to INA
212(a)(3)(B)I think that is rightwhich is the provision that prohibits us from admitting anybody who has carried arms.
The structure of the administrations proposal is essentially to
take off all those limitations and to say, as broad as is the exclusion authority for people who engage in support or otherwise are
related to terrorist activity, make our exemption authority identically commensurate. If you do that, we will be able to exercise that
authority with respect to the people who have yet to have the relief
that they have sought.
With respect to how to speed up the process and hold our feet
to the fire, well, this hearing certainly helps. But beyond that, I
think that what has happened is that we were faced with a new
and challenging set of issues, one that involve a very intricate
interplay between provision of criminal and immigration law that
is literally of the vital centerpiece of much of the counterterrorism
activity that my colleagues in the Department of Justice undertake.
And we had to proceed cautiously to ensure that we were not creating precedents that could be adversely used by criminal defendants, for example, in material support cases or things like that.
That is why we did proceed on a very step-by-step basis, first in
a single camp, then with respect to a single community, then with
respect to camps only overseas, then domestically, then to the duress.
We are now actually at a position where there are, in my judgment, only two pieces that are left to be done administratively. The
first is the continuing expansion and processing of Tier I and Tier
II duress exemptions, and the second is, with your assistance, the
extension to combatants so that we can take care of that piece. The
first of those I have undertaken and will undertake to continue to
move along as quickly as possible. The second of those I cannot do
without your help.
Senator COBURN. When will that happen, the first one?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. The first one? Well, as I said to Senator Durbin, we have put in train each of the groups. We are trying to
prioritize them based upon the size of the affected communities.
And this is one of the situations where, frankly, we can use the assistance both of the members of this Committee, your staff, and
people in the NGO community for helping us to identify additional
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groups that require this sort of scrutiny. We were very successful
in that cooperative relationship, in my judgmentyou will have to
ask themwith the NGOs in the Tier III.
Senator COBURN. I think the thing this Committee would like to
get a feeling, kind of like what Senator Kennedy said, is these are
lives that are at risk, and I think what we want to make sure is
that when lives are at risk, we go full speed forward and we do not
use the idea of doing what is safe when we can do what is right.
And, you know, what we would like to see is to make sure that this
is prioritized, that it is a priority, that there is a fire running all
the time, because time is the enemy of a lot of these people. And
our inability to be responsive and timely could cost them their
lives.
We are going to work, Senator Durbin and I have committed to
work to get the legislative changes that you need. But I think we
need to hear from you a commitment that this is a priority, we are
going to do it, because every life that is hanging out there that we
do not make a positive impact on is a life that is going to be lost
or wasted.
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. You have my unreserved commitment. If I had
to say, in my position I have responsibility for literally every policy
matter that comes across the Departments plate, ranging from immigration and refugees to border screening to preparedness. And I
personally have spent more time on this issue than on any other
by far in volume, and that will continue to be the case, I think,
until this issue is finally resolved.
Senator COBURN. Thank you for your assurance.
Chairman DURBIN. Senator Leahy.
Chairman LEAHY. Well, I am not going to ask questions. I will
leave that to Senator Kennedy. But I agree with both you, Mr.
Chairman, and I agree with Senator Coburn that this should be
more of a priority. I think of the tens of thousands of Iraqis that
we promised assistance to and a tiny handful receive help. And,
frankly, Mr. Rosenzweig, I am sure you work very hard, and I am
sure you are very dedicated. But I have heard nothing but the
same kind of bureaucratic boilerplate I have heard from your Department when in the Appropriations Committee we asked them
how are you doing in the cleanup after Katrina. And I heard all
these things about policy meetings and this panel and that group
and this policy and so on. But, of course, we have hundreds of millions of dollars squandered, and trailers never used. It is like the
comments we heard that everything was okay in the Superdome,
and yet people were dying.
I would like to hear a lot less boilerplate and see a lot more action.
Chairman DURBIN. Senator Kennedy.
Senator KENNEDY. Thank you. Thanks very much for being here.
Let me go through these numbers of waivers. We know that there
has been some legislative change, and we thank Chairman Leahy
and Senator Durbin and Senator Coburn and Senator Kyl. But we
have not seen a lot of transparency in this process. And I would
like to just sort of run through this quickly with you.
The ongoing process between the Department of State, Homeland
Security, and Department of Justice in identifying the groups that
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merit a waiver and how we decide whether these waivers are
granted, could you describe that for us?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Yes, Senator.
Senator KENNEDY. Maybe you could tell us how they have shifted
and how they have changed, because I think Senator Coburn raises
a very legitimate question about the timeliness of this. Tell us
about youryou can start with maybe your Department and the
Department of State since you have indicated that you deal with
all of these issuesimmigration, refugees, border security.
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. I am not sure I understand the question precisely. Let me
Senator KENNEDY. The question, let me getdescribe the ongoing process in the Department of Homeland Security, State Department, and Department of Justice in identifying groups that merit
the waiver and deciding whether the waiver should be granted.
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Thank you. That clarifies it.
There is an interagency group chaired by the NSC that comprises Justice, State, and the Department of Homeland Security.
Typically, I am the representative of the Department of Homeland
Security at that interagency group. My counterparts are the head
of the Office of Legal Policy in the Department of Justice, the Assistant Attorney Generalformerly Rachel Brand; her successor is
a man named Brett Gerryand Assistant Secretary for Population,
Refugees, and Migration Ellen Sauerbrey. We meet regularly and
routinely to discuss the development of policy with respect to these
groups.
With respect to nominations of particular groups, initially much
of the impetus for those came from our colleagues in the Refugee
Affairs Division of the USCIS and the Department of States PRM
Bureau, who were familiar with the conditions in the Tham Hin
camp, for example. More foundationally, they are often motivated
by the information they receive from nongovernmental organizations and the UN High Commissioner on Refugees.
The UN High Commissioner on Refugees had, for example, been
advancing the cause of the Karen and the Chin in the camps in
Thailand for several months in an effort to assure that we took
them to our attention.
Senator KENNEDY. Well, let me get to this because of the time
and I do not want toyou get recommendations of the High Commissioner. They go through nongovernmental agencies, then
through the Refugee Affairs. Then they come into the Department.
I am asking what is the process. What is the process for considering them? How do you work this through? What is the motif?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Well, I mean
Senator KENNEDY. We have a motif allegedly about how we legislate around here. Sometimes it is followed and sometimes it is not,
but at least we have got a motifmost people could describe generally what it is. What is the motif now? How do you proceed? And
how do each of these agencies proceed? You have to know it.
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Yes.
Senator KENNEDY. Because you are in charge. So I want to know
how you proceed. You have three major agencies that make the
judgment that you have just identified, and I would like to know,
because we have had difficulty in finding outyou have sat
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through those meetingsexactly how that process sort of works its
way through.
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. A good example would be how we have processed or are processing the next extension of the Tier I and Tier
II. Having done the FARC
Senator KENNEDY. Lets take the Montagnards, for example. Who
started that? What did your Department say about it? What did
Homeland Security say about it? What did the Justice Department
say? How did that processyou say it is about to get the Secretarys signature. She indicated that as well. But let us just take
those two high profile and tell us exactly how that went through.
Did you have to have more than one meeting? Has it gone ondid
the Justice Department say, look, we ought to be able to go ahead
and then did Homeland Security say, no, it is going to take
longerwe are going to have to review this? How does it all work?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. No, on the contrary, Senator, I mean, the first
nomination that I know of for the Montagnards and the Hmong
came in a collaborative process that was a joint interagency agreement among State, Justice, and DHS. And they have been on our
minds because of their quite high profile and their truly affecting
circumstances for quite some time.
It has been severely complicated by a bunch of questions that
have only recently been resolved. Let me highlight for you two of
them.
The first is that, unlike
Senator KENNEDY. Justbecause my time is upI am trying to
get the material support process. How does this role fit into Homeland Security and the Department of Justice? What was the nature
of the discussion when you came to the Montagnards? You must
have sat in there.
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Yes.
Senator KENNEDY. Okay. Well, there is a discussion that Justice
Department, Homeland Security conducts. You have got the
Montagnards, you have got the Hmong. You must have sat through
it. Now, how does that go?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Well, I
Senator KENNEDY. I can tell you how discussions go in genetic
discrimination withwell, the Senator has leftSenator Coburn
over here. I can tell you how those conversations go, and we can
all talk about it. How does it go when you are trying to make these
judgments on material support?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Well
Senator KENNEDY. You want to try to explain so that the public
understands the process. We do not believe that it has been transparent. We do not believe that it has been open. You are the person, as you have just admitted, that knows about it, and there
should not be any reason that you cannot really tell the Committee
exactly how it works.
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Well, as I was saying, Senator, there was no
dispute on the face of it that the Hmong and Montagnards were a
group that ought to have relief. So we agreed interagency that they
were for consideration, and then they were sent out to the national
security community to ensure that the latest information that we
had from the intelligence community did not indicate any contrary
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reason why they should not be granted relief. Upon completion of
that
Senator KENNEDY. Could I justbecause my time is up. If I
could just ask one other question. On the Iraqis, the refugees that
are coming in here, as you know, in 2005 we took 198; in 2006,
202. I am not going to get into the numbers, but they are illustrative. Iraqis admitted as refugees so far in 2007, 990. We expect
hopefully you will get to 1,700.
Let me ask you, what role will material support play in terms
of these Iraqi refugees?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. It is unlikely to present a large issue. We have
already adjudicated at least one Tier II duress material support
case for an Iraqi refugee. I anticipate that there will be other cases
on an individual basis, but it is unlikely that anybody presenting
themselves as a refugee will also have been somebody who provided material support to al Qaeda in Iraq. In that unlikely circumstance we will obviously have to face the question. But, by and
large, given the large number of refugees, many of whom are, as
you said in your opening statement, people who are known to have
embedded by U.S. Government personnel, the material support bar
obviously has no
Senator KENNEDY. What if they did it to Saddam Husseins
henchmen, if they had a kidnapping, paid money to them?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. I think we would have to probably face that
when we come to it. I am corrected that we have actually issued
a blanket waiver for any Tier III material support that is in the
blanket exemption for any Tier III material support that involves
non-designated groups in Iraq. So that actually helps me out quite
a bit.
Chairman DURBIN. Senator Kennedy, thank you for raising that
last point, and let me follow up on it.
When I recently visited Iraq, I learned that there were some 4
million displaced persons2 million internally and 2 million outside of Iraq, refugees; rough estimates of 600,000 or 700,000 in Jordan, over a million in Syria, some in Egypt, and undoubtedly in
other countries. And I was also told at the time that the United
States had accepted some 700 Iraqi refugees. And so you have said
that material support, as I understand it, is not generally an issue,
with these Iraqi refugees?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. It has not presented itself thus far, no.
Chairman DURBIN. I am trying to figure out why it is taking so
long, why they have to leave Iraq to apply for refugee status. This
displaced population is causing great hardship in Jordan. I did not
visit Syria so I do not know, but it is causing great hardship in a
country that is not wealthy. Though we assume most of the Middle
East is wealthy, Jordan does not have oil or gas. And they are
struggling to find water and the basics. Just allowing the children
of these refugees into the Jordanian school system means that 10
percent of their school population will now be Iraqi.
So it seems to me, going back to earlier statements by Senator
Kennedy and others, that we have a certain moral obligation here.
Many of these people who are asking for refugee status literally
risked their lives for us, for our soldiers, for our people, and for our
cause. And I do not know what role you play in these Iraqi refugees
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being processed, but can you give me some kind of assurance that
this is going to change soon and that we are going to bring more
into protection here in the United States who deserve it?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Yes, I can. Let me first, though, address the
timeline question and then the numbers, because though I know it
seems a long time to you, the processing time for Iraqi refugees is
now down to between 4 and 6 months, which is shorter than for
any other refugee population anywhere else in the world. You saw
the Tham Hin camp where they have been waiting 10 years, and
that is precisely because the Department of State, the International Organization for Migration, and DHS have been investing
substantial and significant resources in speeding up the process.
To that end, the Presidents report on refugees will set a target,
one that I am confident we will meet, of accepting 12,000 refugees
from Iraq next year, which will be roughly 12/70th of the total goal
for the entire world. So that is quite a substantial commitment.
That having been said, you know, if there are 600,000 in Jordanand there arethe United States cannot possibly accept all
of those. We have accepted more for referral from UNHCR than the
rest of the world combined at this juncture, and we are going to
continue to move forward on that.
Chairman DURBIN. How many have we accepted?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. We have accepted for referral to the USA RAP
program 11,019 as of Monday. Of those, 10,484 were referred to us
by the UNHCR, 229 were referred by U.S. embassies, and 306 were
what we call direct access referrals.
Chairman DURBIN. And how many have been accepted by the
United States so far?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. To date, there are 942, I believeit may be
higher because this is Mondays numberwho have actually been
admitted. We have completed interviews on 4,309 of them, conditionally approvedor fully approved some 2.987. I have askedI
have often likened this a bit to like water in a hose. You turn on
the tap at one end, and it does not come out the other end until
a bunch of things have happened.
We turned on this hose in February. It is now essentially at full
flow, and for the next fiscal year, we are going to be processing essentially 1,000 a month, which is more than any other single individual refugee population.
I should add that there are two other reasons why things are
slow. You did not go to Syria. My staff cannot go to Syria either.
The Syrians have denied us visas for them to come and process refugees. If we do not go, we cannot process.
Chairman DURBIN. So how many DHS staff or employees are
currently sent to Jordan, where you can go, to process the 600,000
or 700,000 Iraqi refugees?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. We send teams of four to six whenever there
are individuals who are ready for an interview. That is a middle
point in the process.
Chairman DURBIN. So how many total have been sent to Jordan?
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. We have been to Amman four times that I
know of, and we go on essentially a weeks notice when people are
ready for our portion of it. There is a prefatory phase that is conducted by IOM, and I am pleased and, quite frankly, very proud
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to say that so far we have addressed and interviewed every single
interview-ready individual within a matter of weeks from their
being ready for interview.
Chairman DURBIN. Since I was there a few weeks agoand I can
tell you that the problem has overwhelmed Jordansending six
teams of six, I am sure they would react by saying you have to do
a lot more than that. And I hope we will. I understand that there
is a security issue here that we have to be sensitive to and mindful
of. I also understand that currently we have 65,000 Iraqi civilians
who were supporting our effort in Iraq, risking their lives for our
cause, and for theirsa joint cause, I should say. So I hope that
we will be more sensitive to the impact and the need for quick action.
If you say that this started last February, that was 4 years into
this war before we started dealing with this issue. And clearly we
are long overdue in meeting an obligation here.
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Your latter point is well taken, but with respect to your former point about not putting sufficient resources to
it, there are space limitations, people limitations, and I have to repeat, we are simply not going to be in a position to accept 600,000
Iraqi refugees. We will accept and process everybody who is qualified within the context ofDHS has thrown resources at this. We
have pulled, frankly, adjudicators from other populations around
the world to make sure that we answer the mail every time.
Chairman DURBIN. I am going send it to Senator Coburn with
one last comment. We cannot accept 600,000 or 700,000, and I
would not suggest it. We certainly can accept some moral responsibility for helping Jordan and those other countries who are trying
to provide humanitarian assistance to them.
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. That I would certainly agree with. That, of
course, is in my colleague from the Department of States purview
for providing humanitarian assistance.
Senator COBURN. I just think the record needsI served as a
medical missionary in Iraq after the first Gulf War, and a lot of
these refugees do not want to come here. They want to go home.
And so we cannot use the number of 600,000 or 700,000 because
their real choice is to go home. And so that is a whole other set
of issues, but we need to be very clear. Those that have helped us,
those that want to seek our help, we ought to be ready and able
and willing to help. And I thank you for your testimony and the
hard work that you do.
Chairman DURBIN. Thank you, Mr. Rosenzweig, for your testimony.
Mr. ROSENZWEIG. Thank you.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Rosenzweig appears as a submission for the record.]
Chairman DURBIN. It now is my pleasure to call before the Subcommittee the second panel of witnesses. Please note that the Subcommittee is taking special security measures to protect the anonymity of one of our witnesses. This witness will testify under a
pseudonym, and she will be surrounded by screens to protect her
identity. No video or photographs of this witness will be permitted.
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The U.S. Capitol Police are present. They will escort from the hearing room anyone who does not abide by these rules.
We are honored to welcome a distinguished panel of witnesses to
share their views. Each witness will have 5 minutes for their opening statement, if they would please take their seats at the table.
Their complete written statements will be included in the record.
I would like to ask all of the witnesses ifdo we need a minute?
Okay. Just a minute here while we set things up.
[Pause.]
Chairman DURBIN. I would like to ask the witnesses, if they
would not mind, to stand and be sworn in. Do you swear or affirm
that the testimony you are about to give is the truth, the whole
truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?
Ms. Hughes. I do.
Bishop Wenski. I do.
Mariana. I do.
Chairman DURBIN. Our first witness is Anwen Hughes, an attorney with the Human Rights First organization. She is senior counsel of Human Rights Firsts Refugee Protection Program. She helps
oversee Human Rights Firsts pro bono representation for indigent
asylum. Ms. Hughes received her J.D. from Yale Law and B.A.
from Yale College. Ms. Hughes has been before this Subcommittee
before, having testified at our child soldiers hearing about the impact of material support bar on these child soldiers.
Thank you for bringing this issue to our attention and for being
with us today, and please proceed with your testimony. And as I
mentioned, your written statement will be made a part of the
record.
STATEMENT OF ANWEN HUGHES, SENIOR COUNSEL, REFUGEE
PROTECTION PROGRAM, HUMAN RIGHTS FIRST, NEW YORK,
NEW YORK
Ms. HUGHES. Chairman Durbin, Ranking Member Coburn, and

members of the Subcommittee, thank you for holding this hearing
and for inviting me here today to offer the views of Human Rights
First on this important topic.
For nearly 30 years, Human Rights First has worked to protect
and promote fundamental human rights and to ensure that the
rights guaranteed to refugees under the Refugee Convention and
its Protocol remain available to them under U.S. law. At the same
time, we have a longstanding commitment to the proper application
of the exclusion clauses of the Refugee Convention, which allow
the denial of international protection to refugees who have committed serious violations of the human rights of others or other serious crimes, including acts of terrorism.
I am here today to talk about the way the terrorism bars in our
immigration law enacted to bar terrorists and their supporters
from the United States are undermining our ability to protect refugees and are barring as terrorists the victims of the people and
groups these immigration law provisions had intended to target, as
others have been explaining earlier.
Several asylum seekers are here with us today whose experiences
illustrate the real human costs of this situation. One is a nurse
from Colombia, Mariana, who will be testifying in a moment. She
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was kidnapped by FARC guerrillas and forced to treat their wounded. She will be testifying in person today.
Also here today is a Nepalese medical worker, referred to in his
immigration papers by his initials, B.T., who was abducted by
Maoist rebels and forced to treat their injured members.
Another refugee with us here is a member of Burmas Chin ethnic minority. For similar security reasons, we are referring to her
publicly by her initials, which are S.K., who was denied asylum
based on the finding that she had contributed to a Chin organization, some of whose members had used force against the army of
the Burmese military regime.
A former student activist from Bhutan is also present at this
hearing. As a refugee in Nepal, he had taught at a school that took
money from him, probably because the school was being subjected
to extortion by Maoist rebels. Because of this, this mans case has
been frozen for over a year, prolonging his separation from his wife
and his little daughter.
How do we get to a point where people like this became targets
of our counterterrorism efforts? The root of this problem really lies
in our immigration laws definition of terrorist activity, which is
defined to include the use of any weapon or dangerous device, other
than for mere personal monetary gain, to endanger persons or
property. If read literally, this definition covers everything from
simple assaults to ordinary warfare, to what most people actually
would consider to be terrorist activity. The essential elements of
this definition have been on the books since 1990, but the passage
of the USA PATRIOT Act and the REAL ID Act compounded their
effects.
These pieces of legislation defined as a terrorist organization any
group of people that engages in or has a subset that engaged in terrorist activity, as I just defined it, and there is no centralized government control over a decision that a group falls under that definition. They also provided that anyone who provides material support to a terrorist organization is held to have engaged in terrorist
activity himself.
Now, under the Refugee Convention, in order to be excluded from
protection, a refugee must bear individual responsibility for serious
wrongdoing, either because the refugee personally committed an
excludable act, which would include acts of terrorism, as that term
is commonly understood, or because he or she contributed to the
commission of such acts in a significant way and did so knowingly
and voluntarily.
What we now have under our immigration laws, unfortunately,
is a situation where a person can be returned to persecution for
giving support to a group without any showing that any member
of the group even engaged in any wrongdoing that would justify exclusion of that person, much less of the refugee who gave to the
group as a whole.
Miss K, the Burmese Chin woman who is here with us, is an example of this. She has been denied asylum for giving to the CNF,
the Chin organization I was referring to, based only on a finding
that the CNF used arms in self-defense against the army of the
Burmese military regime, which has targeted the Chin and also
other Burmese ethnic minorities, like the Karen, who were rep-
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resented in the video that was shown earlier, for ethnic and religious persecution.
But DHS has also amplified the unintended consequences of
these definitions by interpreting them in the most expansive possible way. DHS has effectively read the material out of the term
material support, excluding people from protection based on minimal contributions or based on forms of assistance that bear no logical connection to terrorist activity. For example, DHS has considered emergency medical care to constitute material support to terrorism. Mariana, the nurse from Colombia who be testifying shortly, was kidnapped by FARC guerrillas and is an example of this.
But she is not the only one.
The medical worker from Nepal who is with us here also was
kidnapped and forced to treat injured Maoist guerrillas. He was
granted asylum by the immigration judge, but DHS has appealed
that decision to the BIA, and the case has been pending there since
2005.
DHS has also refused to recognize any defenses to this bar, including duress, as Senator Durbin and others were referring to earlier. It is hard to see how these interpretations advance our national security. In the overwhelming majority of these cases, the
reason the U.S. Government knows that these refugees gave anything to an armed group at all is because the refugees themselves
have come forward and told the Government about this of their
own free will and under oath. Also, posing a threat to the security
of the U.S. is an independent bar to asylum. In almost all of these
cases, we are talking about people DHS does not contend pose any
threat whatsoever to the United States.
Now, the statute provides authority for DHS and the Secretary
of State overseas not to apply certain of these bars, and new legislation would expand this authority to cover the rest of them, subject to certain exceptions. This waiver authority is important, and
its expansion is a positive development. But as has been noted and
confirmed earlier, while about 3,000 refugees overseas have been
granted waivers, only nine asylum seekers have received waivers
to date, and there is still no process in place to grant waivers to
any asylum seeker whose case is pending before the immigration
court.
This means that although Chin refugees in exactly the same situation as Miss K, for example, are now being resettled in the
United States, she herself remains in removal proceedings, and she
was detained for 2 years because of this.
The other refugees attending this hearing today are in the same
situation and have also seen their lives placed on hold. They are
unable to travel or plan for the future, and they cannot be reunited
with their spouses and children, who often remain in very dangerous situations overseas.
And these are the cases we know about. One of the scary things
is that DHS and the Justice Department, as far as we are aware,
do not have mechanisms in place to keep track of the cases that
are pending before the immigration courts or the Federal courts
that DHS intends to eventually consider for waivers, so that there
does not appear to be a reliable system in place to keep those people from being deported before that can happen.
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I would also note that these are the results that we have seen
at the end of a 2-year period in which this problem has been the
intense focus of the Government and also of the NGO community.
From a practical standpoint, we have had serious concerns that
this level of reliance on waivers is just not a feasible solution in
the long term, especially if DHS maintains its current interpretations of the core legal definitions that are sweeping so many of
these cases into this terrorism bar framework.
This scheme also raises very fundamental due process concerns.
Administrative agencies are not infallible, and many of the asylum
seekers who come before them are unrepresented by counsel and
struggle to communicate their stories through inadequate translation and across significant cultural and linguistic barriers. For
the asylum seekers involved, what is at issue here can be the difference between life and death, and we believe that these cases deserve the same procedural protections and the same review that
our legal system normally accords to interests of this magnitude.
In conclusion, progress on implementing the waiver authority
that currently exists is a positive development, and it should be
pursued and it should also be closely monitored, both in asylum
and adjustment-of-status cases and also in refugee cases overseas.
Expanding the waiver authority is also an important step to help
many refugees currently barred from protection. But in order to
bring our system of refugee protection back into line with our treaty obligations and our historical traditions of extending protection
to the persecuted, Congress ultimately will need to address the
overbroad definitions that lie at the heart of this problem. The people the U.S. Government actually needs to target, including the examples that Mr. Rosenzweig was citing earlier, would lie well within a more focused set of definitions that we should all be able to
agree on.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I look forward to answering any
questions the Subcommittee may have.
[The prepared statement of Ms. Hughes appears as a submission
for the record.]
Chairman DURBIN. Thank you very much, Ms. Hughes.
Our next witness is Bishop Thomas Wenski. He has had a long
and distinguished career. He has headed the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orlando since November 2004. He was previously auxiliary
bishop of Miami for 7 years. He is chair of the U.S. Conference of
Catholic Bishops International Policy Committee, and was previously chair of their Migration Committee. He also served as
Chairman of the Board of the Catholic Legal Immigration Network.
Governor Jeb Bush of Florida appointed Bishop Wenski to the Governors Task Force on Haiti. U.S. Attorney Paul Perez appointed
Bishop Wenski to the Human Trafficking Working Group. His biography will tell you that he has been involved in extensive humanitarian efforts in Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Colombia,
and many Central American countries.
Bishop Wenski, thank you for joining us today. The floor is
yours.
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STATEMENT OF BISHOP THOMAS WENSKI, DIOCESE OF ORLANDO, AND CHAIRMAN, INTERNATIONAL POLICY COMMITTEE, U.S. CONFERENCE OF CATHOLIC BISHOPS, ORLANDO, FLORIDA
Bishop WENSKI. Thank you. I would like to thank you, Senator

Durbin and Senator Coburn, for inviting me to testify here today.
The United States bishops and their Catholic dioceses are the
largest nonprofit provider of services to refugees in our country,
and we are gravely concerned with the impact of the issue of material support on bona fide refugees, asylum seekers, and others who
come to our shores fleeing terror and persecution.
Mr. Chairman, let me say up front that the bishops and I appreciate the efforts of Congress to protect the American public and ensure our national security. Since 9/11, national security has been
an urgent priority for the American public, and rightly so.
It is the view of the bishops that national security interests and
important principles undergirding our democracy are not incompatible. We need not undermine our honored traditions and democratic
principles in order to achieve security. In fact, we can achieve both
with the proper balance.
With the issue of material support, we are concerned that we
have failed to strike that proper balance and that people who are
victims in their own countries, forcing them to flee, to become refugees fleeing terror, are now victimized again by the unintended
consequences of an ineffectual policy.
Mr. Chairman, in my testimony, my written testimony, I have included several examples of refugees who have been denied resettlement in the United States because of the material support bar.
Their stories are horrific, but similar in at least one respect: they
were forced to provide some sort of support to a terrorist organization, as currently defined in law, at the risk of their health or lives.
In most cases, they were providing this support under duress to
groups or resisting regimes our own country also opposes.
Tragically, current law does not adequately take into account the
circumstances whereby an individual provides material support to
a group, nor does it properly distinguish between groups that are
actual threats to our Nation and those who are not. For example,
Colombians fleeing the civil war in their country have been particularly vulnerable to the material support bar because of the common
practice by rebel groups to force payments from them at gunpoint.
Burmese aiding rebel groups against the Burma military junta
often were forced to support the groups at the risk of death.
To its credit, the administration has taken some steps to mitigate
these circumstances by issuing waivers for certain groups, including the Burmese, to enter our country. But the process is very slow
and burdensome and does not adequately solve the problem at
hand, which is the denial of life-saving protection to thousands of
refugees. And this is evident in the numbers resettled in the U.S.
Refugee Program. Last year, nearly 12,000 cases were not resettled
because of material support provisions, and only about 41,000 refugees were resettled. We are expected to bring in about the same
number this year, but that is far below the Presidential determination of some 70,000 refugees.
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For asylum seekers, over 440 cases are currently on hold, and
only 9 cases have been approved. And for eligible persons in removal proceedings, no waivers have yet been issued. In our view,
the best solution to this problem is for Congress to reconsider the
issue of material support and revise the definitions of terrorist activities and terrorist organizations, and this can be done without
allowing individuals that support groups that truly threaten us.
Congress should also statutorily clarify its intent on duress and
provide an exception for that circumstance.
Mr. Chairman, the United States has been a beacon of hope for
millions who have fled to this country for the protection that our
democracy and our freedom bring. If we abandon our tradition of
providing safe haven to the persecuted, we sacrifice those principles which have made this country great and, thus, allow our enemies a victory.
We ask you to consider our recommendations and act accordingly, and I thank you again for your consideration.
[The prepared statement of Bishop Wenski appears as a submission for the record.]
Chairman DURBIN. Bishop, thank you for your testimony.
We are going to now call our third witness on this panel. It will
be necessary for us to make a few changes here to protect the identity of this witness, who fears for the safety of her family if her
identity is disclosed.
[Pause.]
Chairman DURBIN. If the witness would please stand and take
the oath. Do you swear or affirm that the testimony you are about
to give is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so
help you God?
Mariana. I do.
Chairman DURBIN. Thank you.
Our final witness today is Mariana, a pseudonym which is being
used for the protection of her identity. She is a refugee from Colombia. Mariana was kidnapped by the FARC and forced at gunpoint
to provide medical care to guerrillas. Her asylum claim was denied
because the Department of Homeland Security claimed that by providing nursing care for members of the FARC, she had provided
material support to terrorists.
Mariana, this Subcommittee is honored to receive your testimony, and I want to commend you for the courage to come today,
understanding that your testimony, and particularly your identity,
could create some danger for you or your family. We look forward
to your testimony. Please proceed.
STATEMENT OF MARIANA, COLOMBIAN REFUGEE
MARIANA. Thank you for allowing me to be here today. I was a

nurse in Colombia, and my daughter and I are seeking asylum in
the United States because of my fear of the Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Colombia (FARC). Both my daughter and I are currently
in removal proceedings before an immigration judge after our asylum application was not granted because DHS said that I had provided material support to a terrorist organization. I am making
this statement under the name Mariana because I am terrified
that if the FARC learns of my identity in the United States, and
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that I am seeking asylum, they will harm my family, which still
resides in Colombia.
My family members were active supporters of the Colombian
Government who raised me to value serving the Colombian people,
and I became a nurse in Colombia because of my desire to help others. After completing my nursing degree, I worked for the Ministry
of Health, organized conferences on health promotion, and directly
served Bogotas poor communities. During my spare time, I volunteered in the communities, giving health lectures and distributing
donated medicines, medications.
In 1997, I was giving a presentation with a doctor for a health
campaign. During the talk, an audience member collapsed, so the
doctor and I attended to him while the other attendees left. But the
fallen man suddenly began to laugh, and two other men came over
and identified themselves as members of FARC. The guerrillas kidnapped and physically assaulted me and took me to a FARC member who had been shot, forcing me at gunpoint to treat him. Before
returning home, the guerrillas threatened my life and the lives of
my family if I notified the authorities. In the following months,
FARC members continued abducting me, forcing me to provide
treatment and medicine to injured guerrillas.
Eventually, I became certain that I was going to be killed by
FARC because I was left with a condolence card at my doorstep,
something which FARC did routinely before it killed someone. I
was absolutely terrified for my safety and for my familys safety.
I knew that FARC would kill me and my family if I did not cooperate with them. The communications that they made showed me
that they were watching my every move, and it is well known that
FARC has infiltrated the Colombian Government and that there is
no one that can protect you. For instance, shortly after the medical
clinic where I worked was closed, FARC killed my cousin by beating him to death and then setting his taxi on fire.
I fled to the United States with my daughter and immediately
filed a request for asylum. On July 26, 2006, DHS rejected my
claim for asylum, stating that, There are reasonable grounds for
regarding you as a danger to the security of the United States in
that you have provided material support to those who engage in
terrorist activity. DHS then initiated removal proceedings against
my daughter and me. Our request for asylum is now pending before the U.S. immigration court, and our next hearing is scheduled
in early 2008.
I cannot believe that I was denied asylum based on supporting
a terrorist organization. I never acted voluntarily. I only provided
medical support because I was threatened at gunpoint and told
that if I did not help the FARC soldiers both me and my family
would be killed. I sincerely felt that I had no other option because
I would have been killed if I had not done what they wanted. The
asylum application has been pending for almost 7 years, and I am
still overwhelmed with the fear that I will be sent back home to
Colombia or that FARC will take action against my family. I have
no sense of security, and it has been very difficult to raise my
young daughter here with such uncertainty. Deportation back to
Colombia would literally be a death sentence for us.
Thank you very much.
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[The prepared statement of Mariana appears as a submission for
the record.]
Chairman DURBIN. Thank you for your testimony. I think that it
was difficult for you to say these words, and it was courageous of
you to come here today and speak not just for yourself but for thousands of others who are caught in this material support loophole.
You have experienced firsthand what it is like to be branded as
engaged in terrorist activity, which is the reason for the denial
of your request.
Do you think that your home country will welcome you back
after you have been designated as involved in terrorist activities by
the United States Government?
MARIANA. No. No, they will never, and like I said in my statement, the FARC has infiltrated all our government, and if they
know that I came here, seek asylum, and I say what I said today
here, they will kill me and my family.
Chairman DURBIN. You have a special situation here that Senator Coburn can address better than I can, being a medical doctor,
in that you are a medical professional with a humanitarian duty
to provide emergency care.
MARIANA. Yes.
Chairman DURBIN. You have explained how you were intimidated and kidnapped and forced into this situation. I wonder how
you feel that when you used your skills as a nurse for medical purposes, that that has been branded as terrorist activity by our
Government.
MARIANA. I only did that because I was at gunpoint. They forced
me. They told me, If you dont do this, I will kill your daughter.
They said her name, my fathers name. If you dont do this, if you
dont tell me what the next activity, what the campaign, what political activities you are going to do next, we will kill you. It is the
only way I will do it. I will do itI haveI never did it because
I wanted to. Because I was forced to.
Chairman DURBIN. And as you testified here, it was your cousin
who was beaten to death and killed by this same organization.
MARIANA. Yes. He was with my father and my family members
sisters and cousins, we were together working on this. He was an
accountant, and he was part of the group, and he was with us,
andwith the group.
Chairman DURBIN. So you are really in a position now without
a country.
MARIANA. Exactly. I cannot come back because they killed him,
and we are in the same group, so I say, I have to leave. I have
to.
Chairman DURBIN. They will not give you refugee status in the
United States. It is too dangerous for you to go back to Colombia.
MARIANA. Yes, it is.
Chairman DURBIN. And you are caught in our court system now
while they make this final determination.
MARIANA. Exactly. I have been caught for 7 years. I dont know
what to do at this moment. That is why I am here. I decided to
come, like you said, to speak for me and speak up for the other people that are in the same situation. We were forced. You never do
that because you wanted, especially in my case. My father is still
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you serve your country and you are going to be the rights, the
human rights be protected, and your life is going to be taken care
of, but they dont care about anything. They dont respect any
human life. They dont care. They just kill some people because
they only want power. It doesnt matter why or how.
Chairman DURBIN. Thank you.
Bishop Wenski, you have heard this testimony, which is as convincing as anything I have heard about the terror that this young
woman has faced with her daughter because of this abduction and
the kind of support that she was forced to give to these guerrillas.
Have you run into similar cases that you have dealt with?
Bishop WENSKI. Yes, Colombians and also other people. I lived
most of my life in South Florida, and South Florida is a gateway
for people that come from troubled countries. But a few years ago,
as part of the Bishops Conference, I went to Ecuador and visited
the frontier town of Lagos Agrios, where there are many Colombian
refugees that have been forced because of paramilitary action or
FARC action to cross the border. And many of these Colombians
are also seeking a permanent solution to their situation in a third
country, which could very well be the United States, and because
of the material support bars, they are being also caught in that situation.
Chairman DURBIN. Ms. Hughes, as I hear Marianas testimony,
it appears she is going to have an appeals hearing sometime perhaps next year. And what happens if that fails? Where does she
turn next?
Ms. HUGHES. Well, her case is currently before the immigration
court, and so if it were denied at that level, it would go to the
Board of Immigration Appeals. One of the difficult things for people
in her situation, as Mr. Rosenzweig was stating earlier, is that
DHS has, in fact, agreed in principle to consider now duress waivers of the material support bar for people who provided support involuntarily to the FARC, which is her situation. But there is still
no process in place. There is the willingness in principle, but there
is still no process in place to do that, for her or for anyone else
whose case is in immigration court.
Senator COBURN. Ms. Hughes, let me follow up. How does somebody know that they are eligible for a waiver right now? For example, in principle, our witness over here is eligible for a waiver.
Ms. HUGHES. In principle, she certainly is, Senator, although
there is no way for her to get one right now.
Senator COBURN. But the point is she is. So lets take the people
that are eligible for a waiver and can get one. How do they notify
them? What is the process? How do they communicate that?
Ms. HUGHES. They do not communicate that.
Senator COBURN. That is why I asked the question.
Ms. HUGHES. Right. My understanding of the way that USCIS is
implementing this process is that they are considering for waivers
those cases that they know of that are within their jurisdiction currently that fall within the waiver exemptions that have currently
been announced.
The problem with this, though, is that somebody in Marianas
situation hasor let us say somebody in Marianas situations case
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is pending before the asylum office, to take an example that actually would be implementable currently. That person has no way of
knowing that that process is happening, that their file actually is
going through that process. And if it is rejected, they also do not
know why. If it is granted, as far as I know, people are not actually
getting a notice: Oh, by the way, we reviewed your case for a waiver, and we are making an exemption. They would simply get a
grant of their case.
So the system is as opaque as it is sounding.
Senator COBURN. So that is one of the reasons why you think
that DHS ought to have a system where they know who is in court,
in terms of asylum adjudication, who is actually in immigration
court, who is actually in Federal court. They ought to have a network to track those.
Ms. HUGHES. Exactly.
Senator COBURN. And that was your point. And we do not have
the DHS here, but I think we need to submit that question to DHS:
What is your process to know who is out there, who can benefit
from this, who is undergoing adjudication now, because, in fact,
they could issue a waiver which would stop all that process and
solve the problem before we continue on the legal side. Correct?
Ms. HUGHES. They could, indeed. They could also do something
even more efficient, which would be to alter their position that the
kind of support that this woman and others provided constitutes
material support in the first place. Medical care has historically enjoyed a special role, and this case and others like it are legally
anomalous in that sense.
Senator COBURN. I can agree partially with that, but I can also
see how someone could get into this country under that auspices
as well. But I think the more important thing is that there is no
question in this case, this is duress. I mean, it is slam-dunk, openshut.
Ms. HUGHES. I would agree with that.
Senator COBURN. So if, in fact, it is duress, how do we execute
that to where we have a resolution of the problem rather than continue to keep something in court? It certainly is not cheap for her,
both in terms of emotional costs, financial costs. Even though she
may have pro bono work being done for her, there is a significant
cost to her in terms of continuing her life and that of her child.
I think we will submit that question for the record to DHS and
find out, and we also will ask in an additional question in terms
of offering medical support. You know, there is a good question. If
you are a trained medical professional, and no matter what somebody has done or what their belief system is or where they are, we
have an obligation to help them if they are, in fact, in need. And
so that ought to be looked at, and we will ask that question of DHS
as well.
Ms. HUGHES. Thank you.
Senator COBURN. I thank both of you for your testimony. I have
another hearing I have to go to.
Chairman DURBIN. Thank you very much, Senator Coburn, for
inspiring me to have this hearing and for being here today during
the course of the testimony. It is unusual when you can see results
before we even adjourn, but we were just sent by the miracle of
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BlackBerry a notice from the Department of Homeland Security
that, Mariana, they are going to personally review your case based
on the testimony today, and we are hopeful that the outcome will
be the best for you and your daughter.
MARIANA. Thank you very much.
Chairman DURBIN. So your courage in coming here is going to be
rewarded by at least an additional day in court, which we hope will
end well.
I want to thank you, Ms. Hughes, for joining us again, Bishop
Wenski, for your personal sacrifice in coming here today to join us.
The faith community has played a big, big role in dealing with refugees, and I am proud that the Catholic Conference of Bishops has
been part of that faith community that has done so much.
Let me mention just a number of the other organizations that
have asked to place written statements in the record about this
issue: the Beckett Fund for Religious Liberty; the Center for Victims of Torture; Richard Cizik, Vice President of the National Association of Evangelicals; the Episcopal Migration Ministries; Hebrew
Immigrant Aid Society; Human Rights Watch; Immigrant and Refugee Appellate Center; Dr. Richard Land, President of the Southern Baptist Conventions Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission;
the Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service; Heartland Alliances; National Immigrant Justice Center, based in Chicago; Physicians for Human Rights; Southeast Asia Resource Action Center;
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; and World Relief
USA. And without objection, these statements will be placed in the
record.
The hearing record will remain open for a week for additional
materials. Written questions may be directed to the witnesses,
which we hope they will respond to in a timely fashion.
I thank my colleagues for participating. I thank the witnesses for
their testimony. Mariana, thank you again for the risk that you
took to speak out.
MARIANA. Thank you very much.
Chairman DURBIN. I only hope that your good fortune is shared
by thousands of others who are waiting with the same fear and the
same concern that you have for your family.
This hearing stands adjourned.
MARIANA. Thank you very much. I appreciate it.
[Whereupon, at 4 p.m., the Subcommittee was adjourned.]
[Questions and answers and submissions for the record follow.]
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The Material Support'' Bar: Denying Refuge To The Persecuted?

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S. HRG.

THE MATERIAL SUPPORT BAR: DENYING

SUBCOMMITTEE ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE LAW

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

SEPTEMBER 19, 2007

Serial No. J11056

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

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COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois, Chairman

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD

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Land, Richard, President, Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, Southern

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THE MATERIAL SUPPORT BAR: DENYING

UNITED STATES SENATE,

OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. RICHARD J. DURBIN, A U.S.

Chairman DURBIN. This hearing of the Subcommittee on Human

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Senator COBURN. Well, thank you, Senator Durbin, for having

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Senator KENNEDY. Mr. Chairman, I want to thank you and

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Chairman LEAHY. Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman. I, of course,

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