The most common OS in the desktop market will be windows and unix-like OS such as Mac and

Linux.
Linux has many distributions and one of the most famouse is Ubuntu which is based on Debian.
Download Ubuntu ISO from ubuntu.com, boot the iso then start installing the OS, in the 2nd
screenshot I choosed to install third party softwares and to download the OS updates. In the third
screenshot I choosed thed default option which is Erase disk and install Ubuntu as I install if for
educational purpose, I could choose Something else if I want to resize my partioin or if I have more
than one partion and want to mount it.
In this screenshot I manually created a swap drive for 2413 MB. The
rest of the remaining space will be divided into two drives, the first
one is a very small drive, only 58 MB and will be mounted in the
/home foleder while the rest of the space will be mounted in /.

Mount your hard Drive

Try or Install Ubuntu!

Do Update the OS while installing

Mount your hard Drive

In the hereunder screenshots I will choose my current location as Stockholm I will let the OS
wizard help me to detect my keyboard, as it will show my few letters and if I see the letter I press it
in my keyboard then it will let me know which language Im using, please note that I can just
choose whatever language I want from the begenning. I will creat my first Superuser in the OS and
I will let it login autmoatically however this is against security, but its only for testing purposes.
Please note that strong password is not a MUST as in Windows server 2012, but for security sake I
will have a Strong one. Last step, I will let the OS get installed.

Choose Your Location

OS is getting Installed

Detect My Keyboard Layout

Creat My First User

Installation Is Completed & Restart Is Required

I will lock the terminal to my desktop Launcher by right click the Terminal Icon and choose Lock to
Launcher and, please note the message that appear when I open terminal terminal for the first time,
To run a command as administra~~~ The message purpose is to teach us more about using sudo.

Ubuntu uses by default the Unity Desktop environment, I could change it and install a new Desktop
environment like KDE or Gnome or I can just edit the Unity Desktop.
I will divide the Unity Desktop to three different zones the first zone is the menu at the top,

the seconder one is the Launcher to the left and the third and last one is the main desktop area.
The Menue

Launcher
Main DeskTop
The menue has some default icons such as
The network connection icon
The current keyboard layout
The power Icon
The volume Icon
The time icone
The setting icon
Every Icon above can give me more customization by clicking on it.
The Launcher
Give me an easy way to access my daily used
applications, I can pin it to the launcher. For
example I use Libre office writer, Terminal and
Screenshot every day so I will open the
application, right click in the application icon in
the launcher and choose lock to launcher. If I
would like to unlock it then I will write click and
tick unlock from launcher.
The Main Desktop
I can right click in any empty part of the
Desktop area, and choose Change
Desktop Background - Please note that u
can just press B as its a hot key or e to
open Terminal -.
Then I can change the desktop
background or make it

Choosing a Gradient Backgound

There are loads of options, for example I can change the Launcher size, as in the following
screenshot
In the left screenshots, I have exactlly the same applications opened, but I changed the Launcher
size, in the first screenshot we can see that all the aplications icons are fitted in half of the bar
while in the second screenshot we can see that the applications icons are much biggers and I
need to scroll down with the mouth to see all the icons. I can change the Launcher size from the
indicator in bottom part of the Change Background option

I can Auto-hide the launcher by turn this option on, then I can set
its sensitivity. Please note the word help at the top of the
screenshot as I set it to be in menu bar and always activated which
means I dont have to scroll over the menu bar to see it. I can add
show desktop Icon by ticking its box, then I will have it as an icon
in the launcher
Please note that I can control the Icons order in the launcher by draging the icon and drop it in the
required place.
I can choose High contrast from the Change Background option,
and I will change how the windows and icons look like, please
note the connection icon has changed and the application window
as well
I can also use a different theme

Downloading a theme

Extracting the theme

Installing the theme

I will firstly need to do apt-get update to be able to download the unity-tweak-tool.
Command explanation, sudo bash - Is to open a super user session - && apt-get update - to update
the Advanced Packaging Tool - && cd /home/allamoox - Changing directory to my main folder && mkkdir ./.themes - to create the folder .themes - . Please note the dot before the slash is to
specify the current working directory which I changed to and the dot before themes means its
hidden folder. The && is there when I excute more than one command in one line after eachother.
Then I can have whatever themes and use it and edit it via the unity-tweak-tool. Please note that the
I can install anothe desktop enviroment like Gnome for example.
apt-get install ubuntu-gnome-desktop

Installing Gnome Desktop Enviroment Via Terminal

Choosing Desktop Enviroment to Login With

Gnome Default

Gnome Clasic

Differnt User Types

About the user types, we have two types of users, root user and non-root user, so every Linux
system should have at least one default local root account, the root account is disabled by default in
Ubuntu, how ever we can activate it, Also when u creat your first user
it get assigned automatically in the sudo group.
Here by I activated the default root account in Ubuntu. I can use the id command to know if I have
super power or a standerd user, also I can finger the required user to have information about it.
If I have a user who is in the sudoer file, I can give him super power via the command sudo.

Activating the root user account in ubuntu.

To act as a superuser you must preced your command with
the sudo command and for sure you must be listed in the
sudoers file in /etc/sudoers. Superuser can do a limitless
damage to the system its not like windows.

Install a printer
Search for the word printer, then press add, add the the printer with the correct configuration like
which port it will use and if it will support online working so assign an IP to it, then choose the
correct drivers and it will be installed.

Searching 4 Printer

The printer has been

installed

Adding a New Printer Configureing the

printer

Choosing The
Printer Model

Choosing The
Printer Model

The Queed documents to be printed

How to install/update drivers

If the vendor has an open source drivers then, Ubuntu will install it automatically, as it is built in the
Linux kernel, user can use apt-get update && apt-get dist-upgrade to update the drivers, if there are
any updates in the repositories. User can also use the apt program to search install the drivers or add
its repository to my source.list. I can use apt-cache search X to search for X and apt-get install X to
install it, also I can use the apt-add-repository to add itprogram . On the other hand some vendors
have no open source for their softwares, so we need to use the vendor CD to install the required
software.
I can use apt-get/cache/add - It must be used by superuser - ,
Shortcuts || Hot keys
To see all the shortcut commands I press the window button - Super button - and keep it pressed,
This will show me all the Keyboard Shortcuts. For example, I tried to take a screenshot for the
Keyboard Shortcuts menu, but I wasnt able as every time I press the Print screen button, it doesnt
as I have the Super - window - button pressed. But I found a useful shortcut which is Shift + Prt Sc
and it will allow me to
take a screenshot of a
selected rectangle on the
screen, so I can press and
hold the super button
while I drag a rectangle
around the required place
that I want to shot, as in
the following screen shot.

Another handy shortcut is the Alt+Tab, to choose between open applications and Alt+Shift+Tab to
choose backward between open applications.
Another one is pressing and holding the Alt button as it will show the head menu of the current
working application.
Two setting that I like in Linux
I like the fact that Linux is not a drag and drop system as some other operating systems, even with
the GUI , the user still need to put some efforts to make stuff works.
I also like that:It has an open source code.
It gives the user an ultimate power over the OS, even destroying it - sudo rm rf /-.
Its more secure and less vulnerable.
Its very flexible and the terminal really make life easier.