Kinetic Studies on

Saponification of Ethyl
Acetate Using an Innovative
Conductivity-Monitoring
Instrument with a Pulsating
Sensor
KUHELI DAS, P. SAHOO, M. SAI BABA, N. MURALI, P. SWAMINATHAN
Electronics and Instrumentation Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, India
Received 24 February 2010; revised 16 June 2011; accepted 3 July 2011
DOI 10.1002/kin.20597
Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).

ABSTRACT: An innovative conductometric measurement technique using a nonconventional

but high-performance (high-precision, high-resolution, rapid response features for online
graphic display) in housebuilt pulsating conductivity monitoring instrument has been deployed to study the kinetic behavior during the reaction of ethyl acetate and NaOH. A laboratorymade constant temperature reaction bath with the facility of continuous stirring of solution
for homogeneous mixing was used to carry out experiments at desired solution temperatures.
Rate constants of the saponification reaction in the temperature range at various temperatures (3055 C) were determined, and the results were compared with the reported values.
Although the reported data exhibit wide scatter, our data are in agreement with some of the
literature data. From these data, thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy, activation enthalpy, activation entropy, and activation free energy have been evaluated. With the
introduction of this novel conductometric measurement technique, the determination of rate
C 2011 Wiley
constants at various solution temperatures becomes much simpler and faster. 
Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 19, 2011

INTRODUCTION
In our laboratory, we have taken up a project to study
the effect of temperature on oscillatory chemical reactions using our in housebuilt pulsating sensors. The

Correspondence to: P. Sahoo; e-mail: [email protected].

c 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.



primary objective of this activity is to develop a suitable methodology to use the oscillatory reaction as a
platform for rapid chemical assay. Before augmenting
the pulsating sensor to study the kinetics of the oscillatory reaction, we preferred to study the kinetics
of a well-known nonoscillatory reaction using a pulsating sensor to verify the reliability of our measurement technique for kinetic investigation of an unknown
system. Hence, we chose one of the most popular

DAS ET AL.

reactionsthe saponification reaction of ethyl acetate

and sodium hydroxidefor the kinetic study.
The hydrolysis of ethyl acetate is one of the most
well-known reactions in chemistry, and it is represented
as a model example of the second-order reaction in the
literature dealing with chemical kinetics [1,2]. This
reaction has been studied by several investigators at
different temperatures using a variety of measurement
techniques [39]. Daniels et al. [3] and Smith and
Levenson [4] adopted a volumetric titration method
independently, in which the composition of reacting
mixture was followed by an analysis of sample aliquots
withdrawn from the reaction vessel at definite time intervals. The precision of the method is limited by the
withdrawal of appropriate volume of sample at a fixed
duration in addition to errors associated with titration
using a color indicator. The second technique reported
by Walker [5] depends on conductometric measurements to determine the composition at any given time.
This conductometric technique avoids periodic withdrawal of samples for analysis. The measurements
were carried out manually. However, the reliability of
results fully depends upon the response time and reproducibility in a conductivity measurement. Another
technique reported by Stead et al. [6] uses a continuous flow system, where the reactants are fed continuously at constant temperature into a stirred vessel.
The method uses of a large volume of solution. Jensen
et al. [7] used high-frequency titrimetry. The method
does not need any external indicator or introduction of
any electrodes into the reaction vessel. Although the
authors have taken precaution to introduce a calibration technique for the nonlinearity of the instrument
performance, it involves a number of manual operations in methodology as compared with the proposed
method. Shui-yuan et al. and Ge-li et al. [10,11] used
acidometry and microcalorimetry techniques, respectively, to determine rate constant of saponification of
ester. However, these latest techniques are not as simple as the proposed technique. Zhanjun et al. [12] and
Yong-Tao et al. [13] focused their attention on online
data acquisition using a conductometric technique to
make the methodology much simpler. However, the
conventional conductivity sensors used by these authors are not as precise as the innovative sensors used
in the present work.
Although various studies have been conducted by
several investigators, there is significant scatter in data
on the rate constant and activation energy in the saponification reaction of ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide
[4,79]. While augmenting our new measurement approach for such a study, we analyzed these results and
independently determined the rate constant of this reaction and the related thermodynamic parameters fol-

lowing our own measurement technique. Moreover,

there is always a need for continuous evolution of
a simplified method for a kinetic study of any reaction in a more convenient way. A brief description of this unique approach of rapid online conductivity measurement using our in housebuilt pulsating sensor with special attention given to its use in
the kinetic study and comparison of our results with
the literature data reported by several investigators
[4,79,14] are presented in this paper.

PRINCIPLE OF CONDUCTIVITY
MEASUREMENT
For the kinetic study using a conductometric measurement approach, a high-performance (high precision,
high sensitivity, and very fast response) conductivity
meter is the best choice. Fortunately, in our laboratory, such type of a conductivity-monitoring unit has
already been developed and is used for many miscellaneous applications [1518]. The working principle and
the design of this conductivity meter are entirely different from the conventional conductivity monitoring
instruments available in the market. The conductivity
meter is designed in such a way that the conductivity
cell forms a part of a specially designed logic gate oscillator (LGO) circuit. Once the cell is disconnected
from the rest of the electronics, it will not act as an
oscillator. This conductivity sensor is operated at 5 V
DC with very low power consumption. When it is powered, the oscillator oscillates between two logic states
(max: 1, min: 0). The output of the sensor is a train
of rectangular pulses of 5-V amplitude from which the
pulse frequency can be determined. The frequency of
the LGO changes with the change in the ionic conductivity of the solution taken in the cell. This frequency is
directly related to the conductivity of the solution. Prior
to the deployment of a conductivity probe for a particular application, it is calibrated using a series of standard
KCl solutions to establish a relationship between frequency and conductivity of solution following a multipoint calibration technique developed in-house. From
the calibration plot, a polynomial equation (either in
second degree or in third degree) is generated, the coefficients of which are loaded in the software to give
a direct display of conductivity during measurement.
In the present case, the instrument is designed in such
a way that with a change in the conductivity of the
solution by 1 S cm1 , there is a change of about
20 Hz in pulse frequency. Even in some specific applications such as online radiation dosimetry, assay of
boron in heavy water, and assay of the heavy water
content in a mixture of light water and heavy water,
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KINETIC STUDIES ON SAPONIFICATION OF ETHYL ACETATE

where it was required to monitor a very minor shift in

the conductivity, were addressed by using our pulsating
conductivity monitoring technique with minor modification in the design of probes and associated electronics [18]. Because of these advantages, in the present
work we applied this new type of the conductivity monitoring device (response time: <1 s, resolution: 0.1 S
cm1 , relative standard deviation [RSD]: 0.5%) in the
kinetic study.

EXPERIMENTAL
Chemicals
All chemicals used for this work are of AR grade.
The stock solutions of NaOH (1 M) and glacial
acetic acid (1 M) were prepared using high-purity
distilled water (Millipore water conductivity less than
1 S cm1 ), whereas ethyl acetate (Fisher Scientific,
Mumbai, India; Qualigen, Mumbai, India; density:
0.898 g cm3 ) was directly used as stock solution.
Stock solution of NaOH was standardized against
freshly prepared standard oxalic acid. All working
standards used in this work were freshly prepared before continuing the experimental campaign.

Conductivity Monitoring Instrument

A pulsating sensor based conductivity monitoring instrument [19] was used in the present study. A verticaltype Teflon probe with a pair of platinum electrodes
(platinum rods with 0.5 mm diameter, 5 mm length,
5 mm gap between electrodes) fixed onto the bottom
of it was used for online monitoring of conductivity shift during kinetic experiments. The conductivity
probe was connected to the associated electronics of
LGO. The LGO was connected to a personal computer
(PC) via a power supply cum signal routing unit. In this
case, a fixed capacitor is used in the LGO, whereas the
conductivity cell forms the resistivity part of the oscillator circuit. When the LGO is operated by 5 V DC,
a train of rectangular pulses are generated from which
the pulse frequency is determined. The train of pulses
is sent directly to the PC through its parallel port. The
in housedeveloped software package converts pulses
to frequency and then from frequency to the respective
conductivity. The frequency value purely depends on
conductivity of solution for a fixed LGO circuit. Even
for a fixed conductivity value, the frequency can be altered by changing the capacitance part of the timing oscillator. While doing so, one has to consider regarding
stability and uncertainty in measurement. Accordingly
the appropriate oscillator circuit can be designed for
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specific applications. The advantage of adopting this

innovative conductivity measurement technique is that
the primary signal from the sensor end is in a direct
digital form, i.e., the output is digital pulse frequency.
Hence, it avoids additional instrumentation for analogto-digital conversion unlike conventional instrumentation. Since the primary signal is in a digital domain
form, the signal loss during long distance transmission is practically nil and it possesses excellent noise
immunity. In the present application, the frequency
varies from 50 to 6255 Hz, which covers the conductivity range from 1 to 1000 S cm1 . In this kinetic
study, the pulse counting is done at every 1-s interval.
Using our indigenously made data acquisition system,
the online data in graphic form are recorded and stored
for future use. The detailed instrumentation, calibration technique, and the performance of this innovative
conductivity meter have been described in one of our
latest publications [19].

Experimental Setup
Initial kinetic studies were conducted at room temperature to determine the order of the reaction in saponification of ester. A fixed volume of desired solution was
taken in a beaker in which the conductivity probe was
mounted vertically. A commercially available magnetic stirrer was used to mix the solution homogeneously. A series of experiments were conducted at
prevailing solution temperature to determine the order
of the reaction.
Further experiments were carried out at desired solution temperatures with the goal of determining the
rate constant of the reaction at different temperatures.
An experimental facility was designed and made in our
laboratory to carry out the experiments at a fixed solution temperature. A high-precision constant temperature bath (Siskin Julabo VPC, which could maintain
temperature of 0.1 C) was used for this application.
A microcontroller-based vertical-type stirrer using a dc
stepper motor was made in-house. Arrangement was
made to mount a beaker holder in the temperature bath.
The reaction vessel containing solution was placed inside it. The vertical stirrer was fixed in the reaction
vessel to mix the solution homogeneously throughout
the experiment. The conductivity probe was also vertically placed in the solution to monitor the conductivity
of solution during the experiment. Figure 1 shows a
schematic diagram of experimental setup.

Methodology
Twenty-five milliliter of distilled water was taken
in the reaction vessel and kept in the constant

DAS ET AL.

Figure 1 Experimental setup for the kinetic study (1: conductivity probe; 2: logic gate oscillator; 3: vertical stirrer;
4: reaction vessel; 5: speed control unit; 6: reaction vessel
holder; and 7: temperature bath).

temperature bath. After attaining a desired solution

temperature, 0.5 mL of 0.1 M NaOH and 0.5 mL of
0.1 M ethyl acetate (both reactants were maintained
at same the temperature prior to their addition) were
added to it and immediately real-time conductivity of
solution was monitored for a fixed duration (5001000
s) at every 1-s interval using our PC-based conductivity monitoring unit. Immediately after the experiment,
the data acquisition can be terminated and saved for
further off-line processing.
To measure the conductivity of the solution at infinite time, instead of continuing this experiment for
a long period, a new approach was adopted. Twentyfive milliliters of distilled water was taken in a beaker
at a constant temperature, and after attaining the temperature 0.5 mL of 0.1 M acetic acid and 0.5 mL of
0.1 M NaOH were added to it. Thus sodium acetate,
which was formed as the product in the above reaction,
attributed for the conductivity at infinite time ( at
constant temperature).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

At the outset, we investigated the potential of our pulsating conductivity meter to assess its suitability for a
rapid kinetic measurement. Hence, we conducted appropriate experiments to determine the response time,
precision in measurement, and influence of reagent
mixing time on measurement. Figure 2 shows that with
the addition of 100 L of 0.01 M KCl solution to
25 mL of dilute KCl solution with a fixed conductivity,
the pulse frequency shifts from 7.5 to 17.5 S cm1 .

Figure 2 Demonstration of response time of the pulsatingtype conductivity-monitoring instrument (t1 : time in seconds
when the reagent was added; t2 : time in seconds corresponding to 63% of an increase in signal).

This shows that the shift in frequency per change in

the conductivity of 1 S cm1 is about 20 Hz. The
precision in measurement is less than 0.7 Hz, and
the resolution of instrument used for the present application is about 0.1 S cm1 . However, resolution
can be further improved by slightly modifying the geometry of electrodes and the capacitive component of
instrumentation [19]. The response time, which is defined as the time required by the instrument to respond
63% of a sudden change in signal, has been evaluated
from this figure. In this figure, the presence of a small
shoulder, which gives an apparent impression of noise
level, is not the noise level, but it is due to the actual
phenomenon of conductivity shift during the mixing
of reagents before attaining the stable homogeneous
value. This phenomenon is demonstrated in Fig. 3,
which is derived from Fig. 2. The time corresponding
to the reagent addition and the time corresponding to
the stable conductivity value achieved after homogeneous mixing are clearly indicated in this figure. From
this, it is clearly realized that the time of mixing to get
a homogeneous solution is about 1.3 s, which includes
the time required for addition of reagent.
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KINETIC STUDIES ON SAPONIFICATION OF ETHYL ACETATE

Figure 3 Demonstration of kinetics of mixing of reagents

(t1 : time in seconds when the reagent was added; t2 : time
in seconds corresponding to the steady value after homogeneous mixing).

It is well known from the literature that the saponification of ethyl acetate in the presence of a strong
base (NaOH) is a second-order reaction, in which both
the reactants are consumed to form sodium acetate and
ethyl alcohol.
CH3 COOC2 H5 + NaOH CH3 COONa + C2 H5 OH
In the present work, the concentration of each reactant in the bath has been taken as equimolar to avoid
the system to turn into an exponential decay after a
long time. With the progress of the reaction, highly
conducting OH ions (equivalent ionic conductance,
0OH -: 199.2 S cm2 gequiv1 [20]) in the solution were
replaced by an identical number of less conducting
acetate ions ( CH3COO -: 41 S cm2 gequiv1 [20]), resulting in a continuous decrease in conductivity of solution. From the onset of reaction, the decrease in conductivity was continuously monitored online using a
high-performance laboratory-made pulsating conductivity meter. Figure 4 shows an online graphic view of
conductivity with respect to time during the saponification reaction conducted at a constant temperature.
Such a smooth online plot was generated due to fast
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Figure 4 Real-time plot of conductivity versus time for

the saponification reaction at a constant solution temperature
(323.0 0.1 K).

response and high precision in measurement using

a pulsating conductivity sensor. The conductivity of
solution during the reaction at every 1-s interval is
shown on the online plot. From this online plot using
a cursor navigation, conductivity values of solution at
each 100-s interval were extracted and are presented in
Table I. In each case, conductivity contributed by distilled water was deducted and corrected conductivity
values were tabulated. To determine the specific conductance at infinite time instead of continuing measurement for a prolonged period as used conventionally, we adopted a new approach. At infinite time, both
reactants, ethyl acetate and NaOH, are completely converted to sodium acetate and ethyl alcohol as the reaction product. The conductivity of solution in the reaction vessel is governed by sodium acetate since ethyl
alcohol will not contribute to conductivity change.
Hence, the conductivity of a synthetic sodium acetate
solution (prepared by using NaOH and acetic acid of
equimolar concentration, 1.92 mM) corresponding to
same molar concentration of either of the reactant (1.92
mM in this case) refers to the conductivity at infinite
time. Thus, this approach avoids having to carry out
measurement for a prolonged period (at least for 2 h).
From these data, as given in Table I, the rate constant at

DAS ET AL.

Table I Data for the Computation of Rate Constant in the Saponification Reaction at a Constant Temperature
Time, t (s)
0
100.3
200.7
300.2
400.5
500.9
600.4
700.7
800.2
900.6
1001

Specific Conductance,
soln. (S/cm)

Specific Conductance
(Corrected), t (S/cm)

(0 t ) = A

(t ) = B

A/B

721.6
678.9
646.9
619.8
599.4
582.5
567.8
554.9
545.2
535.4
526.1

720.2
677.5
645.5
618.4
598.0
581.1
566.4
553.5
543.8
534.0
524.7

0
42.7
74.7
101.8
122.2
139.1
153.8
166.7
176.4
186.2
195.5

438.1
395.4
363.4
336.3
315.9
299.0
284.3
271.4
261.7
251.9
242.6

0
0.11
0.21
0.30
0.39
0.47
0.54
0.61
0.67
0.74
0.81

Composition of bath solution: [ethyl acetate]0 = 1.92e3 M; [NaOH]0 = 1.92e3 M.

Bath temperature: 323 K.
Specific conductance of distilled water at solution temp: 1.40 S cm1 .
t : specific conductance of solution at t, S cm1 = (soln 1.40).
0 : specific conductance at t = 0 (here 0 = 721.6 1.4 = 720.2 (S cm1 ).
= specific conductance at t = . ( = 283.5 1.4 = 282.1 (S cm1 ).

a constant solution temperature was determined using

the relation cited in the literature [21,22]. We also verified this real-time conductivity plot with the calculated conductivity values using the rate constant at this
temperature determined in the present work. To do so,
we used the initial concentration of reagents, initial
solution conductivity, conductivity at infinite time as
used in this experimental run as the input parameters.
The data points corresponding to the calculated conductivity values at every 50-s interval are placed in the
experimental plot. Both experimental and calculated
values agreed well.

Figure 5 Plot of (0 t )/( t ) against time for the

determination of rate constants of the reaction at different solution temperatures. [EtAc]0 : 1.923 mM; [NaOH]0 :
1.923 mM.

Figure 5 shows the plots of (0 t )/(t ) at

different solution temperatures in a typical experimental campaign. The slope of each plot was used for
the determination of the rate constant. It is observed
that in some cases the plots show the presence of intercepts (about 0.030.035) instead of showing zero,
as predicted theoretically. The presence of such small
intercepts is attributed possibly to difficulty in exact
determination of the 0 value at elevated temperature.
Since the saponification reaction is a relatively fast reaction, and the reaction becomes still faster at elevated
temperature, it might have been difficult to detect the
exact conductivity of solution before the onset of the reaction even if a number of precautions have been taken
for faster addition of reactant, counting time, rapid homogeneous mixing, and a uniform stirring rate, etc.
The presence of such a small value of intercept was
not observed in two experiments conducted at relatively lower temperature. Moreover, as we are able to
get highly reliable data in conductivity during the reaction, data acquisition for a period of 500 s will be
sufficient to get information about the rate constant.
Thus, the proposed technique is quite faster than the
other measurement techniques reported by earlier investigators.
To ensure the reliability in the determination of rate
constants at different constant solution temperatures,
we conducted seven measurement campaigns at each
solution temperature. The rate constant at each temperature computed from the respective slope is presented
in Table II. The uncertainty in the determination of
slopes from seven independent measurements and the
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KINETIC STUDIES ON SAPONIFICATION OF ETHYL ACETATE

Table II Rate Constants of the Saponification Reaction at Different Temperatures

Slopea

Rate Constant, k a (L mol1 s1 )

3.11e04 2.80e06
5.11e04 5.62e06
5.38e04 5.16e06
6.66e04 5.86e06
8.40e04 9.41e06
1.16e03 1.28e05

1.62e01 (%RSD: 0.9)

2.66e01 (%RSD: 1.1)
2.80e01 (%RSD: 0.96)
3.46e01 (%RSD: 0.88)
4.37e01 (%RSD: 1.12)
6.03e01 (%RSD : 1.1)

Temperature, T (K)
303
311.7
313.3
317.5
323
328.5
a

Precision in measurement is calculated based on seven independent experimental results.

uncertainty in the determination of rate constants are

also indicated in this table. Results from the above
experimental campaigns show excellent agreement.
Using these data for rate constants at different temperatures, the activation energy was determined and is
presented in Table III. The other thermodynamic parameters in the saponification reaction of ethyl acetate
and sodium hydroxide such as activation enthalpy, activation entropy, and free energy of activation were
computed using the data for rate constants at different
temperatures following the Eyring equation [22], and
they are shown in Table III. In the Eyring equation,
delta Cp# is considered to be very small and the reaction is considered to be 100% completion. It shows
excellent agreement in these thermodynamic parameters with RSD varying from 0.9% to 1.4%.
The rate constant at 30 C and activation energy
for the saponification reaction, as obtained from the
present work, were compared with the data reported by
earlier investigators in Table IV. This table shows significant scatter in the data for both the reaction rate and
activation energy reported [4,79,14]. In the present
work, the rate constant at 30 C is 0.16 L mol1 s. It
is in agreement with the values reported by Tsujikawa

et al. [8], Jensen et al. [7], and Warder [14]. The value
reported by Smith et al. [4] is about 30% lower than
our value. They also reported a very high value of
activation energy (61.4 kJ mol1 ) [4] with respect to
the value reported in this work. Such a large deviation
in the values on the rate constant as well as activation
energy can be attributed to errors associated with a volumetric titration technique by withdrawal of aliquots of
the sample at a periodic interval (off-line techniques).
Recently, Schneider and Stoessel [9] used the commercial microcalorimeter integrated with a microreactor for kinetic investigation in the flowing system. In
their study, they used 0.8 M ethyl acetate and 1.0 M
NaOH and conducted the experiments at five different
temperatures ranging form 30 to 70 C. They obtained
the value of activation energy, 46.5 kJ mole1 , which
was about 10% higher than the present value. The authors have taken a number of precautions, such as (i)
good mass transfer using a small radius of microchannel, (ii) homogeneous mixing of reactants by designing
the microreactor as a plug-flow reactor for a continuous operation at steady state, and (iii) selection of a
calorimeter with high thermal sensitivity to carry out
the experiment. The measurement is based on the heat

Table III Thermodynamic Parameters in Saponification Reaction

Serial Number of
Experimental Campaign

Activation Energy
(kJ mol1 )

Activation Enthalpy
(kJ mol1 )

Activation Entropy
(J mol1 K1 )

G(298 K)
(kJ mol1 )

42.1
40.7
41.5
40.8
41.8
41.2
42.0

39.1
38.1
38.1
38.2
39.1
38.5
39.3

131.1
128.5
133.2
131.3
130.9
131.9
130.3

78.2
76.4
77.8
77.3
78.2
77.8
78.2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Activation energy: 41.4 0.6 kJ mol1 .

Activation enthalpy: 38.6 0.5 kJ mol1 .
Activation entropy: 131.0 1.4 J mol1 K1 .
Free energy of activation (298 K): 77.7 0.7 kJ mol1 .

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DAS ET AL.

Table IV Comparison of Results

Investigators
Smith et al. [4]
Jensen et al. [7]
Tsujikawa et al. [8]
Schneider and Stoessel [9]
Warder [14]
Present work
a

Rate Constants
at 30 C (L mol1 s)

Activation Energy
(kJ mol1 )

Technique
Adopted

0.11
0.15
0.16a
0.19a
0.14
0.16

61.4

48.4
46.1

41.4

Volumetric titration
High-frequency titrimetry
Conductivity measurement
Microcalorimetry

Pulsating conductivity sensor

Data computed from the corresponding plots available in the literature.

changes during the reaction. In our work, the direct

online conductivity measurement of solution immediately after the onset of reaction is recorded, which
provides kinetic information of the entire process. In
view of simplicity in instrumentation and measurement
technique, the conductivity approach using the pulsating sensor seems to be a better approach for the kinetic
study. Our reported value on activation energy is about
10% lower than the values reported by Tsujikawa et al.
and Schneider and Stoessel, as shown in Table IV.
The values for activation energy and other related
thermodynamic parameters are based on seven independent campaigns carried out in this laboratory using
the pulsating sensor, which show an excellent agreement. This was possible due to augmentation of a highperformance pulsating conductivity monitoring system
along with the in housebuilt experimental facility specially designed for carrying out the kinetic study at a
desired temperature. The high precision in conductivity measurement of extremely dilute solution using
this innovative approach could permit us to carry out
all kinetic experiments successfully using reactants at a
millimolar concentration level. Fast response and rapid
online measurement with the pulsating sensor made it
possible to complete an experimental campaign for the
measurement of the rate constant within a short duration (even in 500 s). This minimized the error associated with CO2 pickup from atmosphere by NaOH and
evaporation loss of ethyl acetate during the experiment.

CONCLUSION
Pulsating sensors developed at the Innovative Instrumentation Section (of the Electronics and Instrumentation Group) have already been deployed in many
miscellaneous laboratory and field applications. With
this new approach of conductivity measurement, it was
possible to demonstrate the determination of the rate
constant of a well-known system at different temperatures with high degree of precision in a much simpler
way. This precise determination of the rate constant

led us to evaluate thermodynamic parameters for the

saponification reaction. The values are in good agreement with the recent data based on the microcalorimetric technique. It will be extremely useful for researchers
and the students to use this novel measurement technique for the kinetic study in any other system, which
needs a precise measurement of conductivity.
The authors are extremely grateful to Mr. S. A. V. Satya
Murty, Director, Electronics and Instrumentation Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India,
for his wholehearted support and constant encouragement
throughout this work. We highly appreciate the contribution
of Mr. R. Ananthanarayanan, Mr. M. P. Rajiniganth, and Mr.
K. Praveen in development of software and designing of the
vertical stirrer used in this work. We are also thankful to Mr.
M. Manogaran for providing necessary assistance throughout
this work.

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