JAYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

THIRUNINRAVUR
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MODEL EXAMINATION-II
TIME: 3:00 HOURS

DATE: 07-03-2015

SEM: VI / YEAR: III

MARKS: 100

SUB CODE/NAME: AE-2022/ AIRCRAFT GENERAL ENGINEERING &

MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

PART-A

10X2= 10

1. What is flight safety?

The flight line is a place of dangerous activity. Technicians who perform
maintenance on the flight line must constantly be aware of what is going on around
them. Aircrafts auxiliary-power units (APUs), fuel trucks, baggage handling
equipment, and so forth produce noises. Each noise has its own frequency of
sound. Combined all together, the ramp or flight line can cause hearing loss.
Hearing protection such as external or internal types will reduce the sound level
reaching the eardrum and reduce the chances of hearing loss.
Hearing protection should also be used when working with pneumatic drills, rivet
guns, or other loud or noisy tools or machinery. Because of their high frequency,
even short duration exposure to these sounds can cause a hearing loss. Continued
exposure will cause hearing loss.
2. What do you know by airworthiness directive?
The Airworthiness Directives (Ads) are published to notify aircraft owners and
other interested persons of unsafe conditions and to prescribe the conditions under
which the product may continue to be operated. ADs are Federal Aviation
Regulations and must be complied with unless specific exemption is granted.
It may be divided into two categories: (1) those of an emergency nature
requiring immediate compliance upon receipt and (2) those of a less urgent nature
requiring compliance within a relatively longer period of time.
3. Define shop safety
Keeping bangers, shop, and the flight line orderly and clean is essential to
safety and efficient maintenance. The highest standards of orderly work
arrangements and cleanliness should be observed during the maintenance of
aircraft.
4. State the precaution to be taken before starting electrical work in aircraft
industry
Working with electrical equipment poses certain physiological safety hazards.
It is known that when electricity is applied to the human body, it can create severe
burns in the area of entrance to and at the point of exit from the body. In addition,
the nervous system is affected and can be damaged or destroyed.

To safely deal with electricity, the technician must have a working knowledge
of the principles of electricity, and a healthy respect for its capability to do both
work and damage.
Wearing or use of proper safety equipment can provide a psychological
assurance at the same time it physically protects the user. The use of rubber
gloves, safety glasses, rubber or grounded safety mats, and other safety
equipment contributes to the physiological safety of the technician working on or
with electrical equipment.
5. What are the inspection techniques followed in aircraft Maintenance?
Before starting an inspection, be certain all plates, access doors, fairings, and
cowling have been opened or removed and the structure cleaned. When opening
inspection plates and cowling and before cleaning the area, take note of any oil or
other evidence of fluid leakage. A great deal of paperwork and/or reference
information must be accessed and studied before actually proceeding to the
aircraft to conduct the inspection.
The aircraft logbooks must be reviewed to provide background information and
a maintenance history of the particular aircraft. The appropriate checklist or
checklists must be utilized to ensure that no items will be forgotten or overlooked
during the inspection.
6. Enumerate the various manuals of an aircraft maintenance Industry.
Aircraft Manual, Engine Manual, Propeller Manual, Radio-Navigation Manual
and Electrical wiring manual etc.
7. Explain the role of FOD in affecting the flight safety
FOD is any damage caused by any loose object to aircraft, personnel, or
equipment. These loose objects can be anything from broken runway concrete to
shop towels to safety wire.
To Control FOD, keep ramp and operation areas clean, have a tool control
program, and provide convenient receptacles for used hardware, shop towels, and
other consumables.
8. What is type certificate data sheet?
The type certificate data sheet describes the type design and sets forth the
limitations prescribed by the applicable Federal Aviation Regulations. It also
includes any other limitations and information found necessary for type certification
of a particular model aircraft. It contains information regarding:
Model designation of all engines for which the approval obtained.
Minimum fuel grade to be used.
Max. take off ratings
Name of the manufacturer and model designation for each propeller.
9. What are the Bulletins or Service Bulletins?
Service bulletins are one of several types of publications issued by airframe,
engine, and component manufacturers. The bulletins may include:
The purpose for issuing the publication;
The name of the applicable airframe, engine, or component;
Detailed instructions for service, adjustment, modification or inspection, and
source of parts, if required; and the estimated number of man-hours required to
accomplish the job

10. What does environmental cleanliness refer to?

It refers to effective implementation of workplace control measures to protect
the workforce from health and safety hazards and minimize environmental
pollution. The processes of workplace control measures are revised periodically
to ensure they are effective and reliable. Proper training to workers is the key for
achieving environmental cleanliness. Audit or Inspection programmes review the
management systems for identifying, evaluating and controlling environmental,
health and safety hazards.
PART-B
5X16= 80
11 (a) (i) Explain chemical oxygen generators
(ii) Explain about the service and maintenance of oxygen systems
Complete explanation about chemical oxygen generator with suitable diagram
and formula.
The service and maintenance of oxygen systems should be performed only by
technicians who have qualified through training and experience. Oxygen is not
explosive and flammable in its pure state. It will support combustion violently.
Precautions to be followed;
Smoking and open flames, or items that induce sparks must not be permitted
near aircraft while servicing the oxygen systems. All electrical power must be off
and aircraft must be grounded.
Oxygen must not be permitted to come in contact with oils, grease or solvents
etc. They will cause spontaneous explosions.
Maintenance Instructions:
Use Extreme Caution to assure that every port in the oxygen system is clean
and free from water, oil, grease and solvent contaminations
Cap all openings immediately after removing a component. Never use masking
or electrical tape or caps because they will attract moisture.
Clean the oxygen lines using specified methods by using Vapor degreasing
solutions such as stabilized perchlorethylene etc.
Or
(b) Elucidate in detail about various NDT techniques
Short notes on all Techniques or Full description about any two
techniques as given below.
Visual Inspection
Visual inspection can be enhanced by looking at the suspect area with a bright
light, a magnifying glass, and a mirror (when required). Some defects might be so

obvious that further inspection methods are not required. The lack of visible
defects does not necessarily mean further inspection is unnecessary. Some
defects may lie beneath the surface or may be so small that the human eye, even
with the assistance of a magnifying glass, cannot detect them.
Borescope
Inspection by use of a borescope is essentially a visual inspection.
A borescope is a device that enables the inspector to see inside areas that could
not otherwise be inspected without disassembly. An example of an area that can
be inspected with a borescope is the inside of a reciprocating engine cylinder. The
borescope can be inserted into an open spark plug hole to detect damaged
pistons, cylinder walls, or valves. Another example would be the hot section of a
turbine engine to which access could be gained through the hole of a removed
igniter or removed access plugs specifically installed for inspection purposes.
Borescopes are available in two basic configurations. The simpler of the two is
a rigid type of small diameter telescope with a tiny mirror at the end that enables
the user to see around corners. The other type uses fiber optics that enables
greater flexibility. Many borescopes provide images that can be displayed on a
computer or video monitor for better interpretation of what is being viewed and to
record images for future reference. Most borescopes also include a light to
illuminate the area being viewed.
Liquid Penetrant Inspection
Penetrant inspection is a nondestructive test for defects open to the surface in
parts made of any nonporous material. It is used with equal success on such
metals as aluminum, magnesium, brass, copper, cast iron, stainless steel, and
titanium. It may also be used on ceramics, plastics, molded rubber, and glass.
Penetrant inspection will detect such defects as surface cracks or porosity.
These defects may be caused by fatigue cracks, shrinkage cracks, shrinkage
porosity, cold shuts, grinding and heat teat cracks, seams, forgings laps, and
bursts. Penetrant inspection will also indicate a lack of bond between joined
metals.
The main disadvantage of penetrant inspection is that the defect must be open
to the surface in order to let the penetrant get into the defect. For this reason, if
the part in question is made of material which is magnetic, the use of magnetic
particle inspection is generally recommended.
Penetrant inspection uses a penetrating liquid that enters a surface opening
and remains thee, making it clearly visible to the inspector. It calls for visual
examination of the part after it has been processed, increasing the visibility of the
defect so that it can be detected. Visibility of the penetrating material is increased
by the addition of one of two types of dye, visible or fluorescent.
The visible penetrant kit consists of dye penetrant, dye remover emulsifier, and
developer. The fluorescent penetrant inspection kit contains a black light
assembly, as well as spray cans of penetrant, cleaner, and developer. The light

assembly consists of a hand-held lamp. Due to its size, the lamp may be used in
almost any position or location.
Briefly, the step for performing a penetrant inspection are:
1. Through cleaning of the metal surface.
2. Applying penetrant.
3. Removing penetrant with remover emulsifier or cleaner.
4. Drying the part
5. Applying the developer.
6. Inspecting and interpreting results.
12. (a) Describe MSDS
The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a more detailed version of the
chemical safety issues. They all have the same information requirements, but the
exact location of the information on the sheet varies by MSDS manufacturer.
These forms have the detailed breakdown of the chemicals, including formulas
and action to take it personnel come into contact with the chemical(s). The U.S.
Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
requires certain information be on every MSDS.
Explanation about all 9 Sections of MSDS
Or
(b) Explain in detail about the FACTORs
Detailed Explanation about Each Hazardous materials in terms of General
Safety Equipment required, Procedures for General Handling, Typical Emergency
Situations, and Disposal.
13. (a) Explain ATA specifications
ATA 100 Chapter numbers were a common referencing standard for
all commercial aircraft documentation. This commonality permits greater ease of
learning and understanding for pilots, aircraft maintenance technicians,
and engineers alike. The standard numbering system was published by the Air
Transport Association on June 1, 1956. While the ATA 100 numbering system has
been superseded, it continued to be widely used as of 2013, especially in older
documentation for general aviation aircraft, and printed manuals.
The Joint Aircraft System/Component JASC Code Table is a modified version
of the Air Transport Association of America (ATA), Specification 100 code. It was
developed by the FAA's, Regulatory Support Division. This code table is
constructed by using the new JASC code four digit format, along with an
abbreviated code title. The abbreviated titles have been modified in some cases
to clarify the intended use of the accompanying code. A new consolidated
specification for the commercial aviation industry, ATA Spec 2200 is used now. It
includes an industry-wide approach for aircraft system numbering, as well as
formatting and data content standards for documentation output. The main

objectives of the new specification are to minimize cost and effort expended by
operators and manufacturers, improve information quality and timeliness, and
facilitate manufacturers' delivery of data that meet airline operational needs.
List of ATA100 codes should also be written
Or
(b) Explain the special inspection carried out during hard or overweight
landing and the aircraft had passed through severe turbulence
During the service life of an aircraft, occasions may arise when landings are
made in an overweight condition or part of a flight must be made through severe
turbulence. Rough landings are also experienced for a number of reasons.
When these situations are encountered, special inspection procedures should
be followed to determine if any damage to the aircraft structure has occurred. The
procedures outlined on the following pages are general in nature and are intended
to acquaint the aviation mechanic with the areas which should be inspected. As
such, they are not all inclusive. When performing any one of these special
inspections, always follow the detailed procedures in the aircraft maintenance
manual.
Hard or Overweight Landing Inspection
The structural stress induced by a landing depends not only upon the gross
weight at the time but also upon the severity of impact. However, because of the
difficulty in estimating vertical velocity at the time of contact, it is hard to judge
whether or not a landing has been sufficiently severe to cause structural damage.
For this reason, a special inspection should be performed after a landing is made
at a weight known to exceed the design landing weight or after a rough landing,
even though the latter may have occurred when the aircraft did not exceed the
design landing weight.
Wrinkled wing skin is the most easily detected sign of an excessive load having
been imposed during a landing. Another indication which can be detected easily
is fuel leaks along riveted seams. Other possible locations of damage are spar
webs, bulkheads, nacelle skin and attachments, firewall skin, and wing and
fuselage stringers. If none of these areas show adverse effects, it is reasonable to
assume that no serious damage has occurred. If damage is detected, a more
extensive inspection and alignment check may be necessary.
Severe Turbulence Inspection
When an aircraft encounters a gust condition, the air load on the wings exceeds
the normal wing load supporting the aircraft weight. The gust tends to accelerate
the aircraft while its inertia acts to resist this change. If the combination of gust
velocity and airspeed is too severe, the induced stress can cause structural
damage.

A special inspection should be performed after a flight through severe

turbulence. Emphasis should be placed upon inspecting the upper and lower wing
surfaces for excessive buckles or wrinkles with permanent set. Where wrinkles
have occurred, remove a few rivets and examine the rivet shanks to determine if
the rivets have sheared or were highly loaded in shear.
Inspect all spar webs from the fuselage to the tip, through the inspection doors
and other accessible openings. Check for buckling, wrinkles, and sheared
attachments. Inspect for buckling in the area around the nacelles and in the
nacelle skin, particularly at the wing leading edge.
Check for fuel leaks. Any sizeable fuel leak is an indication that an area may
have received overloads which have broken the sealant and opened the seams.
If the landing gear was lowered during a period of severe turbulence, inspect
the surrounding surfaces carefully for loose rivets, cracks, or buckling. The interior
of the wheel well may give further indications of excessive gust conditions. Inspect
the top and bottom fuselage skin. An excessive bending moment may have left
wrinkles of a diagonal nature in these areas.
Inspect the surface of the empennage for wrinkles, buckling, or sheared
attachments. Also, inspect the area of attachment of the empennage to the
fuselage. The above inspections cover the critical areas. If excessive damage is
noted in any of the areas mentioned, the inspection should be continued until all
damage is detected.
14. (a) Prepare a Checklist for maintenance of Airbus A320.
Checklist for Airbus A320
Always use a checklist when performing an inspection. The checklist may be
of your own design, one provided by the manufacturer of the equipment being
inspected, or one obtained from some other source. The checklist should include
the following:
1. Fuselage and hull group
a. Fabric and skin-for deterioration, distortion, other evidence of failure, and
defective or insecure attachment of fittings.
b. Systems and components-for proper installation, apparent defects, and
satisfactory operation.
c. Envelope gas bags, ballast tanks, and related parts-for condition.
2. Cabin and cockpit group.
a. Generally-for cleanliness and loose equipment that should be secured.
b. Seats and safety belts-for condition and security.
c. Windows and windshields-for deterioration and breakage.
d. Instruments-for condition, mounting, marking, and (where practicable)for
proper operation.
e. Flight and engine controls-for proper installation and operation.
f. Batteries-for proper installation and charge.
g. All systems-for proper installation, general condition, apparent defects, and
security of attachment.

3. Engine and nacelle group.

a. Engine section for visual evidence of excessive oil, fuel, or hydraulic leaks,
and sources of such leaks.
b. Studs and nuts-for proper torquing and obvious defects.
c. Internal engine-for cylinder compression and for metal particles or foreign
matter on screens and sump drain plugs. If cylinder compression is weak,
check for improper internal condition and improper internal tolerances.
d. Engine mount-for cracks, looseness of mounting, and looseness of engine
to mount.
e. Flexible vibration dampeners-for condition and deterioration.
f. Engine controls-for defects, proper travel, and proper safe tying.
g. Lines, hoses, and clamps-for leaks, condition, and looseness.
h. Exhaust stacks-for cracks, defects, and proper attachment.
i. Accessories-for apparent defects in security of mounting.
j. All systems-for proper installation, general condition defects, and secure
attachment.
k. Cowling-for cracks and defects.
l. Ground runup and functional check-check all powerplant controls and
systems for correct response, all instruments for proper operation and
indication.
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

Landing gear group.

All units-for condition and security of attachment.
Shock absorbing devices-for proper oleo fluid level.
Linkage, trusses, and members-for undue or excessive wear, fatigue, and
distortion.
Retracting and locking mechanism-for proper operation.
Hydraulic lines-for leakage.
Electrical system-for chafing and proper operation of switches.
Wheels-for cracks, defects, and condition of bearings.
Tires for wear and cuts.
Brakes-for proper adjustment.
Floats and skis-for security of attachment and obvious defects.

5. Wing and center section.

a. All components-for condition and security.
b. Fabric and skin-for deterioration, distortion, other evidence of failure, and
security of attachment.
c. Internal structure (spares, ribs compression members)-for cracks, bends,
and security.
d. Movable surfaces-for damage or obvious defects, unsatisfactory fabric of
skin attachment, alignment, and security.
e. Control mechanism-for freedom of movement, alignment, and security.
f. Control cables-for proper tension, fraying, wear and proper routing through
fairleads and pulleys.
6. Empennage group.
a. Fixed surfaces-for damage or obvious defects, loose fasteners, and
security of attachment.
b. Movable control surfaces-for damage or obvious defects, loose fasteners,
loose fabric, or skin distortion.

c. Fabric or skin-for abrasion, tears, cuts or defects, distortion, and

deterioration.
7. Propeller group.
a. Propeller assembly-for cracks, nicks, bends, and oil leakage.
b. Bolts-for proper torquing and safetying.
c. Anti-icing devices-for proper operation and obvious defects.
d. Control mechanism-for proper operation, secure mounting, and travel.
8. Communication and navigation group.
a. Radio and electronic equipment-for proper installation and secure mounting.
b. Wiring and conduits-for proper routing, secure mounting, and obvious
defects.
c. Bonding and shielding-for proper installation and condition.
d. Antennas-for condition, secure mounting, and proper operation.
9. Miscellaneous.
a. Emergency and first aid equipment-for general condtion and proper
stowage.
b. Parachutes, life rafts, flares, and so forth-inspect in accordance with the
manufacturers recommendation.
c. Autopilot system-for general condition, security of attachment, and proper
operation.
Or
(b) Write short notes on
(i) Mandatory Modifications
The purpose of a mandatory modification/inspection is to notify aircraft owners
of unsafe and other conditions affecting the airworthiness of their aircraft and/or
accessories. The Mandatory Modification/Inspection will prescribe the mandatory
actions required for the continued safe operation of the aircraft.
Mandatory Modification means the modification incorporated in an aircraft,
aircraft component and items of equipment after type certification to maintain it in
an airworthy condition. Mandatory Modifications and inspections are promulgated
by the airworthiness authority of the country of manufacture of an aircraft, aircraft
component and item of equipment to maintain the continued airworthiness of the
product. These are issued after some service defects are noticed and also after
continued testing of the product which may reveal any deficiency. The concerned
manufacturers bring the defects as well as the deficiencies in an aircraft, aircraft
component or item of equipment to the notice of the Airworthiness Authority. The
Airworthiness Authorities in turn issue the mandatory modifications/inspections,
which are to be complied with within the stipulated period to maintain product in
airworthy condition.
(ii) Maintenance Manual
The manufacturers aircraft maintenance manual contains complete
instructions for maintenance of all systems and components installed in the
aircraft. It contains information for the mechanic who normally works on
components, assemblies, and systems while they are installed in the aircraft, but
not for the over-haul mechanic. A typical aircraft maintenance manual contains:
A description of the systems (i.e., electrical, hydraulic, fuel, control)
Lubrication instructions setting forth the frequency and the lubricants and
fluids which are to be used in the various systems,
Pressures and electrical loads applicable to the various systems,

 Tolerance and adjustments necessary to proper functioning of the airplane,

Methods of leveling, raising, and towing, methods of balancing control
surfaces,
Identification of primary and secondary structures,
Frequency and extent of inspections necessary to the proper operation of
the airplane,
Special repair methods applicable to the airplane,
(iii) Overhaul manual
The manufacturers overhaul manual contains brief descriptive information and
detailed step by step instructions covering work normally, performed on a unit that
has been removed from the aircraft. Simple, inexpensive items, such as switches
and relays on which overhaul is uneconomical, are not covered in the overhaul
manual.
(iv) Structural Repair Manual
This manual contains the manufacturers information and specific instructions
for repairing primary and secondary structures. Typical skin, frame, rib, and
stringer repairs are covered in this manual. Also included are material and
fastener substitutions and special repair techniques.
15. (a) Explain the safety precaution observed during refueling of aircraft
Precautions to be observed while refueling on Aircraft:
1)
Before refueling ensure that the refueling vehicle contains the correct
grade of fuel, as shown at the refueling point of an aircraft.
2)
Fire Precautions: strict fire precautions must be adhered to during the
fuelling process smoking is not permitted in or around an aircraft during fueling.
Also open flames such as oil lanterns, candles, or matches are pro habited.
Exposed electric switches, springs or commutators, dynamics or motors, spark
producing electrical equipment or any burning material must not be permitted
within 100 feet of an aircraft being fueled or defueled. No lights other than
approved explosion proof lights are permitted within 100 feet of these operations,
and no light of any sort may be placed where it can come in contact with the spilled
fuel warning signs should be posted as a precautionary measure.
3)
All aircraft fuels or other combustible liquids accidentally spilled should
be immediately removed by washing with water or covered with a foam blanket to
prevent ignition, or neutralized by other means. The proper fire authorities must
be notified if necessary.
4)
If indications of underground leakage of combustible liquids are
discovered, areas must be appropriately guarded and the proper fire authorities
must be notified immediately.
5)

It is recommended that the aircraft fuel tanks be filled before storing the

aircraft in hangers, since this leaves no space for explosive vapours to form. This
practice is also recommended after each flight to prevent water condensation in
fuel tanks.
6)
The fuel tanks should not be filled completely to the top when the
aircrafts are stored in hangers, especially if the outside temperature is cooler than
the inside temperature. If it is warmer inside than outside, fuel in the tanks
expands and causes overflow through the fuel tanks venting system, creating a
fire hazard.
Duties of Refuelling Crew
1)
When an aircraft is to be over-wing fueled by truck, Consideration must
be given to the direction of the wind so that fuel vapor are not carried toward a
source of ignition.
2)
The tank truck should be driven to a point at a distance away from the
aircraft as the length of hose permits, and preferably to the wind ward (upwind)
side of the aircraft. It must be parked parallel to or heading away from the wing,
or in such a position that it may be driven away quickly in the event of fire as soon
as the refueling operation is over, the truck should be removed from the aircrafts
vicinity. The truck fuel tank covers should be kept closed except when a tank is
actually being loaded.
3)
Ideally the refueling crews for large aircraft would possibly involve four
men. One person stands by with the firefighting equipment: another stays with the
truck: the third man holds the fuel hose on the ground: and the fourth man handles
the fuelling nozzle at the aircraft and fills the tanks.
4)
Check that all electrical and radio switches are off and non-essential
electrical sources are not connected to the aircraft.
5)
The crew should ensure the both Aircraft and truck are grounded and
also the aircraft and the fueling truck are connected by a conducting wire so that
both A/c and the truck at same potential
Fuelling Operation Gravity Fuelling (Over Wing)
1.
In the over wing fuelling one person stands with co2 fire extinguisher.
2.
The fuel hose handler unreels the hose and passes it to the man on the
wing who is to do the refueling.
3.
Ground wire attached to the nazzle of the hose is to be plugged into the
receptacle adjacent to the fuel tank to be filled. Another type of grounding post.
Whatever the clip may be they are to be plugged, before opening the fuel cap.
4.
The truck has two grounding wires, one connecting the aircraft and the
other is grounded to the apron. (It may be a metal chain that is dragged
behind).Now the man in the truck starts the fuel pump in the Refuler and controls
the fuel flow rate.
5.
When the fuel tank is nearly full, the rate of fuel flow should be reduced
for topping off the rank: that is the tank should be slowly filled to the top without
spilling fuel on the wing or on the ground.
6.
Replace the filler cap of that tank and move on to the next tank and the
procedure to be followed until the aircraft is fully refueled.
7.
Then the grounding wires are disconnected from the aircraft, and the
hose is rewound onto the hose reel in the truck. During this operation the hose on
the nozzle should not be allowed to drop on the ground.

Or
(b) Write short notes on:
i. Type certificate data sheet (10)
The type certificate data sheet (TCDS) describes the type design and sets forth
the limitations prescribed by the applicable CFR part. It also includes any other
limitations and information found necessary for type certification of a particular
model aircraft.
Type certificate data sheets are numbered in the upper right-hand corner of
each page. This number is the same as the type certificate number. The name
of the type certificate holder, together with all of the approved models, appears
immediately below the type certificate number. The issue date completes this
group. This information is contained within a bordered text box to set it off.
The data sheet contains information regarding:
1.
Model designation of all engines for which the aircraft manufacturer
obtained approval for use with this model aircraft.
2.
Minimum fuel grade to be used.
3.
Maximum continuous and takeoff ratings of the approved engines,
including manifold pressure (when used), rpm, and horsepower (hp).
4.
Name of the manufacturer and model designation for each propeller for
which the aircraft manufacturer obtained approval will be shown together with the
propeller limits and any operating restrictions peculiar to the propeller or propeller
engine combination.
5.
Airspeed limits in both mph and knots.
6.
Center of gravity range for the extreme loading conditions of the aircraft
is given in inches from the datum. The range may also be stated in percent of
MAC (Mean Aerodynamic Chord) for transport category aircraft.
7.
Empty weight center of gravity (CG) range (when established) will be
given as fore and aft limits in inches from the datum. If no range exists, the word
none will be shown following the heading on the data sheet.
8.
Location of the datum.
9.
Means provided for leveling the aircraft.
10.
All pertinent maximum weights.
11.
Number of seats and their moment arms.
12.
Oil and fuel capacity.
13.
Control surface movements.
14.
Required equipment
15.
Additional or special equipment found necessary for certification.
16.
Information concerning required placards.
When conducting a required or routine inspection, it is necessary to ensure that
the aircraft and all the major items on it are as defined in the type certificate data
sheets. This is called a conformity check, and verifies that the aircraft conforms
to the specifications of the aircraft as it was originally certified. Sometimes
alterations are made that are not specified or authorized in the TCDS. When that
condition exists, a supplemental type certificate (STC) will be issued. STCs are

considered a part of the permanent records of an aircraft, and should be

maintained as part of that aircrafts logs.
ii. Safety around Compressed Gases (6)
Compressed air, like electricity, is an excellent tool as long as it is under control.
The following dos and donts apply when working with or around compressed
gases:
Inspect air hoses frequently for breaks and worn spots. Unsafe hoses
should be replaced immediately.
Keep all connections in a no leak condition.
Maintain in line oilers, if installed, in operating condition.
The system should have water sumps installed and should be drained at
regular intervals.
Air used for paint spraying should be filtered to remove oil and water.
Never use compressed air to clean hands or clothing. Pressure can force
debris into the flesh leading to infection.
Never spray compressed air in the area of other personnel.
Air hoses should be straightened, coiled, and properly stored when not in
use.
Many accidents involving compressed gases occur during aircraft tire mounting.
To prevent possible personal injury, use tire dollies and other appropriate lifting
and mounting devices in mounting or removing heavy aircraft tires.