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Eso 208A/Eso 218: Lecture 2 JULY 31, 2013

This document provides an overview of modeling errors, numerical representations, and floating point arithmetic. It discusses sources of error like round-off and truncation errors. Key topics covered include significant figures, accuracy vs precision, integer and floating point number systems, and the floating point representation using sign-magnitude, exponent, and mantissa. Examples are given to illustrate calculating errors and representing numbers in different bases.

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Vivek Jha
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50 views20 pages

Eso 208A/Eso 218: Lecture 2 JULY 31, 2013

This document provides an overview of modeling errors, numerical representations, and floating point arithmetic. It discusses sources of error like round-off and truncation errors. Key topics covered include significant figures, accuracy vs precision, integer and floating point number systems, and the floating point representation using sign-magnitude, exponent, and mantissa. Examples are given to illustrate calculating errors and representing numbers in different bases.

Uploaded by

Vivek Jha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ESO

208A/ESO 218
LECTURE 2
JULY 31, 2013

ERRORS

MODELING OUTPUTS
QUANTIFICATION
TRUE VALUE
APPROXIMATE VALUE

ROUND-OFF ERROR
LIMITATION OF A COMPUTER
QUANTITY WITH FINITE NUMBER OF DIGITS

TRUNCATION ERROR
NUMERICAL METHOD
APPROXIMATION OF MATHEMATICAL
OPERATIONS/QUANTITY

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
SIGNIFICANT DIGITS OF A NUMBER ARE
THOSE THAT CAN BE USED WITH CONFIDENCE
CERTAIN DIGITS+ESTIMATED DIGIT(1)
ESTIMATED DIGIT = HALF OF SMALLEST SCALE
DIVISION

9753.4 973.5 9753.45

?
IMPLICATIONS OF SIGNIFICANT DIGITS
60 65

Signicant gures

0.00001845 {4}
0.0001845 {4}
0.001845 {4}
4.53*10^4 {3}
4.530*10^4 {4}

ACCURACY
HOW CLOSELY A COMPUTED VALUE AGREES
WITH THE TRUE VALUE
INACCURACY ALSO KNOWN AS BIAS

PRECISION
HOW CLOSELY INDIVIDUAL COMPUTED
VALUES AGREE WITH EACH OTHER
IMPRECISSION IS ALSO UNCERTAINTY

TERMINOLOGY
Et =TRUE VALUE-APPROXIMATION
t = TRUE ERROR*100/TRUE VALUE
a = APPROXIMATE ERROR*100/APPROXIMATION

ERRORS
ITERATIVE METHODS
Abs(a) < s
s = (0.5*10^{2-n})%

Example
e^x =1+x+x^2/2!+x^3/3!++x^n/n!
Eshmate e^0.5
Add terms unhl the relahve approximate error
falls below specied tolerance conrming to 3
signicant gures

Soluhon
s = (0.5*10^{2-n})%
Use n = 3
We get s = 0.05%
True value = e^0.5 = 1.648721..
terms result t
1 1 39.3
2 1.5 9.02
3 1.625 1.44
4 1.645833333 .175
5 1.648437500 .0172
6 1.648697917 .00142

-
33.3
7.69
1.27
.158
.0158

NUMBERS

NUMBER SYSTEM: DECIMAL, OCTAL ,BINARY


POSITIONAL NOTATION
86409 = 8*10^4+..
10101101(BINARY)=
2^7+2^5+2^3+2^2+2^0
173 (DECIMAL)

INTEGER

SIGNED MAGNITUDE METHOD


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S ----------------NUMBER---------------------------
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

EXAMPLE
DETERMINE THE RANGE OF INTEGERS IN BASE
10 THAT CAN BE REPRESENTED ON A 16-BIT
COMPUTER.

SOLUTION

THE FIRST BIT HOLDS THE SIGN


REMAINING 15 BITS CAN HAVE 0 TO 11111.
HIGHEST NUMBER IS 2^14+2^13+.
2^15-1 = 32767
RANGE IS -32767 TO +32767
CONSIDER: 0,00000000. AND 1,000000.
-ZERO BECOMES THE NEXT NEGATIVE NUMBER
RANGE IS -32768 TO +32767

FLOATING POINT REPRESENTATION


m*b^e
m = the manhssa
b = base
e = exponent
156.78 = 0.15678*10^3

FLOATING POINT PRESENTATION

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sn <--exp---><-----manhssa----------------------->
16 bits
1: sign of number
2-4: exponent; 2: sign of exponent
5-16: manhssa

FLOATING POINT PRESENTATION

MANTISSA normalized {for leading zero digits}


1/34 = 0.029411765
0.0294*10^0
0.2941*10^-1
ABSOLUTE VALUE OF m IS LIMITED
1/bm<1

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